FIELD CROPS

Transkrypt

FIELD CROPS

Biostimulators
IN MODERN AGRICULTURE
Vegetable Crops
E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski
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Biostimulators
Vegetable crops
EDITOR: Zbigniew T. Dabrowski
,
Warsaw 2008
Biostimulators
Vegetable Crops
E D I T O R : Zbigniew T. Dąbrowski
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The series of monographs under a common name BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE
contains a review of recent research related to this subject and consists of the following parts:
GENERAL ASPECTS
FIELD CROPS
SOLANACEOUS CROPS
VEGETABLE CROPS
FRUIT CROPS
ORNAMENTAL AND SPECIAL PLANTS
EDITORIAL BOARD:
Andrzej Sadowski, Department of Pomology,Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS) chairman
Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Department of Applied Entomology, WULS
Helena Gawroñska, Laboratory of Basic Natural Sciences in Horticulture, WULS
Aleksandra £ukaszewska, Department of Ornamental Plants, WULS
Adam S³owiñski, Arysta LifeScience Poland
PRODUCTION EDITORS:
Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS)
Anna Karbowniczek, Arysta LifeScience Poland
Ada Krzeczkowska, Wie Jutra
Halina Skrobacka, Wie Jutra
REVIEWERS:
Zbigniew T. D¹browski, Department of Applied Entomology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS)
Ma³gorzata Kie³kiewicz-Szaniawska, Department of Applied Entomology, WULS
Marian Saniewski, Institute of Pomology and Floriculture, Skierniewice
Anna Tomczyk, Department of Applied Entomology, WULS
This edition was supported by Arysta LifeScience
Cover: Plantpress
ISBN 83-89503-57-3
Published by the Editorial House Wie Jutra, Limited
Janowskiego 6
02-784 Warszawa
phone: (0 22) 643 82 60
e-mail: [email protected]
www.wiesjutra.pl
Printed by Ryko
Copies 300, publishing sheets: 7.0
3
CONTENTS
PREFACE ..................................................................................................................................... 5
RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL BIOSTIMULATOR USED
WITH HERBICIDES .................................................................................................................... 7
Adam Dobrzañski, Zbigniew Anyszka, Jerzy Pa³czyñski
THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO BIOSTIMULATOR ON YIELD
AND QUALITY OF TWO CHINESE CABBAGE CULTIVARS ................................................. 21
Marek Gajewski, Katarzyna Gos, Justyna Bobruk
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LEAF
AND ICEBERG LETTUCE GROWN UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS ...................................... 28
Mariola £yszkowska, Janina Gajc-Wolska, Katarzyna Kubi
EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT AND ASAHI ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF LETTUCE
GROWN ON ROCKWOOL ......................................................................................................... 35
Katarzyna Kowalczyk, Teresa Zielony, Marek Gajewski
DOES THE NANO-GRO® BIOSTIMULATOR INCREASES TOLERANCE OF TYTUS F1
CUCUMBER PLANTS IN EARLY GROWTH PHASE TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION? ... 44
El¿bieta Skórska
EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PROTECTION OF CUCUMBER
GROWN UNDER COVER AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW .................................................... 54
Agnieszka Ostrowska, Barbara Dyki, Józef Robak
EFFECT OF 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID (ALA) FROM PENTAKEEP® FERTILIZERS
ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE FIELD
AND UNDER COVERS ............................................................................................................... 61
Irena Babik, Józef Babik, Jacek Dyko
POLISH SUMMARIES ............................................................................................................... 75
4
5
PREFACE
The high yield potential of modern cultivars is often restrained by various environmental stresses both of biotic and abiotic nature, affecting the crop status. The
present approach in pro-ecological plant protection from such biotic stresses as
weeds, diseases and pests emphasises enhancement of naturally occurring compounds, organisms or plant defence mechanisms. These compounds should fill the
gap resulting from the regulatory decisions of national authorities in many countries, leading to restrictions in use of a number of synthetic pesticides.
Extensive research carried out in the last two decades has shown that some
natural products may be efficiently used in enhancing the plants endogenous resistance or tolerance to the biotic and abiotic stresses. A group of such active products is presently classified as biostimulators. When reduction of the chemical input
is expected, the use of biostimulators becomes a particularly promising option. Biostimulators are defined as compounds of biological origin and should act by increasing natural capabilities of plants to cope with stresses. Biostimulators do not act
neither as nutrients nor affect directly the stress factors making them less harmful
for plants.
The efficacy of biostimulators is not limited to reducing effects of biotic and
abiotic stresses. They stimulate growth and development of plants under unfavourable soil and climatic conditions. Although the effects of biostimulators are not
so spectacular and not always stable over the years due to interaction with other
used chemicals and/or environmental factors the interest of farmers in using biostimulators is successively increasing over time.
According to the national legislation, biostimulators are related to the category
of plant protection products. Therefore they must comply with all rules for registration and hence prior to formal approval for use they must be tested for safety to
humans and the environment.
The dynamic increase of research projects on biostimulators and of farmers
interest in their use in agriculture and horticulture production provoked an idea of
the international conference on Biostimulators in Modern Agriculture. It was
organized by the Laboratory of Basic Sciences in Horticulture, at the Faculty of
Horticulture and Landscape Architecture at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. The conference has attracted a large group of scientists and graduate students
from universities and research institutions involved in basic and applied research
6
in agriculture as well from the industry. About three hundred sixty participants included also representatives of farmers and distributors of agricultural supplies.
The extensive and creative discussions during the conference and interest in
conference materials as well as suggestions from participants indicated the urgent
need for dissemination of the state of knowledge on biostimulators. This inspired
the organizers of the Conference to co-ordinate preparing reviews on recent scientific achievements in the field of biostimulators, including the practical aspects of
their application on various crops. Following suggestions appearing at the Conference, the organisers invited scientists having experience and achievements in work
on biostimulators to prepare relevant reviews related to particular products and
crops.
Based on the submitted manuscripts the Editorial Board decided to publish a
series of monographs entitled: BIOSTIMULATORS IN MODERN AGRICULTURE comprising the following six volumes: General Aspects, Field Crops, Solanaceous Crops, Vegetable Crops, Fruit Crops and Ornamental and Special Plants.
The Editors hope that this publication would fill the gap in knowledge on the
mechanisms of action of various biostimulators and on the conditions for their high
efficacy. We are very grateful to the authors who willingly agreed to contribute to
these books.
EDITORS
7
RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL
BIOSTIMULATOR USED WITH HERBICIDES
Adam Dobrzañski, Zbigniew Anyszka, Jerzy Pa³czyñski
Research Institute of Vegetable Crops, Skierniewice, Poland
INTRODUCTION
Protection against weeds on onion and carrot plantations relies mainly on the use of
herbicides. Among the herbicides recommended for post emergence application on onion
are those in which oxyfluorfen is the active ingredient [Dobrzañski et al. 1998, Tei et al.
1999, Dobrzañski 2004], and linuron in the case of carrot [Dobrzañski 1975, Tei et al.
2002]. These herbicides may cause temporary symptoms of damage or growth inhibition
in crop plants. The symptoms may occur even when recommended doses have been
applied.
Oxyfluorfen does not translocate within plants, but disrupts the process of photosynthesis and destroys cell membranes [Cobb 1992, Dobrzañski et al. 2003]. The symptoms
of damage appear as white spots that gradually turn brown. They are found on weed
plants and, in some situations, on onion leaves.
Linuron is a photosynthesis inhibitor that has a systemic mode of action [Cobb 1992].
The symptoms of damage caused by this active component include chloroses, necroses
and plant growth inhibition. Carrot plants exhibit a high degree of physiological resistance to linuron, and even when maximum recommended doses are applied, the damage
symptoms are mainly nothing more than temporary inhibition of plant growth.
The temporary herbicide-induced stress does not always have to mean a negative
effect on yield size and quality. For onion and carrot plants, competition from weeds can
pose a greater threat than herbicide phytotoxicity. Once competition from weeds has
been eliminated, the cultivated plants often yield a better crop despite the temporary
symptoms of phytotoxicity caused by herbicide use [Dobrzañski, Pa³czyñski 2007, Anyszka,
Dobrzañski 1998]. Nevertheless, such symptoms make the user anxious and suspicious
that they may have undesirable consequences.
Asahi SL is a growth stimulator recommended for use on many agricultural crops,
mainly to increase yielding and improve yield quality, and to reduce the adverse effects of
stress-inducing factors [S³owiñski 2004]. The time of Asahi SL application may coincide
with the time of herbicide application.
The aim of the experiments described in this paper was to determine: (1) if Asahi SL
can be used in a mixture with herbicides, (2) what effect Asahi SL has on the efficacy of
herbicides in controlling weeds, (3) how onion and carrot plants respond to Asahi SL that
is used in a mixture with herbicides, or separately, after prior treatment with herbicides.
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experiments including onion cv B³oñska (2002-2005), and carrot cv Narbone
(2002) and Nerac F1 (2003-2004) were carried out in Skierniewice, on a pseudopodsolic
soil (1.3-1.5% organic matter, pH H2O 6.5). Onion seeds were sown on 15-16 April
(2002-2005) in rows 45 cm apart. Carrot seeds were sown on 24-29 April (2002-2004) in
rows 40 cm apart.
In the experiments with onion in 2002-2003, oxyfluorfen, in the form of the herbicide Goal 240 EC containing 240 g of active ingredient (a.i.) in 1 litre, was used in three
treatments at 24 g·ha-1 a.i. each, or in two treatments, first at 60 g·ha-1 and then at
72 g·ha-1. Asahi SL (a mixture of phenolic compounds) was used at a rate of 0.5 l.ha-1,
added to each herbicide treatment, or applied separately, 2-3 days after spraying with
the herbicide.In 2004-2005, Asahi SL was used in combination with the adjuvant Atpolan 80 EC (76% of paraffinic oil with surfactant). Oxyfluorfen was then applied 3 times
at 24 g·ha-1 and 60 g·ha-1, and as a one-off treatment at 120 g·ha-1. With the three-part
treatments, Asahi SL was used 2-3 days after each herbicide application, whereas with
the one-off treatment it was used 2-3 days and 14 days after spraying with oxyfluorfen.
In the experiments with carrot, Asahi SL was used in a mixture with linuron (Linurex 500 SC, 500 g of linuron in 1 litre) in a single treatment at 750 g·ha-1 a.i., or in two
treatments (1st 190 g·ha-1, 2nd 250 g·ha-1), or separately, 2-3 days after herbicide
application.
Spraying and observations were carried out following standard international requirements [EPPO 2004]. Spraying was carried out by a field sprayer equipped with a spray
boom, whose length equaled the width of the experimental plot, and Tee-Jet 8002VS
spray nozzles delivering liquid at a pressure of 0.4 MPa. The spray boom was kept at a
height of 50 cm above the surface being sprayed. The degree of weed control was
assessed on the basis of the reduction in fresh weed biomass 7-11 days after the last
treatment in onion, and 8-15 days after the last treatment in carrot. Prior to harvest, the
level of weed infestation was determined. Phytotoxicity of the herbicides towards the
crop plants was assessed 7-10 days after the last treatment in onion, and after 8-11
days in carrot. A number of biometric measurements were also carried out. In onion, in
2004-2005, 14 days after the last treatment, a sample of 10 plants from each plot was
used to determine the average biomass of 1 plant, the number of leaves, and leaf
height. Before harvesting onions, the extent of leaf fall-over was assessed. In carrot,
after the last treatment, around the middle of July in 2002-2003, the weight and length
of leaves, and the average weight of one carrot root were determined using a sample
of 10 plants from each plot. At harvest, apart from the carrot roots, the tops of the
carrot plants were also weighed. The onion and carrot crops were sorted according to
the accepted standards.
The experiments were set up in a random block design. Each experimental plot measured 12.15 m2 for onion, and 9 m2 for carrot. Yield-related results were evaluated with
an analysis of variance, using Newman-Keuls test to compare mean values at the P =
0.05 level of significance.
9
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
WEED CONTROL EFFICACY OF THE HERBICIDES USED WITH ASAHI SL
The herbicide used on onion (oxyfluorfen), in a mixture with the biostimulator Asahi
SL, or in a series of treatments in which the biostimulator was applied 2-3 days after each
herbicide treatment, was found to be very effective in controlling weeds, irrespective of
the rate and time of application.
Weed control efficacy in onion, 7-10 days after the last treatment, was about 90%
(Tab. 1 and 3). In general, the use of Asahi SL, regardless of the number of treatments,
adjuvant additions, and the rate and time of herbicide application, did not modify the
efficacy of oxyfluorfen. One would expect that Asahi SL should accelerate or improve
the recovery and regrowth of severely damaged weeds, that is, those that have not been
destroyed by the herbicide. This should be reflected in a higher level of weed coverage
before onion harvest on those plots on which Asahi SL had been used.
The weed controlling effect of oxyfluorfen persisted for a long time because in 20022003 the level of weed coverage before harvest was 1.0-10.3%, and for the control plot
4.3-12.8%. In 2004-2005, weed coverage was in the range 1.0-5.3%, whereas for the
control plot it was at a level of 19.8-23.3%. Some small differences among the experimental combinations may have been caused by chance.
In carrot, Asahi SL used in a mixture with linuron, or separately 2-3 days after herbicide treatment, did not affect weed control efficacy. The overall average efficacy of the
different ways of using linuron was above 90% (Tab. 5). Asahi SL did not increase the
rate of weed regrowth because weed coverage levels before harvest on all the plots
treated with herbicide and herbicide + biostimulator were in the range 0.6-4.7% (Tab. 5).
In both onion and carrot, the obtained results did not prove that Asahi SL had an effect on
weed regeneration.
In the available literature, there is no detailed information on the combined use of
Asahi SL and herbicides in onion and carrot. It is generally believed that biostimulators
have an anti-stress action [S³owiñski 2004, Maciejewski et al. 2007]. One would thus
expect that Asahi SL should counteract symptoms of herbicide-induced phytotoxicity not
only in crop plants but also in weeds. And for this reason, weed control efficacy following
the use of this stimulant should be lower. Such an outcome was not observed in the
experiments described here.
In view of the results of these experiments with respect to weed control, it is reasonable to conclude that Asahi SL can be safely used in a mixture with oxyfluorfen or
linuron, or alternatively, separately. This agrees with the information on the use of some
post emergence herbicides on sugar beet [Kositorna 2004, S³owiñski 2004, Pulkrábek et
al. 2006].
10
RESPONSE OF ONION AND CARROT TO ASAHI SL USED WITH
HERBICIDES
Oxyfluorfens phytotoxicity towards onion depended mainly on the rates and times of
this herbicides application and not on the way Asahi SL was used (Tab. 1 and 3). The
average degree of damage to onion plants for the years 2002-2003 after three treatments
(24 g·ha-1 each) at a few days intervals, beginning at the 1-1.5 leaf stage in onion, was
1.3-4.3%. As a result of applying Asahi SL at 0.5 l·ha-1, 2-3 days after each herbicide
treatment, the average degree of damage was 2.0-4.3%, and 1.3-3.5% after using it in a
mixture with the herbicide. Increasing the herbicide dose to 60 g·ha-1 in the first treatment at the 2-leaf stage in onion, followed by a dose of 72 g·ha-1 after 5-7 days, resulted
in an increase in phytotoxicity to 21.0-22.0%. Application of Asahi SL after each herbicide treatment did not reduce phytotoxicity.
The degree of damage to onion plants in 2004 was within the limits of 0-2.0% and
within 2.0-7.0 in 2005, depending on the rate and time of herbicide application. The addition of Asahi SL to the herbicide applied three times at 24 g·ha-1 and at 60 g·ha-1, and in a
single treatment at 120 g·ha-1, did not affect oxyfluorfens phytotoxicity towards onion
plants. In 2004-2005, plant biomass, the number of leaves and leaf height, determined 2
weeks after the last treatment, were 33.7-50.2 g, 5-6, and 43-49.7 cm, respectively. The
differences between the parameters under comparison were not proven statistically, although in comparison with the control combination, onion plants were marked by somewhat better growth in that their biomass was 28.7 g, the number of leaves 5, and the
height 43.7 cm. However, these parameters were mainly dependent on the herbicide
used, and not on the biostimulator.
An indicator of the maturity of onion plants and their readiness for harvesting is the
extent of leaf fall-over. Usually, harvesting begins when at least 50% of onion plants in a
given area have fall-over leaves [Dobrzañski, Adamicki 2006]. In 2002-2003, the average degree of leaf fall-over was 73.8-98.8%, and there were no differences between the
experimental combinations, including the control (Tab. 1). In 2004-2005, on the plots that
had been treated with herbicide or herbicide + Asahi SL, the average leaf fall-over was in
the range 21.3-88.8%, and 23.8-49.5% on the control plot. The addition of Asahi SL did
not have any large effect on onion plants in this respect, either (Tab. 3).
In 2002-2003, the average total yield of onion (Tab. 2) was by 28.0%, and in 20042005 (Tab. 4) by 42.3% higher in comparison with those plots on which no herbicide had
been used on onion plants after sprouting. This outcome can be attributed to effective
weed control rather than any favorable effects of Asahi SL, since the differences between
the experimental combinations were not proven statistically significant. In some years, however, there was a noticeable tendency for higher yields associated with the use of the
biostimulator. For example, in 2002, after Asahi SL had been used three times in a mixture
with oxyfluorfen (24 g·ha-1), the total yield increased by 1.3%, and in 2003 by 2.2%, in
relation to the combination where only the herbicide was used (Tab. 2). In 2005 (Tab. 4), in
those combinations in which the herbicide had been used three times at 24 g·ha-1 and
60 g·ha-1 with the addition of the biostimulator and adjuvant in each treatment, the total
yield was higher by 8.5% compared with the sole use of the herbicide.
90.2-95.63
2.0-3.5
73.8-98.3
2.3-8.5
1) 1-1.5 LEAF STAGE/faza 1-1,5 li ci a
24

AFTER 5-7 D AYS/po 5-7 dni ach
24

(92.9)4
24

2.0-4.3
74.3-98.3
91.8-97.2
2.3-6.3
24
0.51
0.5
24
0.5
(94.5)
24
0.52
78.3-98.5
89.9-96.0
2.0-7.9
1.3-3.5
3) 1-1.5 LEAF/faza 1-1,5 li ci a
24
0.5
24
0.5
(93.0)
24

1.0-10.3
4.3-21.5
75.8-98.5
88.9-99.0
4) 2 LEAVES STAGE/faza 2 li ci
60

(94.0)
5-7 D AYS AFTER/po 5-7 dni ach
72
0.51
76.8-98.8
85.6-98.6
1,5-6.8
4.3-22.0
60
0.5
(92.1)
72
0.52
77.3-99.4
2.0-7.5
3.7-21.0
74.3-97.8
60
0.5
(88.4)
72

4.3-12.8
0
78.0-96.3
0
7) C HEC K/kontrola

661-2085
WEED BIOMASS AT C HEC K
MEAN FOR YEARS/redni a z lat = 1373
Bi omasa chwastów w kontroli [g. m-2]
NOTE: 1 ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLIC ATION,2 ASAHI SL APPLIED IN TANK-MIXTURE WITH OXYFLUORFEN,
3
RANGE (FROM-TO) FOR 2002-2003, 4 MEAN FOR YEARS.
SOURC E: OWN STUD Y.
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu oksyfluorofenem, 2 Asahi SL u¿yto w mi eszani ni e z oksyfluorofenrm, 3 zakres (od-do) w latach
2002-2003, 4 redni a z lat.
ród³o: badani a w³asne.
TAB LE 1. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON WEED C ON TR OL EFFIC AC Y AN D PH YTOTOXIC ITY OF OXYFLU OR FEN , AN D ON LEAF FALL-OVER
IN ON ION (2002-2003)
Tabela 1. Wp³yw Asahi SL na skutecznoæ chwastobójcz¹ oksyfluorofenu, fi totoksycznoæ i za³amani e szczypi oru cebuli przed zbi orem(2002-2003)
STAGE OF ON ION GR OWTH D U R IN G OXYFLU OR FEN ASAH I SL R ED U C TION WEED C OVER AGE PH YTOTOXIC ITY LEAF FALL-OVER
R ATE
IN B IOMASS B EFOR E H AR VEST Fi totoksycznoæ B EFOR E H AR VEST
TR EATMEN T
R ATE
D awka
Redukcja
Pokryci e przez
[% ]
Za³amani e szczypi oru
Faza cebuli podczas zabi egu
D awka
Asahi SL
bi omasy
chwasty przed
przed zbi orem
oksyfluorofenu
.
-1
.
-1
[l ha ]
[% ]
zbi orem [% ]
[% ]
[g ha a.i.]
11
TAB LE 2. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL AN D OXYFLU OR FEN ON TH E YIELD STR U C TU R E IN ON ION (2002-2003)
Tabela 2. Wp³yw Asahi SL i oksyfluorofenu na plon cebuli i jego strukturê (2002-2003)
STAGE OF ON ION GR OWTH D U R IN G OXYFLU OR FEN ASAH I SL
TOTAL YIELD
R ATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H FOR
TR EATMEN T
R ATE
R ATE
Plon ogólny
TH E FR AC TION OF ON ION S >6 C M IN
D awka
D awka
[kg . 100 . m-2]
D IA. A AFTER H ER B IC ID E + ASAH I SL,
oksyfluorofenu
Asahi SL
H AFTER H ER B IC ID E ON LY
.
-1
.
-1
[g ha a.i.]
[l ha ]
Stosunek plonu frakcji cebul o redni cy >6
cm po zastosowani u Asahi SL i herbi cydu
(A) do samego herbi cydu (H) [% ]
2002
2003
MEAN FOR
2002
2003
MEAN FOR
YEAR S
YEAR S
redni a z lat
redni a z lat
24

280.9a
390.8ab
335.9a
100.0 = 25.23 100.0 = 16.83 100.0 = 21.03
24

24

24
0.51
278.4a
351.2ab
314.8a
130.2
47.1
97.2
24
0.5
24
0.5
24
0.52
290.8a
447.3a
369.1a
131.8
196.5
157.6
24
0.5
24
0.5
60

280.4a
389.7ab
335.1a
100.0 = 19.23 100.0 = 23.03 100.0 = 21.13
72

60
0.51
288.1a
355.1ab
321.6a
134.9
64.8
96.7
72
0.5
60
0.52
284.6a
380.5ab
332.6a
134.4
79.5
104.3
72
0.5
7) C HEC K/kontrola

246.4a
276.7b
261.7a
11.63
8.973
10.23
661-2085
Bi omasa chwastów w kontroli [g.m-2]
NOTE: 1 ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLIC ATION, 2 ASAHI SL APPLIED IN TANK-MIXTURE WITH
OXYFLUORFEN, 3 YIELD IN kg 100 . m-2.
MEANS WITHIN A C OLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFIC ANTLY D IFFERENT AT THE 5% LEVEL AC C ORD ING TO
NEWMAN-KEULS MULTIPLE RANGE TEST.
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu oksyfluorofenem, 2 Asahi SL u¿yto w mi eszani ni e z oksyfluorofenem
3
plon w kg 100 . m-2.
Wartoci w kolumnach oznaczone taki mi samymi li terami ni e ró¿ni ¹ si ê i stotni e mi êdzy sob¹ przy pozi omi e P = 0,05 testu Newmana-Keulsa.
12
24
24
24
24
24
24
60
60
60
60
60
60
12 0

0.51
0.5
0.5

1.0-4.5
2.1-5.0
(94.3)
88.3-95.9
(92.1)
84.4-93.1
2.9-5.3
1.9-4.8
(90.4)3
92.5-96.0
(88.8)
64.6-98.3
(81.5)
71.5-88.6
1.5-5.3
86.8-93.92
2.0-5.0
1.0-7.0
1.5-6.8
0.3-2.0
0-2.5
21.3-76.5
28.8-71.8
28.8-79.0
32.5-88.8
31.3-86.3

3.9-4.3
1.5-4.5
26.3-76.0
6) 3-4 LEAVES STAGE/faza 3-4 li ci
12 0
0.5

0.5
(80.1)
AFTER 14 D AYS/po 14 dni ach

0
19.8-23.3
0
23.8-49.5
7) C HEC K/kontrola

581-2188
Bi omasa chwastów w kontroli [g. m-2]
NOTE: 1ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLIC ATION,2 RANGE (FROM-TO) FOR 2004-2005, 3 MEAN FOR YEARS.
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu oksyfluorofenem, 2 zakres (od-do) w latach 2004-2005, 3 redni a z lat.
3) 2 LEAF STAGE/faza 2 li ci a
TAB LE 3. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON WEED C ON TR OL EFFIC AC Y AN D PH YTOTOXIC ITY OF OXYFLU OR FEN , AN D ON LEAF FALL-OVER IN
ON ION (2004-2005)
Tabela 3. Wp³yw Asahi SL na skutecznoæ chwastobójcz¹ oksyfluorofenu, fi totoksycznoæ i za³amani e szczypi oru cebuli przed zbi orem (2004-2005)
STAGE OF ON ION GR OWTH D U R IN G OXYFLU OR FEN ASAH I SL R ED U C TION WEED C OVER AGE PH YTOTOXIC ITY LEAF FALL-OVER
R ATE
IN B IOMASS B EFOR E H AR VEST Fi totoksycznoæ B EFOR E H AR VEST
TR EATMEN T
R ATE
D awka
Redukcja
Okryci e przez
[% ]
Za³amani e szczypi oru
D awka
Asahi SL
bi omasy
chwasty przed
przed zbi orem
oksyfluorofenu
.
-1
.
-1
[l ha ]
[% ]
zbi orem [% ]
[% ]
[g ha a.i.]
13
TAB LE 4. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL AN D OXYFLU OR FEN ON TH E YIELD STR U C TU R E IN ON ION (2004-2005)
Tabela 4. Wp³yw Asahi SL i oksyfluorofenu na plon cebuli i jego strukturê (2004-2005)
STAGE OF ON ION GR OWTH D U R IN G OXYFLU OR FEN ASAH I SL
R ATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H FOR
TOTAL YIELD
TR EATMEN T
R ATE
TH E FR AC TION OF ON ION S >6 C M IN
R ATE
Plon ogólny
D awka
D IA. A AFTER H ER B IC ID E + ASAH I SL,
D awka
[kg . 100 . m-2]
oksyfluorofenu
Asahi SL
[g . ha-1 a.i.]
Stosunek plonu frakcji cebul o redni cy >6
[l . ha-1]
cm po zastosowani u Asahi SL i herbi cydu
(A) do samego herbi cydu (H) [% ]
2004
2005
MEAN FOR
2004
2005
MEAN FOR
YEAR S
YEAR S
redni a z lat
redni a z lat
24

100.0 = 20.62 100.0 = 125.62
384.9
100.0 =
345.2ab
424.6a
24

230.52
24

24
0.51
109.7
151.0
130.4
424.9a
376.0a
400.5
24
0.5
24
0.5
3) 2 LEAF STAGE/faza 2 li ci a
60
100.0 =
100.0 = 13.22 100.0 = 96.42

350.6
369.9a
331.2ab
60
179.62

60

60
0.51
82.9
179.6
131.3
347.0a
357.5ab
346.8
60
0.5
60
0.5
12 0
100.0 =
100.0 = 9.92 100.0 = 91.12
353.2a
298.8ab
326.0

172.32
12 0

369.6a
301.3ab
335.5
94.2
170.7
132.5

0.5
14 D AYS AFTER/po 14 dni ach

0.5
7) C HEC K/kontrola

219.0b
291.1b
251.1

54.72
13.92
34.32
1
2
.
.
-2
NOTE: ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY OXYFLUORFEN APPLIC ATION, YIELD IN kg 100 m .
MEANS WITHIN A C OLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT SIGNIFIC ANTLY D IFFERENT AT THE 5% LEVEL AC C ORD ING TO
NEWMAN-KEULS MULTIPLE RANGE TEST
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu oksyfluorofenem, 2 plon w kg .100 . m-2.
14
15
TAB LE 5. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL ON WEED C ON TR OL EFFIC AC Y AN D PH YTOTOXIC ITY
OF LIN U R ON IN C AR R OT (YEAR S 2002-2004)
Tabela 5. Wp³yw Asahi SL na skutecznoæ chwastobójcz¹ oksyfluorofenu i fi totoksycznoæ dla marchwi
(2002-2004)
STAGE OF C AR R OT GR OWTH
LIN U R ON ASAH I SL R ED U C TION WEED C OVER AGE
D U R IN G TR EATMEN T
R ATE
R ATE
IN B IOMASS B EFOR E H AR VEST
Faza marchwi podczas zabi egu
D awka
D awka
Redukcja
Pokryci e przez
li nuronu
Asahi SL
bi omasy
chwasty przed zbi orem
[g . ha-1 a.i.] [l . ha-1]
[% ]
[% ]
1) 3-5 LEAVES STAGE/w fazi e 3-5 li ci
750

0.6-4.7
91.8-99.43
(95.9)4
750

92.1-99.7
4.1

0.51
(94.9)
750
88.7-98.8
1.0-3.2
0.52
IN TANK MIXTURE/w mi eszani ni e
(93.6)
19 0
81.8-98.7
0.9-3.5

250
(90.9)

19 0
95.7-99.8
0.6-3.1
0.51
250
(97.8)
0.5
2
19 0
97.2-99.7
1.0-3.8
0.5
250
(98.0)
0.5
7) C HEC K/kontrola

0
5.2-15.6

268 2093
Bi omasa chwastów w kontroli [g.m-2]
MEAN FOR YEARS/redni a z lat = 1086)
NOTE: 1 ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY LINUREN APPLIC ATION,2 ASAHI SL APPLIED IN
TANK-MIXTURE WITH LINUREN, 3 RANGE (FROM TO) FOR 2002-2004, 4 MEAN FOR YEARS.
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu li nuronem,2 Asahi SL u¿yto w mi eszani ni e z
li nurone, 3 zakres (od-do) w latach 2002-2004, 4 redni e z lat.
There were also some changes in yield structure. In some years, and in some combinations, higher percentages of large onions the fractions with diameter above 7.5 cm
and above 6 cm were observed in the structure of the total yield. As a consequence of
using Asahi SL in a mixture with oxyfluorfen at 24 g·ha-1, the percentage of large diameter onions increased by 31.8% (2002) and 96.5% (2003). In the other cases, application
of herbicide + Asahi SL did not produce unequivocal results because for the same experimental combination the percentage of large onions in the yield structure increased one
year and decreased the next. In 2004-2005, the addition of Asahi SL to the herbicide used
three times caused the percentage of large onions with diameter >6 cm to increase by
9.7-51.0% (Tab. 4). This tendency was noticeable in 2005 in the other combinations also
(herbicide 3 times at 60 g·ha-1, and once at 120 g·ha-1), because the percentage of such
onions increased by 70.7-79.6%.
In the available Polish scientific literature, there are no studies which would provide
more detailed information on the response of onion to Asahi SL and other biostimulators.
However, in other countries, e.g. the Czech Republic, the Instructions for Use label on
Asahi SL includes recommendations for onion [Atonik.... 2007]. One would thus assume
that they are based on positive results of experiments. The Czech recommendations do
not specify if they refer to onion grown from seed or from sets.
It is known that the response of onion to different treatments (including herbicides)
depends on the cultivation method [Dobrzañski, Adamicki 2006]. In Poland, Asahi SL and
16
TAB LE 6. TH E EFFEC T OF ASAH I SL AN D LIN U R ON ON TH E YIELD STR U C TU R E IN C AR R OT (2002-2004)
Tabela 6. Wp³yw Asahi SL i li nuronu na plon marchwi i jego strukturê (2002-2004)
STAGE OF C AR R OT GR OWTH D U R IN G
LIN U R ON
R ATIO OF YIELD A / YIELD H
ASAH I SL PH YTOTOXIC ITY MAR K ETAB LE YIELD
TR EATMEN T
R ATE
A AFTER H ER B IC ID E + ASAH I SL
R ATE
Fi totoksycznoæ
Plon handlowy
.
.
-2
Faza marchwi podczas zabi egu
D AWKA
D awka
[% ]
[kg 100 m ]
INURONU
Stosunek plonu po zastosowani u
Asahi SL
[g . ha-1 a.i.]
Asahi SL i herbi cydu (A)do samego
[l . ha-1]
herbi cydu (H) [% ]
2004
MEAN FOR
2004
MEAN FOR
2002-2004
2002-2004
redni a z lat
redni a z lat
2002-2004
2002-2004
750

100.0 = 656.23
1.5-2.0
760.9ab
656.2a
100.0 = 706.93
750

102.8
102.3
1.2-1.5
726.4ab
673.3a

0.51
750
100.3
99.4
0.52
1.0-1.3
708.9ab
652.9a
IN TANK MIXTURE/w mi eszani ni e
3
19 0
100.0 = 715.6
100.0 = 669.53

1.3-1.8
715.6ab
669.5a
250

19 0
107.5
104.7
0.51
0.8-1.3
769.1a
698.3a
250
0.5
19 0
98.7
93.1
0.52
1.0-1.8
706.3ab
626.2a
250
0.5
7) C HEC
Kontrola

541.33
582.53

0
541.3b
582.5a
NOTE: 1 ASAHI SL APPLIED 2-3 D AYS AFTER EVERY LINUREN APPLIC ATION, 2 ASAHI SL APPLIED IN TANK-MIXTURE WITH LINUREN,
3
YIELD IN kg . 100 . m-2.
Objani eni a: 1 Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dym zabi egu li nuronem, 2 Asahi SL u¿yto w mi eszani ni e z li nuronem, 3 plon w kg . 100 . m-2.
17
other biostimulators are commonly used by onion producers, and it is generally believed
that if they do not damage onion plants, then they most likely give positive results. The
results of our experiments over four years do not support, nor do they reject, this widelyheld view, because, as can be expected, Asahi SL may improve crop quality in some
years. The experiments presented here deal with only one variety of onion grown in a
single location. It can not be ruled out that different varieties can respond to the applied
biostimulator in different ways.
Onion plants have narrow, tube-like leaves that are not very good at covering the soil
surface at any time during the entire vegetative period. For that reason, during spray
treatments, a considerable amount of the agent being applied does not settle on the leaves, but on the surface of the soil, regardless of the technique employed to carry out the
treatment. Since onion leaves are also covered with a thin layer of wax that makes it
difficult for the agent to penetrate inside the plant, one would expect that the addition of
an adjuvant to the working solution should make it more effective. That is why, in 20042005, Asahi SL was used with an adjuvant. However, the hypothesis was not confirmed
by the experimented data.
In carrot, the phytotoxicity of linuron used with the biostimulator was low, irrespective of the treatment method, because the degree of damage to leaves fell within the range
0.8-2.0% (Tab. 6). At such low level of damage, it is difficult to try and find what effect,
if any, the biostimulator has on herbicide phytotoxicity. Nevertheless, in those combinations that included Asahi SL, slightly better plant growth and a 0.5% reduction in the
extent of damage were observed in the initial period after treatment.
In 2002-2003, around 10 July, the carrot plants had 8-9 leaves, and the average weight
of the above-ground parts was within the range 11.8-15.7 g (depending on the combination). In those combinations that involved the use of herbicide only, or herbicide with the
addition of Asahi SL, the weight of the above-ground parts in 2002 was by 1-10%, and in
2003 by 29-43% greater than the corresponding values for the control combination without
herbicide. In spite of that, no significant differences attributable to Asahi SL were found.
The average weight of 1 carrot in 2002-2003 did not depend on the biostimulator,
either, but mainly on the herbicide used, and was 29.9-48.8 g. There were no significant
differences in the length of the carrot leaves measured from the top to the end of leaf
blade, which was about 30 cm. The number of carrot roots at harvest was between 25.5
to 30.4 per linear meter of row, and did not depend on the applied treatments. The 3-year
average for carrot tops at harvest was 126.8-132.5 kg·100 m-2, and was the highest for
the combination where Asahi SL had been applied 2-3 days after the treatment with
linuron at the 3-5 leaf stage in carrot. However, the differences were not proven statistically significant.
In terms of both the total and marketable yields of carrot, the significance of the
differences between the experimental combinations in 2002-2003 was not proven statistically. Therefore, apart from the overall average yield for 3 years, Table 6 contains yield
sizes for 2004 only, where the significance of the differences between the combinations
became evident. Because of the lack of statistically proven differences, the beneficial
effect of the biostimulator on the yielding of carrot plants cannot be definitely confirmed.
Nevertheless, there was a noticeable tendency for higher yields in 2003-2004 in those
18
combinations in which Asahi SL was used 2-3 days after the herbicide treatment at the 35 leaf stage (the marketable yield was higher by 2.8-6.8%).
In the years 2002 and 2004, as a result of using Asahi SL after two herbicide treatments (at the 1-2 leaf stage and after 7-14 days), the yield was higher by 7.3-7.5%
compared with the sole use of the herbicide. In 2003, no differences were noted. The
highest average marketable yield for 3 years (698 kg·100 m-2) was obtained after using
Asahi SL at 0.5 l·ha-1 applied after the treatments with linuron that had been carried out
twice at the 1-2 leaf stage and after 7-14 days. When linuron was used on its own at
those times, the yield was 669.5 kg·100 m-2. Considering the soil conditions in which the
experiments were conducted, the average yield of carrot was relatively high, exceeding
50 tones per ha in 2002, and even 70 tones per ha in 2003-2004. At this high level of
yielding it is probably difficult to show the effect of any additional action that may contribute to increased yielding, including that of biostimulators.
The onion and carrot plants were grown in a soil that was quite rich in nutrients and
under irrigation on an as-needed basis. It is possible that watering had a greater effect on
the growth and yielding of the plants than the action of the biostimulator.
In the experiments, the herbicides were used within the range of recommended doses, which do not always put plants under considerable herbicide stress. Even in onion,
where the extent of damage caused by oxyfluorfen amounted to as much as 22% in some
combinations, the anti-stress action of Asahi SL did not make itself obvious because the
levels of damage to onion plants were the same regardless of whether or not Asahi SL
had been used. According to the results of these experiments, and also of those carried
out earlier [Dobrzañski et al. 1998], even fairly extensive damage to onion leaves by a
herbicide that works like oxyfluorfen, which gives the user cause for concern, does not
always translate into a negative impact on yielding.
The fact that Asahi SL does not always have a yield-increasing effect is confirmed
by Vavarina [1998a, b], who reported that Atonik (the former trade name of Asahi SL)
did not have any effect on the yielding of cucumber plants grown under irrigation and
proper fertilization, i.e. in stress-free conditions. He also could not demonstrate any
effects on yielding in some experiments with capsicum and tomato, although he does not
rule out that under certain conditions the results may be positive. However, Csizinsky
[1990] and Csizinsky et al. [1990] report that following the use of this biostimulator, yields
of capsicum minimally increase in comparison with water spraying. They also emphasize
that different responses can be expected from different varieties.
There are very few published results of research work on the use of Asahi SL on
vegetable crops, especially those that were used to help register this product. In spite of
that, recommendations for use of this biostimulator can be found on currently valid Instructions for Use labels in some countries. For example, in the Czech Republic, Asahi
SL is allowed for use on tomato, cucumber, capsicum, onion and garlic [Atonik... 2007], in
Hungary on cucumber, capsicum, melon and tomato [Registered... 2007]. In Poland,
the Instructions for Use label [Asahi SL 2005] lists cucumber, tomato, leek, celery,
carrot (authorization expiry date: 12 April 2011). Yet there are almost no published results
that would meet the standards of a scientific research paper. Among the published studies concerning the use of Asahi SL on vegetable crops, a paper by Czeczko and Mikos-
19
Bielak [2004] can also be mentioned here. It records a positive effect of this biostimulator
on the yields of celeriac and leek after 3 to 5 treatments. The paper is very informative,
as it describes changes in the chemical composition of several vegetable species. It does
not, however, satisfy the criteria required for registration of synthetic growth regulators.
CONCLUSIONS
The biostimulator Asahi SL, used post emergence in combination with herbicides
containing oxyfluorfen and linuron does not modify the weed control efficacy of these
herbicides, irrespective of the number of treatments, and whether it is used in a mixture
with herbicide or applied 2-3 days after herbicide treatment. Weeds that have been damaged or are dying as a result of treatments with these herbicides do not regenerate.
Asahi SL did not alter the selectivity of herbicides to the crops. The response of onion and
carrot plants depended to a larger extent on the herbicides and the way they were used
than on the biostimulator, because competition from weeds was the basic factor that
determined the course of plant growth and yielding. A desirable effect of Asahi SL was
that it did not prolong the ripening period in onion, indicated by the degree of leaf fall-over
before harvest. The extent of leaf fall-over before harvest depended mainly on the doses
of oxyfluorfen.
In onion, in some years, there was an increase in yield when Asahi SL and oxyfluorfen were used three times, especially as a mixture, with Asahi SL (0.5 l·ha-1) added to
each treatment. Asahi SL produced positive changes in the structure of the yield of onion.
In general, the percentage of large onions with diameter above 6 cm, and of good quality,
increased. In carrot, however, Asahi SL did not change the structure of the yield because
the size of the marketable yield as a share of the total yield was similar in all the tretments.
With high carrot yields, it was difficult to prove yield-increasing influence of the
biostimulator, although in some years, after two treatments with linuron (first at the 1-2
leaf stage in carrot, and then after 7-14 days), the marketable yield was higher by 7.37.5% compared with the sole use of the herbicide.
The carrot and onion plants were grown in a soil with an optimum nutrient content
and under irrigation. The herbicides may have acted as stress-inducing agents. They
were used in the range of recommended doses, which do not always induce herbicide
stress. It is reasonable to think that in such conditions a statistically-proven, yield-increasing effect of the biostimulator does not always become apparent.
20
REFERENCES
Anyszka Z., Dobrzañski A. 1998: Influence of reduced rates and split application of herbicides on weed
control and on yield in carrots (Daucus carota L.). Veg. Crops Res. Bull., vol. 49, 49-61.
Asahi SL. Etykieta instrukcja stosowania. Zezw. Ministerstwa Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi Nr 935/2001,
MRiRW Nr R-48/2005, s. 3.
Atonik Rostlinný Stimulátor 2007: Czech label.
Cobb A.1992: Herbicides and Plant Physiology. Chapman & Hall. London.
Csizinszky A.A. 1990: Response of two bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars to foliar and-soilapplied biostimulants. Soil and Crop. Sci. Soc. Fla. Proc., 49,199-203.
Csizinszky A.A., Stanley C. D., Clark G.A.1990: Foliar and-soil-applied biostimulant studies with microirrigated pepper and tomato. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc., 103, 113-117.
Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 2004: Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie ró¿nych gatunków warzyw. Ann. UMCS, sec. E. vol 59(3), 1073-1079.
Dobrzañski A. 1975: Chemiczne zwalczanie chwastów w marchwi. Biul. Warz., vol. 18, 92-11.
Dobrzañski A., Pa³czyñski J., Anyszka Z. 1998: Wyniki dowiadczeñ wdro¿eniowych z zastosowaniem
herbicydu oksyfluorofen (Goal 240 EC), metod¹ dawek dzielonych, w cebuli z siewu. Biul. Warz., vol.
48, 29-33.
Dobrzañski A., Dyki B., Pa³czyñski J. 2003: Zmiany morfologiczne i cytologiczne wywo³ywane przez
oksyfluorofen na niektórych warzywach cebulowych. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., vol. 43, nr 1,
102-108.
Dobrzañski A. 2004: The problem of weeds and weed control management in onion. Now. Warz./Veg Crops
News, 39, 43-52.
Dobrzañski A., Adamicki F. 2006: Uprawa cebuli. Plantpress, Kraków.
Dobrzañski A., Pa³czyñski J. 2007: Nowy sposób ochrony cebuli przed chwastami zredukowanymi
dawkami oksyfluorofenu. Now. Warz./Veg. Crops News, 44, 15-27.
EPPO Standards 2004: Efficacy evaluation of plant protection products. Vol.4. Herbicides and plant growth
regulators. Second edition. European Plant Protection Organization, Paris.
Kositorna J. 2004: Zastosowanie biostymulatora wzrostu Asahi SL jako rodka chroni¹cego burak cukrowy
przed stresem wywo³anym przez herbicydy. Gazeta Cukrownicza, 2-3, 58-63.
Maciejewski T., Szuka³a J., Jarosz A. 2007: Wp³yw biostymulatora Asahi SL i Atonik SL na cechy
jakociowe bulw ziemniaków. J. Res. Appl. Agric. Eng., vol. 52(3), 109-112.
Pulkrábek J.,Urban J., Valenta J. 2006: Vliv abiotických a biotických stresorù na vlasntosti rostlin
(Sbornik pøispevku). Fakulta agrbiologie, potravinových a pøirodnich zdrojù ÈZU v Praze, 17.5 2006,
82-86.
Registered Pesticides in Hungary 2007: [http:www.neoland.hu/angol.htm].
S³owiñski A. 2004: Biostymulatory w nowoczesnej ochronie rolin. Ochrona Rolin, 2, 16-17.
Tei F., Ascard J., Baumann D.T., Caussanel J.P., Dobrzañski A.et al. 1999: Weeds and weed management
in onion a review. 11 th Symposium European Weed Research Society, Basel, 131.
Tei F., Baumann D.T., Bleeker P.O., Dobrzañski A. et al. 2002: Weeds and weed management in carrots
a review. 12th European Weed Research Society Symposium, Wageningen: Proceedings, 14-15.
Vavarina C.S. 1998a: Atonik plant growth stimulator: Effect on cucumber under seepage irrigation in SW
Florida. Vegetable Horticulture, 30 Mar. [www.imok.vfl.edu/veghort/pubs/sta_rpts/atoncuce].
Vavarina C.S. 1998b: Atonik plant growth stimulator:effect on tomato under seepage irrigation in SW
Florida. Vegetable Horticulture, 06 Apr. [www.imok.vfl.edu/veghort/pubs/sta_rpts/atoniktom].
21
THE INFLUENCE OF GOËMAR GOTEO BIOSTIMULATOR ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF TWO CHINESE CABBAGE CULTIVARS
Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
INTRODUCTION
Chinese cabbage is the vegetable crop characterized by a very fast growth, but a
weak root system, what results in some problems in its cultivation. In Poland, it is grown
mainly as a spring or autumn crop. For improving root system development of cultivated
plants, some growth stimulators were recommended in agricultural practice [Szwonek
2003, Boehme et al. 2005, S³owiñski 2006]. One example of such biostimulators is the
organic-mineral Goëmar Goteo preparation, based on the concentrate made of marine
algae, with an addition of phosphorus and potassium. The preparation was elaborated to
stimulate plant growth and development, and also the activity of root system. Goëmar
Goteo is applied directly to the soil, with irrigation of the plant. The concentrate named
GA12, made of algae species Ascophyllum nodosum in a complicated technological
process, shows biological activity of such substances as: amino acids, vitamins, polysaccharides and phytohormons [www.ppjw.pl/produkty-goteo.html]. Other well known root
growth biostimulators, based also on different algae species extracts are: Bio-algeen S90 and Kelpak. Some effects of Goëmar Goteo treatment on cultivated plant species are
described in world literature. The positive effects demonstrated in the experiments were:
bigger root system with more fibrous roots, higher resistance of a plant to unfavorable
environmental conditions, better uptake of nutrients from the soil, and, as the final effect,
higher and more stable yield [Wysocka-Owczarek 2002a,b]. Chemical content of Goëmar
Goteo preparation is as follows: organic substances 1.3-2.4%, phosphorus (P2O5) > 24.8%,
potassium (K2O) > 4.75%. Gruszczyk and Berbeæ [2004] reported that plant growth
biostimulators application resulted in better growth and higher yield of cultivated plants,
however there is no information available on the effect of such biostimulators on Chinese
cabbage growth and yield. Experiments performed on soybean plants indicated that Bioalgeen-S90 applied as a growth regulator significantly increased the total yield [Redepoviæ et al. 2006]. Bio-algeen S-90 and Goëmar Goteo application positively affected soybean plants growth parameters, mainly resulted in better and more active root system.
Another positive results were obtained with Goëmar Goteo preparation in the case of
glasshouse tomato cultivation [Ligowski 2006]. Active ingredients of Goëmar Goteo
stimulated the nitrate reductase and root phosphatases [Joubert, Lefranc 2008]. Goëmar
Goteo contains also high amount of phosphorus. This macronutrient is an important factor
for root system growth and development. The influence of phosphorus fertilizers on nitra-
22
tes accumulation in cultivated plants was reported in literature [Wang, Li 2004]. For
example, the nitrates concentration was significantly decreased in green cabbage, but
significantly increased in white cabbage and rape by phosphorus fertilizers. Another effect of Goëmar Goteo application is the stimulation of polyamines synthesis in a plant.
Polyamines are important anti-stress compounds of plant cells [Joubert, Lefranc 2008].
The aim of the experiment was to assess the influence of Goëmar Goteo biostimulator on the yield and quality of two popular cultivars of Chinese cabbage, grown in different periods of the vegetation season, under climatic conditions of central Poland.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Two hybrid cultivars of Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. var. pekinensis (Lour.)
Olsson) Kasumi F1 and Bilko F1 were grown in 2006-2007 in the open field experiment.
These cultivars, of Dutch origin, are widely grown in Poland as the standard cultivars.
The Chinese cabbage was grown during two growing periods, which are usual for Chinese cabbage cultivation in this geographic region: (a) at autumn period 2006 or (b) at
spring-summer period 2007. After the spring-summer cultivation, cabbages were harvested at the end of July, and after the autumn term of cultivation at the beginning of
October. Chinese cabbage was grown from plantlets, which were planted out on the
Experimental Field at Warsaw-Wilanów. The soil was alluvial loam, of pH 7.1 and humus
content about 1.5%. Mineral fertilization was applied out before planting out plantlets, at
the doses of 140 kg N, 80 kg P2O5 and 120 kg K2O per ha. The plantlets were produced
in an unheated plastic tunnel. Goëmar Goteo preparation was applied at the dose of
0.1%, two times to the soil during watering plantlets and in 2006 also four times after
planting them out, in 2-week intervals. The plantlets were spaced in the field at 60×40
cm. The experiment was set up in a split-plot design, with three replications of 30 plants
in each.
At the harvest time the following parameters were determined: total and marketable
yield of the heads, total and marketable mass of the heads, dry matter content in the heads
(by drying samples at 1050C, until stable weight), soluble solids content using digital refractometer, nitrates content (spectrophotometrically, using Fiastar device), vitamin C content
(by Tillman`s titration method). The analysis of a outer leaves colour of the heads with
carried out in the CIE Lab system using HunterLab Mini Scan XE spectrophotometer, and
CIE Lab system with determination of such parameters as: L lightness, a greenness, b
yellowness). These observations were made at the both terms of cultivation.
For Chinese cabbage collected at the autumn term of harvest, sensory evaluation
was performed at the sensory laboratory of the Department of Vegetable and Medicinal
Plants, using the quantitative descriptive analysis method (QDA) [Anonymous 1999].
The expert panel, consisting of 12 persons, selected and trained according to ISO standard [Anonymous 1996], carried out the evaluation. At the first part of QDA procedure,
brainstorming sessions were run to select sensory attributes for Chinese cabbage. Panelists generated a set of eight main attributes for taste/flavour and texture of Chinese
cabbage. List of attributes/definition of attributes/anchoring points are as follows: 1. colour/visual evaluation of colour/light green dark green; 2. crispness/mouthfeel of crisp-
23
Goteo
665
43 0
2.56
1.66
66.7
9.7 27.8
C ONTROL
525
325
1.91
1.18
65.2
9.3 26.2
Bi lko
Goteo
765
46 5
2.01
1.22
66.0
9.9 30.2
C ONTROL
770
42 0
1.87
1.09
65.0
9.1 31.3
MEANS FOR C ULTIVARS Kasumi
595 a
378 a
2.24 a
1.42 b 66.0 a 9.5 a 27.0 a
redni e dla odmi an
Bi lko
768 b
443 b
1.94 a
1.16 a 65.5 a 9.5 a 30.8 b
MEANS FOR TREATMEN Goteo
7 15 a
448 b
2.29 b
1.44 b 66.4 b 9.8 b 29.0 a
redni e dla traktowani a
C ONTROL
6 48 a
373 a
1.89 a
1.14 a 65.1 a 9.2 a 28.8 a
LSD /NIR A x B p = 0.05
69
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n. 0.8
NOTE: MEANS WHIC H D IFFER SIGNIFIC ANTLY AC C ORD ING TO TUKEY'S HSD TEST AT p = 0.05 ARE
MARKED WITH D IFFERENT LETTERS. n.s./r.n. INTERAC TION INSIGNIFIC ANT.
Uwaga: redni e ró¿ni ¹ce si ê i stotni e wg testu Tukey'a przy p = 0,05 oznaczono odmi ennymi li terami , n.s./r.n.
i nterakcja ni ei stotna
Both cultivars of Chinese cabbage used in the experiment are
commonly cultivated in Poland, and
both cultivars, at the opinion of farmers, show extensive vegetative
growth and are highly yielding ones.
The experimented results demonstrated that both the total yield and
the marketable yield obtained were
quite high (Tab. 1, Tab. 4). Due to
the lack of data concerning application of root system biostimulators
on Chinese cabbage, the discussion
of our results cannot be fully performed. However, compared to the
results obtained by other authors
with other plant species, the positive effect of Goëmar Goteo on
plant yield was confirmed. Goëmar
Kasumi
RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION
TAB LE 1. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLIC ATION ON TH E YIELD AN D PH YSIC AL TR AITS
(LEAVES C OLOU R ) OF C H IN ESE C AB B AGE IN TH E AU TU MN TER M OF C U LTIVATION .
Tabela 1. Wp³yw traktowani a preparatem Goëmar Goteo na plon i cechy fi zyczne (barwê li ci ) kapusty peki ñski ej w
jesi ennym termi ni e uprawy.
MEAN
MEAN
LEAVES COLOUR IN
MARKETCULTIVAR
TREATTOTAL
WEIGHT WEIGHT OF
CIE LAB SYSTEM
ABLE
Odmiana
MENT
YIELD
OF HEAD
MARKETBarwa lici
YIELD
TraktoPlon
rednia
ABLE HEAD w systemie CIE Lab
Plon
wanie
ca³kowity
.
2
masa
rednia masa
[kg 100 m ] handlowy
L
a
b
g³ówki
handlowa
[kg .100 m2]
[kg]
g³ówki [kg]
ness/not crispy very crispy; 3. juiciness/amount of liquid released when chewing sample/not juicy very juicy; 4. flavour of cabbage/characteristic flavour of fresh cabbage
none very intensive; 5. sweet taste/basic taste/none very intensive; 6. sharp flavour
/mouthfeel of spicy flavour/none very intensive; 7. bitter taste/basic taste/none very
intensive; 8. off-flavour/flavour non typical for cabbage/none very intensive. Also overall quality impression was evaluated (low quality high quality). The samples were
served to panelists in a totally random order. Results of the evaluation were converted to
numerical values (from 0 to 10). The analysis was performed during two independent
sessions. For coding samples and for initial processing of the data, Analsens software
was used.
Semi-consumer`s hedonic test
of liking was also performed. For this
evaluation non-structural scale was
also used, with anchoring points: I
do not like it I like it very much.
Data obtained were subjected
to analysis of variance, using StatgraphicsPlus 4.1 software. Means
separation was conducted using
Tukey`s HSD test at probability level p = 0.05.
24
TAB LE 2. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLIC ATION ON TH E C H EMIC AL C OMPOSITION
OF C H IN ESE C AB B AGE IN TH E AU TU MN TER M OF C U LTIVATION
Tabela 2. Wp³yw traktowani a preparatem Goëmar Goteo na sk³ad chemi czny kapusty peki ñski ej w jesi ennym
termi ni e uprawy
VITAMIN C
C U LTIVAR
TR EATMEN T
SOLU B LE D RY MATTER N ITR ATES
Wi tami na C
Odmi ana
Traktowani e
SOLID S
Sucha masa
Azotany
.
Ekstrakt [% ]
[% ]
[mg N O3 kg] [mg . 100 g]
Kasumi
Goteo
C ONTROL
Bi lko
Goteo
C ONTROL
redni e dla odmi an
Bi lko
MEANS FOR TREATMENT Goteo
C ONTROL
NOTE: SEE TAB. 1.
Uwaga: patrz tab. 1.
3.0
3.2
2.2
2.4
3.1 b
2.3 a
2.6 a
2.8 b
n.s./r.n.
4.1
4.0
4.8
4.4
4.1
4.6
4.5
4.2
0.2
a
b
a
a
1105
597
958
659
851 a
809 a
10 3 2 b
628 a
n.s./r.n.
11.0
9.6
11.9
8.9
10.3 a
10.4 a
11.5 b
9.3 a
n.s./r.n.
Goteo application resulted in an increase of the total and marketable yield of both
cultivars, especially when they were grown in the autumn period. At the spring-summer
term of cultivation, only the effect on total yield was significant (Tab. 4). Also the mean
total head mass and the marketable head mass were higher, for both cultivars, after
Goëmar Goteo application. Visual observation made on root system after digging out
some randomly chosen plants showed that the system of Goëmar Goteo treated plants
was a little more developed, with more lateral small roots. This phenomenon was observed in the case of tomato plants in other experiment [Ligowski 2006].
Chemical analysis of heads showed differences in some parameters between combinations of the experiment (Tab. 2 and Tab. 5). Positive influence of Goëmar Goteo
treatment on vitamin C content in heads was noted for both cultivars in the autumn term
of cultivation, and in the case of cv Kasumi in the spring term. Both cultivars had similar
mean content of this vitamin. The tendency to higher dry matter content after Goëmar
Goteo application was noted for the autumn term of cultivation. The effect in the case of
spring-summer term was insignificant. Differences between cultivars in dry matter content were observed and cv Kasumi showed lower dry matter content than cv Bilko in
both terms of growing. The effect of Goëmar Goteo on soluble solids or nitrate content
in Chinese cabbage was not clear, since both cultivars reacted in different ways to the
treatment. Slightly higher nitrates content in cabbage was noted after Goëmar Goteo
application in the autumn term of cultivation, and similar slight tendency for the springsummer term. Chinese cabbage is the vegetable of high tendency to nitrates accumulation in leaves [Guttormsen 1996]. Since toxic action of nitrates derivates is underlined in
literature and rigorous regulation in the case of nitrates in vegetables exists, various methods of lowering nitrates accumulation in plants are studied. For example, in literature
the differentiated effect of phosphorus fertilization on nitrates accumulation in some plant
species is reported [Wang, Li 2004]. Since Goëmar Goteo biostimulator has high content
of phosphorus, observed unstable effect of this chemical on nitrates accumulation in
Chinese cabbage could be caused by phosphorus interaction with nitrates. Also algae
filtrates can show nitrates decreasing action [Joubert, Lefranc 2008]. Nitrates content in
MEANS FOR C ULTIVARS
redni e dla odmi an
MEANS FOR TREATMENT
NOTE: SEE TAB. 1.
Bi lko
Kasumi
Goteo
C ONTROL
Goteo
C ONTROL
Kasumi
Bi lko
Goteo
C ONTROL
7 40
49 6
528
444
6 18 b
48 6 a
634 b
47 0 a
n.s./r.n.
268
220
2 44
264
2 44 a
254 a
256 a
2 42 a
n.s./r.n.
1.85
1.24
1.32
1.11
1.55 b
1.22 a
1.59 b
1.18 a
n.s./r.n.
0.67
0.55
0.61
0.66
0.61 a
0.64 a
0.64 a
0.61 a
n.s./r.n.
67.4
66.0
65.1
64.2
66.7 a
64.7 a
66.3 b
65.1 a
n.s./r.n.
9.6
8.7
9.7
9.1
9.2 a
9.4 a
9.7 b
8.9 a
n.s./r.n.
28.8
26.7
33.4
32.3
27.8 a
32.9 b
31.1 b
29.5 a
n.s./r.n.
TAB LE 4. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLIC ATION ON TH E YIELD AN D PH YSIC AL TR AITS (LEAVES C OLOU R ) OF C H IN ESE
C AB B AGE IN TH E SPR IN G TER M OF C U LTIVATION
Tabela 4. Wp³yw traktowani a preparatem Goëmar Goteo na plon i cechy fi zyczne (barwê li ci ) kapusty peki ñski ej w wi osennym termi ni e uprawy
C U LTIVAR
TR EATMEN T TOTAL YIELD MAR K ETAB LE
MEAN WEIGH T
MEAN WEIGH T
LEAVES C OLOU R IN
Odmi ana
Traktowani e
Plon ca³kowi ty
YIELD
OF H EAD
OF MAR K ETAB LE
C IE LAB SYSTEM
.
2
[kg 100 m ]
Plon handlowy
redni a masa
H EAD
Barwa li ci w systemi e
.
2
[kg 100 m ]
g³ówki [kg]
redni a masa
C IE Lab
handlowa g³ówki [kg]
L
a
b
TAB LE 3. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLIC ATION ON TH E SEN SOR Y ATTR IB U TES OF C H IN ESE C AB B AGE IN TH E AU TU MN
TER M OF C U LTIVATION
Tabela 3. Wp³yw traktowani a preparatem Goëmar Goteo na cechy sensoryczne kapusty peki ñski ej w jesi ennym termi ni e uprawy
C U LTIVAR Odmi ana
TR EATMEN T
C OLOU R C R ISPN ESS JU IC IN ESS FLAVOU R OF SWEET SH AR P B ITTER OFF-FLAVOU R
Traktowani e
Barwa
Kruchoæ
Soczystoæ
C AB B AGE
TASTE FLAVOU R TASTE
Smak obcy
Smak kapusty
Smak
Smak
Smak
s³odki
ostry
gorzki
Kasumi
Goteo
2.30
6.06
5.30
5.44
2.23
2.42
0.71
0.50
C ONTROL/Kontrol
4.10
5.97
5.07
5.03
2.67
2.58
0.92
0.34
Bi lko
Goteo
5.01
6.67
5.56
5.05
2.52
2.05
0.57
0.10
C ONTROL/Kontrol
3.64
7.00
5.09
5.76
2.63
3.61
1.01
0.19
3.20 a
6.02 a
5.19 a
5.24 a
2.45 a
2.50 a
0.82 a
0.42 a
redni e dla odmi an
Bi lko
4.33 b
6.84 a
5.33 a
5.41 a
2.58 a
2.83 b
0.79 a
0.15 a
3.66 a
6.37 a
5.43 b
5.25 a
2.38 a
2.24 a
0.64 a
0.30 a
C ONTROL/Kontrol
3.87 a
6.49 a
5.08 a
5.40 a
2.65 b
3.10 b
0.97 b
0.27 a
0.43
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
0.23
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
NOTE: SEE TAB. 1.
25
26
TAB LE 5. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF GOËMAR GOTEO APPLIC ATION ON TH E C H EMIC AL C OMPOSITION
OF C H IN ESE C AB B AGE IN TH E SPR IN G TER M OF C U LTIVATION
Tabela 5. Wp³yw traktowani a preparatem Goëmar Goteo na sk³ad chemi czny kapusty peki ñski ej w
wi osennym termi ni e uprawy
VITAMIN C
C U LTIVAR
TR EATMEN T
SOLU B LE
D RY MATTER
N ITR ATES
Wi tami na C
Odmi ana
Traktowani e
SOLID S
Sucha masa
Azotany
.
Ekstrakt [% ]
[% ]
[mg N O3 kg] [mg.100 g]
Kasumi
Goteo
C ONTROL
Bi lko
Goteo
C ONTROL
redni e dla odmi an
Bi lko
C ONTROL
NOTE: SEE TAB. 1.
SOURC E: OWN STUD Y
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.5
2.2 a
3.3 b
2.5 a
2.9 b
n.s./r.n.
4.2
4.4
5.0
4.9
4.3 a
5.0 b
4.6 a
4.7 a
n.s./r.n.
49 1
47 8
45 1
382
48 5 a
417 a
47 1 a
43 0 a
n.s./r.n.
25.9
14.6
16.8
21.5
20.3
19.2
21.4
18.1
3.2
a
a
a
a
the cabbage from the spring-summer term of growing was about two-times lower
than in the second term. However, nitrates level was not very high in both terms of
cultivation, since it did not reach 1200 mg . NO3 . kg-1 f.w. Another observed effect of
Goëmar Goteo application was the influence on leaves colour parameters. Leaves of
both cultivars of Chinese cabbage were more green after Goëmar Goteo application,
since the a parameter (greenness intensity) had a lower negative value.
Sensory evaluation of vegetables and other food items brings valuable information on
their quality characteristics [Abbott 1999]. Sensory traits are usually the main factor
determining consumer`s satisfaction, and they are also important as the quality component of Chinese cabbage. There are some reports on sensory quality of Chinese cabbage
[Gajewski 2004], but not on the influence of biostimulators on sensory characteristics.
The set of sensory descriptors (attributes) used in this work in profiling analysis was
similar to the set applied in analysis described in the cited report. In this experiment some
differences in sensory descriptors concerning taste/flavour were found for the cultivars
and for the treatments (Tab. 3). Namely, cabbages treated with Goëmar Goteo prepara6FRUH
2YHUDOOVHQVRU\TXDOLW\
+HGRQLFWHVW
Figure 1. Scores for overall
sensory quality and consumer's liking for Chinese
cabbage in relation to treatment
SOURCE: OWN study.
Rysunek 1. Oceny jakoci ogólnej
i po¿¹dalnoæ kapusty pekiñskiej
zale¿nie od traktowania
ród³o: badania w³asne.
*RWHR
&RQWURO
.DVXPL
*RWHR
&RQWURO
%LONR
/6'
27
tion were a little more juicy, less sweet, less bitter and of less sharp, spicy flavour. No
significant differences in overall sensory quality or in results of semi-consumer`s hedonic
test for cabbage liking were found between treated and untreated material (Fig. 1). Chinese cabbage cv Bilko was rated slightly higher than cv Kasumi in respect of overall
quality in profile analysis and of flavour quality in the hedonic test.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Goëmar Goteo application in Chinese cabbage cultivation influenced some parameters of the yield but the effect depended on growing term and the cultivar.
2. One of noticeable effects of the treatment was an increased marketable yield and
also total and marketable mass of heads, compared to the untreated cabbage.
3. Leaves of Chinese cabbage had more intensive green colour after Goëmar Goteo
application.
4. The positive effect of Goëmar Goteo biostimulator was noted in the case of vitamin
C and dry matter content in Chinese cabbage.
5. Treatment of Chinese cabbage with Goëmar Goteo did not influence overall sensory
quality of heads, nor flavour score in consumer`s hedonic test, but influenced some of
sensory attributes.
REFERENCES
Anonymous 1996: Sensory analysis. Experts. PN-ISO 8586-2.
Anonymous 1999: Sensory analysis. Methodology. PN-ISO 6564.
Abbott J. 1999: Quality measurement of fruits and vegetables. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 15, 207-225.
Boehme M., Schevtschenko J., Pinker I. 2005: Effect of biostimulators on growth of vegetables in
hydroponical systems. Acta Hortic. 697, 337-344.
Gajewski M. 2004: Modeling of sensory quality of Chinese cabbage cultivars (Brassica rapa L. var. pekinensis (Lour.) Olsson) after storage. Veg. Crops Res. Bull., 60, 97-105.
Gruszczyk M., Berbeæ S. 2004. Porównanie wp³ywu wybranych preparatów stosowanych dolistnie na
plony i jakoæ surowca z³ocienia maruny (Chrysanthemum parthenium L.). Ann. UMCS, vol. LIX (2),
755-759.
Guttormsen G. 1996: The effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, quality, and storage ability of Chinese
cabbage. Norsk-Landbruksforsking, 10(3/4), 189-198.
Joubert J.-M., Lefranc G. 2008. Sea weed phytostimulants in agriculture: recent studies on mode of action
two types of products from algae: growth and nutrition stimulants and stimulants of plant defense
reactions. Biostimulators on Modern Agriculture. SGGW, Warsaw, 7-8.02, 16.
Ligowski D. 2006: Wp³yw metody, rodzaju pod³o¿a i biostymulatorów na parametry wzrostu rozsady
pomidorów szklarniowych. Praca in¿., WSE-H Skierniewice.
Redepoviæ S., Èolo J., Blainkov M., Poljak M., Pecina M., Sikora S., eput M. 2006: Effect of
inoculation and growth regulator on soybean yield and photosynthetic pigment content. Agric. Conspectus Sci., 71(3), 75-80.
S³owiñski A. 2006: Program poprawy jakoci warzyw. Owoce Warzywa Kwiaty, 6, 35.
Szwonek E. 2003: Goëmar BM86 wyci¹g nawozowy z alg morskich. Owoce Warzywa Kwiaty, 7, 17.
Wang Zhao-Hui, Li Sheng-Xiu 2004: Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on plant growth and
nitrate accumulation in vegetables. J. Plant Nutrition, 27(3), 539-556.
Wysocka-Owczarek M. 2002a: Biostymulatory wzrostu w uprawie pomidorów pod os³onami. I. Has³o
Ogrodnicze, 4, 73-74.
Wysocka-Owczarek M. 2002b: Biostymulatory wzrostu w uprawie pomidorów pod os³onami. II. Has³o
Ogrodnicze, 5, 55-57.
[www.ppjw.pl/produkty-goteo.html.]
28
THE INFLUENCE OF BIOSTIMULATORS ON YIELD AND
QUALITY OF LEAF AND ICEBERG LETTUCE
GROWN UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Warsaw University of Life Science, Warsaw, Poland
INTRODUCTION
Many new products such as liquid fertilizers or foliar feeds have been introduced into
the agricultural market in recent years as alternative to traditional solid fertilization. They
are also recommended to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of traditional solid
fertilization. These products are called biostymulators and they are derived from natural
materials such as seaweeds, fishes, and animals. They may also contain added inorganic
nutrient and/or other biological compounds [Edmeades 2002]. The efficacy of biostymulators has been evaluated in many field trials with vegetable crops, however only some
researchers have reported statistically significant positive effects on crop yields and crop
quality [Blunden, Wildgoose 1977, Abetz 1980, Abetz, Young 1983, Verkleij 1992]. The
content of nitrate in leaves of lettuce is the most important factor responsible for quality
of this leafy vegetable. Other factors such as a type, amount, and form of nitrogen fertilization [Lips et al. 1990, Elia et al. 1998] as well as geographical region, season of
production and biostimulants treatments [Walters 1991, Edmeades 2002] may also modulate yield and quality of lettuce. Goëmar Goteo and Aminoplant are examples of recently
introduced on market. Goëmar Goteo is an organic-mineral fertilizer which contains algae extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) with addition of phosphorus (>24,8% P2O5) and
potassium (4,75% K2O). This products, main purpose is the stimulation of the root system
growth. It is used to watering plantlets. Aminoplant is an organic fertilizer which contains
aminoacids and short peptide chains. It is recommended to cultivation with high restriction on nitrates content. Its application is recommended in production of lettuce (vegetables) with lower nitrates content.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of biostimulators on yield and
chemical content of cultivars of selected leaf and iceberg lettuce.
The study involving Goteo and Aminoplant biostimulators was conducted on such
new leaf lettuce cultivars as: Kitare and Versai and on Argentinas cultivar of iceberg
lettuce, at the Experimental Field of the Department of Vegetables and Medicinal Plants
in 2007. The experiments were repeated three times: 1 from the end of March to midJune, 2 from the end of June to the beginning of September, 3 from the end of July to
mid-October. Plantlets were produced in multiplates filled with a pit substrate and were
29
planted into the field at 40 × 40 cm spacing in three replications of 10 plants in each. The
following treatments with biostimulators were used: (1) watering with Goteo (twice 2
weeks after sowing and 1 week before planting); (2) spraying with Aminoplant (twice
1 week and 3 weeks after planting); (3) a combination of treatments (1) and (2).Water
was applied to the soil where group of control (untreated) plants were grown. After
harvest, marketable yield in kg m-2 and mean weights of head/rosette in g were determined. Dry matter content was analyzed at 1040C, total sugars was measured with LuffaSchoorla method [Char³ampowicz 1966] and nitrate N-NO3 content using spectrophotometric method, with FIAstar 5000 device [FOSS TECATOR AB Sweden 1990]. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of the multivarious analysis of variance. The
differences between the sources of variance were examined by the Fischer-Snedecor
test at a = 0,05. A determined comparison of the mean values was made by using the
Tukey multiple range test.
RESULTS AND DISCUSION
The results in the currently run experiments indicate that biostymulators based on
marine algae extracts affected marketable yield and mean weight of head/rosette of
lettuce cultivars. The higher total and marketable yield of lettuce were obtained from
plants treated with Aminoplant and water than from plots treated with Goteo and Goteo +
Aminoplant (Tab. 1 and 2). The application of Goteo + Aminoplant resulted in higher
mean weight of lettuce head/rosette compared to the separately applied Goteo and Aminoplant. Among the examined cultivars Kitare and Argentinas had the highest mean weight of head/rosette (Tab. 3).
Blunden and Wildgoose [1977] reported a statistically significant effect of the seaweed extract on the vegetable species, however its efectiveness was changeable.
High dry matter and total sugars levels in non-mulched lettuce, observed particularly
in 2006, might have been connected with the low yield harvested from this control combination [Siwek et al. 2007]. The highest dry matter content in lettuces was given after
TAB LE 1. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON TOTAL YIELD [kg . m-2] of TH R EE LETTU C E
C U LTIVAR S (MEAN FOR TH R EE TER MS OF H AR VEST)
Tabela 1. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na plon ogólny trzech odmi an sa³aty [kg.m-2] (redni a z trzech termi nów
zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
3.68 a*
2.58 a
3.88 a
3.73 a
3.45 ab
Versai
2.20 a
2.45 a
2.32 a
2.34 a
2.33 b
Argenti nas
6.99 a
3.73 a
6.29 a
3.78 a
5.19 a
MEAN
4.29 a
2.92 b
4.15 a
3.28 ab
redni a
EXPLANATIONS: VALUES WITH THE SAME LETTER D O NOT D IFFER SIGNIFIC ANTLY AT a = 0.05.
Objani eni a: wartoci oznaczone tymi samymi li terami ni e s¹ i stotni e zró¿ni cowane przy a = 0,05.
30
TAB LE 2. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON MAR K ETAB LE YIELD [kg.m-2] OF TH R EE LETTU C E
Tabela 2. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na plon handlowy trzech odmi an sa³aty [kg.m-2] (redni a z trzech
termi nów zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
3.62 a*
Versai
2.17 a
Argenti nas
6.88 a
MEAN
4.22 a
redni a
EXPLANATIONS: SEE TAB. 1.
Objani eni a: jak w tab. 1.
2.54
2.42
3.39
2.78
a
a
a
b
3.77 a
2.29 a
6.19 a
4.09 a
3.67 a
2.31 a
3.75 a
3.24 ab
3.40 ab
2.30 b
5.05 a
TAB LE 3. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON MEAN WEIGH T OF H EAD [g] OF TH R EE LETTU C E
Tabela 2. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na redni ¹ masê g³ówek [g] trzech odmi an sa³aty (redni a z trzech
termi nów zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
450.40 b*
Versai
272.63 b
Argenti nas
913.26 a
MEAN
545.40 a
redni a
340.8 b
303.9 b
888.4 a
511.0 ab
469.9 b
290.5 b
831.6 a
530.7 ab
465.4 b
294.1 b
893.3 a
550.8 a
431.6 b
290.3 c
881.6 a
TAB LE 4. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON C ON TEN T OF D RY MATTER [% ] OF TH R EE LETTU C E
Tabela 4. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na zawartoæ suchej masy [%] w trzech odmi anach sa³aty (redni a z
trzech termi nów zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
4.61 a*
Versai
4.24 a
Argenti nas
5.47 a
MEAN
4.77 a
redni a
3.65 a
4.40 a
3.79 a
3.95 ab
4.31 a
4.75 a
3.91 a
4.33 a
3.86 a
3.94 a
3.51 a
3.77 ab
4.11 a
4.33 a
4.17 a
31
A
B
C
Figure 1A. Combinations in experiment: control,
Goteo (watering),
Aminoplant
(spraying) and
Goteo + Aminoplant
(watering + spraying)
Rysunek 1 A.
Kombinacje w
dowiadczeniu:
Kontrola, Goteo
(podlewanie) Aminoplant (opryskiwanie)
oraz Goteo + Aminoplant (podlewanie +
opryskiwanie)
Figure 1B. Combination with Goteo
(watering) and with
Aminoplant
(spraying)
Rysunek 1B. Kombinacja z Goteo
(podlewanie) i z
Aminoplantem
(opryskiwanie)
Figure 1C. Combination with Goteo
(catering)
Rysunek 1C. Kombinacja z Goteo
(podlewanie)
32
Figure 1D.
Cultivar Versai
in control
combination
Rysunek 1D.
Odmiana Versai w
kombinacji
kontrolnej
D
Figure 1E.
Cultivar Kitare
in control
combination
Rysunek 1E.
Odmiana Kitare w
kombinacji
kontrolnej
E
TAB LE 5. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON C ON TEN T OF TOTAL SU GAR S [% ] OF TH R EE
LETTU C E C U LTIVAR S (MEAN FOR TH R EE TER MS OF H AR VEST)
Tabela 5. Wp³yw bi ostymulatorów na zawartoæ cukrów ogó³em [%] w trzech odmi anach sa³aty traktowanej
bi ostymulatorami (redni a z trzech termi nów zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
1.54 b
Versai
1.52 b
Argenti nas
5.04 a
MEAN
2.70 b
redni a
2.08 b
1.68 b
4.56 a
2.77 b
2.06 b
1.92 b
5.76 a
3.24 a
2.24 b
1.58 b
4.80 a
2.87 b
1.98 b
1.67 b
5.04 a
33
application of Aminoplant and water than Goteo as well as Goteo + Aminoplant combinations (Tab. 4). There were differences among cultivars in dry matter content. The highest
dry matter content was assessed in Versai cultivar (Tab. 4). The Argentinas cultivar was
characterized by the highest content of total sugars in leaves untreated and treated by
Aminoplant (Tab. 5).
It is known that the content of nitrate in lettuce is limited by a head size [Bergmann,
Neubert 1976, Fontes et al. 1997] as well as by nitrate content in soil [Devienne-Barret et
al. 2000]. The results of the present study show that the higher nitrate content was found
in the untreated (control) lettuce leaves and leaves of plants treated with Goteo + Aminoplant combination than in plants treated with Goteo and Aminoplant separately. The average higher nitrate content was assessed in untreated (control) leaves of cv Versai than in
other two lettuce cultivars (Tab. 6).
TAB LE 6. EFFEC T OF B IOSTIMU LAN TS ON C ON TEN T OF N ITR ATE [mg N O3 100 g-1 FR ESH MASS]
OF TH R EE LETTU C E C U LTIVAR S (MEAN FOR TH R EE TER MS OF H AR VEST)
Tabela 6. Wp³yw bi ostymulatrów na zawartoæ azotanów [mg NO3 100 g-1 w. masy] w trzech odmi anach
sa³aty (redni a z trzech termi nów zbi orów)
C U LTIVAR S
C ON TR OL
B IOSTIMU LAN TS
MEAN
Odmi any
Kontrola
Bi ostymulatory
redni a
GOTEO
AMIN OPLAN T
GOTEO +
AMIN OPLAN T
Ki tare
106.34 ab*
Versai
157.35 a
Argenti nas
54.42 b
MEAN
106.04 a
redni a
96.76 a
118.12 a
65.25 a
93.44 b
105.85 a
103.19 a
55.49 b
88.18 b
131.61 a
132.13 a
54.94 b
106.23 a
110.19 a
127.70 a
57.53 b
CONCLUSIONS
1. Goteo and Aminoplant applications in lettuce growing under field conditions do not
influence significantly total and marketable yield and weight of head, although the
effect depended on the cultivar.
2. Similarly, dry matter content and nitrate in lettuce leaves of examined cultivars do not
increase significantly after treatments with Goteo and Aminoplant applications.
3. Additional doses of biostimulators used in various periods of plant growth should be
verified in the future.
34
REFERENCES
Abetz P. 1980: Seaweed extract: have they a place in Australian agriculturae and horticulturae. Aust. J. Agric.
Res., 46, 23-29.
Abetz P., Young C.L. 1983. The effect of seaweed extract sprays derived from Ascophyllum nodosum on
lettuce and cauliflower crops. Botanica Marina, 26, 487-492.
Bergmann W., Neubert P. 1976: Pflanzendiagnoze und Pflanzenanalyze. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena.
Blunden G., Wildgoose P.B. 1977: The effects of aqueous seaweed extract and kinetin on potato yields. J.
Sci. Food Agric., 28, 121-125.
Char³ampowicz Z. 1966: Analizy przetworów z owoców, warzyw i grzybów. WPLiZ, Warszawa.
Devienne-Barret F., Justes E., Machet J.M., Mary B. 2000: Integrated control of nitrate uptake by crop
growth rate and soil nitrate availability under field conditions. Ann. Bot., 86, 995-1005.
Edmeades D. C. 2002: The effects of liquid fertilizers derived from natural products on crop, pasture, and
animal production: a revive. Aust. J. Agric. Res., 53, 965-976.
Elia A., Santamaria P., Serio F. 1998: Nitrogen nutrition, yield and quality of spinach. J. Sci. Food Agric.
76, 341-346.
Fontes P.C.R., Pereira P.R.G., Conde R.M. 1997. Critical chlorophyll, total nitrogen, and nitrate-nitrogen
in leaves associated to maximum lettuce yield. J. Plant Nutr., (USA), v. 20(9), 1061-1068.
Lips S., Leidi E., Siberbush M., Soares M., Lewis O. 1990: Physiological aspects of ammonium and
nitrate fertilization. J. Plant Nutr., 13, 1271-1289.
Siwek P., Kalisz A., Wojciechowska R. 2007: Effect of mulching with film of different colours made from
original and recycled polyethylene on the microclimate and yield of butterhead lettuce and celery. Folia
Hortic., 19(1), 25-35.
Verkleij F.N. 1992: Seaweed extract in agriculture and horticulture: a review. Biological Agriculture and
Horticulture, 8, 309-324.
Walters C. 1991: Nitrate and nitrite in foods. [In:] Nitrates and nitrites in food and water (M. Hill, Ed.), pp.
93-107. Ellis Harwood, New York.
35
EFFECT OF AMINOPLANT AND ASAHI ON YIELD
AND QUALITY OF LETTUCE GROWN ON ROCKWOOL
Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
INTRODUCTION
The product quality is a serious concern in greenhouse lettuce production, especially
during winter and spring time when lettuce is a valuable source of many nutrients for
human. A high content of nitrate ions in leafy vegetables, partly resulting from an excessive nitrogen fertilization, causes a significant accumulation of nitrates compounds that
may even present a threat to human health. The problem is particularly important during
periods of a low light intensity. Therefore, determining the optimal nitrogen fertilization
dosage at a high yielding seems very important. It especially concerns leafy vegetables,
showing a tendency to accumulate mineral nitrogen forms in usable plant parts [Bassioni
et al. 1980, Durman, Custic 1990, Micha³ojæ 2000]. Hydroponic technologies, including
rockwool cultivation systems, offer the capacity of a controlled plant fertilization. Engaging in the vegetable production the chemicals of regulatory effect on plant growth and
development (biostimulators) is one of means for obtaining the increase in yield per unit
area and a higher yield quality. These preparations are responsible for supplying plants
with products of complex biochemical reactions, synthesized in order to enhance plant
life processes.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of Aminoplant (Siapton) and Asahi
applications on yield and quality of lettuce grown on rockwool at different levels of nitrogen fertilization.
A butterhead lettuce cv Brigade (de Ruiter Seeds) was used for the study. Plantlets
were grown in plastic cylinders (Æ 6 cm) filled with peat substrate. Six-leaf stage plants
were planted into rockwool slabs (1000 x 100 x 75 mm), 5 plants per one slab. Studies
were conducted in two chambers of different nutrient composition. The content of nitrogen in the nutrient used for fertigation was 105 mg N-NO3 dm-3 for one chamber and 140
mg N-NO3 dm-3 in the other. Proportions of other macroelements were maintained in
both nitrogen level, and the amount of microelements equal (Tab. 1). 100x concentrated
fertilizers were prepared and stocked in two containers: container A: Ca(NO3)2, KNO3,
sequestered Fe; container B: K2SO4, H3PO4, MgSO4 as well as MnSO4 . H2O, H3BO3,
CuSO4 . 5 H2O, ZnSO4 . 7 H2O, (NH4)6Mo7O24 . 4 H2O. Such nutrients were diluted
automatically with computer controlled Dosatron dosing pumps.
36
Each grow slab was supplied with nutrient by two capillaries. The plants were watered from 9oo to 15oo, with about 3-5 two-minute cycles per hour. The amount of the
nutrient supply ranged from 70 to 200 cm3 per plant and was adjusted to the plant growth
phase and light conditions. Part of the plants were sprayed every 7 days (5 times during
the cultivation) with: Aminoplant (Siapton) of 0.2% and 0.4% concentrations, Asahi of
0.1% concentration.
A three-factor split-plot experiment was set up. Four replicates were carried out, each
comprising 10 plants. Factor A plants treated with Aminoplant (0.2% Aminoplant, 0.4%
Aminoplant and no Aminoplant the control); Factor B plants treated with Asahi (0.1%
Asahi and no Asahi the control) and Factor C nitrogen fertilization (105 mg
N-NO3 dm3 and 140 mg N-NO3 dm3). Aminoplant contains 52.2 % of organic matter, over
8.7% of organic nitrogen (>110 g dm3) and 700g dm3 of amino acids. Asahi contains sodium
ortho and para-nitro phenolate, sodium 5-nitro guaiacolate in sodium hydroxide solution.
Studies were carried out in winter and spring cycles in 2005-2007 at the following
dates: winter cycle from 04.11.2005 (planting term) to 20.01.2006 (harvest time) and
from 15.11.2006 to 16.01.2007; spring cycle from 26.01.2006 to 23.03.2006 and from
13.02.2007 to 30.03.2007.
For each growing cycle a weight of lettuce heads and their quality were determined
according to analyses of some chemical and physical parameters. For quality check,
three plants from each experimental group were chosen at random. From each of the
plants selected a representative sample (comprising fragments of leaves of different age
from youngest to eldest) was collected. Leaf samples were then cut into small fragments
and mixed together. They were examined for the content of vitamin C using Tillmans
method, the concentration of nitrates using a spectrophotometric method (by Fiastar analyzer), soluble solids content by refractometric method (in %), the content of P with
colorimetric test, the content of K and Ca with flame method, chlorophyll a+b concentration and total carotenoids content according to Lichtenthaller and Wellburn [1983] and a
mass by drying at 1050C. The collected plant material was also assessed for the colour of
leaves. Colour of leaves was instrumentally measured with HunterLab Mini Scan spectrophotometer, and expressed in CIE Lab system, where L lightness (from 0 to 100
units), a intensity in red (+) or green (), b intensity in yellow (+) or blue (). The
measurements were done in the outer central parts of outer leaves, between ribs. Two
readings for each plant were made.
Statistical analyses were performed with Statgraphics Plus 4.1, using a three-factor
analysis of variance. For the evaluation of statistical important differences between means the results were compared by t-student, at the significance level P = 0.05.
RESULTS
The yield of lettuce depended on the production cycle and the season (Tab. 1-4).
Significant differences were found in winter production cycle with a mean mass of head
114.7 g in one year but yet 147.6 g in the other. In the later, a significant influence of
Aminoplant was marked, especially for the plants treated also with Asahi (Tab. 2). During
a spring production of the first year, the lettuce yield was higher when treated with Amino-
37
TAB LE 1. C OMPOSITION OF TH E N U TR IEN T SU PPLY FOR LETTU C E PLAN TS AT D IFFER EN T
FER TILIZATION LEVEL
Tabela 1. Sk³ad po¿ywki dla sa³aty przy ró¿nych pozi omach nawo¿eni a
MAC R O- AN D MIC R OELEMEN TS C ON TEN T
Zawartoæ makro- i mi kroelementów [mg. dm-3]
N
P
K
Mg
Ca
Fe
Mn
B
Cu
Zn
Mo
EC
pH
C HAMBER 1 105
40
Kamera 1
C HAMBER 2 140
56
Kamera 2
225
30
15 0
2
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.3
0.05
1.9
5.5
300
40
200
2
0.6
0.3
0.15
0.3
0.05
2.1
5.5
TAB LE 2. TH E YIELD OF LETTU C E IN WIN TER GR OWIN G C YC LE (2005/2006 YEAR ) IN
D EPEN D EN C E ON PR EPAR ATION 'S TR EATMEN T AN D TH E LEVEL OF N ITR ATE FER TILIZATION
(MEAN WEIGH T OF LETTU C E H EAD [g])
Tabela 2. Plon sa³aty w cyklu zi mowym (2005/2006 rok), w zale¿noci od zastosowanych preparatów
i nawo¿eni a azotowego (redni a masa g³ówki sa³aty [g])
TR EATMEN T
Asahi
MEAN
Traktowani e
redni a
TR EATED
U N TR EATED
MEAN
Ami noplant
0.2%
0.4%
0.0%
Traktowane
MEAN
mg.dm-3 N -N O3
redni a
1 05
1 40
Ni etraktowane
mg.dm-3 N -N O3 MEAN
redni a
1 05
1 40
redni a
mg.dm-3 N -N O3
115.0
102.5
98.7
105.4
102.5
108.0
117.5
109.3
108.7
105.2
108.1
107.4
123.0
119.2
113.5
118.6
119.0
110.9
106.1
112.0a
137.5
117.7
121,0
125.4
120.0
112.9
119.2
117.4a
1 05
1 40
130.2 119.5a
118.5 111.9b
117.2 112.7ab
122.0a 114.7
MEAN
redni a
MEANS D IFFERED AT P = 0.05 AC C ORD ING TO LSD TEST ARE MARKED WITH D IFFERENT
LETTERS. INTERAC TION INSIGNIFIC ANT
Wartoci oznaczone t¹ sam¹ li ter¹ ró¿ni ¹ si ê i stotni e.
TAB LE 3. YIELD OF LETTU C E IN WIN TER GR OWIN G C YC LE (2006/2007 YEAR ) IN D EPEN D EN C E
ON PR EPAR ATION 'S TR EATMEN T AN D TH E LEVEL OF N ITR ATE FER TILIZATION (MEAN WEIGH T
OF LETTU C E H EAD [g])
Tabela 3. Plonowani e sa³aty w cyklu zi mowym (2006/2007 rok), w zale¿noci od zastosowanych preparatów
i nawo¿eni a azotowego (redni a masa g³ówki sa³aty [g])
TR EATMEN T
Asahi
MEAN
Traktowani e
redni a
TR EATED
U N TR EATED
MEAN
Ami noplant
0.2%
0.4%
0.0%
Traktowane
redni a
1 05
1 40
Ni etraktowane
redni a
mg.dm-3 N -N O3 MEAN mg. dm-3 N -N O3
redni a
1 05
1 40
1 05
1 40
151.8
163.8
137.2
150.9
129.4
135.0
143.9
136.1
MEAN
redni a
EXPLANATION: SEE TAB. 2.
SOURC E: SEE TAB. 2.
Objani eni e: jak w tab. 2.
ród³o: jak tab. 2.
152.7
162.9
150.4
155.3
152.2
163.3
143.8
153.1 a
161.7
149.5
133.6
148.3
145.5
142.2
139.6
142.4 b
140.6
149.4
140.4
143.5 b
157.2
156.2
142.0
151.8 a
148.9 ab*
152.8 a
141.2 b
147.6
38
TAB LE 4. YIELD OF LETTU C E IN SPR IN G GR OWIN G C YC LE (2006 YEAR ) IN D EPEN D EN C E ON
PR EPAR ATION 'S TR EATMEN T AN D TH E LEVEL OF N ITR ATE FER TILIZATION (MEAN WEIGH T
OF LETTU C E H EAD [g]
Tabela 4. Plon sa³aty w cyklu wi osennym (2006 roku), w zale¿noci od zastosowanych preparatów
i nawo¿eni a [g]
TR EATMEN T
Asahi
MEAN
Traktowani e
redni a
TR EATED
U N TR EATED
MEAN
Ami noplant
0.2%
0.4%
0.0%
Traktowane
redni a
1 05
1 40
Ni etraktowane
redni a
mg.dm-3 N -N O3 MEAN mg.dm-3 N -N O3
redni a
1 05
1 40
1 05
1 40
168.2
188.2
183.5
179.9
190.6
221.2
174.1
195.3
213.2
237.6
209.4
220.1
MEAN
redni a
EXPLANATION: SEE TAB. 2.
SOURC E: SEE TAB. 2.
Objani eni e: jak w tab. 2.
ród³o: jak tab. 2.
190.7
212.9
196.4
200.0a
231.1
263.5
216.5
237.0
210.8
242.3
195.3
216.2a
179.4
204.7
178.8
187.7 b
222.1
250.5
212.9
228.5a
200.7ab*
227.7a
195.9b
208.1
plant, particularly for 0.4% concentration. However, no positive effect of Asahi formulation on the lettuce yield was found (Tab. 3). During a spring production in the second year
of the study, the highest head mass gained the lettuce from the combination with Aminoplant and Asahi as well as the plants with 140 mg N dm3 nitrogen fertilization (Tab. 4).
The analysis of the two-year study revealed a significant increase in lettuce head mass
of the cv Brigade after the application of 0.2% Aminoplant in the case of winter production
cycle, and after 0.4% Aminoplant application in the case of the spring cultivation (Fig. 1).
Comparing to the control it was the increase by 5.7% and 10.8%, in winter and spring
respectively. No significant differences in head mass were found for lettuce plants treated
with Asahi (Fig. 2). Both in winter and spring cycles, the plants gave the yield of a higher
mass when fertilized with the nutrient of a higher nitrogen content (Fig. 3).
>J@
>J@
:LQWHUJURZLQJF\FOH
:LQWHUJURZLQJF\FOH
6SULQJJURZLQJF\FOH
6SULQJJURZLQJF\FOH
$PLQRSODQW
$PLQRSODQW
&RQWURO
/6'
Figure 1. Effect of Aminoplant treatment on
the weight of lettuce head in dependence on
growing period (means for 2 years)
SOURCE: OWN Study.
Rysunek 1. Wp³yw traktowania Aminoplantem na
masê g³ówki sa³aty w zale¿noci od terminu uprawy
(rednie z dwóch lat)
1
1
/6'
Figure 2. Effect of Asahi treatment on the
weight of lettuce head in dependence on
growing period (means for 2 years)
SOURCE: OWN study.
Rysunek 2. Wp³yw traktowania Asahi na masê
g³ówki sa³aty w zale¿noci od terminu uprawy
(rednie z dwóch lat)
39
TABLE 5. YIELD OF LETTUCE IN SPRING GROWING CYCLE (2007 YEAR) IN DEPENDENCE ON
PREPARATION'S TREATMENT AND THE LEVEL OF NITRATE FERTILIZATION
MEAN WEIGHT OF LETTUCE HEAD [g]
Tabela 5. Plon sa³aty w cyklu wiosennym (2007 roku), w zale¿noci od zastosowanych preparatów i nawo¿enia
azotowego rednia masa g³ówki sa³aty [g]
TR EATMEN T
Asahi
MEAN
Traktowani e
redni a
TR EATED
U N TR EATED
MEAN
Traktowane
Ni etraktowane
redni a
mg.dm-3 N -N O3 MEAN mg.dm-3 N -N O3 MEAN mg.dm-3 N -N O3
redni a
redni a
1 05
1 40
1 05
1 40
1 05
1 40
Ami noplant
0.2%
0.4%
0.0%
189.3
182.5
185.5
223.2
238.3
208.0
206.2
210.4
196.6
MEAN
185.7
223.2 204.4 a
redni a
EXPLANATION AND SOURC E: SEE TAB 2.
Objani eni e i ród³o: jak w tab. 2.
182.6
197.4
181.0
203.9
207.5
209.5
193.2
202.4
195.2
185.9
189.9
183.3
213.5
222.9
208.8
187.0
207.0
196.6 a 186.3 b 215.1 a
199.7 a*
206.4 a
196.0 a
200.7
TAB LE 6. EFFEC T OF AMIN OPLAN T ASAH I AN D TH E PLAN TS FER TILIZATION WITH D IFFER EN T
LEVEL OF N ITR OGEN N -N O3 ON QU ALITY OF LETTU C E IN TWO GR OWIN G C YC LES (MEAN S FOR
2 YEAR S)
Tabela 6. Wp³yw Ami nmoplantu Asahi i zró¿ni cowanego nawo¿eni a azotem N-NO3 na jakoæ sa³aty w dwóch
cyklach uprawy (redni a z dwóch lat)
PLAN TS
D RY MATTER N ITR ATES
VITAMIN C
SSC
P
K
Ca
TR EATMEN T
Sucha masa
Azotany
Wi tami na C
SRSK
.
-1
1
0
0
g
]
[
m
g
Traktowani e roli n
[% ]
[mg . N O3 kg-1] [mg . 100 g-1]
[% ]
Ami noplant 0.2
Ami noplant 0.4
C ONTROL/kontrola
LSD /NIR
Asahi
C ONTROL/kontrola
LSD /NIR
10 5 N
140 N
LSD /NIR
4.45
4.56
4.41
n.s./r.n.
4.48
4.47
n.s./r.n.
4.59 a
4.36 b
0.17
Ami noplant 0.2
Ami noplant 0.4
C ONTROL/kontrola
LSD /NIR
Asahi
C ONTROL/kontrola
LSD /NIR
10 5 N
140 N
LSD /NIR
ród³o: obli czeni a w³asne.
4.24 b
4.82 a
4.45 b
0.27
4.72 a
4.29 b
0.22
4.25 b
4.75 a
0.22
WIN TER GR OWIN G C YC LE
Zi mowy cykl uprawy
2652.8 a
12.89 ab
2.0 b
3181.3 b
11.65 b
2.3 ab
2620.5 a
13.65 a
2.4 a
360.96
1.95
0.26
2531.6 a
12.40
2.2
3104.8 b
13.06
2.3
294.72
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
2585.7 a
12.70
2.4 a
3050.7 b
12.76
2.1 b
294.72
n.s./r.n.
0.22
SPR IN G GR OWIN G C YC LE
Wi osenny cykl uprawy
2300.7
20.60 b
1.8
1917.1
24.91 a
1.7
2231.1
23.54 a
1.7
n.s./r.s.
2.75
n.s./r.n.
1911.4 a
23.26
1.6 b
2387.8 b
22.78
1.9 a
342.17
n.s./r.n.
0.11
1863.8 a
24.39 a
1.6 b
2435.5 b
21.64 b
1.9 a
342.17
2.10
0.11
39.5
40.1
39.4
n.s./r.s.
40.4
38.9
n.s./r.n.
36.0 b
43.4 a
5.00
732.1 b 101.4
732.4 b 105.6
748.3 a 112.0
15.38
n.s./r.s.
733.6
103.6
735.0
109.1
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n.
732.8
113.8
735.8
98.9
n.s./r.s. n.s./r.s.
21.3
655.1
20.0
588.9
22.7
667.7
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n.
21.2
650.5
21.5
624.0
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n.
23.4
526.9 b
19.3
747.6 a
n.s./r.s. 100.06
1005.6
102.2
108.4
n.s./r.n.
104.9
105.9
n.s./r.n.
91.6 b
119.2 a
14.44
40
Plants treated with 0.4% Aminoplant showed a higher, than in the control, dry matter
content in leaves, irrespectively of a production cycle. However, only in the case of
spring cycle the differences were significant (Tab. 6). Similarly, lettuce plants treated
with Asahi showed a higher dry matter content as compared to the control. Also in this
case the differences were statistically significant only for the spring cycle. However, the
plants fertilized at winter with a lower nitrogen concentration in nutrient showed a higher
dry matter content (4.59%) as compared to the plants supplied with a 140 mg N dm3
nitrogen concentration (4.36%) while plants of the spring cycle, on the contrary, 4.25%
and 4.75%, respectively.
In the winter cycle, the highest nitrates concentration was showed by the plants
treated with 0.4% Aminoplant formulation. On the other hand, lettuce plants treated with
Asahi showed a lower nitrates concentration by 20% in winter, and 25% in spring (Tab.
6). The accumulation of nitrates in plants was also clearly related to the production cycle
and nitrogen fertilization applied. Vitamin C was accumulated in higher amount by the
plants of spring cycle, and SRSK by the plants of winter cycle. Only in the case of spring
cycle, at a higher fertilization rate, plants accumulated more ions of potassium and calcium as compared to plants supplied with a 105 mg N dm-3 nutrient (Tab. 6).
The influence of Aminoplant and Asahi on leaves colour in both growing cycles is
presented in Table 7. Application of Aminoplant in concentration of 0.2% and 0.4% in the
TAB LE 7. EFFEC T OF AMIN OPLAN T ASAH I AN D TH E PLAN TS FER TILIZATION WITH D IFFER EN T
LEVEL OF N ITR OGEN N -N O3 ON C H LOR OPH YLL C ON TEN T AN D TH E C OLOU R OF LETTU C E IN
TWO GR OWIN G C YC LES (MEAN S FOR 2 YEAR S)
Tabela 7. Wp³yw Ami noplantu Asahi i zró¿ni cowanego nawo¿eni a azotem N-NO3 na zawartoæ chlorofi lu i
kolor sa³aty w dwóch cyklach uprawy (redni a z dwóch lat)
PLAN TS
C H LOR OPH YLL
C AR OTEN IOD S
PAR AMETER S OF LEAVES
TR EATMEN T
C hlorofi l
Karotenoi dy
C OLOU R
. -1
-1
Traktowani e roli n
[mg g ]
[mg ]
Parametry barwy li ci
a
b
a+b
WIN TER GR OWIN G C YC LE
Zi mowy cykl uprawy
Ami noplant 0.2
0.36
0.28c
0.64c
1.08
Ami noplant 0.4
0.38
0.37b
0.75b
0.99
C ontrol/kontrola
0.38
0.38a
0.76a
1.07
LSD /NIR
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
Asahi
0.34b
0.32
0.66b
0.99
C ontrol/kontrola
0.40a
0.37
0.77a
1.10
LSD /NIR
N.S.
n.s./r.s.
10 5 N
0.38
0.34
0.72a
1.04
140 N
0.36
0.35
0.71b
1.05
LSD /NIR
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
SPR IN G GR OWIN G C YC LE
Wi osenny cykl uprawy
Ami noplant 0.2
0.24ab 0.05b
0.29
0.73
Ami noplant 0.4
0.29a
0.04b
0.33
0.73
C ontrol/kontrola
0.21b
0.08a
0.29
0.63
LSD /NIR
n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
Asahi
0.23
0.03
0.26a
0.73
C ontrol/kontrola
0.26
0.08
0.34b
0.66
LSD /NIR
n.s./r.n. n.s./r.n.
n.s./r.n.
10 5 N
0.27a
0.02b
0.29
0.91 a
140 N
0.22b
0.09a
0.31
0.49 b
LSD /NIR
n.s./r.n.
ród³o: obli czeni a w³asne.
L
a
b
59.11
58.51
58.29
n.s./r.n.
58.57
58.70
n.s./r.s.
58.81
58.46
n.s./r.n.
13.23
13.26
13.01
n.s./r.n.
13.41b
12.93a
0.43
13.26
13.08
n.s./r.n.
38.00
38.81
37.94
n.s./r.n.
38.92
37.58
n.s./r.s.
38.31
38.18
n.s./r.n.
54.03
54.79
53.56
n.s./r.n.
54.28
53.97
n.s./r.n.
54.29
53.96
n.s./r.n.
13.34
13.47
12.94
n.s./r.n.
13.00a
13.51b
0.43
13.78b
13.34a
0.43
35.99ab
36.95a
35.19b
1.66
35.20b
36.88a
1.36
36.58
35.50
n.s./r.n.
41
winter growing cycle resulted in a tendency to increasing green colour intensity (lower a*
value). Similar influence of Asahi on green colour of leaves was significantly proved. The
influence of N doses on leaves colour parameters was insignificant, with a tendency to
more intensive green colour for lower N doses. In the case of spring term of cultivation,
the influence of Aminoplant in both concentrations on green colour intensity showed the
same tendency, as for the winter term of cultivation. However, Asahi application resulted
in significantly lower green colour intensity of leaves than in control. It can be also noted
that higher level of nitrogen resulted in decreasing green colour intensity of leaves.
DISCUSSION
The yielding of lettuce was related to the period season of cultivation. A higher mean
mass of lettuce head was noted for the spring cycle, with better light conditions, as compared to the winter one. Such a relationship between the yield of plants and light conditions during the cultivation period is among others corroborated by Escobar-Gutierrez et
al. [2002]. By determining photosynthesis, the light initiates some metabolic processes in
plants that lead to mass gain. Aminoplant caused the increase in mean head mass of
Brigade lettuce irrespectively the cultivation date (winter or spring). The highest increase
rate of lettuce yield was observed for the spring production cycle at spraying the plants
with Aminoplant of 0.4% concentration. The positive effect of the preparation on plant
yield is corroborated by Maini [2000].
Nitrogen fertilization rate was a determinant for the plant yield too. The increase in
nitrogen fertilization rate enables obtaining a higher yield but at the same time convey a
risk of deteriorating the yield quality resulting from an excessive nitrate accumulation. It
particularly refers to leaf vegetables [Durman, Custic 1990, Paterson, Rahn 1996, Micha³ojæ 2000, Jarosz, Dzida 2006]. The lettuce fertilized with a 140 mg N dm3 nutrient
gave in both cycles heads of bigger sizes and higher nitrates content as compared to the
plants fertilized with a 105 mg N dm3 nutrient. Despite the fact that in all of the cases the
content of nitrate was lower than allowable levels for glasshouse lettuce, the lettuce from
spring cultivation showed a lower nitrate content than the one from winter cultivation.
The above corroborates the important role of climatic factors in nitrate accumulation in
vegetables. A low light intensity during cultivation leads to an excessive nitrate accumulation while a high light intensity i.e. a long day, activates photosynthesis and nitrate reductase resulting in a lower nitrate content in plants [Dapoigny et al. 2000]. Many other
factors determine nitrates content in plants, acting simultaneously during the cultivation.
Therefore, nitrates content in plant is difficult to predict [Lisiewska, Kmiecik 1991]. The
present study does not corroborate the earlier report of Maini [2000] on the positive
effect of Aminoplant on the reduction of nitrates level in lettuce. Asahi treatments on the
contrary, contributed to reduced nitrates content in leaves of Brigade lettuce both in
winter and spring cultivation. Involving Asahi in lettuce production did not increase the
plant mass unlike a yield promoting effect obtained for celery, tomato and leek field
cultivation by Czeczko and Mikos-Bielak [2004]. The authors also observed an increase
in the content of reducing sugars and phenolics substances responsible for the improvement of antioxidant properties in vegetables. Experiments of Kositorna [2004] corroborated a yield-simulative effect of the preparation.
42
One of the estimated quality features was among others a dry matter, according to
Gonella and coworkers [2004] a key market value parameter of fresh vegetables eaten
raw, determining their shelf life. The present results showed a significant increase in dry
matter content of leaves for the cultivar Brigade grown in the spring date and treated
either with Asahi or 0.4% Aminoplant but a slight gain for the winter cultivation.
The effect of nitrogen fertilization on dry matter content in the cultivar Brigade was
not clear. In plants grown in winter, dry matter content was higher for nitrogen fertilization at the dose of 105 mg N dm3, whereas in the spring cultivation a higher dry matter
content was showed by heads of the lettuce fertilized with the dose of 140 mg N dm3.
The increase in dry matter content in response to higher doses of nitrogen was also
reported by Jarosz, Dzida [2006]. However, Kowalska et al. [2006] claimed that dry
matter content and the rate of nitrogen fertilization were unrelated.
In spite of some studies indicating the positive effect of Aminoplant on vitamin C
concentration in vegetables [Nadolny, Rogoziñska 1985] and of Asahi on vitamin C
concentration in leek [Czeczko, Mikos-Bielak 2004], no such effect of Aminoplant or
Asahi was found for lettuce. A higher rate of nitrogen fertilization resulted in a reduced
vitamin C concentration in lettuce, particularly in plants from the spring cultivation
what is consistent with the results obtained by Kowalska et al. [2006]. The content of
vitamin C in lettuce was also related to the cultivation date. Higher vitamin C content
was found in leaves of the lettuce grown in the spring date as compared to the winter
one. A relationship between vitamin C concentration and light conditions are also proved by Kowalska et al. [2006].
In the plants investigated, a higher concentration of chlorophyll a+b and carotenoids was found for winter cultivations. On the other hand, the results here presented
contradict the earlier findings of Politycka and Golcz [2004], reporting on a higher
chlorophyll content at a more intensive nitrogen fertilization. The influence of Asahi on
intensity of green colour of leaves was different in both growing cycles. Aminoplant
application resulted only in slight tendency to increasing greenness of leaves. Different
reaction of plants on Asahi application in both terms of cultivation may results from
different light intensity levels in winter and spring, and positive reaction of the plants in
winter could be related to lower light intensity level. However, a parameter of colour
was not strictly related to chlorophyll content in leaves, both for spring and for winter
growing cycle. The reason of this phenomenon is unclear.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The yield and quality of lettuce depended on the cultivation season and nitrogen fertilization.
2. The 140 mg N dm-3 concentration in nutrient solution resulted in the yield increase
and a higher nitrates accumulation in lettuce in comparing to 105 mg N dm-3 fertiliztaion.
3. Under more favorable light conditions lettuce plants gained a higher mass of heads
and showed a higher content of vitamin C and a reduced amount of nitrates.
43
4. Aminoplant positively affected the yield of lettuce plants. At winter cycle it increased
dry matter in lettuce head by 10.8% and 5.2% respectively, when applied in 0.4% and
0.2% concentrations.
5. Plants treated with Asahi formulation produced a higher dry matter content.
6. Plants treated with Asahi formulation showed a lower nitrates content than untreated.
7. The influence of Asahi on intensity of green colour of leaves varied in both growing
cycles. Aminoplant application resulted only in slight tendency increasing greenness
of leaves.
REFERENCES
Bassioni N., Allan N., Abaido Y. 1980: Effect of nitrogen fertilization on season of growth on nitrate content
of spinach plants (Spinacea oleracea L.). Z. Pflanzenernahrung Boden, 143, 6, 652-658.
Czeczko R., Mikos-Bielak M. 2004: Efekty stosowania biostymulatora Asahi w uprawie ró¿nych gatunków warzyw. Ann. UMCS, Sec. E., 59, 3, 1073-1079.
Dapoigny L., De Tourdonnet S., Roger-Estrade J., Jeuffroy M.-H., Fleury A. 2000: Effect of nitrogen on
growth and nitrate accumulation in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), under various conditions of radiation and
temperature. Agronomie, 20: 843-855.
Durman P., Custic M. 1990: Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield and nitrate content of greenhouse
lettuce. Agronomski Glasnik, 52,6, 361-368.
Escobar-Gutierrez A.J., Burns I.G., Lee A., Edmondson R.N. 2002: Screening lettuce cultivars for low
nitrate content during summer and winter production. J. Hortic. Sci. Biotechnol., 77, 2, 232-237.
Gonella M., Serio F., Conversa G., Santamaria P. 2004: Production and nitrate content in lambs lettuce
grown in floating system. Acta Hortic., 644, 61-67.
Jarosz Z., Dzida K. 2006: Wp³yw nawo¿enia azotowo-potasowego na plonowanie i sk³ad chemiczny
sa³aty. Acta Agrophysica, 7, 3, 591-597.
Kositorna J. 2004: Zastosowanie biostymulatora Asahi SL jako rodka chroni¹cego burak cukrowy przed
stresem wywo³anym przez herbicydy. Gazeta Cukrownicza, 2-3, 58-63.
Kowalska I., Sady W., Szczura A. 2006: Wp³yw formy azotu nawozowego, dokarmiania dolistnego i
miejsca uprawy na plonowanie i jakoæ sa³aty. Acta Agrophysica, 7, 3, 619-631.
Lichtenthaler H.K., Wellburn A.R. 1983: Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of
leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 603, 591-592.
Lisiewska Z., Kmiecik W. 1991: Azotany i azotyny w warzywach. Post. Nauk Roln., 3, 11-24.
Maini P. 2000: The experience of the first biostimulant, based on amino acids and peptides: a short retrospective revive on the laboratory researches and the practical results. Fertilitas Agrorum 1, 1, 29-43.
Micha³ojæ Z. 2000: Wp³yw nawo¿enia azotem i potasem oraz termin uprawy na plonowanie i sk³ad
chemiczny sa³aty, rzodkiewki oraz szpinaku. Rozpr. hab. AR Lublin, 238, 1-74.
Nadolny M., Rogoiñska J. 1985: Effect of Siapton on garlic crop and protein and vitamin C content. Akad.
Tech.-Roln. w Bydgoszczy, 21, 43-50.
Paterson C.D., Rahn C.R. 1996: The nitrogen contribution of lettuce crop residues in intensive vegetable
rotations. Acta Hortic., 428, 105-114.
Politycka B., Golcz A. 2004: Content of chloroplast pigments and anthocyanins in the leaves of Ocimum
basilicum L. depending on nitrogen doses. Folia Hortic. Ann., 16, 1, 23-29.
44
DOES THE NANO-GRO® BIOSTIMULATOR INCREASE
TOLERANCE OF TYTUS F1 CUCUMBER PLANTS IN
EARLY GROWTH PHASE TO ULTRAVIOLET-B RADIATION?
El¿bieta Skórska
University of Agriculture of Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
INTRODUCTION
A biostimulator has generally been defined as a material, other than a mineral nutrient, that when applied in a small quantity improves plant growth or metabolic enhancer [Schmidt, Zhang 1997, Sowmya 2003]. As the name suggests, they stimulate growth,
but they do much more. Stress tolerance is perhaps the most important benefit of biostimulators. Such compounds impart stress tolerance partly by stimulating root growth and
partly by promoting antioxidant activity. Numerous biostimulant products have been developed in recent years, and many of them are claimed to improve quality of turfgrasses,
rooting and stress tolerance [Karnok 2000, Ervin 2003, Sowmya 2003, Kauffman, Watschke 2004]. In addition, research is beginning to show that repeat applications prior the
stressful condition seems to maximize product effectiveness, while application following
exposure to stress are not as effective. The paramount impact that biostimulators have
on turfgrass stressed by drought [Zhang, Schmidt 2000], salinity [Nabati et al. 1994], heat
[Zhang et al. 2003, Kauffman et al. 2007], cold [Munshaw at al. 2006], high UV radiation
intensity [Schmidt, Zhang 1999, 2001], herbicides [Kositorna 2004]. It is associated with
the stimulation of endogenous antioxidant development that protects the plant during the
formation of excess free radicals. Although biostimulants can be synthetic, naturally occurring organic materials are excellent sources of biostimulators. For example, humic
acid and seaweed extract are two commonly used turf biostimulant sources [Liu, Cooper
2002, Böhme et al. 2008]. Seaweed contains various hormones, vitamins, amino acids,
mineral nutrients and other components. Thus, it may affect plants in several ways [Zhang,
Ervin 2004]. However, its stimulating influence, particularly for turfgrasses growing under environmental stresses, has been attributed to its hormonal activity. Biostimulators
are more and more often use in modern horticulture [Böhme et al. 2005, 2008, Czeczko,
Mikos-Bielak 2004, Tahsin, Kolev 2005]. Some biostimulators are actually at the market,
and Asahi SL is most known and often applied [www.asahi.pl, Górnik, Grzesik 2002,
S³owiñski 2004]. Asahi SL is a biostimulator which promotes plant growth and limits the
effects of different environmental stresses such as low temperatures, the effect of using
plant protection products as well as fertilizers, drought, hailstorm etc. Phenolic compounds constitute the active substance of Asahi SL. They participate in many basic metabolic processes that occur in a plant, causing better development of a plant and making its
reaction to stress more energetic.
45
One of new available specimen named as a biostimulator is Nano-Gro® which is a
fully organic product for treatment of seeds before sowing in order to improve plant
productivity and protect them from unfavorable weather conditions. According to recommendation of the distributor [www.agrarius.eu], Nano-Gro® can activate compensation
mechanisms when a plant experiences stress conditions (high or low temperature, drought, flood, UV etc.). The aim of this study was to check whether this biostimulator might
increase the tolerance of young cucumber plants to UV-B radiation. In particular the
effect of application of Nano-Gro® on photosystem II, gas exchange, morphometric analysis and content of flavonoids in the leaves in cucumber plant leaves exposed to ultraviolet-B radiation (two values of biological effective dose) was tested. Ultraviolet-B radiation as an abiotic stress factor often negatively affects growth, development and physiological reactions of many cultivated plants, particularly cucumber, which belongs to susceptible species. The enhanced intensity of UV-B can cause adverse changes in the
anatomy and biochemistry of plants, can hinder the processes of photosynthesis, slow the
growth, decrease the biomass, and as a consequence, reduce the yield of cultivated plants
[Bornman, Teramura 1993, Caldwell et al. 1995, Skórska 2000]. Plants are capable to
develop various protective mechanisms, of which the most important consist in enhanced
synthesis of flavonoids in epidermis, the compounds which absorb radiation in this range,
thus protecting the inside of leaf [Caldwell et al. 1994]. These compounds have also
antioxidant features, which can deactivate reactive oxygen species.
PLANT MATERIAL AND APPLICATION OF BIOSTIMULATOR
Two experiments were done on the plants of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. cv Titus
F1) exposed to different doses of UV-B radiation. Initially, seeds were divided on two
parts. One part was soaked in the distilled water and put into Petri dishes. The second
part was treated by the solution of Nano-Gro® (Fe, Co, Al, Mg, Mn, Ni and Ag sulphates
in nano concentration, sugar cleaned by ethanol) according to the instruction of the producer (soaked for 10-15 seconds and dried), then soaked in distilled water in the Petri
dishes. After three days of germination, the seedlings were put into eight pots (three plant in
each pot) filled with sand with the Hoagland solution (KNO 3. 304 mg . dm -3,
MgSO4 . 7 H2O . 124 mg . dm-3, NH4H2 PO4 .12 mg . dm-3, Ca(NO3)2· 4 H2O . 471 mg . dm-3,
0.001% ferric citrate, microelements). The pots were placed on the rotary stages in two
special chambers described precisely by Skórska [2000] in the controlled conditions of light
(PPFD 120 mmol m-2 . s-1, UV-A 3 W . m-2, mercury lamp LRF 250 W; photoperiod
12 h/12 h, day/night, respectively), temperature (20oC/17oC day/nigh) and air humidity (50%)
for two weeks. The Hoagland solution was added every two days. In the phase of the
second-three leaf, one half plants were treated with Nano-Gro® solution in the pots (instead of the Hoagland solution), and the second one with distilled water.
46
UV-B IRRADIATION OF PLANTS
SPECTRIAL IRRADIANCE
widmo emisyjne
1.0
Two experiments with differing dose of
UV-B radiation were done. The source of
0.8
UV-B was a lamp type VL-115 M
(Vilber Lourmat, France), emitting in the ran0.6
ge of 280 to 320 nm with the maximum emis0.4
sion at wavelength of 311 nm (Fig. 1). In the
first experiment, one part of the plants (mar0.2
ked as +UV-B) during growth was exposed
to UV-B radiation (1.1 W · m-2, 2 h . d-1,
0
UV-BBE = 3.0 kJ . m-2 . d-1) for 7 days, and another one served as an untreated control
WAVELENGHT [nm]
D³ugoæ fali
(without UV-B, marked as UV-B). In the
second experiment the plants were exposed for FIGURE 1. EMISSION SPECTRUM (NOR7 days to lower dose of UV-B radiation MALIZED TO MAXIMUM AT 311 NM) OF THE
(0.65 W · m-2, 2 h . d-1, UV-BBE = 1.8 kJ . m-2 . d-1), LAMP VL-115 M (VILBER LOURMAT,
FRANCE) AS A UV-B SOURCE USING IN THE
and other conditions were the same. Daily EXPERIMENTS
biologically effective dose of ultraviolet-B ra- SOURSE: OWN CALCULATION.
1. Widmo emisyjne (znormalizowane
diation (UV-BBE) was calculated according Rysunek
wzglêdem maksimum przy 311 nm) lampy VLto model of Caldwell [1977]. The intensity of 115 bêd¹cej ród³em UV-B w opisywanych
irradiation was measured using a radiometer dowiadczeniach
ród³o: obliczenia w³asne.
IL 1403 with a calibrated detector SEL
240-UVB1 (International Light, Inc., USA). Emission spectrum of the applied UV-B
lamp was recorded using the spectroradiometer H 2000 (Ocean Optics, USA).
All measurements were done on the second leaves, beginning from the non-destructive
methods on intact plants, i.e. gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements.
LEAF GAS EXCHANGE
Net photosynthesis rate (pN, expressed in mmol CO2 m-2 s-1) and transpiration rate (E,
mmol H2O m-2 s-1) were measured using an open circuit portable TPS-2 gas-exchange
system with portable PLC camera (PP Systems, UK). The pot with the studied plants
was placed near the gas analyser and one intact leaf was put into PLC universal leaf
chamber, illuminated by red-white LEDs (150 mmol m-2 s-1) and after 5 minutes the results were read on the screen. Measurements were done on 6 independent plants.
PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFICIENCY OF PHOTOSYSTEM II
Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured by means of PAM-210 fluorometer (Walz
GmbH, Germany). Before measurements the plants were dark-adapted ca. 15 minutes.
The leaf was placed on the head (on the adaxial surface down, towards the head) and
covered by magnetic clip. Weak measuring beam (0.04 mmol . m-2 . s-1, 650 nm), pulse
saturating light (3200 mmol . m-2 . s-1, 665 nm) and actinic light (120 mmol . m-2 . s-1, 665 nm)
were used for measurements. The fluorescence signal was recorded for three minutes.
47
Following parameters were estimated: Fo, Fv/Fm, Fv/Fo, Yield photochemical rate of
PS II, vitality index Rfd = (Fm Fs)/Fs, where Fo, Fm, Fs, Fv denote respectively intensity
of the initial, maximum, stationary variable fluorescence (Fv = F m F o), qP and
qN coefficients of photochemical and nonphotochemical quenching, according to generally accepted denotations [Van Kooten, Snel 1990] and Lichtenthaler et al. [1986]. Measurements were done on 6 independent plants.
ASSESSMENT OF MORPHOMETRIC FEATURES
Area of the leaf from 6 independent plants was measured by means of a Winfolia
system (Regent Instruments Inc., Canada) connected with A4 scanner. As a coefficient
of leaf thickness, the specific leaf mass (SLM) was assumed, i.e. the leaf dry mass per
leaf area unit (g m-2).
ASSAY OF ULTRAVIOLET-ABSORBING COMPOUNDS (FLAVONOIDS)
The content of UV-absorbing pigments was measured spectrophotometrically in the
leaf extracts. To obtain such extract, 13 mm disk cut off from one leaf was placed in
5 cm3 of the solution of etanol:water:acetic acid (79:20:1) and heated at 600C for 30 min,
according to Caldwell et al. [1994]. Absorption spectra in the range of 280 to 380 nm
were done using spectrophotometer Specord M42 (Zeiss, Germany). On the basis of the
spectra the content of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds (mainly flavonoids) was determined at 305 nm calculated per 1 g of leaf dry mass basis (A305· g-1). Dry mass of the disks
was determined using a precision scale WPS 36 (Radwag, Poland) after leaf disk drying
in 1050C to obtain constant mass.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DATA
The results are presented as means from 4-6 replications (independent plants). All data
were analysed using Statistica 8.0 software (Statsoft, USA-PL) by means of two-way
ANOVA. Multiple range Newman-Keuls test at significance level of p < 0.05 was used to
separate homogenous groups of the means, which were marked by the different letters.
The tested cucumber plants were negatively affected by the application of higher
dose of UV-B radiation in the first experiment (Tab. 1). The leaves of plants exposed to
UV-B were smaller by 46 % than the leaves of the control plants. Moreover, a wax
cuticle layer which covered the leaves of the plants +UV-B was observed and such
effect was not visible in the control plants. No visible difference between leaves in the
plants treated with Nano-Gro® and untreated ones was noted, but leaf area was slight
decrease, more particularly in the UV-B irradiated plants.
Intensity of net photosynthesis was slightly decreased in the plants treated with NanoGro® and more, by 49% compared to the control, in those exposed to UV-B radiation.
Transpiration rate was lower only in the plants exposed to UV-B untreated with biostimu
48
TAB LE 1. VALU ES FEATU R ES OF TH E PLAN TS U N TR EATED OR TR EATED WITH N AN O-GR O®
N OT EXPOSED (-U V-B ) OR EXPOSED TO U V-B (+U V-B )(U V-B BE = 3.0 kJ. m-2 . d-1, EXPER IMEN T 1
Tabela 1. Wartoci cech roli n ni etraktowanych (kontrola) i traktowanych bi ostymulatorem Nano-Gro®
ni epoddanych dzi a³ani u UV-B (-UV-B) oraz napromi eni owanych UV-B (+UV-B) (UV-BBE = 3.0 kJ . m-2 . d-1,
dowi adczeni e 1
FEATU R E
C ON TR OL
WITH N ano-Gro®
C echa
Kontrola
z Nano-Gro®
U V-B
+U V-B
U V-B
+U V-B
pN [mmol C O2 m-2 s-1]
8.6 a
4.4 c
7.5 b
4.8 c
E [mmol H2O m-2 s-1]
3.7 a
2.2 b
3.3 ab
3.0 ab
Fo
145 c
229 a
12 9 c
18 9 b
Fv/Fm
0.818 a
0.734 b
0.811 a
0.809 a
Fv/Fo
4.44 a
2.61 b
4.38 a
3.95 a
Yi eld
0.66 a
0.59 a
0.65 a
0.63 a
qP
0.86 a
0.89 a
0.85 a
0.87 a
qN
0.24 a
0.18 b
0.26 a
0.31 a
Rfd
2.71 a
1.86 b
2.91 a
2.67 a
LEAF AREA
64.7 a
34.8 b
48.3 ab
35.3 b
Powi erzchni a li ci a [cm2]
SLM [g m-2]
13 a
14 a
16 a
12 a
FLAVONOID S C ONTENT [A305 g-1 D W]
238 a
226 a
303 a
305 a
Zawartoæ flawonoi dów
abc THE MEANS D ENOTED BY THE SAME LETTER (FOR ONE FEATURE) D O NOT D IFFER
SIGNIFIC ANTLY (P < 0.05)
abc redni e oznaczone tak¹ sam¹ li ter¹ (dla jednej cechy) ni e ró¿ni ¹ si ê i stotni e (p < 0,05).
lator. Leaf chlorophyll fluorescence Fv/Fm ratio of the plants exposed to UV-B radiation was decreased by 10%, while Fv/Fo value was decreased by 41% compared to the
control. Both parameters did not change in the plants treated by Nano-Gro®. Intensity of
initial fluorescence Fo clearly increased in the UV-B irradiated plants. Values of photochemical efficacy of photosystem II, yield, as well as the coefficient of photochemical
quenching, qP, did not differ in all variant of this experiment. Non photochemical quenching, qN, was decreased by 25% in the leaves of the irradiated plants without biostimulator. Interaction of the light phase reactions with enzymatic dark process was also affected, which is indicated by the decrease of the value of Rfd by 32%. Specific leaf mass of
the plants treated with Nano-Gro® was slight increased (by 23%), indicating increase of
leaf thickness, but this effect was not statistically significant.
Nano-Gro® caused changes in the absorption spectra of leaf extract in ultraviolet
range (Fig. 2). Absorbance was higher in the plants exposed to UV-B compared to the
control ones. Content of ultraviolet-absorbing compounds in these plants was also higher
by 27%, but statistically insignificantly, what was caused by great variability.
In the experiment 2, where biologically effective dose of ultraviolet-B radiation was
lower by 40% than in the experiment 1, all measured features in the plants exposed or not
exposed to UV-B did not differ (Tab. 2). Some of them, e.g. Fv/Fo, Fv/Fm, Yield, leaf area
were slightly reduced, but not significantly. Net photosynthesis rate in the plants treated
with Nano-Gro® was higher by 73% in comparison with the control, and even in those
49
0.8
ABSORBANce/Absorbancja
ABSORBANce/Absorbancja/WITH Nano-Gro®
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
89%
0.2
89%
89%
WAVELENGHT/D³ugoæ fali [nm]
89%
0.2
FIGURE 2. ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ETHANOL CUCUMBER LEAF EXTRACT IN THE ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION RANGE; LEAVES FROM THE PLANTS EXPOSED TO UV-BBE = 3.0 kJ-2 . m-2 . d-1 (EXPERIMENT
1), UNTREATED (ON THE LEFT) AND TREATED BY NANO-GRO® (RIGHT)
SOURcE: OWN STUDY
Rysunek 2. Widma absorpcji etanolowych ekstraktów lici ogórka w zakresie promieniowania ultrafioletowego; licie pobrane z rolin poddanych napromieniowaniu UV-BBE = 3,0 kJ . m-2 . d-1 (dowiadczenie 1), nietraktowane (lewy) i traktowane Nano-Gro® (prawy)
TABLE 2. VALUES FEATURES OF THE PLANTS UNTREATED (CONTROL) OR TREATED WITH
NANO-GRO® NOT EXPOSED (-UV-B) OR EXPOSED TO UV-B (+UV-B). UV-BBE = 1.8 kJ . m-2 . d-1,
EXPERIMENT 2
Tabela 2. Wartoci cech rolin nietraktowanych (kontrola) oraz traktowanych biostymulatorem Nano-Gro®
niepoddanych dzia³aniu UV-B (UV-B) i napromieniowanych UV-B (+UV-B) (UV-BBE = 1,8 kJ . m-2 . d-1,
dowiadczenie 2
FEATU R E
C ON TR OL
WITH N ano-Gro®
C echa
Kontrola
z Nano-Gro®
U V-B
+U V-B
U V-B
+U V-B
pN [mmol C O2 m-2 s-1]
4.8 b
4.6 b
8.3 a
6.6 ab
E [mmol H2O m-2 s-1]
1.2 b
1.3 b
3.0 a
2.8 a
Fo
17 9 a
15 4 a
16 0 a
15 7 a
Fv/Fm
0.791 a
0.776 a
0.791 a
0.789 a
Fv/Fo
3.67 a
3.47 a
3.69 a
3.74 a
Yi eld
0.67 a
0.64 a
0.69 a
0.64 a
qP
0.87 a
0.90 a
0.91 a
0.87 a
qN
0.22 ab
0.26 a
0.14 b
0.25 a
Rfd
2.40 a
2.65 a
2.65 a
2.48 a
LEAF AREA
49.2 a
45.0 a
51.7 a
42.0 a
Powi erzchni a li ci a [cm2]
SLM [g.m-2]
10 a
11 a
13 a
11 a
FLAVONOID S C ONTENT [A305 g-1 D W]
357 a
323 a
321 a
354 a
Zawartoæ flawonoi dów
ab THE MEANS D ENOTED BY THE SAME LETTER (FOR ONE FEATURE) D O NOT D IFFER
SIGNIFIC ANTLY (P < 0.05)
abc redni e oznaczone tak¹ sam¹ li ter¹ (dla jednej cechy) ni e ró¿ni ¹ si ê i stotni e (p < 0,05)
50
ABSORBANce/Absorbancja
ABSORBANce/Absorbancja/WITH Nano-Gro®
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
89%
0.4
89%
89%
89%
0.2
FIGURE 3. ABSORPTION SPECTRA OF ETHANOL CUCUMBER LEAF EXTRACT IN THE ULTRAVIOLET
RADIATION RANGE; LEAVES FROM THE PLANTS EXPOSED TO UV-BBE = 1.8 kJ-2 . m-2 . d-1 (EXPERIMENT
2). untreated (on the left) and treated by Nano-Gro® (right)
SOURSE: OWN study.
Rysunek 3. Widma absorpcji etanolowych ekstraktów lici ogórka w zakresie promieniowania ultrafioletowego; licie pobrane z rolin poddanych napromieniowaniu o dawce UV-BBE = 1,8 kJ . m-2 . d-1 (dowiadczenie 2),
nietraktowane (lewy) i traktowane biostymulatorem Nano-Gro ® (prawy)
exposed to UV-B was increased to 137%. More visible effect was found in a case of
transpiration rate, which was higher almost 2.5 times than in the leaves of the control plants.
Absorption spectra of all leaf extracts in the ultraviolet range was very similar (Fig. 3),
therefore content of flavonoids did not differ in the investigated variants.
The obtained results indicate negative direct effect of UV-B radiation applied in higher biologically effective dose, 3.0 kJ . m-2 . d-1, on most investigated features. The inhibition of photosynthesis in the irradiated plants, as well as in the donor side of photosystem II and intensity of CO2 assimilation was noted. Decrease of Fv/Fo value is associated
with a disruption of photosynthesis process in the donor part of the photosystem II, especially in the water-splitting system [Schreiber et al. 1994]. This effect is commonly observed in the susceptible plants exposed to UV-B radiation [Skórska 1999]. Interaction of
the light phase reactions with enzymatic dark process was also affected by UV-B, which
is indicated by the decrease of the Rfd value [Lichtenhaller et al. 1986]. UV-B irradiation
did not change the value of the photochemical coefficient qP, denoting the proportion of
excitons captures by open traps and being converted to chemical energy in the photosystem II reaction centre [Krause, Weis 1991]. The decrease of nonphotochemical coefficient, qN, is caused by reduction of the proton gradient across the thylakoid membranes
due to an increase of the ATP consumption in the Calvin cycle [Krause, Weis 1984].
Nano-Gro® attenuated some negative effects caused by UV-B radiation, particularly
in photosystem II. Transpiration rate was also in the irradiated plants treated with the
biostimulator was the same as in the control plants. Unfortunately, at higher UV-B dose
Nano-Gro® did not influence on net photosynthesis rate and the leaf area. So decrease of
leaf area can be considered as a protective reaction of the plants rather than the destruction symptom; similar effect was also observed in other species [Caldwell et al. 1994,
Skórska 2000].
51
The SLM parameter, proportional to leaf thickness, slightly increased, but not significantly, in the plants treated with the biostimulator. It is an additional protective reaction of
the tolerant species against harmful UV-B. Similar effect of UV-B on leaf thickness was
observed in rape [Cen, Bornman 1993] and bean plants [Skórska 2000].
Higher, but not significant statistically content of flavonoids in the leaves of the plants
treated by the biostimulator induced to perform the next experiment with lower level
stress. Unfortunately, lower dose of UV-B radiation (1.8 kJ m-2 d-1) did not cause significant changes in the studied plants. However, content of flavonoids in the plants was
higher in the first experiment. Such compounds neutralise damages caused not only by
ultraviolet-B radiation but also by other stress factors because they have antioxidant
properties [Caldwell et al. 1995].
Phenols, compounds showing also antioxidant properties are main ingredients in the
known biostimulator, Asahi SL [S³owiñski 2004]. When applied exogenously, Asahi strengthens the plants cell walls and it increases synthesis of phenols. These compounds protect cells and their enzymatic systems, elevating plants resistance to temperature and
water stresses, mechanical injuries and disease infections. They also increase the rate of
plants adaptation to variable environmental conditions. Moreover, phenols play an important role in nitrogen metabolism in a plant and cytoplasm transport helping to increase the
plant productivity [Górnik, Grzesik 2002]. Asahi caused the increase of phenol compound
content in tomato fruits and potato tubers [Czeczko, Mikos-Bielak 2004].
In other studies on ultraviolet radiation, foliar application of biostimulators included
humic acids significantly reduced the injury of UV radiation to the bentgrass and improved turfgrass quality [Schmidt, Zhang 1999, 2001].
To summarise the presented results, it can be stated that the cucumber plants exposed to higher UV-B dose and treated with Nano-Gro® revealed less susceptibility of the
primary photochemical reactions in photosystem II than the plants not treated with this
biostimulator. Unfortunately, this specimen did not ameliorate negative effects caused by
UV-B radiation, e.g. leaf area or net photosynthesis of those plants did not differ.
CONCLUSIONS
1. The applied ultraviolet-B radiation can negatively affect young cucumber plants mainly in higher dose (3.0 kJ m-2 d-1) influencing photosynthesis reactions.
2. Nano-Gro® counteracted damages caused by high intensity of UV-B in photosystem II,
but did not influence leaf area and intensity of CO2 assimilation in those plants.
3. Lower dose of UV-B radiation (1.8 kJ m-2 d-1) did not cause significant changes in
the studied plants, and those treated with Nano-Gro® had higher net photosynthesis
and transpiration rate.
52
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Skórska E. 2000: Reactions of some plants to UV-B radiation. Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie. Rozprawy 192, 1100.
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54
EFFECTIVENESS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS
IN PROTECTION OF CUCUMBER GROWN UNDER COVER AGAINST POWDERY MILDEW
INTRODUCTION
Powdery mildew has been noted as a serious cucurbit disease at least since 1800. It is
presently worldwide distributed where temperatures are relatively high and moisture occurs as heavy dews rather than as dashing rains [Sherf, Macnab 1986]. This is probably the
most common, conspicuous, widespread and easily recognizable plant disease which utilize
its host nutrients, reduces photosynthesis, increases respiration and transpiration, impairs
growth and reduces yields, sometimes by as much as 20 to 40%. Fungi causing powdery
mildew are obligate parasites; they cannot be cultured on artificial nutrient media [Agrios
2004]. Powdery mildew is caused by two fungi species as: Erysiphe cichoracearum and
Sphaerotheca fulginea, which are harmful threat to cucumber grown under covers in the
world, including Poland. Spawn of fungi develops on plants surface and creates abundant
floury coating with sporulating of the oidium type [Kryczyñski 2002]. In recent years there
has been an increase interest in using natural products in plant protection against various
plant pathogens. Application of such products can, to considerable degree, contribute to
limitation of use of synthetic fungicides [Tomalak, Zaremba 2004].
The aim of our experiments was to evaluate the effectiveness of plant extracts or
biostimulators in reducing the development of two fungi: Erysiphe cichoracearum and
Sphaerotheca fulginea causing powdery mildew on cucumbers.
In 2006 and 2007 the experiments included plants of Iwa F1 cucumber cultivar: (a)
grown in pots in the climatic cabins, and (b) under cover (greenhouse) in the spring and
autumn cycle, at the Research Institute of Vegetable Crops in Skierniewice.
(a) The cucumber seeds were sown on 24.10.2006 to pots (O14 cm) filled with peat substrate. They were kept in climatic chambers free from powdery mildew until the stage
of two main leaves. The experiments were set up in a randomised block design, with
three replications of one plant in each combination. Two preventive sprayings using
tested products were carried out at the beginnings of the trial. Afterwards uninfected
plants were inoculated with spores of E. cichoracearum and S. fulginea pathogens by
shaking off conidia from heavily sporulating leaves. The next spraying was executed
when first disease symptoms on cucumber leaves occured. Cucumbers were led on
one shoot to flowering stage.
55
(b) The greenhouse experiment was carried out in the spring and autumn cycle of cucumber production; seeds were sown in pots ( 9 cm) and kept in climatic chambers
free from powdery mildew. Later cucumber seedlings were grown on windowsills
filled with peat substrate. In the spring cycle they were transplanted on: 15.05.2007
(15 105 BBCH at the stage of five main leaves); and in the autumn cycle on:
27.07.2007 (15 105 BBCH at the stage of five main leaves). Four replications with
four plants in each combination of planted plot 1 m2 were used. Plants were led on
one shoot. In both experiments two preventive sprayings were applied, and then
uninfected plants were inoculated with spores of E. cichoracearum and S. fulginea
by shaking off conidia from heavily sporulating leaves. Next sprayings were applied
every 6th or 10th day, when first disease symptoms on leaves appear. During spraying time the pressure of air in reservoir of sprayer was 3 bars.
The following natural products were applied in the experiment: grapefruit extract (Grevit
200 SL), orange oil (Prev-AM 060 SL) and Physpe 6 and Physpe 7, two biostimulators
based on an algae extract.
The development of powdery mildew symptoms was evaluated by using a 0-7 rating
scale: 0 no disease, 7 all leaves covered with powdery mildew [Sobolewski, Robak
2004]. The Newman Keuls test was used to estimate the significance of differences
between the means (a = 0.05) and Abbott method for calculating efficacy of examined
products [Puntener 1981]. The leaves showing disease symptoms after two days from the
first intervention spraying were prepared to analyze with the use of scanning electron
microscope. The fragments of leaves (10 x 10 mm) were fixed with CrAF (chromic acid,
acetic acid, formalin) agent, dehydrated in ethanol and CO2 critical point dried and then
coated with gold-palladium by sputtering [Hayat 1976]. Microscopic analyses of pathogen
structure were performed with the use of scanning electron microscope Jeol JSM S1.
In the pot experiment powdery mildew occurred on the average level. The highest
effectiveness equal to 69-80%, in cucumbers protection against E. cichoracearum and
S. fulginea, showed the natural product Prev-AM 060 SL used in 0.4% concentration.
Biostimulator Physpe 7 showed lower effectiveness on level of 45-47%, however, the
effectiveness of biostimulator Physpe 6 was more diverse and unstable, equal to 16 to
48% (Tab. 1). The observations of the influence of applied products on development of
root system disclosed that the largest root mass was produced by plants treated by PrevAM 060 SL (Tab. 2).
On cucumbers grown under cover in spring and autumn cycle, powdery mildew appeared on average to high level. In cucumbers protection against powdery mildew natural product Prev-AM 060 SL in concentrations of 0.4 and 0.6% showed high effectiveness from 95 to 99%. The biostymulator Physpe 7 in concentration 0.2% revealed higher
effectiveness in protection against E. cichoracearum and S. fulginea in relation to the
natural product Grevit 200 SL used in concentration 0.1%, both in spring and in autumn
cycle (Tab. 3 and 4). The use of natural products increased the cucumber yield from 5 to
10% in comparison to untreated control (Tab. 3 and 4).
56
TAB LE 1. EFFIC IEN C Y OF N ATU R AL PR OD U C TS AGAIN ST POWD ERY MILD EW
(E. C I C H OR A C EA R U M /S. FU LGI N EA ) ON C U C U MB ER GR OWN IN POT EXPER IMEN T.
SK IER N IEWIC E 2006
Tabela 1. Ocena bi ologi cznej skutecznoci rodków naturalnych w ochroni e ogórka przed m¹czni aki em
prawdzi wym (E. ci choracearum /S. ful gi nea) w dowi adczeni u wazonowym. Ski erni ewi ce 2006
TR EATMEN TS
PR OD U C T
AC TIVE
PERCENTAGE EFFI- PERCENTAGE EFFIBadane rodki
C ON C EN SU B STAN C E OF LEAF AREA C IEN C Y* OF LEAF AREA C IEN C Y*
TR ATION
Substancja
INFESTED
SkuteczINFESTED
SkuteczStê¿eni e
aktywna
% pora¿onej
noæ
% pora¿onej
noæ
produktu
powierzchni
[% ]
powi erzchni
[% ]
[% ]
4.12.2006
12.12.2006
Prev-AM 060 SL
0.4
ORANGE OIL
4.7 c
80
13.7 d
69
Olej pomarañczy
Physpe 6
0.2
ALGAE EXTRAC T
12.2 b
48
36.6 b
16
Wyci ¹g z alg
Physpe 7
0.2
ALGAE EXTRAC T
12.5 b
47
24.1 c
45
Wyci ¹g z alg
C ONTROL
23.5 a
43.7 a
Kontrola
TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05, VALUES IN COLUMN FOLLOWED BY THE SAME LETTER ARE NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (NIR 0.05)
* EFFICACY OF PRODUCT CALCULATED BY ABBOTT' METHOD
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Wartoci liczbowe oznaczone t¹ sam¹ liter¹ nie ró¿ni¹ siê istotnie przy a = 0,05
* Skutecznoæ obliczona za pomoc¹ wzoru Abbott'a
TAB LE 2. IN FLU EN C E OF STU D IED PR OD U C TS ON C U C U MB ER R OOT MASS IN GR AMS [g]
IN POT EXPER IMEN T. SK IER N IEWIC E 2006
Tabela 2. Wp³yw badanych rodków ochrony roli n na masê korzeni ogórka w gramach [g] w dowi adczeni u
wazonowym. Ski erni ewi ce 2006
TR EATMEN TS
PR OD U C T
AC TIVE SU B STAN C E
R OOT MASS OF
Badane rodki
C ON C EN TR ATION
Substancja aktywna
C OC U MB ER (AVER AGE)
Stê¿eni e produktu
Masa korzeni ogórków
[% ]
(redni a) 19.12.2006
Prev-AM 060 SL
0.4
Physpe 6
0.2
Physpe 7
0.2
C ONTROL

Kontrola

TEST NEWMAN-KEULS P = 0,05
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
ORANGE OIL
Olej pomarañczy
ALGAE EXTRAC T
Wyci ¹g z alg
ALGAE EXTRAC T
Wyci ¹g z alg

69
16
45

On plants collected from the control plots (Phot. 1 and 2) the fungi developed new
conidia generations with germinated and developed mycelium infecting new epidermis
cells of leaves. The outer fungus hyphae and conidia did not show any visible destruction
on leaf surface of the control plants. After use tested products, especially Prev-AM 060
SL, many plasmolysis hyphae and deformed conidia, which did not germinate, were observed (Phot. 3 and 4).
57
(E.C I C H OR AC EAR U M /S. FU LGI N EA) ON C U C U MB ER GR OWN IN GR EEN H OU SE IN SPR IN G
C YC LE. SK IER N IEWIC E 2007
Tabela 3. Ocena bi ologi cznej skutecznoci rodków naturalnych w ochroni e ogórka w uprawi e pod os³onami
przed m¹czni aki em prawdzi wym (E.ci choracearum /S. ful gi nea) w cyklu uprawy wi osennej. Ski erni ewi ce 2007
TR EATMEN TS
PR OD U C T
AC TIVE
PERCENTAGE
MAR K ET- EFFIC IEN C Y*
Badane rodki
C ON C EN SU B STAN C E
OF LEAF AREA
AB LE YIELD Skutecznoæ
[% ]
TR ATION
Substancja
INFESTED
Plon handlowy
Stê¿eni e
aktywna
% pora¿onej powierzchni
[kg. m2]
produktu
4.12.2006
[% ]
EXPER IEN C E IN SPR IN G C YC LE
D owi adczeni e w cyklu uprawy wi osennej
4.06
15.06
4.06 15.06
Prev-AM 060 SL
0.6
ORANGE OIL
0.1 d
0.4 e
3.2
99
Olej pomarañczy
Physpe 7
0.2
ALGAE EXTRAC T
3.0 c
17.5 c
3.3
79
Wyci ¹g z alg
Grevi t 200 SL
0.1
ALGAE EXTRAC T
3.9 c
18.1 c
3.4
73
Wyci ¹g z alg
C ONTROL
14.6 a
53.7 a
3.4
Kontrola
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT LSD = 0.05)
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
ród³o: obliczenia w³asne.
99
67
66
-
(E. C I C H OR AC EAR U M /S. FU LGI N EA) ON C U C U MB ER GR OWN IN GR EEN H OU SE IN AU TU MN
C YC LE. SK IER N IEIWC E 2007
Tabela 4. Ocena bi ologi cznej skutecznoci rodków naturalnych w ochroni e ogórka w uprawi e pod os³onami
przed m¹czni aki em prawdzi wym (E. ci choracearum /S. ful gi nea) w cyklu uprawy jesi ennej. Ski erni ewi ce 2007
TR EATMEN TS
PR OD U C T
AC TIVE
PERCENTAGE
MAR K ET- EFFIC IEN C Y*
Badane rodki
C ON C EN SU B STAN C E
OF LEAF AREA
AB LE YIELD Skutecznoæ
[% ]
TR ATION
Substancja
INFESTED
Plon handlowy
Stê¿eni e
aktywna
% pora¿onej powierzchni
[kg . m2]
produktu
4.12.2006
[% ]
EXPER IEN C E IN SPR IN G C YC LE
D owi adczeni e w cyklu uprawy wi osennej
17.08
31.08
17.08 31.08
Prev-AM 060 SL
0.4
ORANGE OIL
1.5 e
0.3 f
2.1
98
Olej pomarañczy
Physpe 7
0.2
ALGAE EXTRAC T
6.3 e
2.6 d
2.1
91
Wyci ¹g z alg
Grevi t 200 SL
0.1
ALGAE EXTRAC T
3.9 c
4.4 b
2.2
48
Wyci ¹g z alg
C ONTROL
70.9 a
6.2 a
2.0
Kontrola
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT (LSD = 0.05)
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
95
58
29
-
58
1
2
Photography 1 and 2. Conidia and hyphae of fungi: S. fulginea/E.cichoracearum on control cucumber
leaves (magnification: Phot. 1: x 200 & Phot. 2: 600 x 3). Author of Phots: B. Dyki.
Fotografia 1 i 2. Konidia i strzêpki grzybni S.fulginea/E.cichoracearum na liciu kontrolnym (powiêkszenie:
fot. 1: x 200 i fot. 2.: 600 x 3) Autor fotografii: B. Dyki.
3
4
PhotOGRAPHY 3 and 4. Deformation and plasmolysis of conidia and hyphae fragments of S.
fulginea/E. cichoracearum on cucumber leaves after spraying PrevAM 060 SL (0,4%) (magnification x
600). Author of Phots: B. Dyki.
Fotografia 3 i 4. Deformacja i plazmoliza konidiów i fragmentów grzybni Sphaerotheca fulginea/Erisyphe
cichoracearum na liciach ogórka po opryskiwaniu Prev-AM 060 SL (0,4%) (powiêkszenie x 600). Autor
fotografii: B. Dyki.
59
The results presented in this work show that application of the studied natural products reduced powdery mildew infestation on cucumber plants. Particularly high efficiency against pathogens showed Prev-AM 060 SL in doses 0.4 and 0.6 %. Less efficiency was showed by Physpe 7 in concentration 0.2%, but it still better in comparison to
Grevit 200 SL in concentration 0.1%. The product Physpe 6 showed more diverse and
unstable efficacy.
The present new approach in cultivation of agriculture and horticulture plants is based on the reduction of synthetic chemical pesticides usage due to economic and environment arguments [Piêta, Patkowska, Pastucha 2004]. Many research works showed that
natural products are very effective against different pathogens, such as: Phythophthora
infestans, Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato [Sobolewski, Robak 2004, Sobolewski,
Ostrowska, Robak 2007], Alternaria spp., Peronospora destructor, Pseudoperonosphora cubensis [Robak, Ostrowska 2004], Erwinia amylovora [Krupiñski, Sobiczewski
2001], Botrytis cinerea, Phytophthora cryptogea, Fusarium oxysporum [Orlikowski,
Skrzypczak 2003], Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Jeske 2006] and Venturia inaequalis [Masny, Sobiczewski, Bielenin 2004].
The results of our experiments confirmed that application of: Prev-AM 060 SL, Physpe 7 and Grevit 200 SL can, to sufficient degree, reduce plant infestation by powdery
mildew in the cucumber production under covers.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Among tested natural products the highest effectiveness in protection against powdery
mildew in cucumber production under cover was showed by Prev-AM 060 SL.
2. The microscopic observations showed degeneration of conidia and spawn of fungi
Erysiphe cichoracearum and Sphaerotheca fulginea on the leaf surface of cucumbe plants treated with Prev-AM 060 SL.
REFERENCES
Agrios G. N. 2004: Plant Pathology. 5th ed. University of Florida, USA, 448-452.
Hayat M.A. (ed). 1976: Principles and techniques of scanning electron microscopy. Vol. 5. Van Nostrand
Reinhold Co., New York.
Jeske M. 2006: Biologiczna ochrona ³ubinu przed Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz. Prog. Plant Prot./
Post. Ochr. Rol. 46, 556-559.
Krupiñski G., Sobiczewski P. 2001. Wp³yw ekstraktów rolinnych na wzrost Erwinia amylovora (Burrill)
Winslow et al. Acta Agrobotanica, vol. 54(2), 81-91.
Kryczyñski S. 2002: Podstawy fitopatologii. Fundacja Rozwój SGGW, Warszawa, 107-110.
Masny S., Sobiczewski P., Bielenin A. 2004. Efektywnoæ preparatów proekologicznych w zwalczaniu
parcha i m¹czniaka jab³oni. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., 44, 937-941.
Orlikowski L. B., Skrzypczak C. 2003. Grapefruit extract as biocontrol agent of soil-borne and leaf
pathogens. Biull.Pol. Acad. Sci., Biol. Sci., vol. 51 (2): 79-85.
Piêta D., Patkowska E., Pastucha A. 2004. Oddzia³ywanie biopreparatów na wzrost i rozwój niektórych
grzybów chorobotwórczych dla rolin motylkowatych. Acta Sci. Pol., Hortorum Cultus, 3 (2), 171-177.
Puntener W. (ed.). 1981: Podrêcznik dowiadczalnictwa polowego w ochronie rolin. Wyd. Instytut Ochrony Rolin, Poznañ, 39-41.
Robak J., Ostrowska A. 2004. Integrowana ochrona ogórka, kapusty pekiñskiej i cebuli przed chorobami.
Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., 44 (1), 322-330.
60
Sherf A., Macnab A.A. 1986: Vegetable diseases and their control. 2nd (ed. A Wiley). J. Wiley & Sons I.N.G.
Interscience Publication, 324-327, Canada.
Sobolewski J., Robak J. 2004: Mo¿liwoci kompleksowej ochrony pomidora z wykorzystaniem nowych
fungicydów i rodków pochodzenia organicznego. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., 44, 1105-1107.
Sobolewski J., Ostrowska A., Robak J. 2007. Kompleksowa ochrona pomidora przed zaraz¹ ziemniaka i
bakteryjn¹ cêtkowatoci¹ z uwzglêdnieniem rodków konwencjonalnych i organicznych. Prog. Plant
Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., 47 (4),302-305.
Tomalak M., Zaremba M. 2004: Dostêpnoæ rodków ochrony rolin dla rolnictwa ekologicznego i zasady
ich rejestracji w Polsce. Prog. Plant Prot./Post. Ochr. Rol., 44 (1), 462-472.
61
EFFECT OF 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID (ALA) FROM
PENTAKEEP® FERTILIZERS ON YIELD AND QUALITY
OF VEGETABLES GROWN IN THE FIELD AND UNDER
COVERS
INTRODUCTION
Pentakeep® products belong to the group of new functional liquid fertilizers. They
are the first fertilizers containing 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA). ALA is a precursor of
tetrapyrrole compounds such as chlorophyll in plants and heme and vitamin B12 in human
and animals. More 5-aminolevulinic acid available for plants resulted in more chlorophyll
and increased rate of photosynthetic process [Hotta et al. 1997]. These results suggest
that ALA can enhance agricultural productivity.
One of the effects of fertilizers containing ALA observed in a number of experiments, was an increase of the yield. The increase was not always the same. In experiments conducted in Hungary on tomato culture, the average increase in the total yield
amounted to 12%, in comparison to the control, and in the case of sweet pepper, the
differences in the yield were small and insignificant [Murányi 2006]. The beneficial influence on the yield was observed in the greenhouse cultivation of tomato and cucumber,
but in the case of tomato, foliar application was more beneficial, where as in cucumber it
was in the form of fertigation [Babik, Babik 2007, Babik et al. 2007]. In the greenhouse
culture of sweet pepper treated by ALA the yield increase was higher by up to 9% and by
a 16% higher uptake of nitrogen [Iwai et al. 2005]. It was also observed that foliar
application of ALA influenced the dry matter content, which in the case of rice, enhanced
cold resistance [Hotta et al. 1998]. Another effect of ALA was a decrease in the uptake
of Na+ by plants, which resulted in a higher tolerance to salinity of soil. Seedlings of
cotton were able to withstand salinity of 1.5% NaCl [Watanabe et al. 2000].
The aim of the research was to determine the effect of Pentakeep fertilizers containing bio-stimulator ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid) on the plant development, quantity and
quality of yield of vegetables grown in the field and under cover.
Research carried out in the years 2006 and 2007 included following experiments: (a)
on white cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) cultivars: medium early Chopin
F1 (2006) and medium late Landini F1 (2007) , and (b) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum
62
Mill.) cultivars Lubañ (2006) and Koneser F1 (2007) grown under field conditions,
and (c) the greenhouse experiments on tomato cv Blitz F1 and cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cv Milenium F1.
The fertilizers used in the experiments contained the bio-stimulator ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid), and differed in the content of macro and micro-elements:
Pentakeep-V-9.5% N, 5.7% MgO, 0.3% Mn, 0.45% B with micro-elements Fe, Zn,
S, Cu and Mo,
Pentakeep-S 8% N, 5% P, 3% K, 3% MgO with micro-elements B, Cu, Fe, Mn,
Mo and Zn,
Pentakeep-G 6% N, 10% P, 5% K, 2.5% MgO with micro-elements B and Mn.
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WHITE CABBAGE AND TOMATO
The experiments were set on sandy loam soil with a humus content of 1.3 % and pH
6.5. The field was fertilized with mineral fertilizers to the standard levels of nutrients for the
cultivated species (according to the soil analysis): 80 mg P, 200mg K per 1 litre of soil in
spring before planting. For both species, preplant fertilization of 80 kg N/ha was used and
top dressed fertilization 50 kg.ha-1 for tomato, 100 kg N.ha-1 for cabbage. Seedlings
from pots produced in multi-cell trays were used for planting both tomato and cabbage.
The growing medium was peat substrate Potgrond H (Kronen-Klasmann). In the
final phase of production the seedlings were treated with a solution of multi-component
fertilizer. Cabbage was planted at the density of 33 thousand per hectare and tomato 28
thousand per hectare. During the cultivation the vegetables were regularly watered, especially during dry weather, in accordance with the needs of the species. In the 2006 research project Pentakeep-V was used in the form of foliar application for two vegetable
species. Pentakeep-V in the dose 0.5 kg.ha-1 was applied 6 times during the cultivation
period, in one-week intervals between treatments. The spraying of cabbage started 7-8
weeks after planting, and on tomato crop 4 weeks after planting. In the research 2007 3
types of Pentakeep fertilizers (Pantakeep-V, Pantakeep-S, Pantakeep-G) were used on
TAB LE 1. TER MS OF C U LTIVATION MEASU R ES IN C AB B AGE AN D TOMATO C R OP GR OWN IN
TH E FIELD
Tabela 1. Termi ny zabi egów uprawowych w polowej uprawi e kapusty i pomi dora
SPEC IFIC ATION
YEAR S
C AB B AGE
TOMATO
Wyszczególni eni e
Lata
Kapusta
Pomi dor
SOWING
2006
19 APRIL/kwi et.
31 MARC H/mar.
S i ew
2007
16 APRIL/kwi et.
11 APRIL/kwi et.
PLANTING IN THE FIELD
2006
24 MAY/maj
4 MAY/maj
Sadzeni e w polu
2007
17 MAY/maj
18 MAY/maj
FOLIAR APPLIC ATION OF PENTAKEEP-V
2006
18, 26 JUL/li p.
1, 8, 14, 22, 29JUN/czerw.
D oli stne stosowani e nawozów Pentakeep-V
2, 11, 18, 25 AUG/si erp.
7 JUL/li p.
2007 12, 19, 26 JUN/czerw.
12, 19, 26 JUN/czerw.
3, 13, 20 JUL/li p.
3, 13, 20 JUL/li p.
D ELAYED APPLIC ATION OF PENTAKEEP-V 2007
3, 13, 20, 31 JUL/li p.

Opóni ony termi n stosowani a Pentakeep-V
6, 13 AUG/si erp.
HARVEST
2006
14-15 SEPT/wrzes.
19 JUL-6 SEPT/li p.-wrz.
Zbi ór
2007
20-21 AUG/si erp.
7 AUG-18 SEPT/si erp.-wrz.
63
the field of white cabbage and tomato. In both species, Pentakeep-V and Pentakeep-S
were applied in the dose of 0.5 kg.ha-1, Pentakeep-G 2.5 kg.ha-1. The timing of cultivation measures conducted in the field experiments are presented in table 1.
The cabbage was collected in a single harvest, picking all the heads at one time. First,
the fresh matter of whole heads was weighted and then the level of the marketable yield
was determined. In the case of medium early cabbage, the marketable yield included
heads of weight >1.0 kg, and for medium late cabbage heads of weight > 2.0 kg. The
marketable yield was divided into 4 fractions according to the head size and then their
share in the total yield was assessed. During the cabbage growth in the field, the chlorophyll content in leaves was assessed, expressed as a chlorophyll index. In the harvested
crop, two parameters were assessed: the content of dry matter and mineral ingredients in
marketable heads. The tomatoes were picked 7-8 times as the crop ripened. The marketable yield included fruit of a diameter > 3.5 cm. For the marketable yield the brix (total
soluble solids) content was measured by means of refractrometry.
GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS TOMATO AND CUCUMBER
IN SOILLESS CULTURE
The experiments were carried out in plastic greenhouses equipped with a computerized system of controlling the microclimate. Tomatoes were grown in Grodan slabs and
cucumbers in organic medium prepared from straw pressed into slabs and covered by
white foil sheets. Tomato cv Blitz F1 was planted at a density of 2.8 plants.m-2, and
cucumber cv Milenium F1 at a density of 2-1 plants.m-2. The solution of fertilizers was
supplied in the form of fertigation in a closed system without recirculation. The pH of the
solution used for daily fertigation was about 5.5, and EC of the solution oscillated around
2.7-3.2 mS.cm-1. In one liter of solution for tomato there was 200-220 mg N, 50-60 mg P
280-300 mg K, 60-80 mg Mg, 190-220 mg Ca and microelements 2.5 mg Fe, 0.8 mg Mn,
0.33 mg Zn, 0.33 mg B, 0.15 mg Cu, 0.05 mg Mo. One liter of solution for cucumber
contained: 250-300 mg N, 50-55 mg P, 300-310 mg K, 60 mg Mg, 150-180 mg Ca, 2.0 mg
Fe, 0.8 mg Mn, 0.27 mg Zn, 0.13 mg B,0.13 mg Cu, 0.04 mg Mo. In both cultures Pentakeep-V in the 0,05% concentration was used as foliar application and fertigation. In foliar
treatments 250 ml of solution per plant was used, for fertigation 700 ml of solution per
plant. In the case of cucumber the amount of solution was higher 400 ml per plant in
foliar treatments and 1000 ml for fertigation. Fruit picking took place twice a week in
both cultures. Tomatoes were picked up in the period between 20 June-4 October, and
cucumbers between 28 April-28 July.
The parameters analyzed for growth assessment were following: area of the leaves,
flowering and fruit setting and the level of plant nutrition. Measurements of the leaf area
were taken from tomato plants in the flowering period of the 3rd and 6th cluster. In cucumber culture, measurements were performed on leaves taken from 5 consecutive nodes
growing above 1m from the soil level. Plant yields were evaluated on the basis of the
level of the total, the marketable and early yield, and the dynamics of yielding. The marketable yield make up ripe, healthy fruits, of good shape and smoothness, in the diameter
of > 3.5 cm and in the case of cucumber, only healthy, shapely and straight fruits. The
64
TAB LE 2. TER MS OF C U LTIVATION MEASU R ES IN TOMATO AN D C U C U MB ER GR OWN U N D ER
C OVER
Tabela 2. Termi ny zabi egów uprawowych w szklarni owej uprawi e pomi dora i ogórka
C U C U MB ER
TOMATO
SPEC IFIC ATION
Ogórek
Pomi dor
Wyszczególni eni e
28 FEBR.
24 F E B .
SOWING
28 lut.
24 lut.
S i ew
3 APR.
14 A P R
PLANTING IN THE GREENHOUSE
3 kwi et.
14 kwi et.
Sadzeni e w szklarni
24 APR,
24 APR, 1, 8, 15,
FOLIAR APPLIC ATION AND FERTIGATION OF PENTAKEEP-V
1, 8, 16 MAY
22 and 29 MAY
Stosowani e Pentakeep-V doli stni e i w fertygacji
24 kwi et.,
24 kwi et., 1,8, 15
1, 8, 16 maj
i 22 i 29 maj
HARVEST TOMATO 2 TIMES A WEEK, CUCUMBER 3 TIMES A WEEK 20 JUN 4 OC T. 28 APR 28 JUL.
20 stycz. 04 pa. 28 lut. 28 li p.
Zbi ory pomi dor 2 razy w tygodni u, ogórek 3 razy w tygodni u
basic cultivation measurements performed in experiments are given in the table 2. The
analysis of mineral content in the plant matter were performed in accordance with commonly used methods. All experiments were set in 4 replications in a single-factorial design. Collected data was statistically evaluated by analysis of variance for a mono-factorial system, and differences between the means were assessed with the use of Newman
Keul test.
RESULTS
FIELD CROPS WHITE CABBAGE AND TOMATO
Yield and crop quality. The experiment confirmed that Pentakeep fertilizers enriched in ALA (5 aminolevulinic acid) had a positive influence on the development and
yields of field vegetables (tomato and cabbage) in comparison to the conventional mineral
fertilization used in doses corresponding with the needs of cabbage and tomato. However, not all differences regarding the weight of plants and the level of the yield could be
statistically proven.
The use of Pentakeep-V in both years of research significantly increased the weight
of plants, the marketable yield and the average head weight in comparison to the control
plants which received a standard fertilization (Tab. 3).The increase in plant matter oscillated between 8.1% in 2006 to 9.7% in 2007, an increase in the marketable yield varied
from 8.6% to 9.7% and an average head weight from 8.6% to 8.9%. The terms of
treatment (starting treatments 4 or 8 weeks after planting) did not play any role, because
the efficiency of treatments was similar. For Pentakeep-G and Pentakeep-S (2007) the
increase obtained amounted to 5.5-6.6% for the weight of plants, 6.8-7.5% for marketable yield and 6.7% for average head weight (Fig. 1).
There were also significant changes in the structure of head qualities in comparison
to the control plots. In both cultivars the use of Pentakeep-V increased the share of large
heads (> 2 kg for cv Chopin F1, > 4 kg cv Landini F1) and decreased the share of medium
sized heads (respectively 1.0- 2.0 kg for Chopin F1 and 3.0-5.0 kg for Landini F1). The
65
TAB LE 3. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP® FER TILIZER S ON TH E YIELD OF C AB B AGE.
SKIERNIEWIC E 2006-2007
Tabela 3. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na plonowani e kapusty. Ski erni ewi ce 2006-2007
MAR K ETAB LE
H EAD
OB JEC TS
PLAN T
YIELD
WEIGH T
Obi ekty
WEIGH T
Masa roli n Plon handlowy Masa g³ówki
[t. ha-1]
[kg]
[t. ha-1]
2006 MED IU M EAR LY C U LTIVAR C H OPIN F1
redni o wczesna odmi an C hopi n F1
113.0 b
69.5 b
C ONTROL
Kontrola (NPK)
122.2 a
75.5 a
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1, 8 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1, 8 tyg. po sadzeni u
2007 MED IU M LATE C U LTIVAR LAN D IN I F1
redni o póna odm. Landi ni F1
166.3 b
132.6 b
C ONTROL
Kontrola (NPK)
181.3 a
144.8 a
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1,8 tyg. po sadzeni u
.
-1
180.3 a
145.4 a
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg ha , 4 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
177.2 a
142.6 a
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1, 4 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1, 4 tyg. po sadzeni u
.
-1
175.5 a
141.6 a
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg ha , 4 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg.ha-1, 4 tyg. po sadzeni u
EXPALNATIONS: MEANS MARKED WITH VARIOUS LETTERS ARE SIGNIFIC ANTLY D IFFERE
Objani eni a: wartoci oznaczone ró¿nymi li terami ró¿ni ¹ si ê statystyczni e.
2.34 b
2.54 a
4.5 b
4.9 a
4.9 a
4.8 a
4.8 a
>@
Figure 1. Increase of marketable yield and head weight of
cabbage
cv Landini F 1 influenced
by Pentakeep ® fertilizers foliar
treatments .
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 1. Wzrost plonu handlowego i masy g³ówki kapusty odm.
Landini F1 jako efekt dolistnego
stosowania nawozów Pentakeep®
ród³o: badnia w³asne.
MARKETABLE
YIELD/plon handlowy 100% =
132.6 t.ha-1
0DUNHWDEOH\LHOGSORQKDQGORZ\
WKD
masa g³ówek 100% =NJ
4.5 t.ha-1
HEAD WEIGHT/
+HDGZHLJKWPDVDJáyZHN
CONTROL
kontrola NPK
P-V 0.5 kg.ha-1
P-S 0.5 kg.ha-1
ROSETTE STAGE
stadium rozety
P-G 0.5 kg.ha-1 P-V 0.5 kg.ha-1
HEAD FORM/
formowanie g³ówek
fraction of small heads was eliminated from the total yield. A similar relationship was
found for Pentakeep-S and Pentakeep-G, but the changes in the structure of the yield
were by a few percent lower than in the case of Pentakeep-V (Tab. 4).There is no data
in literature regarding the effect of ALA on the yield of cabbage vegetables. In experiments carried out on spinach, Sady and Smoleñ [2007] did not observed positive effects
of ALA contained in Pentakeep-V.
Pentakeep fertilizers increased the total yield, marketable yield and early yield of both
tomato cultivars. The differences obtained in 2006 on the total yield and the marketable
yield as a result of applying Pentakeep-V were significant, but could not be proven for the
66
TAB LE 4. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP® FER TILIZER S ON YIELD SH AR E OF C AB B AGE.
SKIERNIEWIC E 2006-2007
Tabela 4. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na strukturê plonu kapusty. Ski erni ewi ce 2006-2007
OB JEC TS
SH AR E OF H EAD S, AC C OR D IN G TO
Obi ekty
TH EIR WEIGH T, IN MAR K ETAB LE YIELD
OF C AB B AGE
Udzi a³ g³ówek, podzi elonych na frakcje
stosowni e do i ch masy, w ploni e handlowym
kapusty [% ]
2006 MED IU M EAR LY C U LTIVAR C H OPIN F1
redni o wczesna odm. C hopi n F1
H EAD WEIGH T
<1.0
1.0-2.0
2.0-3.0
>3.0
Masa g³ówek [kg]
C ONTROL
1.2
33.1
51.9
13.8
Kontrola (NPK)

11.9
66.9
21.2
2007 MED IU M LATE C U LTIVAR LAN D IN I F1
redni o póna odmi ana Landi ni F1
H EAD WEIGH T
2.0-3.0
3.0-4.0
4.0-6.0
>6.0
Masa g³ówek [kg]
C ONTROL
5.6
12.5
80.5
0.7
Kontrola (NPK)

7.0
89.5
3.5

5.5
88.9
5.6
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1, 4 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING

11.1
85.4
4.2
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1, 4 tyg. po sadzeni u
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg.ha-1, 4 WEEKS AFTER PLANTING

11.8
84.7
4.9
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg.ha-1, 4 tyg. po sadzeni u
TAB LE 5. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP® FER TILIZER S ON YIELD OF FIELD TOMATO.
SK IER N IEWIC E 2006-2007
Tabela 5. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na plon pomi dorów gruntowych. Ski erni ewi ce 2006 -2007
OB JEC TS
YIELD IN t.ha-1
FR U ITS
Obi ekty
WEIGH T
TOTAL MAR K ETAB LE EAR LY
[g]
2006 EAR LY C U LTIVAR LU B AN
Wczesna odmi ana Lubañ
87.5 b
76.9 b
C ONTROL STAND ARD FERTIGATION NPK
Kontrola nawo¿eni e standardowe NPK
93.2 a
82.2 a
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK STAND ARD
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standardowe
2007 EAR LY C U LTIVAR K ON ESER F1
Wczesna odmi ana Koneser F1
141.8
88.4 b
C ONTROL STAND ARD FERTIGATION NPK
Kontrola nawo¿eni e standardowe NPK
145.9
98.7 a
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standard
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standardowe
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standard
149.5
102.3 a
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standardowe
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standard
147.3
100.0 a
PENTAKEEP-G 2.5 kg.ha-1 6x, NPK standardowe
17.6
75.9
19.5
77.9
23.9 c
88.0
26.1 bc
90.0
29.6 b
89.0
26.9 ab
94.0
67
>@
early yield. In 2007, for each type of
Pentakeep fertilizer, the differences
were insignificant for the total yield, but they were statistically significant
for the marketable yield in comparison to the control object. The diffe- 0$5.(7$%/(<,(/'3ORQKDQGORZ\
MARKETABLE YIELD/plon handlowy
rences in the early yield were signifi
100% = WKD
88.4 t ha
($5/<<,(/'3ORQZF]HVQ\
EARLY YIELD/plon wczesny 100% = 23.9 t ha
cant in the case of Pentakeep-S and
Pentakeep-G, whereas for Pentake- CONTROL
P-V 0.5 kg ha
P-S 0.5 kg ha
P-G 0.5 kg ha
ep-V, as in the previous year, the
kontrola NPK
same could not be proven statisticalFigure 2. Increase of marketable and early yield of
ly (Tab.5). The increase in the martomato cv Koneser F 1 influenced by foliar treatments of Pentakeep ® fertilizers
ketable yield under the influence of
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Pentakeep-V oscillated between
Rysunek 2. Wzrost plonu handlowego i wczesnego
pomidora odm. Koneser F1 jako efekt dolistnego
6.9% in 2006 and 11.7% in 2007. A
stosowania nawozów Pentakeep®
higher increase was obtained in 2007
for Pentakeep-S and Pentakeep-G and
amounted to 15.7% and 13.1% respec>@
tively.
TOMATO DISEASED FRUITS [% TOTAL YIELD]
The increase in the early yield as
7RPDWRGLVHDVHGIUXLWVLQRIWRWDO
owoce pomidora pora¿one [% plonu ogólnego]
L OG
a result of Pentakeep application was
at a similar level in both years 9.210.8%, whereas the application of
Pentakeep-S and Pentakeep-G resul
ted in a higher increase of the early
yield 23.8% and 12.6% respectively
CONTROL
P-V 0.5 kg ha
P-S 0.5 kg ha
P-G 2.5 kg ha
(Fig. 2). The increase in the total yield
kontrola NPK
of tomato by 12% was obtained by
Figure 3. Field tomato diseased fruits in % of total
yield
Murányi [ 2007] after foliar applicaSOURCE: OWN STUDY.
tion of Pentakeep-V in the dose of 400
Rysunek 3. Udzia³ chorych owoców pomidora polowego
w plonie ogólnym [%]
ml/ha. In experiments conducted in
Slovakia, Pentakeep-V applied in the
dose ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 l/ha increased the yield of tomato in the range of between
15.7% to 25.7%, and in the case of the large fruited tomato, from 9.7% to 17.9% [Slamka et al. 2007]. Similar results were obtained by Lozek et al. [2007] for sweet pepper (a
yield increase from 15.4% to 25.3%). The use of Pentakeep fertilizers had a positive
effect on the quality of fruit it decreased the number of diseased fruit in the total yield
from 37% in the control object to 18% in the object fertilized with Pentakeep-S. Relatively, the highest number of diseased fruits (28%) was found for Pentakeep-G (Fig. 3).
Pentekeep fertilizers positively influenced the content of total soluble solids in tomato
fruit. This is an important characteristic of fruit for processing, determining the efficiency
and quality of concentrate production. The highest content of total soluble solids was
observed for Pentakeep-S and Pentakeep-G (4.8%), and the lowest for Pentakeep-V
(4.6%). In the control object the content of total soluble solids was 4.4% (Fig. 4). The
.
-1
.
.
-1
.
-1
.
-1
.
-1
-1
.
-1
.
-1
68
5.1
%
4.8
4.5
4.2
CONTROL
P-V 0.5 kg.ha-1
P-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 P-G 0.5 kg.ha-1
kontrola NPK
Figure 4. The influence of Pentakeep® fertilizers on
brix content in tomato fruits
Rysunek 4. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na zawartoæ
ekstraktu w owocach pomidora
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
,1'(;Z VND QLN
CONTROL
kontrola NPK
P-V
P-S
P-G
P-V*
0.5 kg.ha-1
0.5 kg.ha-1
0.5 kg.ha-1
0.5 kg.ha-1
Figure 5. The influence of Pentakeep® fertilizers
on chlorophyll index of cabbage leaves. * delayed
treatment
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 5. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na wartoæ
wskanika chlorofilu w liciach kapusty.
* Opónione stosowanie
increase of total soluble solids content under
the influence of fertilizers containing ALA
was 9% and 5%, respectively. A positive
effect of Pentakeep fertilizer on total soluble solids content in tomato (increased by
10%) was also detected by Slamka et al.
[2007], and by Lozek et al. [2007] in sweet
pepper. Pentakeep-V also increased the
soluble solids content in blueberry, apple and
pear fruits [Kurlus et al. 2007]. Foliar application of Pentakeep-V was found to increase vitamin C content in tomato fruits [Slamka
et al. 2007]. In research conducted on carrot, a positive effect of foliar application with
this fertilizer on carotenoid and sugar content in the roots was also proven [Sady,
Smoleñ 2007].
Chlorophyll content and mineral
composition of plant tissue. The use of
Pentakeep fertilizers increased the chlorophyll content in cabbage leaves. The increase was higher after the application of
Pentakeep-S and Pentakeep-V in the early developmental phase of cabbage plants,
(rosette phase) and the lowest when Pentakeep-V was used late in the vegetation
season (the head formation phase) (Fig. 5).
In experiments conducted by Hotta et al.
TABLE 6. THE INFLUENCE OF PENTAKEEP® FRTILIZERS ON DRY MATTER CONTENT AND
MINERAL COMPOSITION OF CABBAGE HEADS
Tabela 6. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na zawartoæ suchej masy i sk³adników mineralnych w g³ówkach kapusty
OB JEC TS
% D .M. N O3 mg.kg-1 F.M
% OF D R Y MATTER
Obi ekty
% s.m. NO3 mg.kg-1 .m.
% suchej masy
P
K
Ca
Mg
C ONTROL STAND ARD NPK
7.92
788
0.22
2.68
0.65
0.20
Kontrola NPK standardowo
.
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg ha 1* NPK STAND ARD
7.85
7 10
0.21
2.62
0.66
0.19
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1* NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 NPK STAND ARD
7.87
6 45
0.20
2.57
0.67
0.17
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-G 0,5 kg.ha-1 NPK STAND ARD
8.04
692
0.21
2.60
0.67
0.21
PENTAKEEP-G 0,5 kg.ha-1 NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1** NPK STAND ARD
7.86
699
0.21
2.67
0.70
0.21
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1** NPK standardowo
* APPLIED 6 TIMES FROM STAGE OF ROSETTE ONWARD S, ** APPLIED 6 TIMES FROM STAGE OF
HEAD FORMATION ONWARD S
* stosowany 6 razy od fazy rozety, ** stosowany 6 razy od fazy formowani a g³ówki
69
[1997] on horseradish seedlings, it was concluded that the increase of chlorophyll content
in the leaves was stimulated by ALA, but the increase of photosynthesis only occurred
when ALA was applied together with mineral nutrients. The mineral composition of cabbage heads did not change much after foliar application of Pentakeep fertilizers, except
for a decrease in nitrate content in the marketable yield of cabbage after the use of
Pentakeep (especially PentakeepS). The content of other minerals (P, K ,Ca, Mg,) did
not change much (Tab. 6). In experiments on spinach, the foliar application, together with
a complete mineral fertilization, caused an increase in the nitrate content in leaves [Sady,
Smoleñ 2007]. A more visible differentiation of mineral content under the influence of
Pentakeep fertilizers was observed in tomato leaves in the period before fructification.
The dry matter content decreased in leaves, but the content of minerals (N NO3 ,P, K,
Mg) increased except for calcium (Tab.7). In experiments carried out on cherry trees,
the content of calcium, potassium phosphorous and magnesium, increased in the leaves
treated with foliar Pentakeep-V [Kurlus et al. 2007].
TAB LE 7. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP® FR TILIZER S ON D R Y MATTER C ON TEN T AN D
MIN ER AL C OMPOSITION OF FIELD TOMATO LEAVES
Tabela 7. Wp³yw nawozów Pentakeep® na zawartoæ suchej masy i sk³adni ków mi neralnych w li ci ach
pomi dorów polowych
OB JEC TS
% D .M.
% OF D R Y MATTER
Obi ekty
% s.m.
% suchej masy
N -N O3
P
K
Ca
Mg
C ONTROL STAND ARD NPK
Kontrola NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-V 0.5 kg.ha-1 NPK STAND ARD
NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-S 0.5 kg.ha-1 NPK STAND ARD
NPK standardowo
PENTAKEEP-G 0,5 kg.ha-1 NPK STAND ARD
NPK standardowo
GREENHOUSE CROPS
TOMATO AND CUCUMBER
Yield and fruit quality. Foliar application of Pentakeep-V increased the
yields of greenhouse tomato. However, the
differences obtained were not proven statistically.
The total yield and marketable yield of
plants treated with foliar Pentakeep-V was
about 6% higher in comparison to the control (Tab. 8). Pentakeep-V applied in fertigation speeded up the yielding of plants
and resulted in a higher yield in the first 5
weeks of yielding compared with the control and with foliar application. The diffe-
13.8
0.042
0.21
3.35
2.80
0.21
12.9
0.079
0.25
3.84
2.63
0.25
12.9
0.073
0.24
4.09
2.48
0.24
12.7
0.069
0.23
4.07
2.30
0.23
>NJ P @
)2/,$575($70(17RSU\VN
)(57,*$7,21SRGOHZDQLH
&21752/NRQWUROD
Figure 6. The influence of Pentakeep-V on
early yield of greenhouse tomato cv Blitz F 1
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 6. Wp³yw nawozu Pentakeep-V na
wysokoæ plonu wczesnego pomidora szklarniowego
odm. Blitz F1
70
TAB LE 8. EFFEC T OF PEN TAK EEP-V TR ETMEN T ON
YIELD OF GR EEN H OU SE TOMATO C V B LITZ F1
Tabela 8. Wp³yw stosowani a Pentakeepu-V na plonowani e
pomi dora odmi any Bli tz F1
OB JEC TS
YIELD
Obi ekty
Plon [kg.m-2]
EAR LY
MAR K E- TOTAL
Wczesny
TAB LE
Ogólny
Handlowy
C ONTROL NOT TREATED
13.3
43.4
44.8
Kontrola ni e traktowane
P-V 0.05% FOLIAR
13.5
45.9
47.9
P-V 0.05% doli stni e
P-V 0.05% FERTIGATION
13.9
42.7
44.2
P-V 0.05% fertygacja
NO SIGNIFIC ANC Y
Brak i stotnoci ró¿ni c
TAB LE 9. EFFEC T OF PEN TAK EEP-V TR ETMEN T ON
AVER AGE FR U IT WEIGH T OF TOMATO C V B LITZ F1 [g]
Tabela 9. Wp³yw stosowani a Pentakeep-V na redni ¹ masê
owocu pomi dora odm. Bli tz F1 [g]
OB JEC TS
FR U IT C LASS
MAR K EObi ekty
Wybór
TAB LE
Handlowe
IB
IA
(>6 cm) (4.5-6.0 cm)
C ONTROL NOT TREATED 199
83
19 2
Kontrola ni e traktowane
P-V 0.05% FOLIAR
203
78
19 8
D oli stni e
P-V 0.05% FERTIGATION
2 15
84
206
Fertygacja
NO SIGNIFIC ANC Y
>NJ P
@
)2/,$575($70(17QDZR
HQLHGROLVWQH
)(57,*$7,21SRGOHZDQLH
rences were not statistically significant (Fig. 6). Pentakeep-V both
in spraying and fertigation, contributed to the improvement of the fruit quality through the increase of their average weight in comparison to
the control. The highest average
weight of marketable fruit and 1st
class fruit (diameter >6 cm) was obtained from the objects for which
Pentakeep-V was applied as fertigation (Tab. 9).
The application of PentakeepV influenced the cucumber yield,
but only until the middle of harvesting. In the second half of harvesting, the cucumber yield from objects treated with the fertilizer and
the control object, kept at the same
level. The main differences in the
marketable yield of cucumber, occurred in the period between 2-5
weeks of harvest (Fig. 7). In this
period the beneficial effect of Petakeep-V in the form of fertigation
became visible. The difference in
yield in comparison to the control
object, was as high as 10%, but it
could not be proven statistically.
Foliar application of Pentakeep-V
did not have any effect on cucumber yield (Tab. 10). Perhaps the
low efficiency of foliar treatment
arosed from the difficulty of ferti-
&21752/NRQWUROD
Figure 7. Effect of Pentakeep-V on
the yield of greenhouse cucumber
UNTILl half of vegetation period
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 7. Wp³yw stosowania Pentakeep-V na plonowanie ogórka szklarniowego do po³owy sezonu wegetacyjnego
71
lizer uptake by the leaves in high TABLE 10. THE INFLUENCE OF PENTAKEEP-V
humidity conditions under green- FERTILIZER ON THE YIELD OF GREENHOUSE
C U C U MB ER. SK IER N IEWIC E 2006
house conditions. The measure- Tabela 10. Wp³yw stosowania nawozu Pentakeep-V na
ments of fruit did not reveal any plonowanie ogórka szklarniowego. Skierniewice 2006
TOTAL YIELD MAR K ETAB EAR LY
influence of Pentakeep-V on FORM OF
APPLIC ATION
Plon ogólny
LE YIELD
YIELD
morphological characteristics of Forma stosowania
Plon handlowy Plon wczesny
cucumber fruit.
kg.m-2
Similar results were obtained CONTROL
37.9
36.7
13.0
in the Dutch experiments car- Kontrola
34.9
33.5
12.9
ried out on sweet pepper culti- PP--VV FdoOliLsItAnR
ie
vated on rockwool, in which the P-V FERTIGATION
37.4
36.0
14.4
addition of fertilizer containing P-V fertygacja
ALA to the fertigation solution NO SIGNIFICANCY
(500-800 ml.ha-1) increased the Brak istotnoci ró¿nic
yield by 4.3-9.0%, depending on ród³o: badania w³asne.
the location [Iwai et al. 2005].
>FP@
Plant development and mineral composition of plant tissue. Tomato plants sprayed
or fertigated with Pentakeep- V, developed larger leaves than the control plants. In the early
3RD
6TH
development stages (the setting th
of the third cluster 9 May),
Pentakeep-V applied in fertigation had a significantly larger
influence on foliage developFigure 8. The influence of Pentakeep-V treatment on leaf
ment than the one applied in
area of tomato plants cv Blitz F 1
spraying, whereas in the late staSOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 8. Wp³yw stosowania Pentakeepu-V na wielkoæ
ges (the setting of the 6th cluster
powierzchni lici pomidora odmiany Blitz F1
nd
22 May) foliar treatment
was more effective, but the differences were not statistically significant (Fig. 8). Foliar treatments, as well as fertigation, contributed to an increase in the number of flower clusters in comparison to the
control. On the plants treated with Pentakeep-V, there were 14 clusters and on the control plants there were 13. The use of Pentakeep-V also increased the number of fruit sets
in the cluster 6.3 pieces in the treated objects and 5.7 in the control objects. Foliar
application proved to be especially effective for flower development and fruit setting on
the first three clusters (Tab. 11).
The mineral content of tomato plants in all objects reflected the standard levels.
However, the application of Pentakeep-V, especially in foliar spray, contributed to a better uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium. Nitrogen uptake was increased by
10% compared with the control when used in the form of fertigation, and by 37% when
used in the form of foliar application (Tab. 12). Pentakeep-V containing ALA used in the
UG&/867(5JURQR
WK&/867(5JURQR
&21752/±127
39±
39±
75($7('NRQWUROD±QLH
)2/,$5GROLVWQLH
)(57,*$7,21IHUW\JDFMD
WUDNWRZDQD
72
TAB LE 11. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP-V ON FLOWER S AN D FR U ITS
GR EEN H OU SE TOMATO PLAN TS
Tabela 11. Wp³yw Pentakeep-V na rozwój kwi atów i owoców na roli nach pomi dora
OB JEC TS
N U MB ER
N U MB ER
Obi ekty
OF FLOWER OF FR U IT SETS
C LU STER S
PER C LU STER
PER PLAN T Li czba zawi ¹zków
Li czba gron
w groni e
na roli ni e
C ONTROL NOT TREATED
Kontrola ni e traktowana
PENTAKEEP-V 0.05% FOLIAR
D oli stni e
PENTAKEEP-V 0.05% FERTIGATION
Fertygacja
NO SIGNIFIC ANC Y
D EVELOPMEN T OF
szklarni owego
N U MB ER
OF FLOWER S
PER C ON SEC U TIVE
C LU STER S
Li czba kwi atów
w kolejnych gronach
1
2
3
13
5.7
7.3
8.8
9.5
14
6.3
7.8
9.3
10.0
14
5.8
6.8
7.3
8.0
form of fertigation, brought about a better development of cucumber foliage. However,
the differences were insignificant. Foliar application of Pentakeep-V slightly restricted
development of the leaf blade (Fig. 9). The beneficial effect of this fertilizer was found
with regard to the number of fruit sets. Pentakeep-V in fertigation caused the formation
of 1 fruit set per plant more, compared with the control. Foliar application had a much
lower effect (Fig. 10). The use of Pentakeep-V in fertigation and foliar application, contributed to a better uptake of nitrates and a consecutive increase of this mineral in cucumber leaves in the early period of the harvest. In relation to the control, this increase was
equal to 8%. The phosphorous and potassium content in cucumber leaves were higher
than in the control but only in the fertigation treatment. Foliar application decreased the
content of these minerals in leaves to a lower level than in the control object (Tab. 13).
>F P @
SFVZ LWK3/$17V] WQDUR OLQ
9.6
9.2
8.8
8.4
8.0
)(57,*$ 7,21I HUW\ JDFMD
)2/,$ 5
75($ 70(17QDZ R
&21752/NRQWUROD
HQLH
GROLVWQH
Figure 9. The influence of Pentakeep-V on leaf
area of greenhouse cucumbers ( no significant
differences)
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 9. Wp³yw stosowania Pentakeep-V na
wielkoæ powierzchni lici ogórka szklarniowego
(ró¿nice nieistotne)
)(57,*$ 7I HUW\JDFMD
)2/,$ 5
&RQWURO.RQWUROD
75($70(17QDZ R HQLH
GROLVWQH
Figure 10. The influence of Pentakeep-V on
number of fruit sets per cucumber plant
SOURCE: OWN STUDY.
Rysunek 10. Wp³yw stosowania Pentakeep-V na
liczbê zawi¹zków owoców na rolinie ogórka
73
TAB LE 12. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF PEN TAK EEP-V
FER TILIZER ON MIN ER ALS C ON TEN T IN
TOMATO PLAN TS C V B LITZ F1.
Tabela 12. Wp³yw stosowani a nawozu Pentakeep-V
na zawartoæ sk³adni ków mi neralnych w roli nach
pomi dora odm. Bli tz F1. Ski erni ewi ce 2006
FOR M OF
% D .M
APPLIC ATION
% s.m
Forma
P
K
Mg C a
N -N O3
stosowani a
P-V FOLIAR
0.40 0.74 4.08 0.44 0.67
D oli stni e
P-V FERTIGATION 0.32 0.68 3.95 0.43 0.72
Fertygacja
C ONTROL
0.29 0.64 4.06 0.42 0.71
Kontrola
NO SIGNIFIC ANC Y
TAB LE 13. TH E IN FLU EN C E OF
PEN TAK EEP-V FER TILIZER ON N ITR OGEN ,
PH OSPH OR U S AN D POTASSIU M C ON TEN T
IN LEAVES OF GR EEN H OU SE C U C U MB ER.
Tabela 13. Wp³yw stosowani a nawozu
Pentakeep-V na zawartoæ azotu, fosforu i
potasu w li ci ach ogórka. Ski erni ewi ce 2006
FOR M OF APPLIC ATION % of D R Y MATTER
Forma stosowani a
% suchej masy
N -N O3
P
K
P-V FOLIAR
D oli stni e
P-V FERTIGATION
Fertygacja
C ONTROL
Kontrola
NO SIGNIFIC ANC Y
0.80
0.43
4.35
0.80
0.46
4.58
0.74
0.44
4.52
Iwai et al.[2005] in their experiments conducted earlier on the soilless culture of
sweet pepper, observed a 15% increase in the uptake of nitrates from fertigation solution,
as a result of adding a fertilizer containing ALA to the medium. They partly associated an
increase in sweet pepper yield with an increased uptake of N-NO3 with better rooting
and vigor of plants and also with an intense formation of lateral shoots caused by ALA.
CONCLUSIONS
All Pentakeep fertilizers (V, S, G) containing ALA (5-aminolevulinic acid), had a
positive effect on development and yield of such vegetables as cabbage and tomato
grown under field conditions. Their application increased the marketable yield of white
cabbage and tomato, they speeded up yields and the harvest of tomato and improved the
structure of yield of cabbage through a higher share of large heads in the total yield. The
chlorophyll content was also higher in cabbage leaves. The total soluble solid content of
tomato fruit increased, which is an important characteristic of fruit designated for processing. The decreased share of diseased tomato fruit indicates the positive effect of the
products on plant health.
In greenhouse cultivation, Pentakeep-V used as foliar application and as fertigation
proved useful for vegetable fertilization, because it increased yield, improved fruit setting
and the earliness of the crop. It had a positive effect on the marketable yield of tomato
through an increase of the average weight of fruit.
In greenhouse culture, the most effective method for the total yield increase of tomato, was foliar application, but in the case of cucumber culture, fertigation. The use of
Pentakeep-V in fertigation was the most effective for crop earliness of both species.
Pentakeep fertilizers had a positive effect on the uptake of nutrients from soil or
media and, as a result, had a positive effect on the level of plant nutrition, but did not
increase the level of undesirable minerals (e.g nitrates in cabbage).
74
REFERENCES
Babik I., Dyko J., Babik J. 2007: Effect of Pentakeep-V on the yield and quality of greenhouse tomato
grown in rockwool. Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO OIL Co., Ltd. p. 238-241.
Babik I., Babik J. 2007: Effect of Pentakeep-V on the yield and quality of greenhouse cucumber grown in
organic media. Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO
OIL Co., Ltd. p. 241-245.
Hotta Y., Tanaka T., Takaoka H., Takeuchi Y., Konnai M. 1997: New physiological effects of 5-aminolevulinic acid in plants: The Increase of photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, and plant growth. Biosci.
Biotech. Biochem., 61(12), 2025-2028.
Hotta Y., Tanaka T., Bingshan L., Takeuchi Y, Konnai M. 1998: Improvement of cold resistance in rice
seedlings by 5-aminolevulinic acid. J. Pesticide Sci., 23, 29-33.
Iwai K., Saito A., Leeuwen J., Tanaka T., Takeuchi Y. 2005: A new functional fertilizer containing 5aminolevulinic acid promoted hydroponically-grown vegetables in the Netherlands. Proc, IS on Soilless
Cult. and Hydroponics. Acta Hortic., 697, 351-355.
Kurlus R., £ysiak G., Krzymiñska A. 2007: The efectivness of Pentakeep-V fertilizer containing 5aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) under Poland conditions. Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific
Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO OIL Co., Ltd. p., 76-165.
Lozek O., Slamka P., Varga L. 2007: Influence of Pentaqkeep-V fertilizer containing 5-aminolevulinic acid
and mineral nutrients on the yield and quality parameters of green pepper (Capsicum annuum) fruits.
Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. p. 40-47
Murányi M. 2007: Pentakeep-V: An exceptional plant conditioner. Proceedings. Pentakeep International
Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO OIL Co., Ltd. p. 4-39.
Sady W., Smoleñ S. 2007: The influence of Pentakeep V the content of nitrates in carrot and spinach.
Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO OIL Co., Ltd.,
p. 166-197.
Slamka P., Lozek O., Varga L. 2007: Effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid and mineral nutrition (applied through
Pentakeep-V) on the yields and quality of tomatoes (Lycopersicum esculentum). Proceedings. Pentakeep International Scientific Workshop 2006 in Budapest. COSMO OIL Co. Ltd. p. 48-74.
Watanabe K., Tanaka T., Hotta Y., Kuramochi H., Takeuchi Y. 2000: Improving salt tolerance of cotton
seedlings with 5-aminolevulinic acid. Plant Growth Regulation, 32, 99-103.
75
REAKCJA CEBULI I MARCHWI NA BIOSTYMULATOR ASAHI SL
STOSOWANY Z HERBICYDAMI
Adam Dobrzañski, Zbigniew Anyszka, Jerzy Pa³czyñska
STRESZCZENIE
Celem 4-letnich dowiadczeñ z cebul¹ i 3-letnich z marchwi¹ by³o okrelenie reakcji tych gatunków oraz
chwastów na biostymulator Asahi SL, stosowany w mieszaninie z oksyfluorofenem (cebula) i linuronem
(marchew) lub oddzielnie, po wczeniejszym u¿yciu herbicydów.
W cebuli oksyfluorofen w mieszaninie z Asahi SL, lub Asahi SL stosowany 2-3 dni po ka¿dorazowym
zastosowaniu herbicydu, bardzo skutecznie zwalcza³ chwasty w ka¿dej dawce i sposobie u¿ycia. Linuron w
marchwi charakteryzowa³ siê równie¿ wysok¹ skutecznoci¹ chwastobójcz¹, gdy by³ u¿yty sam lub z
biostymulatorem Asahi SL. rednie ogólne zniszczenie chwastów po zastosowania zastosowaniu linuronu i
Asahi SL wynosi³o ponad 90%. Po u¿yciu Asahi SL z oksyfluorofenem lub linuronem nie obserwowano
ponownego odrastania chwastów.
Asahi SL, niezale¿nie od sposobu stosowania, nie wp³ywa³ na fitotoksycznoæ herbicydów dla obydwu gatunków rolin warzywnych. Reakcja cebuli i marchwi na badane rodki by³a g³ównie wynikiem
skutecznego zniszczenia chwastów, a nie stymuluj¹cego dzia³ania Asahi SL. Konkurencja ze strony chwastów by³a bowiem podstawowym czynnikiem determinuj¹cym wzrost i plonowanie rolin uprawnych,
jakkolwiek zaznaczy³a siê tendencja do nieco wy¿szego plonowania rolin po zastosowaniu Asahi SL.
Biostymulator korzystnie wp³ywa³ na strukturê plonu cebuli, zwiêkszaj¹c udzia³ cebul du¿ych o rednicy
powy¿ej 6 cm. W marchwi Asahi SL stosowany ³¹cznie z linuronem nie wp³ywa³ znacz¹co na wysokoæ i
jakoæ plonu korzeni.
ADRES DO KORESPONDENCJI:
prof. dr hab. Adam Dobrzañski
Instytut Warzywnictwa, Pracownia Herbologii
ul. Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3
96-100 Skierniewice
tel. (0 46) 833 42 71
76
WP£YW BIOSTYMULATORA GOËMAR GOTEO NA PLONOWANIE
I JAKOÆ DWÓCH ODMIAN KAPUSTY PEKIÑSKIEJ
STRESZCZENIE
Celem dowiadczenia by³a ocena oddzia³ywania preparatu Goëmar Goteo na plon i jakoæ kapusty
pekiñskiej, uprawianej w warunkach klimatycznych Polski centralnej. W latach 2006-2007 przedmiotem
badañ by³y dwie odmiany kapusty Kasumi F1 i Bilko F1, uprawiane w okresach wiosenno-letnim i
jesiennym. Preparat Goëmar Goteo stosowano doglebowo w stê¿eniu 0,1%, dwukrotnie w fazie produkcji
rozsady, a 2006 r. tak¿e czterokrotnie po wysadzeniu jej na miejsce sta³e. Rozsadê sadzono w rozstawie
60×40 cm. Bezporednio po zbiorze oznaczano: plon ogólny, plon handlowy, masê ogóln¹ i handlow¹
g³ówek, such¹ masê, zawartoæ ekstraktu, azotanów i witaminy C oraz barwê lici w systemie CIE Lab.
Cechy sensoryczne badano metod¹ ilociowej analizy opisowej (QDA). Przeprowadzono równie¿ test
po¿ad¹lnoci konsumenckiej smaku kapusty. Zastosowanie Goëmar Goteo wp³ynê³o na zwiêkszenie plonu
ogólnego i handlowego u obu odmian, zw³aszcza w przypadku uprawy jesiennej. W uprawie wiosennoletniej jedynie wp³yw na plon ogólny okaza³ siê istotny. Równie¿ rednia ca³kowita masa g³ówki oraz masa
g³ówki handlowej by³a u obu odmian wy¿sza po zastosowaniu Goëmar Goteo. Zaznaczy³ siê pozytywny
wp³yw Goëmar Goteo na zawartoæ witaminy C u obu odmian w terminie jesiennym i na such¹ masê u
odmiany Bilko. Zastosowanie preparatu nie wp³ynê³o w sposób jednoznaczny na zawartoæ ekstraktu oraz
azotanów w g³ówkach kapusty. Nieco wy¿sz¹ zawartoæ azotanów stwierdzono po traktowaniu kapusty
Goëmar Goteo w uprawie jesiennej. W wyniku zastosowania Goëmar Goteo barwa lici kapusty by³a
bardziej zielona (ni¿sza wartoæ parametru a). Nie stwierdzono istotnych ró¿nic w ocenie ogólnej jakoci
sensorycznej kapusty oraz po¿¹dalnoci konsumenckiej smaku miêdzy kombinacjami traktowanymi i nietraktowanymi Goteo ani miêdzy odmianami kapusty.
dr hab. Marek Gajewski
Szko³a G³ówna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Katedra Rolin Warzywnych i Leczniczych
ul. Nowoursynowska 166, 02-787 Warszawa
tel. (0 22) 593 22 50
77
WP£YW BIOSTYMULATORÓW NA PLON I JAKOÆ SA£ATY LISTKOWEJ I KRUCHEJ W UPRAWIE POLOWEJ
STRESZCZENIE
W roku 2007 na polu dowiadczalnym Katedry Rolin Warzywnych i Leczniczych SGGW w Wilanowie przeprowadzono dowiadczenia na nowych odmianach sa³aty listkowej (Kitare, Versai) i kruchej (Argentinas) z u¿yciem preparatów stymuluj¹cych wzrost rolin. Dowiadczenia przeprowadzono w 3 okresach: (1) od koñca marca do po³owy czerwca, (2) od koñca czerwca do pocz¹tku wrzenia, (3) od koñca lipca
do po³owy padziernika. Roliny sadzono na polu w rozstawie 40 × 40 cm, w trzech powtórzeniach po 10
rolin. Porównywano nastêpnie efekt traktowania rolin biostymulatorami. Zastosowano nastêpuj¹ce kombinacje dowiadczalne: (1) kontrola, (2) dwukrotne podlewanie rozsady preparatem Goteo (2 tygodnie po
siewie i tydzieñ przed sadzeniem), (3) dwukrotne opryskiwanie preparatem Aminoplant (tydzieñ i 3 tygodnie po sadzeniu rolin), (4) kombinacja ³¹cz¹ca zabiegi stosowane w kombinacjach (2) i (3). Po zbiorze,
okrelano redni¹ masê g³ówki/rozety sa³aty, zawartoæ suchej masy, cukrów ogó³em oraz koncentracjê
azotanów w liciach. Wyniki wykaza³y istotne zró¿nicowanie w zale¿noci od stosowanego preparatu i od
odmiany. Najwy¿szym plonem ogólnym i handlowym charakteryzowa³a siê kombinacja kontrolna i z
Aminoplantem w porównaniu do kombinacji z Goteo. Masa g³ówki w kombinacji kontrolnej i Goteo +
Aminoplant by³a wy¿sza ni¿ w kombinacji z Goteo. Najwy¿sz¹ zawartoæ suchej masy uzyskano w
kombinacji kontrolnej i kombinacji z Aminoplantem w porównaniu do kombinacji z Goteo i Goteo +
Aminoplant. Najwy¿sz¹ zawartoci¹ cukrów ogó³em charakteryzowa³a siê odmiana sa³aty kruchej Argentinas oraz kombinacja, w której sa³aty traktowano preparatem Aminoplant w porównaniu do kombinacji
kontrolnej. Stwierdzono nieznaczny wzrost zawartoci azotanów u sa³aty listkowej Versai i Kitare oraz w
kombinacji kontrolnej i z preparatem Goteo + Aminoplant.
ADRES DO KONTAKTU:
dr hab. Janina Gajc-Wolska
ul. Nowoursynowska 159
02-776 Warszawa
tel. (22) 593 22 49
78
WP£YW PREPARATÓW AMINOPLANT I ASAHI NA PLON I JAKOÆ
SA£ATY W UPRAWIE NA WE£NIE MINERALNEJ
STRESZCZENIE
W uprawie sa³aty pod os³onami w technologiach hydroponicznych du¿ym problemem jest jakoæ
plonu. W dowiadczeniu badano wp³yw biostymulatorów wzrostu rolin i nawo¿enia azotem na plon i
jakoæ sa³aty. Sa³atê odmiany Brigade uprawiano na balotach we³ny mineralnej w dwóch cyklach, zimowym
i wiosennym, w latach 2005-2007. Roliny w okresie intensywnego wzrostu raz na tydzieñ opryskiwano
preparatami Aminoplant, Asahi lub Aminoplant plus Asahi. Preparat Aminoplant stosowano w stê¿eniach
0,2 i 0,4%, a Asahi 0,1%. Po³owê rolin nawo¿ono po¿ywk¹ zawieraj¹c¹ 105 mg N-NO3 dm-3, a drug¹ czêæ
po¿ywk¹ o 140 mg N-NO3 dm-3. Pozosta³e sk³adniki w obu po¿ywkach by³y jednakowe. Badano plon
sa³aty, zawartoæ suchej masy, barwê lici oraz zawartoæ wybranych sk³adników chemicznych. Stwierdzono dodatni wp³yw opryskiwañ preparatem Aminoplant, szczególnie w stê¿eniu 0,4%, na redni¹ masê
g³ówki sa³aty i zawartoæ suchej masy. Odnotowano tak¿e pozytywny wp³yw traktowania rolin preparatem Asahi na zawartoæ suchej masy w liciach sa³aty. Plon i jakoæ sa³aty zale¿a³y od nawo¿enia azotem i
terminu uprawy. Przy wy¿szym nawo¿eniu azotem, tj. 140 mg N dm-3, roliny tworzy³y wiêksze g³ówki
(177 g) i o wy¿szej zawartoci suchej masy (4,56%) ani¿eli przy nawo¿eniu azotem na poziomie 105 mg N
dm3, gdzie rednia masa 1 g³ówki wynios³a 158 g, a zawartoæ suchej masy 4,4%. W terminie wiosennym
rednia masa g³ówki sa³aty wynosi³a 204 g, a w zimowym 131 g. Zawartoæ suchej masy w obu terminach
by³a zbli¿ona.
dr Katarzyna Kowalczyk
ul. Nowoursynowska 159
02-787 Warszawa
tel. (0 22) 593 22 38
79
CZY BIOSTYMULATOR NANO-GRO® ZWIÊKSZA TOLERANCJÊ
ROLIN OGÓRKA ODMIANY TYTUS F1 WE WCZESNEJ FAZIE
WZROSTU NA PROMIENIOWANIE UV-B?
El¿bieta Skórska
STRESZCZENIE
W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badañ nad wp³ywem promieniowania UV-B o dwóch wartociach
dawki biologicznie efektywnej (3,0 i 1,8 kJ m-2 d-1) na roliny ogórka (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Tytus F1)
rosn¹ce w kontrolowanych warunkach wiat³a i temperatury (PPFD 120 mmol m-2 s-1, 20oC). Czêæ rolin
potraktowano biostymulatorem Nano-Gro® zgodnie z instrukcj¹ producenta. Zastosowane promieniowanie
UV-B tylko w wy¿szej dawce 3,0 kJ m-2 d-1 negatywnie wp³ynê³o na badane roliny w fazie trzeciego licia,
zw³aszcza na reakcje fotosyntezy. Licie rolin napromieniowanych UV-B, zarówno nietraktowane jak i
traktowane biostymulatorem Nano-Gro® by³y mniejsze w porównaniu z rolinami kontrolnymi (bez UV-B).
Nano-Gro® z³agodzi³ uszkodzenia fotosystemu II wywo³ane dzia³aniem promieniowania UV-B o wysokiej
intensywnoci, ale nie uchroni³ przed zmniejszeniem powierzchni lici oraz natê¿enia asymilacji CO2 w tych
rolinach. Ni¿sza dawka promieniowania UV-B (1,8 kJ m-2 d-1) nie spowodowa³a istotnych zmian w badanych rolinach, a te traktowane Nano-Gro® mia³y wy¿sze natê¿enie fotosyntezy netto i transpiracji lici.
dr hab. El¿bieta Skórska, prof. nadzw.
Akademia Rolnicza w Szczecinie
Zak³ad Fizyki
ul. Papie¿a Paw³a VI 3
71-459 Szczecin
tel. (0 91) 42 50 392
80
SKUTECZNOÆ RODKÓW POCHODZENIA NATURALNEGO
W OCHRONIE OGÓRKA PRZED M¥CZNIAKIEM PRAWDZIWYM
W UPRAWIE PO OS£ONAMI
STRESZCZENIE
Badano skutecznoæ rodków naturalnych i biostymulatorów na m¹czniaka prawdziwego dyniowatych wywo³ywanego przez Erysiphe cichoracearum i Sphaerotheca fulginea. Roliny ogórka odmiany Iwa
opryskiwano profilaktycznie oraz po wyst¹pieniu objawów chorobowych. Oceniano stopieñ pora¿enia
rolin oraz wp³yw zastosowanych ekstraktów i biostymulatorów na grzybniê patogenu w celu okrelenia
mechanizmu ich dzia³ania. W latach 2006 i 2007 przeprowadzono jedno dowiadczenie wazonowe i dwa
dowiadczenia pod os³onami. Zastosowane rodki ogranicza³y pora¿enie rolin przez E. cichoracearum i S.
fulginea. Najwy¿sz¹ skutecznoci¹ odznacza³ siê rodek naturalny Prev-AM 060 SL. Obserwacje mikroskopowe lici rolin traktowanych badanymi rodkami, wykaza³y zamieranie grzybni i zarodników grzybów E.
cichoracearum i S. fulginea. Na powierzchni lici nieopryskiwanych (kontrolnych) patogeny rozwija³y siê
bez zak³óceñ.
ADRES DO KONTAKTU:
mgr in¿. Agnieszka Ostrowska
Instytut Warzywnictwa w Skierniewicach
Pracownia Fitopatologii
96-100 Skierniewice
tel. (0 46) 833 22 11 (wew. 246)
81
WP£YW KWASU 5-AMINO LEWULINOWEGO (ALA) ZAWARTEGO
W NAWOZACH PENTAKEEP® NA PLON I JAKOÆ WARZYW UPRAWIANYCH W POLU I POD OS£ONAMI
STRESZCZENIE
Nawozy Pentakeep (V, S i G), zawieraj¹ce biostymulator ALA (kwas 5-amino lewulinowy) stosowane
w polowej uprawie kapusty i pomidora w dawce 0,5 kg.ha-1, w 6 zabiegach dolistnych, wykonywanych w
okresie intensywnego wzrostu i tworzenia czêci u¿ytkowej zwiêksza³y plon handlowy kapusty od 8 do
10%, a pomidora od 7 do 15%. Wp³ywa³y te¿ korzystnie na strukturê plonu kapusty, zwiêkszaj¹c udzia³
g³ówek du¿ych w plonie ogólnym oraz przyspiesza³y plonowanie pomidora, zwiêkszaj¹c plon wczesny od
10 do 24% w stosunku do kontroli, która otrzyma³a tylko standardowe nawo¿enie mineralne. Pod wp³ywem
ALA obni¿eniu uleg³a zawartoæ azotanów w g³ówkach kapusty, natomiast w owocach pomidora wzros³a
zawartoæ ekstraktu. W bezglebowej uprawie pomidora i ogórka szklarniowego Pentakeep V stosowany w
stê¿eniu 0,05%, szeciokrotnie w postaci zabiegów dolistnych i w formie fertygacji do strefy korzeniowej
rolin, poprawia³ wi¹zanie owoców i wczesnoæ plonowania, zwiêkszaj¹c plon wczesny pomidora o 5%, a
ogórka o 10%. Zwiêkszenie redniej masy owocu pomidora w klasie ekstra, korzystnie wp³ynê³o na strukturê plonu handlowego. Dla wczesnoci plonowania obydwu gatunków szczególnie efektywne by³o stosowaniu nawozu Pentakeep V w formie fertygacji, natomiast dla plonu ogólnego pomidora korzystniejsze by³y
zabiegi dolistne. Nawóz Pentakeep zwiêksza³ pobieranie sk³adników pokarmowych z gleby w polu lub
pod³o¿y w szklarniach, ale nie podnosi³ zawartoci sk³adników niepo¿¹danych, np. azotanów w g³ówkach
kapusty.
dr Irena Babik, dr Józef Babik, dr Jacek Dyko
Instytut Warzywnictwa w Skierniewicach
96-100 Skierniewice
tel. (0 46) 833 28 75

FIELD CROPS

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