PoLitECHnikA WArszAwskA WYDziA6L FizYki Rozw Goj

Transkrypt

PoLitECHnikA WArszAwskA WYDziA6L FizYki Rozw Goj
!"#$%&'(#
-
)+*,.- *1/ 032,4657*8-3*69;:=<>,?@5BA<C,?@D=DFE
-+EUT=<>46DVEU2WM
I
*GPO?YX462WM
:=<C*G2.?@5H
?@I
JK50LJNMO4QP=<C*DR*S/ -
<>?Y46Z2&0LJN<>?@X4[A&E\-]JK5BA&EU2.,^D\EU2WM 0`46_ PO?Y<
acb;dfehgijaceklnmQp o
7qFrSs't
u
vuwyxz1x{yxw|~}w€1‚ƒQx„y…‡‰†ˆ „nŠ‡‹
ƒ6‹wŒ„y‹(Ž&‹uK‘t’wyŽ“…”’>•—–—–˜
™
šœ› Ÿž¡¢¤
£ š¦¥
§3¨
ž7§
©Lª {yxw«Œ¬t…”‹—­®°¯K±1„n’w²}’³‘ˆu…°’“vx}t…²’t´ Šx‡Žµ‹~&† vuw²x¶'’„yx—w²x‡Ž“…u}wµ¬‹¯‚#·‹ˆux‡Ž“… B¸ ‹>vwy±¹’³´ ‘…”’L}xcº»wŒ‹—‘x‡Ž“ˆ…u¼“’‹—Š½¹¾…
¿ … ’´ À Š…Œ¬·x—ˆ†x Ž>#³‹Át’tˆuˆu’^w²‹}±Q… ª Ž&‹Â—…Ï~‹ÄtÀ ±‘®°…”Ž«x#„† 1† …µŽ“…”’t®”’tŠKwyx—{yˆu…”’.xŠ(‹—t±KŽ&‹ˆ Y´‹ vx—z1x»‹ÁŽÅ„n³‘t’Â;†x ®°ˆux#„y† t…
³‹ ª z1x#tÀ ®”…°Ž“…”’tˆu…”’YŽ“±³¹n‹} ª }xQ®‹¯x—wŒ‹‡{yxwy… ª zŸÆ ª ¯‰‹‡{y’³Œ¬jŽµ’@ÇuwŒ‹ˆ¾¹¾…“ŽÈ®”…”tv ª •–—–Éu‚ ©ª {²x—w.}… ’´ Š ª ¹¾’Êw—†x Ž“ˆ…°’ÊÀ }w
€w²±„¾{¾±Kˆu…”’ Ë#tÌ t#uÍ ³‹6tÀ ±‘®°…”Ž«x#„† —† }x—¯uw W´‹ Ž«x® ’´ …Œ¬ ’
´ >† }x1v‰xzcxt±—‚
º~x}t…²’t´ Šx‡Žµ‹—ˆu…‹Bˆ‰‹®”’‰À δ‹ „n…²’7´ Ï7w²t’—x—w²tx‡Ž“… ¡q1Ì #uÐL¸ ³‹Cvx—z1xvuw²t±cvu…”’tw²Ž„n±Œ¬.„n±Kz ª ®”‹½¹n‹—Œ¬Ñvwy± ª tÀ ±‘… ª
z1x}’t® ªÑÒ wŒÓz1}Wx—wŒ‹&z1—wh…”ˆ«À ‚hÔ¯…°Âˆu…°’Ž«x‡Ž“…qÕ Í ´ ÐL¸ ‹7vx—z1x&v‰x}ut‹—„~ˆ‰‹ ª ŠK…uŠx—w²t±„¾{Œ‹ˆu…‹’.„n† w²x}x‡Ž“…„nŠ‡‹
w²xKx{y˜„¾{Œ‹w³‚ ©ª {yx—w}…y’´ Š ª ¹¾’Ww—†x Ž“ˆu…”’ÎÀ Ž„n±K„n{yŠK…”z֊—x—®”’³À ‹ˆuŠx—zׅ#Šx—®”’tÂx—zNcº;w²‹‘x‡Ž“ˆu…¼’‹Š½¹¾… ¿ …y’´ tÀ ŠK…Œ¬Á·—xˆ—†x ŽO³‹
z1…”­®‰1´‹ ‹‡{²z1x„n¶'’tw’B´ vuwŒ‹—t±—‚
•
؜Ù
žÚ
ÛfÜ ¢ Ë
Ú Ý Þߞ
àRáÖâã‡äKåÎæçèéê#ëìé
í
îðï!äç#éKñìéÊå1òóä‰ô‰äéê#éã‡õ‰éöŒò÷—èêqò÷³øGã(éKæô÷yù³ëùCæuú çã(äKå1ò÷(ø
û
•‚”üðý þ1¸cÿ
"!$#%&'(*)*+,-. ‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ /
•u‚°ü‚°ü Ç ª ˆuŠ½¹¾’vuw²x 0® ª ‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ /
•u‚°ü‚ • © z1vu®°…°{ ª }±w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹ ‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ 1
•u‚°ü‚ É 2’txwy…‹1Ï7wy…”¯‰4x 35½¼“’t—’S‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü³–
•u‚°ü‚ ˜ 68xK}u’t®
v‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Ž“±8‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ üü
•u‚°ü‚ 7 2’txwy…‹1Ï7wy…”¯‰4x 35½¼“’t—’Bx—v‹—wn{Œ‹Îˆ‹cz1x}’t® ª v‹wy{yxˆux‡Ž“±Kzœ‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü(•
•‚ • Ò 'w 8
6:9 ÿ Ò ®°{ywŒ4‹ 5 wy’®”‹{¾±KŽ“…”„n{¾±‘tˆ‰‹>ŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{²x‡Žµ‹c}±Kˆ‹—zc…”Š‡‹czcx®°’Š ª ®”‹—wyˆ‰‹ . ‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü;7
•u‚ •u‚°ü <½ˆ…”¾¹n‹®”…°³‹—½¹n‹G‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü;7
•u‚ •u‚ • ¼8—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…”‹Ww ª Œ¬ ª ‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü+=
•u‚ •u‚ É €w²±{y’wy… ª z }u’tw²t’tˆ…”‹ ‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü4>
•u‚ •u‚ ˜ º;wy’tŠKw²x¹¾’Ltt±Kˆuˆu’ ‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ü+/
•u‚ •u‚ 7 ƒ\¯ ª }’tˆu…”’…w²x—tv‰‹—}„n{yw ª ˆœ‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ •uü
?A@‘êqö³é4
ã B éã‡ä Céöã(ë æWù æuú çã‡äKåÎæ
î?
D
Éu‚”E
ü <½ˆ{y’wn¶'’wyxz1’‘{yw²…‹C…”ˆ{²’tˆ„y±KŽ“ˆux#„²† ‘…Q‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ —• É
ɂ°ü‚°ü ÆK{²‹‡{¾±„n{¾±KŠ(‹WŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{yx‡Ž&‹‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ • 7
ɂ°ü‚ • F7}}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹—ˆu…”‹ÎŽ „n{²‹—ˆu…”’7Šx&†ˆ tx‡Ž“±Kz ‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ • 7
Éu‚ H
• G;ŠK„yv’tw²±z1’ˆ{Œ‹®”ˆ‹>¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹WŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ‰‹1‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ,• =
Éu‚ É ºh‹—w²‹—zc’t{yw²±K‹—¾¹n‹¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾…Šx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ’¾¹h‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ,• =
ɂ ɂ°ü ·’}uˆux‡Ž“±Kzc…‹w²x‡Ž&‹>v‹wŒ‹z1’t{yw²±³‹—¾¹n‹j‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ • >
ɂ ɂ • 2w‘†x ¹¾Ž“±Kz1…”‹—wyx‡Ž&‹>v‹—w²‹—zc’t{yw²±K‹—¾¹n‹Îº;w²‹{n{²‹ 5JIµ’wn{Œ„yŒ¬‹ ‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ • >
ɂ ɂ É ºh‹—w²‹—z1’‘{ywµŠ—x¬u’tw²’tˆ‰½¹¾…Lt† w†x }­®‹ ‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ,• 1
Éu‚ ˜ 6@’t{yx}u‹cŽ&‹Â ‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ,• 1
KœáÖòêëìô
ë CäçéKñ äKåÎæuê#ëìæ
?à
˜‚”ü º;wyx‘’³} ª wŒ‹Cz1x}’t®”x‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹¤‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ Éü
˜‚ • Ï7’x—z1’‘{²wy…‹u|~v‹—w²‹—zc’t{ywµ}’wy’tˆu…‹c…
vu­®‹—„y‘±Ktˆ‹Wwy’³‹Š½¹¾…O‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ɕ
˜‚ É ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±ÑŠKw²x{yˆx„²† ‘…c‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ ɗ˜
˜‚ ˜ ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±.t‹—„yx‡Žµx 5 vuwy’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆu’ ‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚ É=
É
˜
LNMPOQLSRTVUXLZW Y[O
˜‚\7 ƒ\vu®”­ ±KŽÄw²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„‰—†x Ž\ˆ‹cvuw²x} ª Š¾¹’>´ ‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠ.‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
˜‚ = ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±Ñv ’´ } ª …’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…È‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
˜]‚ > ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±Ñvx„yvu…”’„ytˆux#„y† t…‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
˜‚ / ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±Ñzы—„y±.vx—vuw²t’³‘ˆu’¾¹!‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
˜‚ 1 ¼“xtŠK­®‹—}±.}±Kˆ‹—z1…”ttˆu’ ‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
í_^Lä‰ãaä` åÑê#æuê#ëìé@å1òê#ë'ôbä‰` åcCäç#éñ äKåÎæuê#ëìæ@ë&ç#æuêqò÷(øGçädó` å1ë æuç#÷—è—æñìêqò÷(ø
7‚”f
ü G;ŠK„yv’tw²±z1’ˆ{NÆ 2 © ¼ ˆ‹c}u’tw²‹—t ª h¼ gh< ¿ ‚>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
7‚ •
º~xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆu…”’Lw²x—ŠK­®”‹}“—†x Ž\vµ’´ } ª vx—vuw²t’³‘ˆu’tÂxW>}u‹—ˆ±Kz1…
’tŠ„yv‰’wy±Kz1’tˆ{Œ‹®”ˆ±Kz1…6‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
7‚ É
º~xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆu…”’¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆK±KŒ¬ÑC}‹ˆK±Kzc…
’Š„nv’tw²±Kzc’ˆ{²‹®”ˆK±Kzc…Y‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
7u‚ ɂ°ü
·’}uˆux‡Ž“±Kzc…‹w²x‡Ž&‹¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹cŠ—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹Ñ‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
7u‚ ɂ •
2w‘†x ¹¾Ž“±Kz1…”‹—wyx‡Ž&‹¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹cŠ—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹>‚‚>‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚7‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚>‚‚
iA^Läç+
ó jCäKåÎæuê#ëìé
É/
˜É
˜˜
˜=
˜N>
Ke
˜1
—7 –
u7 ü
77
7,1
i?
k
lnmpoqmprsut v
Ù
Ü š¦¥
w
§3›  ¢ ¨
ž ¢
’txwy… 1´‹ x—vu…„ ª ¹ —´‹  Ñ´‹ x}u}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹—ˆu…”’ΐ‘ —´‹ „n{y’tŠ^¶ ª ˆ}‹z1’tˆ{²‹—®°ˆK±Œ¬x5&ŠŽ&‹w²Š&—†x Ž …® ª x—ˆ†x Žj¹¾’³„¾{>Œ¬uw²x—z1x}±Kˆ‹z1…”Š‡‹1ŠŽ&‹ˆy5
{²x‡Žµ‹ ÿ 8 ¿ 9W Xzd{D4{N)q|~}N4)*€4)#ƒ‚+. ‚@ƒRŽ“±ŠK­®”±Œ¬QŽ&‹w ª ˆuŠ‡‹Œ¬[ŠKŽ&‹w²Š…h…«Â—® ª x—ˆK±Á„«x´‹ „ ª Ž“…²’t´ …°xˆu’…7Ž
x¯„n³‹w²t’Yx—Šx—­®”x\ü†‡ …B{¾Ž«xwy 6´‹ „¾{Œ‹ˆK±jŽ“… —´‹ ‹—ˆu’@x—¯„y’tw²Žµx‡Žµ‹—ˆu’ιn‹—Š—x¬‰‹—}w²x—ˆK±—‚=·’„n{.{yxŽ“±ˆ…°ŠK…”’tz`„nv’t±0‘tˆ’¾¹
t’Œ¬K±Wvwy’tˆux„nx—ˆK±Œ¬Ñvuwy’tB—® ª x—ˆK±1x}u}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹µ.†ˆ „n…”®”ˆ±Œ¬.z1… ’´ }±ÑŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ‡‹z1D… 5~Ž\vwy’‘…”Ž“…”’#†ˆ „n{¾Ž“…°’7}xc…°ˆuˆK±Œ¬.x}uˆ} 5
…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹«@†ˆ ŽËvwy±w²x}t…”’W„y…”®”­ ‹xK}}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹µÁ†ˆ „n…”®”ˆ±Œ¬8w²x#„y† ˆu…”’WŽ“wŒ‹WWx}®”’t­®°x#„y† t… ´‹ ‚>º»w—†x ¯‰
‹ „nŽ“±‘… ´‹ ˆu… ’³´ ‘…,‹ …µŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&†x Ž=
¬‹}w²x—ˆ†x Žz1x#À ’L„n…²’´ Ž“…²’´ „yŠ—x&†ˆ ‘±;“† ‘xCˆ‹¹¾Ž“±htÀ ’¾¹hŽ“±Kvuw²x} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆ…°’z=Š—x—®”’¾¹¾ˆ’¾¹hv‹w²±ÎŠKŽ&‹w²Š
Š 5~‹ˆ{¾±KŠŽ&‹w²Š ÿ ¯«’³´ }t…”’{²x
¯‹—w²}ut…”’¾¹«Šx—w²t±„n{yˆu’’tˆ’tw²Â—’‘{¾±ttˆu…”’ˆu…Œ À ª Žµx—®”ˆu…”’tˆu…”’ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&—†x Ž . … ª {¾Ž«xwy’tˆu…”’tz׊—x—®”’¾¹¾ˆK±Œ¬Ê¬‹—}w²x—ˆL—†x Ž>‚;·’}ˆ.1´‹ C®°…‘¯
ŠKŽ&‹ˆ{yx‡Ž“±Œ¬YŒ¬‹wŒ‹Š{y’wy±K ª ¹#—´‹ t±KŒ¬ÊŠKŽµ‹—wyŠK…¹¾’³„¾{7Š—x®°xw}®”‹ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&—†x Ž z1x#À ’Cx—ˆ8vwy±¹¾z1x‡Ž&‹~† ˆ‹„¾{’t´ v ª ¹h—´‹ ‘’ÎŽµ‹—wn{²x„²† ‘…Ã|
tt’tw²Žµx—ˆK±—t…”’t®”x—ˆK±Ñ…
ˆu…”’t¯u…”’„yŠK… ˆ‰‹‡{yxz1…”‹„¾{“}®‹W‹—ˆ{¾±KŠKŽ&‹w²Šµ†x ŽF{²‹ŠK…”’>„y‹—zc’7Ž&‹wy{yx#„²† ‘…x1vuw²t’t…°Ž“ˆK±Kz tˆ‰‹Š ª ‚~ƒ\±Kv‹—}ˆ5
Šx‡Ž“±.Š—x®°xw“¬‹—}w²x—ˆ ª z ª „y…¯K±;>† ¯u…‹­®”±q|»z1xtÀ ®”…”Ž«’&¹¾’³„¾{ ª {¾Ž«xwy’tˆu…”’zc’txˆ—†x ‹
Ž 5«‘B—´‹ „n{y’Š^„yŠ­®‹—}‹‡¹#—´‹ t±Œ¬^„y…y’>´ CŠKŽ&‹w²Š‡‹Î…
‹—ˆ{¾±KŠKŽ&‹w²Š(‹Wx—wŒ‹¯‹—wy…”x—ˆL—†x Œ
Ž 5µ‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠÊ„nŠK®­ ‹—}u‹¹#—´‹ ‘±Œ¬Ê„n…²’>´ >{yw²t’³Œ¬^ŠKŽ&‹w²Š&—†x ŽU® ª ¯Y{²wy’Œ¬@‹ˆ{¾±KŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&—†x Ž>‚ FB¯®°…‘’tˆu…‹
8 ¿ 9Ȏ„nŠ‡‹ ª ¹ u´‹ CÀ ’vx‡Ž“±hÀ ’¾¹CŠKw²±{¾±ttˆu’n¹7Ž&‹wy{yx#„y† t…»Â ’³´ „¾{²x„²† ‘…;…«{y’z1v‰’w²‹{ ª w²±[³‹—Œ¬ux}…;vuw²t’n¹—„y† t…°’.¶ì‹tx‡Žµ’.}xQ„¾{Œ‹ˆ ª
vu®‹zα^ŠŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµx 5 —® ª xˆux‡Ž«’n¹ ÿ 8Ϻ~ "ƒ{DŽ4,-]{D4‰-‘;‚')". 
ŠKŽ&‹w²ŠK……® ª x—ˆK±vuw²t’³„¾{Œ‹‡¹h1´‹ ¯K±;
 † „ ª Ž“…²’t´ …°xˆu’ …µŽ
¬‹}w²x—ˆ‹Œ¬‚ƒ {Œ‹ŠK…”z Ž“±v‰‹—}Š ª x}®”’t®°­ x#„† † zc… ’´ }ut±Ñˆu…”z1…¹¾’³„¾{“ˆ‹C{¾±K®°’7zы­®‹uhtÀ ’7Ž“‹¹¾’tz1ˆu’Lx}u}ut…‹­®”±Ž&‹ˆ…°’7„¾{Œ‹‡¹¾’B„y… ’ ´
vx—z1… ¹n‹®”ˆu’—‚~º»w²t±Kv ª „yt‹>„y… ’´ htÀ ’Lv®”‹—tzы>ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠx‡Ž«,x 5î ª x—ˆux‡Ž&‹“…„¾{²ˆu…”‹—­®”‹Îx—Šq‚µüN– ’”“L„y’tŠ ª ˆ}u±Wvx΃\…”’t®”ŠK…°z ƒ\±K¯ ª Œ¬ ª 
xw²‹—tÀ ’7…”„n{yˆ…°’n¹¾’7x¯‰’³‘ˆu…”’LŽµ’7Ž“ˆ ’‘´ {²wy³‹—Œ¬.Ž“…”‹—}шu’ ª {yw²x—ˆx‡Ž“±KŒ¬‚#¼@†x Ž“ˆu…”’‰LÀ ŽU}’wy’tˆu…‹—Œ¬.w²’t®‹‡{¾±KŽ“…„¾{¾±ttˆK±Œ¬B¹ ´‹ }’tw
z1x#À ®°…”Žµ’;¹¾’³„¾{x„n…´‹ ˆu…y’³´ ‘…”’B’´ „n{yx#„y† t…’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…q…
{y’z1v‰’w²‹{ ª w²±ÑŽ“±„¾{Œ‹wŒ‘‹¹#—´‹ t±KŒ¬.}uxÑv‰x‡Ž„n{²‹—ˆu…”*
‹ 8Ϻ~‚
¿ ¬ ’
´ h† t¯‹}u‹ˆ…”‹&Ž“­®‹—„yˆux#„²† ‘…‡zы{y’tw²…”… ¹ —´‹ }w²x‡Žµ’¾¹qŽQŽ&‹w ª ˆuŠ‡‹Œ¬B’ŠK„n{yw²’tzы—®°ˆK±Œ¬;¹¾’³„¾{zcx—{¾±KŽµ‹½¹ &´‹ }®‹“¯ ª }x‡Ž&‹ˆ…”‹&‘xw²‹—
Ž“…²’t´ Š„yt±Œ¬‹Š‘’®°’w²‹{yx—w—†x ŽVvuw²t±„yvu…”’„y‹‡¹~´‹ ‘±Œ¬.‘…²’´ À ŠK…°’«¹¾x—ˆK±—ŽO‘’® ª x„y…´‹ —ˆ…y’³´ ‘…‹“¹n‹Šˆ‹‡¹¾Ž“…²’t´ Š„yt’¾¹«’tˆu’wy…°…q}u’tw²t’tˆ…”‹‚
·’}ˆK±Kz c{¾±Œ¬Q‹—Š‘’®°’w²‹{yxw‰†x Žj¹¾’³„¾{Ch¼ gV< ¿ %ÿ 4ˆ–•V-—4˜(™š‚'˜#› 4™+€4œ4|-(-],. ~Š{‰†x wy±1¹n‹—Š8Ž“…”}‹~W† ˆ‹Êvuwy’ˆ} 5
„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆK±Kzň‹Ñw²±„t‚7ü—‚”üÎ}…‹Âw²‹—z1…°’7¶ì‹x‡Ž“±KzÈzы‡{²’tw²…°…¹h—´‹ }w²x‡Ž«’n¹«x}K{¾Ž&‹w²‹cŽ&‹w ª ˆuŠK…¹n‹ŠK…”’Cv‹—ˆux‡Žµ‹—­®°±Ž«’CŽ&‘’„yˆK±z
ƒG„yt’³Œ¬;„n† Ž“…”’t…°’‚Áƒ t’t® ª w²’¾¹¾’³„¾{²w²‹½¹¾…«tL´‹ „¾{²’tŠ6Ž“±Kvuwyx} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬[ŽÅŽ“±Kˆu…”Š ª }u’tw²t’tˆ…”‹Áwy’®”‹{¾±Ž“…„n{¾±KttˆK±Œ¬¹;´‹ }’tw
Ž=z1…”’¾¹n„²t‹—Œ¬Ávuwy’t…y’³´ ‘…‹.„n…²’δ Ž“…´‹ ’tŠY‘…²’´ À Š…Œ¬Ñ¹¾xˆ—†x Ž=…”ˆ„n{²‹®”x‡Ž&‹ˆu’C„«´‹ }’t{y’Š{²x—w²±—‚7·—’³}ˆK±z֍cˆu…Œ¬Ñ¹¾’„n{>yÆ 2 © ¼ ÿ !$4-—,4-ŸžN#%Ž*•h› œ4| . ‚qƒ
vuw²t’vuwyx‡Ž&‹—}u‹ˆK±Kz×{²‹z ’tŠ„nv’tw²±Kz1’tˆt…°’Wx^{²’¾¹„y‹—zc’n¹Lˆ‹—tŽ“…”’cxw²‹—ÎŽf‹ˆ‹—®°…”t…”’
ª ±„nŠK…”Žµ‹—ˆ±Œ¬Q}u‹ˆK±Œ¬S¯u…”’tw²t’.‹Š{¾±KŽ“ˆK± ª }ut…‹­®;Âw ª v‹Ê^º»wŒ‹—tx‡Ž“ˆu…h¼“’‹—Š¾¹¾… ¿ … ’‰´ tÀ ŠK…Œ¬S·—xˆ—†x Žf.ƒ\±}t…‹­® ª Ç#…°±KŠ…
º~x®°…°{y’³Œ¬uˆu…”Š…qƒ6‹wŒ„n³‹(Ž„nŠK…”’¾¹‘‚
€x—z1vu®”’‘{²ˆ‹‹—ˆ‹®”…°³‹}u‹—ˆ±Œ¬>’ŠK„yv’tw²±z1’ˆ{Œ‹®”ˆK±KŒ¬vx‡Ž“…°ˆˆ‹x¯‰’n¹¾zcx‡Ž&‹~~† w—†x Ž“ˆ…°’»À v‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ…°’»«z1xK}u’t®‹z1…—{²’txwy’5
{¾±‘ˆK±z1…K‹—ŠK­®”‹}u‹‡¹~´‹ ‘±Kz1…—w†x tÀ ˆP’ „y„²‘’ˆ‹w²… ª „n’ …qw²x—Ž«x—¹ ª wy’³‹Š½¹¾…Žj‘³‹—„y…°’µ…vuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆu…Ï(vuwyx‡Ž&‹—}u&—´‹ t’;}x7x—ŠKw²’‰„y† ®°xˆ±Œ¬
„n{²‹—ˆ—†x Ž[Š—x&‰†ˆ ‘x‡Ž“±Œ¬B„n{²‹—ˆux‡Ž“… ´‹ ‘±Œ¬Lvx}u„n{²‹(Ž ’#´ w²’¾¹¾’³„¾{²w²‹½¹¾…‡’ŠK„yv’tw²±z1’ˆ{Œ‹®”ˆu’¾¹‘‚ I«’tvx„y† wy’³}ˆu…”’vx—z1…‹w²±LŽ[{¾±KzUˆu…”’}x„¾{ ’t´ vN5
2
7
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§©
¦ ¨ª¬«
MTŸ¡
«
¤ £Ÿ¢”U­hO¥U
=
early universe
TEMPERATURE (MeV)
LHC
quark-gluon
plasma
RHIC
250
200
SPS
chemical freeze-out
150
AGS
deconfinement
chiral restoration
100
thermal freeze-out
50
hadron gas
SIS
atomic
nuclei
0.3
neutron stars
1
2
5
8
BARYON DENSITY (0.17 GeV/fm3) JLAB12
¼“±„ ª ˆu’tŠ8ü‚°ü|9L…‹Âw²‹—z ¶ì‹tx‡Ž“±z1‹{y’wy…”…¹ —´‹ }w²x‡Ž«’n¹u® ü¯
free
ze o
ut
ze
free
out
non−eq. hadr.
i.a.
HG
QGP
pre−eq.
t
z
primary interaction
¼“±„ ª ˆu’tŠÁü—‚ •| ¿ ‹„nx‡Žµx5 vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆK±Îw²x—Ž@‘†x ¹ ª ŠK­®‹—} ª vx‡Ž„¾{Œ‹®”­ ’t—xcŽUŽ“±Kˆu…”Š ª ³}’tw²t’ˆu…‹ct… ’´ tÀ ŠK…Œ¬C¹¾x—ˆL—†x Ž°® •;¯
ˆK±KzÅx—¯‰„n³‹w²t’Bt‹„nx‡Žµx5 vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆK±Kz ÿ ü³–N’”±²+³…»ü–y’$´Q“'‡ . ˆu…°’C„;L´‹ ¹¾’}ˆ‹—Šz1x#À ®°…”Žµ’—‚
¿ ‹„nx‡Žµx 5 vuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆuˆK±w²x—Ž@‘†x ¹Lw²’‹—Š¾¹¾…w²’t®‹‡{¾±KŽ“…„¾{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬.¹h—´‹ }’w„yŠK­®”‹}u‹Ê„n…²’1´ cŠK…”®°Š ª ¶ì‹vuw²t’}„¾{Œ‹(Ž“…°xˆ±Œ¬8ˆ‰‹
w²±„t‚Åü‚ •u¶
‚ µL‹v‰x‘B‡´‹ {²Š ª ‹—Œ¬xK}u6´‹ x}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹6vu…”’tw²Ž«x—{yˆu’ %ÿ 4ˆ¬'()*4'€©(D&ƒ#ƒ˜4$. ;¹»—´‹ }wŒ‹Svuw²t’ˆu…”Š(‹¹~´‹
vuw²t’W„y…°’¯u…”’ÎŽ!¯‹—w²}utxŠKw†x {²Š…”z ‘³‹—„y…°’‚CÔSv‰x‡Žµx} ª „yŠKw‰†x ‘’tˆ…”‹Ñvx}­® ª tÀ ˆK±Œ¬8w²x—tz1…‹w—†x ŽF¹»—´‹ }u’tw7vuwyxv‰xw²¾¹¾x—ˆ‹—®°ˆ…°’Î}ux
¿ ¸»º ü–—– . Ž„yt±„n{yŠK…°’ʈ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆK±6{²‹—w²tt±6…“vxKt…”„yŠ ª x}u}…”‹—­® ª ¹ ´‹
tt±Kˆuˆu…”Š‡S
‹ ·x—w²’tˆ{y³‹ ÿ }u®”‹[’tˆu’wy…°…&³}’tw²‹‘‹[h¼ gh< ¹
’W„yx—¯ C´‹ ¹¾’}ˆuxtt’„y† ˆu…”’—‚7ƒ\…°’®°xŠKwyx—{yˆu’Cx}u}ut…‹®”­ ±Ž&‹ˆ…”‹Ñ’®°’z1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆu’Îv‰xzc… ’´ }ut±Yˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆ‹—zc…#}u’tw²‹‡¹ ´‹ ‘±Œ¬@„n… ’´ ¹ ´‹ }’tw
³‹—Œ¬ux} δ‹ w—†x Ž“ˆux®°’—®”’—Kv‹—wn{²x—ˆK± ÿ ŠKŽ&‹w²ŠK…
…—® ª x—ˆK± . v‰xw ª „n³‹‡¹ c´‹ „n… ’>´ —®³­ —†x Ž“ˆu…”’Ž“}­® ª CÀ x„n…
w²’‹—Š¾¹¾… ÿ ¹¾’„n{{²x.„¾{Œ‹ˆÊvuwy’ˆ} 5
w—†x Ž“ˆux‡Ž&‹Âx‡Ž“±— 4¼”Q%{N(-]½'({N)¾. ¿
‚ µB‹—„n{’t´ vˆu…°’Êx„y…´‹ ‹—ˆK±.¹¾’„n{ф¾{Œ‹ˆw—†x Ž“ˆx‡Žµ‹——…Ï#‹¹¾’‰„y† ®°…&’´ „n{yx#„u† Ñ† ’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…¹¾’³„¾{
ª
Ž“±„n{²‹wŒ‘³‹‡¹ ´‹ ‘xC} ³À ‹C{²x1ŠŽ&‹w²ŠK…‰z1x δ‹ „yŽµx—¯xK}uˆu…°’7vuw²t’vu­®°±KŽ&‹~L† zc… ’´ }ut±Ñ¬‹}wyxˆ‹z1… 5hv‰x‡Ž„n{²‹¹¾’Lvu®‹zыΊKŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµx 5
® ª xˆux‡Ž&‹ ÿ 8Ϻ . ‚ Ò ŠK­®‹—}Yw²x—„yt’wy³‹1„n…²’—´ ‰ˆ‹—„n{’´ v ª ¹¾’C¬‹}w²x—ˆu…”‹½¹nÀ
‹ 5«vx‡Ž„n{²‹‡¹¾’>‹>¬‹}w²x—ˆux‡Ž“± ˜ÿ ›*ÁÂd
}D,4
;‚+. ‚ Ò ŠK­®”‹}6ˆ‹—}‹®¹¾’³„¾{WŽ „n{²‹—ˆu…”’}u‹®”’tŠK…”z
x}6w—†x Ž“ˆux‡Ž&‹Â… %ÿ 4ˆÃ4 5 %{N(-]½'({N)¾. »t‹—­®°±Q‘³‹—„>z1x— Y´‹ ‹Œ¬ux}t…‘ †
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§©
¦ ¨ª¬«
MTŸ¡
«
¤ £Ÿ¢”U­hO¥U
>
w²’‹—Š½¹¾’«ˆu…”’t’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆu’—‚#€…°’³}±C’³´ „¾{²x„† ;† zы—®°’n¹¾’¹¾’³„n³‘’µ¯‰‹wŒ}t…”’¾¹³‹—Œ¬ux}…ˆ„nŽ“±Kz1w²‹À ‹ˆ…°’+… ÿ ~Ä Å+ƒQ{N. 5#‘´‹ „¾{²ŠK…
vuw²t’³„¾{Œ‹‡¹ B´‹ x}u}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹~µ† t’L„yx—¯ 7´‹ …‰®°’³ >´‹ „yŽ«x¯‰x}ˆu…”’}xC}’t{y’Š{²x—w—†x Ž>Â}t…”’„ ´‹ wy’n¹¾’„n{yw²x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’«vxΐt‹—„y…”’µx>Ž“…”’t®”’w² ’³´ }“—†x Ž
Ž“…”’t®”Š—x#„y† t…Ž“…y’t´ Š„n±Kz ˆu…Œ7À Ž“±Kˆux„y…q‘‹„µ’tŽµx—® ª ½¹¾… ª ŠK­®‹—} ª vx‡Ž„n{²‹®”­ ’tÂxΎGŽ“±Kˆu…”Š ª ³}’tw²t’ˆu…”‹Îwy’®”‹{¾±KŽ“…”„n{¾±‘tˆK±Œ¬7¹;—´‹ }’w‚
FB¯’‘ˆ…°’&ˆu…”’&…”„yˆu…”’¾¹¾’&z1xK}u’t®ÃŠ{‰—†x w²±>¯K±K®°­ ¯K±CŽF„¾{Œ‹ˆu…”’&Žj„yv‰x„†x ¯ÎŠ—xz1vu®°’t{yˆK±>…„yv‘†x ¹¾ˆK±>xvu…”„²‹~«
† Ž„yt±„¾{²ŠK…°’«¶ì‹±Cwy’³‹Š½¹¾…Â
<¾„n{yˆu…”’¾¹»´‹ ‘’z1x}’t®”’x—vu…”’twŒ‹‡¹~W
´‹ „n…²’>´ ˆ‹cw‰#†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬³‹­®”xtÀ ’ˆu…‹—Œ¬‚
¿ ’t®”’tzf{²’¾¹»vuwŒ‹—t±¹¾’„n{«vx—w—†x Ž“ˆ‰‹ˆu…”’‘³‹—„yx‡Ž«,x 5Ãvuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆuˆ’t—xLwyxtŽµx¹ ª wy’³‹Š½¹¾…uw²’t®‹‡{¾±KŽ“…„¾{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬B¹ —´‹ }u’tw;ŽVxvu…”„y…”’
}Ž@†x Œ¬Cz1x}’t®”… | þ1¸ x—wŒ‹ Ò 'w 8
6:9W;‚ 6@x}’t® þ1¸ {yx7„n±Kz ª ®”‹½¹n ‹ 6@x—ˆ{y’ ¿ ‹w²®°x7}®‹“{y’x—w²…°…Ï7w²…°¯4x 35 ¼“’—’hx—v‹—wn{²’¾¹
ˆ‹z1xK}u’t® ª v‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Ž“±Kz ÿ ÇÆÈ'JDQ½ ;‚ pÁd'½%™• J¼(}D 4'€. Ç
‚ 2’txwy…‹S{Œ‹8¹¾’³„¾{Yx—v‹—wn{Œ‹ˆ‹j’‘¶'’Š{¾±Ž“ˆ’¾¹
{²’tx—w²…”…uv‰x®”‹—&¶'’ˆux—z1’tˆx—®”x——…‘ˆK±zËx—¯u…”’tŠ{y’zˍŽµ‹—ˆ±Kzfº~x—z1’tw²x—ˆu’z!w²’tvuw²’t’tˆ{ ª ¹h´‹ ‘±Kz!’®°’zc’ˆ{²‹w²ˆu’“x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹
³‹—Œ¬ux}“—´‹ ‘’&w—†x Ž“ˆux®°’—®”’—[‚ 2‹—Š…”’vx}’¾¹—„²† ‘…”’h¹¾’„n{«ˆ‰‹‡¹¾¯‹—w²}…°’n¹~‹}’tŠKŽ&‹‡{²ˆu’}xCxvu…”„ ª vxKtL´‹ {yŠ—x‡Žµ’¾¹#¶ì‹±Ww²’‹—Š¾¹¾… ‚ 6@x}’t®
Ò 'w 8
6:9 ÿ Ò ® {²w²‹ 5Ãw²’t®‹‡{¾±KŽ“…„¾{¾±‘ˆ‹«ŠŽ&‹ˆ{²x‡Žµ‹&}±Kˆ‹—zc…”Š‡‹“z1x—®”’tŠ ª ®‹w²ˆ‹u 4ˆÀ[-]˜4• ƒ-—(™+š‚'#
zd{DD˜{N)ÉÊ4-‘%#{N-—
Ëb€4)#ƒ‚+. {²x^z1…”ŠKwyx„nŠx—vx‡Ž“±.z1xK}u’t®#{ywŒ‹ˆ„yvx—wy{ ª x—v‰‹wy{¾±^ˆ‹Š—x‡Ž&‹w²…”‹—ˆ{yˆu’n¹µvuw²x—v‰‹Â‹½¹¾…Ž„n±K„n{yŠK…Œ¬@¬‹—}uwyxˆ—†x ŽOvx
ŠK®‹—„y±KttˆK±Œ¬6{ywŒ‹‡¹¾’Š{²x—w²…”‹Œ¬Ì
‚ 2‹—Š…&xvu…”„B¹¾’³„¾{1ˆ‹‡¹¾¯‰‹wŒ}t…”’¾¹Î‹}’tŠKŽ&‹‡{yˆK±S}xQx—vu…„ ª vh†x t† ˆu…”’¾¹n„yt±Œ¬’t{²‹vL—†x ŽÅw²’‹—Š½¹¾…µvx
ª
³‹‡¹—„²† ‘… ¬‹}wyxˆu…”‹—¾¹¾… ‚
6@x}’®°x‡Ž&‹ˆ‹w²’‹—Š¾¹n‹{yxW}’wy’tˆu…”’L}’ ª ’‘{²’tw²x—ˆ ª …¹ —´‹ }wŒ‹>t­®”x{Œ‹ ÿ ÍÎÊÏhÐ$. vuw²t±c’tˆ’tw²Â—…”$
… Ñ ³ ÒU•–a– ÓÔ4ÕÖ;×h‚#ƒ\±KŠ—,x 5
ÿ
ˆ‹—ˆu’Áx„n{²‹—ˆu…°’[v‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ…°’Á}‹ˆK±Œ¬\zcx}’®°x‡Ž“±Œ¬Gz1…²’´ }±\„nx¯.´‹ wyxtŠK­®”‹}±V‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠV’tz1…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬\Ž v’t­®”’tˆUŠ´‹ {
¯uw²±K­®°x‡Ž“±,˜ Ø . xw²‹—@}u‹ˆK±Œ¬\z1xK}u’t®”x‡Ž“±KŒ¬F…7’tŠ„nv’tw²±Kz1’tˆ{²‹—®°ˆK±Œ¬ ÿ wyxtŠK­®‹—}±…”ˆuŠK® ª t±KŽ“ˆu’8zы„n±Fv‰xvuw²t’ttˆu’n¹cxw²‹—
v ’´ } ª vx—vuw²t’³‘tˆ’t—x6‘ —´‹ „n{y’ŠS’tz1… {²x‡Žµ‹—ˆK±KŒ¬jŽÈx¯„n³‹w²±‹Š‘’tvu{²‹ˆ‰½¹¾…“}’‘{²’tŠ{yxw‰†x Ž . ‚\ÆKŠ‡‹®‹6‘‹„nx‡Žµx 5 vuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆuˆ‹
w²x—Žµ‹À ‹ˆK±Œ¬Qvuwyxt’„‰—†x Ž ˆu…”’^vx—Žµ‹—®”‹Áˆ‹Á¯’tv‰x#„n† w²’}uˆu…°’v‰xzc…‹w²±—hz1x#tÀ ®”…°Žµ’ι¾’³„¾{7¹¾’}uˆ‹Š6vx„y† wy’³}ˆu…”’¯‹}u‹ˆu…”’.{²’tÂx
ˆu…”’}ux„n{’t´ vˆu’tÂxSx—¯„y‹—w ª vuw²t± ª tÀ ±‘… ª …”ˆ{y’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’t{yw²…°…~¹;´‹ }wyx‡Žµ’¾¹‘‚¡Ôqx„n{²‹ˆ…°’@Ž“…²’´ [}x—Šx—ˆ‹—ˆu’Yv‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆu…”’Y¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾…
Šx—w²’t®‹—‘±³¹¾ˆK±Œ¬.x{²wy±Kz1‹—ˆK±KŒ¬^vuw²t± ª tÀ ±‘… ª zc’t{yx}±ÊŽµ‹—*
 ·’}uˆu…”ŒŠK…”’tÂxWÎ}‹ˆK±Œ¬^’tˆu’wyx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬.vuw²t’>zcx}’®°’>xw²‹—
ª
}x#„n† Ž“…‹—}‘‹—®°ˆK±Œ¬7¶ ˆ¾¹¾…Š—x—w²’t®‹—t±³¹¾ˆ±Œ¬x{²wy±Kz1‹—ˆK±KŒ¬Ž’Š„nv’tw²±Kzc’ˆ‘…”’µyÆ 2 © ¼>‚—Ôx„n{²‹—ˆ1´‹ w—†x Ž“ˆu…”’;À v‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆu’«v‰xˆ} 5
„n{²‹(Žµx‡Ž«’BŽ“…°’®°Šx„²† ‘… ª ±K„yŠK…°Ž&‹ˆ’B>‹ˆ‰‹®”…°±Ñ¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾…Šx—w²’t®‹—‘±³¹¾ˆK±Œ¬tt±K®”…
vuwyxz1…°’ˆu…°
’ g I2‚
¿ ’´ „† † Ž“±ˆ…°Š&—†x ŽFtŽ“…´‹ ³‹ˆ‹B—’ˆu’twŒ‹—¾¹#B´‹ w²x—ŠK®”­ ‹}“—†x Žj…°ˆuŠK® ª t±KŽ“ˆK±Œ¬1Lz1x}’t® ª þ1¸ x„n{²‹—®”­ ‹ ª ±„nŠ‡‹ˆ‰‹v‰x}ut‹—„
vx—¯K±{ ª ‹ ª {yxw²‹&ŽS®”…°vq ª •–—–É&ŽS®”‹—¯‰xw²‹{yxwy… ª u
z Ù Z¸ Úq‰‰ Ã
Ž G«‘x®°’;}u’~„ 68…°ˆu’³„}u’ µL‹—ˆ{y’„Ž«’µÇuwŒ‹ˆ¾¹¾…—Žµ’;Ž„yv—†x ­®”vuwŒ‹—t±
ª
ª
ª

1
þ
¸
>‹ {yx—w²’tz z1x}’®
5;€®‹ „y’tzȃ[’wyˆu’wy’zY‚
k
lnmpoqmprsut vfÛ
š › ¢ÝÜB¢
§3 › Ü š¦¥
ã
¥
Þ
Ú!š £ š ¢ ¨ ¢ Ü¹ß ¢ ÛXÞ Þ Ÿ¨àÞ Þâá
Ü ¢ § £ Þ©ã˞
ÞÇá
Þ
BxÎz1x}’t®”x‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹Ž“±„nxŠ—xK’tˆu’wy’‘{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬Wwy’³‹Š½¹¾…¹;´‹ }w²x‡Ž“±KŒ¬ ª tÀ ±KŽµ‹—zαW{yŽ>‚#’tˆu’w²‹{yxw‰†x Žjvuw²t±Kv‹}Š&—†x Ž>‚~Ï7’tˆu’w²‹5
{²x—w#vuwy±Kv‹—}Š&†x Ž}®”‹B}u’tw²t’~†ˆ ¹ —´‹ }w²x‡Ž“±Œ¬>{yx7z1xK}u’t®Kz1…°ŠKw²x„yŠ—x—vx‡Ž“±7x{yw²t±KzW±Ž&‹ˆK±BtŽ“±KŠK®°’µ«’Š„¾{²w²‹—v‰x®”‹½¹¾…xK}}t…‹­®”±5
Ž&‹µ@†ˆ ’®°’zc’ˆ{²‹w²ˆK±Œ¬ ÿ ‹ˆu…”¬u…”®”‹½¹n‹Ñ’®°’Š{yw²x—Nˆ 5 v‰xt±{yxˆÂ­®y’´ ¯‰xŠ—xшu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’>w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…”’—xK}}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹—ˆu…”‹1vwyx—{yx—yˆ 5
vuw²x{²x—ˆ . ˆ‹cw²’‹Š½¹¾’vuw²x{²x—Nˆ 5”¹ —´‹ }w²xÎxw²‹—;¹ ´‹ }w²x 5”¹ —´‹ }w²xvuw²t± ª À ±Kt… ª z1’‘{²x–
} 6@xˆ{y’ ¿ ‹w²®°x‰‚
9
ä*åæ
çéèVêìëxíqîïð:ñ¾òâóõô¬öq÷°ñ"øhð¿øhùaï"÷Núyûð
üpð¼úQýþøPÿ
ï"÷y÷øhùÈúð
ñ
ûŸÿ¾ø
@x}’® þ1¸ ® =4¯u¹¾’³„¾{7„n±Kz ª ®”‹½¹ "´‹ 6@x—ˆ{²’ ¿ ‹—wy®”xÑ}®‹c{y’txwy…”…Ï7w²…°¯x435 ¼“’—’Bxv‹wy{y’n¹«ˆ‹1z1x}’t® ª v‹wy{yxˆux‡Ž“±Kz ÿ
ÆÈ'JD ;‚ xÁd'½ 4™+•VJ‰ž”}y '€. ® ˜ ¯Ã‚68‹Wx—ˆ^v‰x„¾{Œ‹~† Šx} ª ˆ‹—vu…”„²‹ˆ’t—xΎS¹’t´ ±Š ª Çux—wy{ywŒ‹ˆ”>,>7‹ ª {yx—wŒ„n{¾Žµ‹>Âw ª v±
vuwŒ‹— ª ¹h—´‹ t’¾¹vx}CŠK…°’w ª ˆuŠK…°’z!€®”‹ ª „y‹ƒ[’wyˆu’w²‹L«®‹¯x—wŒ‹‡{²x—w²… ª z=Æ Ò I © 2ÈG ¿ gjŽ«’&ÇuwŒ‹ˆ‰½¹¾…ƒG„yt±„yt±>‹ ª {²x—w²t±Ž“±Kzc…”’ƒ5
ˆu…”’tˆ…;„ Ê´‹ ˆ‹@„n{yw²x—ˆ…°’1…”ˆ{²’tw²ˆu’‘{²x‡Ž«’nÀ
¹ ® =;¯ –
‚ 2’tx—w²…‹ÊÏ7w²…°¯4x 35 ¼’t—’Wxv‹wy{²‹^ˆ‹Yz1x}’t® ª v‹wy{yxˆux‡Ž“±Kz ¹¾’„n{Cv‰x­® ´‹ ‘’tˆu…”’tz
vx}’¾¹—„²† ‘…‹ÑÏ7wy…”¯‰4x 35½¼“’t—’B…
zcx}’® ª v‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Žµ’tÂx®°…”ŠKŽ“…”} ª ¹h—´‹ «¹¾’}ˆxKtt’„n† ˆu…”’vuw²x—¯u®”’tzW±.ŽUˆu…Œ¬YŽ“±„¾{’t´ v ª ¹»´‹ ‘’‚
6@x}’® þ1¸ ¹¾’³„¾{B‹vwyx—¹¾’tŠ{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±ÑŽO‘’t® ª@ª ˆu…”Žµ’twŒ„y‹—®°ˆu’—x1x—v…”„ ª Ž„n±K„n{yŠK…Œ¬YxK}}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹µ^
†ˆ Ž“±„yx—ŠK…°’n¹µ’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…Â
Ò zcx#tÀ ®”…°Ž“…‹Êz1xK}u’t®”x‡Žµ‹—ˆu…°’1‹ˆ…°¬u…”®‹—½¹¾…h’®°’Š{yw²x—Nˆ 5 v‰xt±{yxˆ
w²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹.®”’tv{²x—ˆ†x ŽËˆ‹Yˆ ª ŠK®”’txˆ‹—Œ¬wy’³‹Š¾¹¾…~¬‹—}w²x—yˆ 5
¬‹}w²x—ˆ ÿ vuwyx—{yxNˆ 5Ãvwyx—{yx—ˆ .  Ï ÿ vwyx—{yx—yˆ 5°¹ ´‹ }wyx . xw²‹—Bxvu…„ ª ¹¾’Ž&‹w ª ˆuŠK…qv‰xt ‡´‹ {²Š—x‡Žµ’Bw²’‹—Š¾¹¾… Ï Ï ÿ ¹ ´‹ }wy,x 5°¹ ´‹ }w²x . ‚
6
m p!" b#lnm
Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾’vuw²x0® ª x—wŒ‹‹—z1vu®°…°{ ª }±1wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”‹Bx}—w²±KŽµ‹¹#7´‹ v‰x}u„n{²‹(Žµx‡Ž7´‹ w²x—®²’´ ŽV¶'x—w²zы®”…°z1…°’“z1x}’t® ª uþc¸ Ž“…y’³´ 
x„n{²‹ˆ δ‹ xzF†x Ž“…°xˆu’7ˆ‹cv‰x‘ ‡´‹ {²Š ª ‚
µ…”’Œ¬ ů ’´ }…°’@‹—zcv®°…°{ ª } Á
´‹ ’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆu’tÂx8w²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹8}Ž ª t…”‹—­®°x‡Žµ’tÂx‚ ¿ ‘{²’tw²x—v ’´ }± V… Bx—v…”„ ª ¹ Q´‹ ‘ ´‹ „¾{²ŠK…
vuw²t’³}8w²’‹—Š½¹ ´‹ 
‹ Ò Î … aÒ
xvu…”„ ª ¹ Ê´‹ ‘ —´‹ „n{yŠK…~v‰xYw²’‹Š½¹¾…Ï ¹¾’³„¾{>vuw²t’Š(‹—t’z ‘‘{²’tw²x—v ’´ } ª ÿ w²±„t‚1•‚”ü . ‚
Ò tÀ ±KŽµ‹¹~—´‹ L{¾Ž“…°’w²}ut’tˆ…”‹Wx—v{¾±ttˆu’—xÎz1x#tÀ ˆ‹c‹—vu…„y‹~B† ‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{¾±Ñvuwy’tŠKw‘†x ¹«tt±KˆuˆK±>¹n‹Šx
%$
Â}ut…”’³
Ò ÿ
* ) + *, -() . +/.10 ,
/. …;: =ÿ >< 0?
Î
. ±
aÒ
,
243653 ÿ
7$ 98:
ü
ÿ
•³ •<½z ³ Ò\–
. ±>„ W
´‹ z1…°’ˆuˆK±z1…Z68‹—ˆ}’®”„n{²‹—z1‹‚
³ . Ò
/
.
& ('
ÿ •u‚°ü
.
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
P
~
p=p+q
p’
~
p’=p’−q
%D IH
´
¤V£
T¡ «
L$
¼“±„ ª ˆu’tŠ^•u‚°ü| © z1vu®”… { ª }u‹1w²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹>’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆu’tÂx
M$
$ ) ÿ 98ON
B’ ˆu… ª ¹¾’zα.{²w²‹—ˆ„n¶'x—w²z1‹{ ’´ Çux ª wy…”’twŒ‹C j¹n‹Šx
9 ƒ0
aÒ
±
,0
Ó
³
Ó
·‹Š.z1x#À ˆ‹W­®”‹{¾Ž«xфyvuw²‹(Ž}ut…‘ †
˜
¹® ,¯
.
.
ÿ •u‚ É
.
2 3653 ÿ P N ÿ 98ON 8
ÿ •u‚ ˜
.
Í
.
±
Ô ’
˜,Ø ±
}’ƒ0‰ˆu… ª ¹¾’tzαιn‹Šx
98ON
ÿ³
. Ò
³
$ ) ÿ 98ZN
ü
•,³ •<½z
³ . Ò
98ON
1
ÿ •u‚ •
: Y0 , Q ‚»Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹‡’>´ vuwyx ® ª ÿ 8ZN
ª À ±Ž&‹‡¹h´‹ 
P R, Q /SUWT V XT $ ÿ 98:
ü
. Ò
³
Y
³
Í ± Ó
.
.
³
-N
‘x1vx—Žµ‹—®”‹W…°ˆ{²’tw²vuwy’t{yx‡Ž&‹~ † Ó ÿ ³ . ¹n‹—Š—x1vuwŒ‹(Ž}x—vx}x—¯…°’~†ˆ „¾{¾ŽµxCx}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹W7v‰‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²wy’z }’wy’tˆu…‹ ‡‚
68‹—zαÁ}x@tt±Kˆu…”’tˆu…‹Êcv‰‹wy{yx—ˆx‡Ž“±z1…Ï
¬‹—}uwyxˆux‡Ž“±Kzc…#…
¹»´‹ }wyx‡Ž“±Kz1…#¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹z1…»vwyx,0® ª ‚1º~xˆu…”’tŽ&‹Î
À ¬‰‹—}w²x—ˆux‡Žµ’
…#¹ —´‹ }uwyx‡Žµ’Ѷ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾’Êvuw²x 0® ª }u‹Q„y… ’^´ Ž“±wŒ‹…‘† ‹[v‰x#„n† w²’}uˆu…”‘{¾Ž«’z v‰‹wy{yx—ˆx‡Ž“±KŒ¬#z1x#tÀ ®”…°Žµ’C¹¾’³„¾{.„n¶'x—w²z ª x‡Ž&‹ˆu…”’1{y’x—w²…°…
Ž“…”’t®”x—ŠKw²x{yˆ’t—xÎwyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”‹‚
[
d
\W] ^`_ " b»i " ehgi
eI\¾e
l m
a$ Zb
ƒð¯‹wŒ}t…”’¾¹c„n³‘t’Â;†x ­®°x‡Ž“±Kzߍ‹—vu…”„y…”’^’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆ Á´‹ ‹—z1vu®°…°{ ª } ’Y´ wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”‹Á}Ž ª ‘…‹­®”x‡Žµ’t—xÁ‹v…”„ ª ¹¾’tzW±Y¹n‹Šx
© zcv®°…°{ ª }h’>´ wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”‹Cˆu…°’’t®‹—„n{¾±‘tˆ’t—xc}x1Š—x&†ˆ ‘x‡Žµ’tÂxW„n{²‹ˆ ª ³‹vu…„ ª ¹¾’tzW±>¹n‹Šx ±
ÿ w²±„t‚»•u‚ • . ‚
n
h
h
n
h
n
h
n
n
h
n
h
n
h
n
h
n
mhlmhlmhl mhlmhlmhl mhlmhlmhl qphmlmlml ohnohohqp ohnohohqp ohnohohqp ohnohohnonoo
qphqphqhp qphqphqp qphqphqp qpqpqp
qhpqhpqhp hqphqphqp jj hqphqphqp jj qpqpqp jhjhjj
ighighihg ihgihgihg ihgihgihg igigig hkjkhkhhkjkhkhkhjkhkhkjkk
dc
uhtuhtuht uhtuhtuht uhtuhtuht wv ututut whv wvhwv
wvhwvhwv whvwhvwhv whvwhvwhv wvwvwv
hwvhwvhwhvwhv whvwhv wvwv
shrshrshr shrshrshr shrshrshr wv srsrsr whv whv wv
e$ Zb
¼±K„ ª ˆu’Š^•‚ •| © z1vu®”…°{ ª }u‹1w²x—vuwŒ‹—„y‹ˆ…”‹Î’t®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆu’—x
µ’tv‰x#„n† w²’}ˆ… W´‹ Š—xˆ„n’ŠKŽ«’ˆ½¹ ´‹ ª uˆ …°{²‹w²ˆux#„y† t…¹¾’³„¾{
I
e$ ZbMf
e$ ZbMf
ÿ ®”’tŽ&‹ . … ˆ…°’’t®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆu’—x
± ±
x$ Ob +yz ÿ $ ZbMf ‘ÿ $ ZbMf {
•<½z
± Š±
Ò
±
.
±
.
±
‚
± ±
ÿ vuwŒ‹(Žµ‹ . ® +• ¯
ÿ •u‚ 7
.
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
Ya¢$­
D IH E J KJ
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
ü³–
Y
»º wŒ‹(Ž&‹7„n{yw²x—ˆ‰‹Bw—†x Ž“ˆ‰‹ˆu…‹ ÿ •‚\7 . zcx#tÀ ’¯K±«&† vuw²t’³}u„¾{Œ‹(Ž“…°xˆ‹«¹n‹Šx„ ª t…y’t´ {¾±W}…‹Âw²‹—z"… ÿ #{Na4)¾. ‚hƒ\±Kw²‹tÀ ’5
ˆu…”’7{yx1vuw²t’³}u„¾{Œ‹(Ž“…°xˆuxcŽG¶'x—w²z1…°’Âw²‹0‰‘ˆu’¾¹;ˆ‰‹1wy±„‚~•u‚ ɂ
h€h€h€ h€h€h€ h€h€h€ •” €€€ •h” •h” •”
”•h•”h•”‰ˆ ”h••h”•h”‰ˆ ”h••h”•h”‰ˆ ”••”•”‰hˆ ‰hˆ ‰hˆ ‰ˆ
h•”h•”hƒ‚…„‡† •h”•h”ƒ‚…„‡† •h”•h”ƒ‚…„‡† •”•”ƒ‚…h„‡† ƒ‚…h„‡† ƒ‚…h„‡† ƒ‚…„‡†
}h|}h|}h| }h|}h|}h| }|h}|h}| •h” }|}|}| •h” •h” •”
¼±K„ ª ˆu’Š^•‚ Éu|~ƒ\±KwŒ‹tÀ ’ˆu…”’M¾
‹h‹h‹ ‹h‹h‹ —h– ‹h‹h‹ —h– ‹‹‹ —h– —–
¡h¡h¡h¡
¯h® ¯h® ¯h® ¯h® ¯® «h«h«h­h¬ « ­h¬ ­h¬ ­h¬ ­¬
ŠhŠhŠhŠhŠhŠh–—h—–hŠŠŠ “’ –h——h– ŠŠŠ “’ –h——h– “h’ –——– “h’ “h’ “h’ “’ * ¡h ¡h ¡h ¡h ¡h ¡h¹¸¸¹h¹¸h©¨ ¡ ¡ ¹h¸¸h¹¹h¸©¨ ¹h¸¸h¹¹h¸©¨ ¹¸¸¹¹¸©h¨ ©h¨ ©h¨ ©¨ ·h¶ ·h¶ ·¶ »hººh»»hº ·¶ »hºº»h»ºh¯h®¯®·¶ »hºº»h»ºh¯h®¯®·¶ »ºº»»º ¯h®¯h® ¯h®¯h® ¯®¯® «h«hªªhªh«h«hªªhªh«h«hªªhªh½¼¼½½¼ ­h¬­h¬ ««ªªª½¼¼½h½¼h­h¬­h¬ ½¼¼½h½¼h­h¬­h¬ ½¼¼½½¼ ­h¬­h¬ ­¬­¬
~h~hh~ ~h~hh~ —h–—–h—–h—h– ~~~ hŒŽ‘ —–—–h—–h—h– ~~~ hŒŽ‘ —–—–h—–h—h– ŒhŽ‘ —–—–—–—– ŒhŽ‘ ŒhŽ‘ ŒhŽ‘ ŒŽ‘ = ™h˜ ™h˜ ™˜ ¹h¸¹¸h¹¸h¹h¸£¢¥¤§¦ ™˜ ¹h¸¹h¸¹h¸¹h¸£¢¥¤§¦ ¹h¸¹h¸¹h¸¹h¸£¢¥¤§¦ ¹¸¹¸¹¸¹¸£¢¥h¤§¦ £¢¥h¤§¦ £¢¥h¤§¦ £¢¥¤§¦ ±°³h²µ´ ±°³h²µ´ ±h°³²µ´ »º»ºh»ºh»hº ±°³²µ´ »hº»ºh»ºh»hº Ÿž±°³²µ´ »hº»ºh»ºh»hº Ÿž±°³²µ´ »º»º»º»º Ÿhž Ÿhž Ÿž = šhšh›hš šhšh›hš šhšh›š½h¼½¼h½¼½¼ œ šš›š½h¼½¼h½¼h½h¼ œ ½h¼½¼h½¼h½h¼ œ ½¼½¼½¼½¼ hœ œ
hŸžhŸž hŸžhŸž ŸhžŸhž ŸhžŸhž ŸžŸž ›h›h›h›hh›h› œœ ›› hœhœ hœhœ hœhœ œœ
hhhhhh 
™h˜™h˜ ™h˜™h˜ h™˜h™˜ ™˜™˜
z ÿ $ ZbMf ‘ÿ $ ZbMf { z1x#tÀ ’¯K±;7† vuw²t’³}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆu’«¹n‹Šx ª ‘…²’‘´ {¾±}u…”‹——wŒ‹z
.
±
.
±
„
•
*…V® +¯
’tw²zc…”ˆ¿„ ª ‘…²’‘´ {¾±}u…”‹——wŒ‹z*…>x—ˆ‹—t‹ÁŽ“…y’³´ ŠKŽ&‹—}wŒ‹‡{cˆu…°’’t®‹—„n{¾±‘tˆ’¾¹W‹—zcv®°…°{ ª }u±—;Ž“±„ ª z1x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’¾¹Cvx6Ž„n±„¾{²Š…Œ¬
„n{²‹—ˆ‹—Œ¬jŠ—x&‰†ˆ ‘x‡Ž“±Œ¬hŠ{‰†x wy±Y¹¾’³„¾{.w—†x Ž“ˆK±SvxK}uŽ@‘†x ¹¾ˆu’n¹ ª w²x¹¾xˆu’¾¹W„yŠK­®”‹}x‡Žµ’¾¹W‹—zcv®°…°{ ª }u±wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…‹@’t®‹—„n{¾±‘tˆ’t—x‰
{²tŽ>‚h‹z1vu®”… { ª }±^’t®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆu’n¹‘‚
6@x#tÀ ˆ‹ÁŽ“… ’³´ Ž“vuw²x‡Ž&‹—}…‘Ñ
† „y±Kzίx—®”’—wŒ4‹ 0‘tˆ’.¯‹wŒ}xÁŽ“±K—x}ˆu’Ê}xÁxvu…„ ª ÿ ˆu…”’ . ’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’—x8w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹YŽ
ˆ‹„¾{ ’t´ vuˆK±Œ¬vx}wyx}…”‹—®”­ ‹Œ¬‚Sº»w²t’³}u„¾{Œ‹(Ž“…°xˆ‹@ˆ‹[w²±K„‚•‚ ˜Qvu…°xˆux‡Ž&‹Á‘… ´‹ ­®”‹Á®°…”ˆu…‹Áxvu…„ ª ¹¾’Y‹z1vu®”…°{ ª } ’Ê´ ’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆ ´‹
ÿ }®”‹ÎŽ“±K—x}±1vuw²t’tz1ˆux#tÀ xˆ‹>vuw²t’ . Kˆ‹{yx—z1…‹—„n{«vu…”x—ˆx‡Žµ‹>vwy’tw²±Ž&‹ˆ‰‹®°…”ˆu…‹Îxtˆ‹‘‹ ª ‘… ’‘´ {¾±.}…‹Âw²‹—¶
z 5h‹z1vu®”…°{ ª } ’ ´
ÿ
ÿ
.
.
ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆ1´‹ vuwŒ‹(Žµ‹c„n{yw²x—ˆ‹Ww‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ…”‹ •u‚ 7 vx}t…”’t®”x—ˆ‰‹c}u®”‹cŽ“±K—x}±Ñvuw²t’C,• ³ ‚
2
¿
= 2s
−1 T2*>X T2
= i T2 >2
>X
= 2s
−1 2 ImT2
>2
“¼ ±„ ª ˆu’Š•‚ ˜| Ò tÀ ±{²’‘ˆu’x—ˆ‹—tt’tˆ…°’7‹z1vu®”… { ª }±.’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆu’¾¹‘|[„nˆ…°’ ª ‘… ’‘´ {¾±Ñ}…‹Âw²‹—z"… ÿ4ˆ {N”#ƒ{NP,4)¾.>ÿ ®°’Žµ‹
…
ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’n¹„ ª ‘… ’‘´ {¾±.}…‹Âw²‹—z"… ÿ
#{N,4)¾.>ÿ vuwŒ‹(Žµ‹c„¾{²wyxˆ‹ . ® •;¯
À
.
" \ ÂÁ " \Ã>bÅÄÇÆÈ ;ÉÊÉË
a b ¾e
ƒ y{ ’x—w²…°…Ï7w²…”¯‰x435½¼“’t—’® ɯ~„yt´‹ „¾{²Š(‹—z1…‘…«Ž“±Kzc…”’tˆ…”‹—ˆ±Kz1…Ž }’wy’tˆu…‹—Œ¬Ê¬‹}wyxˆN5 ¬‹—}w²x—ˆ^® ª ¯1¹h—´‹ }w²x5”¹~—´‹ }w²xcŽ“±K„yx—ŠK…”’¾¹
’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…‰„«C´‹ º~x—z1’wyxˆ±‚µL…°’„»C´‹ x—ˆu’7‘L´‹ „¾{²Š‡‹z1…‰’®°’z1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆK±Kz1… ®°’³‘B„«C´‹ Šx¹n‹—wyx—ˆu’&t’Bt­®”x#À x—ˆK±Kzc…}…‹Â—wŒ‹zы—zc…$8 ¿ 9΂
·‹Š‡‹Šx—®”Ž“…°’Š1¯±K­®‹¯K±Ñˆ‹{ ª wŒ‹Wº~xz1’tw²x—ˆ ª ¹¾’—x1vuw²x—v‹—‹‡{²x—w«zcx#tÀ ’¯K±;7† „yv‹—w²‹—zc’t{yw²±Ktx‡Ž&‹ˆK±¹n‹—Š—x
Ó
GÕ :
8: ÍÌ ÎÐÏÒÑÔÓ
ÿ³
.
³
ÖÕ : *Õ
ÍØÚÙÛÙÒÜØ
Õ×. :
ÿ •u‚ =
Â}ut…”’ ÿ . ¹¾’„n{µ{²w²‹¹¾’tŠ{yxwy…uδ‹ ¼’t—’tÂx‚»Ôq‹ŠK­®‹—}u‹—zα¹¾’¾¹&®”…°ˆu…”x‡ŽÎ´‹ vx„n{²‹~ † ÿ . Ò ÿ – .Î ÿ – . ‚
µL‹(Žµ’‘{“Ž x}u}t…‹®”­ ±KŽµ‹—ˆu…‹—Œ¬.¬‹}w²x—ˆN5 ¬‹—}uwyxˆ.ŠK…°®”Š‡‹cº~xz1’tw²x—ˆ†x Ž[¹¾’³„¾{Ž“±Kz1…”’tˆu…‹ˆK±Œ¬w—†x Ž“ˆux®°’—®”’ ÿ wy±„‚»•‚\7 . ‚
º»w²t±B{²‹—ŠK…°’n¹v‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²wy±K³‹—½¹¾…—vuwyxv‹Â‹‡{²x—wŒ‹µº~xz1’tw²x—ˆ ª ÓG„nv®°x—{¾±ŸÓ
bÓGzcxÂC“
´‹ ¯K±«»† Ž“±„ ª z1x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’“‘xBv‰xtŽ&‹®‹
ª
x¯u®°…‘±;B† ‹—zcv®°…°{ }h’>´ ’t®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆ1´‹
.
98: ˜ ¿ P N’hÝv ¿ Þ0 ß Þ0 N ÿ 98ON 8
Îÿ ³
Ï
Â}ut…”’B¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹Wvwyx,0® ª
. Ò
Ø
Í ±
~®
P¯ ¸
³
.
ÿ •u‚\>
.
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
üü
Y
“¼ ±„ ª ˆu’Š^•‚\7|»¼“xtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”’B¬‹}w²x5 ¬‹—}w²x—ˆŽU{²’tx—w²…”…Ï7wy…”¯‰x435½¼“’t—’‚~€>‹À }u‹Wvu…”x—ˆux‡Ž&‹c®°…”ˆu…‹cv‰xzc… ’´ }ut±¬‰‹—}w²x—ˆ‹—z1…
w²’tvuw²’t’tˆ{ ª ¹¾’7º~xzc’wyxˆ‚#ƒ\±z1…‹ˆ‹1º~xzc’wyxˆ—†x ŽV³‹—Œ¬ux}…
w‰†x Ž“ˆux—®”’t®°’‚® ˜¯
ä
¸
98ON !ü`0 /à ÏâáOã X Ó 8
ÿ³
. Ò
ÿ •u‚ /
¼Ô ’
ˆ‹{yx—z1…‹—„n{ Á¹¾’„n{“{ywŒ‹ˆ‰„¾¶'xwyzы‡{ δ‹ Çx ª w²…°’w²‹Wvuw²x—v‹—‹{yx—wŒ‹Cº~xzc’wyxˆ ª
ÿ³ . Ò ü Í ± Ó ÿ³ .Ô ’
.
Ó
ÿ •u‚
ä 8ZN ¿ P ß 98: 1S åT XT Ù
ƒ\±„¾{ ’t´ v ª ¹ >´‹ ¹¾’}u±ˆ…°’1t‹—­®°ŠK…}uŽ ª Ž“±Kz1…‹w²x‡Ž«’ ÿ N8 ß qv‰xˆu…°’Žµ‹CÀ vuw²t±YŽ“±„nxŠK…”Œ¬@’ˆu’tw²Â—…‹—Œ¬Yvuw²t’Š(‹—Îv ’´ } ª ‹
ª ª
ª
1 .
˜Ø
Í ±
Í ±
.
45
Œ ¬ux}…t¹¾’³}±Kˆu…”’«ŽSŠK…”’tw ˆuŠ vx—vuw²t’³‘tˆK±KzY(Ž“… ’³´ »vxK}u®­ À ˆu’µ…vx—vwy’‘ˆu’«„n{yxvuˆu…”’«„yŽ«x¯‰x}±z1x— “´‹ ¯K±;»† w²x—tv‰‹‡{yw²±KŽµ‹—ˆu’
x}u}…°’®°ˆ…°’‚ ¿ ‹—­®°ŠK…qŽ Š…”’tw ª ˆuŠ ª v‰x}­® ª tÀ ˆK±KzÅz1x—ÂWδ‹ ¯K±«7† x—¯u®”…‘txˆu’7ˆ‹‡¹¾vu…”’tw²Ž>Ž“…y’´ „nv®°x—{¾±Ñvuwyxv‹Â‹‡{²x—w—†x Ž\º~x—z1’tw²x—ˆ ª
Ó
¿Ó „«1
´‹ vuw²x„n{¾±z1…‹­®”Š‡‹z1…}Ž ª Ž“±Kz1…”‹—wyx‡Ž“±Kz1…
ˆ‹Ñvu­®‹—„ytt±«t† ˆ…°’>vµ’´ } ª vx—vwy’‘ˆu’tÂx‚9L…y’´ Š…{y’z ª Ž“±Kˆu…”Š…
z1x#À ˆ‹W‹v…”„y±KŽµ‹~L† Ž wy’vuw²’tt’ˆ{²‹—¾¹¾…‰v‰‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²w ª }’wy’tˆu…‹uutt±K®°… Í ±
G»®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆ±1vuw²t’ŠKw‰t†x ¹«‘±ˆˆ±Ž“±ˆx„y…
æØçÙÒÛÙèØ
Åé RNÙÛÙÛÙ
2ëê=ì P Ní ÿ 8ZN í 8
¸
Í ±
Ò
. ±
³
ÿ •‚”ü–
.
ÿ •‚”ü—ü
.
ª À ±Ž&‹‡¹ ´‹ {¾Ž“…”’twŒ}’tˆu…‹Îxv{¾±‘ˆu’tÂxc‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{¾±cvwy’tŠKw‰t†x ¹«‘±KˆuˆK±.Ž“±Kˆux„y…
2Ð353 ;î Îÿ 8²– P N
•h¼’ ÿ 98ON 8
Ҍ/,Ø ,‡
Ï
³
. Ò
Í ±
¸
³
.
’tx—w²…‹1{²‹ˆu…°’cz1x#À ’ίK±;“† ¹¾’}uˆ‹ŠY‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆ‹1}x’tˆu’w²‹½¹¾…vuwy±Kv‹—}Š&†x Ž‹5&ŽËt’t® ª x—¯u®”…‘t’ˆu…‹Ñ’tŠ„yŠ® ª ±Ž“ˆK±Œ¬
vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹u—†x ŽG‘±KˆuˆK±KŒ¬Ê{²wy’t¯‹cŽ“…”’}…°’
µ† ¹n‹Š^}ut…”’t®”…‘† ’ˆu’tw²Â—… ’´ v‰xzc… ’´ }ut±vx¹¾’³}±Kˆ‘’xK}}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹—ˆu…”‹W’t®”’tz1’ˆ{Œ‹w²ˆu’>Ž
vuw²t±Kv‹}Š ª Ž“…°’®°xŠKwyx—{yˆu’—xÑw²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹uh‚ <¾„n{yˆ…°’n¹h.´‹ w†x tÀ ˆ’W‹®”—xwy±{²zα^}ut…”’t®”’tˆu…‹.’ˆu’tw²Â—…”… ÿ ŽË„n³‘’tÂ;†x ®°ˆx„²† ‘…Ž!z1’t{yx 5
}u‹Œ
¬ 6@xˆ{y’ ¿ ‹w²®°x . Œ¹¾’³}ˆ‹ŠÁ³À ‹—}’ˆW&ˆu…Œ¬cˆu…°’&z1x#À ’«¯K±«µ† ‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆ±}x®”…”tt’tˆ…”‹Bvuw²t’tŠKw²x¹u†x Ž6tt±KˆuˆK±Œ¬Îxvu…”„²‹ˆK±Œ¬
vx‡Ž“±htÀ ’¾¹‘‚ Ò tÀ ±KŽµ‹Y„y… ’Ñ´ Ž“­®‹„²† ‘…”Ž“…”’c}Ž@†x Œ¬[ˆ…°’‹®”’À ˆK±KŒ¬[z1xK}u’t®”…;}x@®”…”tt’tˆ…”‹Êvuw²t’Šw²x¹u†x Ž!‘±ˆˆ±Œ¬[…;}x@x—v…”„ ª vwy,x 5
} ª Š½¹¾…“tL—´‹ „n{y’ŠqÌ
‚ 9Bx}u‹‡{²Š—x‡Ž“±Kz ‹w²Â ª z1’ˆ{²’tzßvuw²t’³‘…”Ž“Š—xÁvx‡Ž“±hÀ „yt±Kz ‹®”—xwy±{yz1xz vuw²x} ª Š½¹¾…&‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠÊ¹¾’„n{1¶ì‹Š{
ª
À ’^}w —…µº~x—z1’tw²x—ˆ6…µŠ—x®°’n¹¾ˆu’.{²w²‹—Š{²x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’.„ @´‹ ŽÅ…”ˆuˆK±6„yvx„‰—†x ¯Sˆu…ŒÀ vu…”’tw²Ž„yt±—hŒ¬uxt…”‹.À Ž v‰x‡Ž“±»³À „n±KŒ¬Sw—†x Ž“ˆ‰‹ˆu…‹—Œ¬
Ž„yt±„n{yŠK…°’º~x—z1’wyxˆ±Ñ„«c´‹ x—vu…„n±KŽ&‹ˆu’7…}’tˆ{¾±‘ˆu…°’‚
2
Ôï ð `b ^ l e " ]bÊLbÅñC_
@x}’®Lv‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Ž“±v‰xtŽ&‹®‹6x—¯u®”…”tt±«@† vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹¾’Ytt±Kˆuˆu’Áˆ‹Sw²’‹Š½¹¾’@¬‹}w²x—ˆN5 ¬‹—}uwyxˆjˆ‹v‰x}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”’8‹—­®°x#tÀ xˆ±Œ¬
w²x—Š®­ ‹—}—†x ŽVv«’³´ } ª v‹wy{yxˆ—†x Ž\vx‘…„nŠ ª …q{²‹wŒ‘±—‚µ…”’>}u‹‡¹¾’«¹¾’}ˆ‰‹Š.z1x#À ®°…”Žµx„²† ‘… ª x—«—†x ®”ˆu…°’ˆu…‹Cˆ‹c}u’tw²t’tˆ…”‹¹h—´‹ }w²x5”¹~—´‹ }w²x
ÿ Ï . ‚ µL…°’ŠK…°’³}±V‹ŠK®­ ‹—}u‹„n… ’Á
´ vuw²t’ŠKw‰t†x ¹1tt±KˆuˆK±Vvuwyx—{yxNˆ 5Ãvwyx—{yx—ˆ\}®‹Š‡‹À }’n¹.v‹w²±jˆ ª ŠK®”’txNˆ 5È ª ŠK®”’txˆFŽ ª Š­®‹—}ut…”’
Ï
ÿ 4ˆ*D{D#-— 4
‚ 2#‹ŠK…”’C‹—­®°x#tÀ ’ˆu…°’Έu…°’L¹¾’„n{;¹¾’³}ˆ‹Š@„y­® ª „nˆu’.qÂ}±»CÀ ˆ‰‹(Ž«’t{LŽ=}’wy’tˆu…‹—Œ¬@}’ ª {y’wyxNˆ 5 t­®”x{yx
6
ò
ò
ÍóGôZõ÷ö
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
ü(•
Y
¹¾’„n{“w‰#†x tÀ ˆK±Ñx}ι¾’³}ˆux#„y† t…a® •˜4¯Ã‚
€ x—®”’¾¹¾ˆK±Kz vuw²x—¯u®”’tz1’zO¹¾’„n{ ÿ …”}u’tˆ{¾±‘tˆ…°’µ¹n‹ŠÑŽU{y’x—w²…°…Ï7w²…°¯x435 ¼“’—’ . ¶ì‹—Š{htÀ ’ŽUx¯u®”…”tt’tˆ…”‹Œ¬.’tŠ„yŠ® ª ±Ž“ˆK±Œ¬
ÿ —’tˆ’twŒ‹—½¹¾…&vuw²t±Kv‹}Š&—†x Ž . ˆu…”’@Ž“…”‹}x—z1x^¹n‹Šj}ut…”’t®”…‘Ê† ’tˆ’tw²Â—…y’Ê
´ vx—z1…²’´ }±x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹Á’®°’z1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆu’‚\º»w²t±KŠK­®”‹}ˆ5
ª
x‡Žµx@z1xK}u’t®«º;±{y¬u…Ã
‹ ® 7;¯«Â’tˆu’w ¹¾’.vu…”’tw²Ž„n’.x}u}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹—ˆu…”’c’®°’z1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆu’t—x}ˆ…°’.…°ˆuŠK® ª t±KŽ“ˆK±Kz w#†x À ˆu…‘tŠx‡Ž“±Kz
vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹¾’tzȐtt±KˆuˆK±Kzʏˆ‹„¾{’t´ vuˆu…”’ ª tÀ ±KŽµ‹1vx—x„n{²‹—®­ 1´‹ ’ˆu’tw²Â—…²’δ }x^ˆ‹—„n{’´ vuˆu’tÂx‰… {Œ}
‚Lƒ3{²’tˆÁ„yv‰x„†x ¯@—’ˆu’twŒ‹—¾¹n‹1vuwy± 5
v‹}Š&—†x ŽVvuwŒ‹(Ž“…”}u­®°x‡Žµx>x}K{¾Žµ‹—wy³‹7{y’x—w²’‘{¾±‘ˆu’Ž“…}z1x΅”ˆuŠK® ª ±KŽ“ˆu’B}®‹Cx}u}ut…‹­®”±Ž&‹ˆ…”‹¬‹}w²x—Nˆ 5 ¬‹—}uwyxˆ~‚ µ…”’7tz1…°’ˆu…‹
{²xB¹¾’³}ˆ‹—ŠÑ¶ì‹Š{ ª ;tÀ ’vx‡Ž“±h³À „n’B³‹­®”x#À ’tˆu…”’;¹¾’³„¾{L‹—wy¯… {²w²‹—®°ˆu’‚
)* # 4˜4Àă,#J.
ø
" \ ÂÁ " \Ã>bÅÄÇÆÈ ;ÉÊÉË
a b ¾e
" ] ù
^ lnm e " ]KbKbúñû_d
b e e efdfb
’txwy…‹cÏ7w²…”¯‰x435½¼“’t—’Lxv‹wy{²‹Wˆ‹cz1x}’t® ª v‰‹wy{yx—ˆx‡Ž“±z w²x—Ž“… —´‹  ª ¹¾’7vx‡Ž“±h³À „n’Bvwyx¯u®°’zαq|~‹—v‰’Ž“ˆu…”‹1„yv‘†x ¹¾ˆ’7vx}’ƒ5
¹—„²† ‘…”’@}®”‹6x¯u®”…”ttˆu…‹Qvuwy’tŠKw²x¹u—†x ŽÅtt±KˆuˆK±Œ¬j…Lvuwyx} ª Š½¹¾…B‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠvwy±‹Œ¬ux‡Žµ‹—ˆu… ª ’tˆ’tw²Â—…”…µŽNx—¯ ª vwy±v‰‹—}Š‡‹—Œ¬
Ž“vuw²x‡Ž&‹—}³‹1Ž!ˆ‹‡{ ª wŒ‹®”ˆ±@„yv‰x„†x ¯8vuw²x‘’„y±Ê{¾Žµ‹—w²}u’Îx—wŒ‹ÎŽ!v‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ… ª cz1x}’t®”’tz v‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Ž“±KzÖ}u‹‡¹¾’c’tŠ„yŠK® ª ±5
Ž“ˆu’vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹¾’B‘±Kˆuˆu’>¯’t>‹w²¯u…°{ywŒ‹®”ˆ±Œ¬.³‹®”­ x#À ’#†ˆ ‚
Çuxwyzы—®°…”tz {²’¾¹µ{y’x—w²…°…
„n{yx„ ª ¹¾’>}…‹Âw²‹—zα.Çu’±Kˆuzыˆ‹c’‘¶'’Š{¾±KŽ“ˆu’n¹;{²’tx—w²…”…
v‰x®”‹c…”ˆ„nv…°w²x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’¾¹«vuwy’tb
 8 ¿ 9W‚
º»w²t’³}6x—vu…„y’tz }’wy’#Y†ˆ ¹»—´‹ }uwyx‡Ž“±Œ¬Qˆ‹®”’À ±[Ž„yv‰xz1ˆu…°’
Ñ† x[„n{yw ª Š{ ª wy’ш ª Š®”’txˆ ª ¯‹—}u‹—ˆu’¾¹>³‹@v‰xz1xKL@´‹ —­®”’t¯x—Šx
ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’—xÎw²x—vuwŒ‹—„y‹ˆ…”Ÿ‹ 5»ŽO„y‘’t«—†x ®”ˆux„²† ‘…wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…‹>Ž“…°wy{ ª ‹®”ˆu’tÂxζ'x—{yx—ˆ ª ˆ‹cˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆu…”’ ÿ w²±K„‚»•‚ = . ‚
2
photon
parton emissions
calculable in
the framework
of perturbative QCD
?
non−perturbative
proton
¼“±„ ª ˆ’tŠ^•u‚ =|hÆ ª Št’„y±Ž“ˆ‰‹Î’zc…„ì¹n‹Wv‰‹wy{yx—ˆL—†x ŽGvx}u‘³‹—„&w²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹>Ž“…”wn{ ª ‹®”ˆu’tÂxζ'x—{yxˆ ª ˆ‹cˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆu…”’*® •4¯
ƒ ’
t† zW±vx} ª Ž&‹Â ’Y´ Ž“±K„yx‘’4´^Ž“…°wy{ ª ‹—®°ˆK±S¶'x—{yxˆ‚Uƒ\…‹—}xz1xÑtÀ ’Y{Œ‹ŠK…“¶'x{²x—ˆV­® —´‹ ‘±j„y… ’@
Q
´ @Ž“±„yx‘’@Ž“…”wn{ ª ‹®”ˆK±z
ŠKŽ&‹w²Š…”’tzYŠ{‰—†x w²±W¹¾’}ˆ‹—Š1¹¾’„n{7’z1… {²x‡Žµ‹—ˆ±Êcv‹wy{yxˆ ª Wz1ˆu…”’¾¹n„y ´‹ Ž“…°wy{ ª ‹—®°ˆx„²† ‘… u´‹ ‚€x—®”’¾¹¾ˆK±c¹¾’„n{7’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±ÊWv‰‹w5
{²x—ˆ ª C¹¾’³„n³‘t’^z1ˆu…°’n¹n„nB@´‹ Ž“…”wn{ ª ‹®”ˆux#„²† ‘…‰u´‹ #…°{²}
Ì
‚ µL‹„¾{’t´ v ª ¹¾’Ê„n’ŠKŽ«’ˆ½¹n‹Yv‹—wn{²x—ˆ†x Ž xÁ‘xw²‹—.z1ˆu…°’n¹n„n±Œ¬SŽ“…°wy{ ª ‹—®°ˆx„Q† 5
t…”‹Œ¬…”z¤¯‹—w²}…°’n¹W¯u®°…ŒÀ ‹—zα„y…y’8
´ }x6vuwyx—{yxˆ ª ‚Fƒœv’tŽ“ˆK±Kz¤z1x—z1’tˆ‰‘…”’Êx„n…‰´‹ ‹ˆ‹.¹¾’„n{„nŠ‡‹—®”¼
‹ „nz1…²’t´ ŠKŠ‡,‹ …Wvuw²t’tŠ‡‹— ª
t‘{y’wyxv ’³´ } ª ÿ ± ü ÓÔ;Õ ± . vx—ˆu…ŒtÀ ’n¹7Š{—†x w²’¾¹Bˆ…°’Ñz1x#À ˆ‹Y„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹~Î† v’twy{ ª wy¯‹‘±³¹¾ˆu’n
¹ 8 ¿ 9W~‚ 68‹zW±ÁŽ“… ’´ À
 „nˆ…°’tˆ‹—ˆ±
x¯u…°’Š%{ …vx—z1…²’´ }±@vu…”’tw²Ž„n±zÖv‹—wn{²x—ˆu’z …hˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆu’zʏqxtˆ‹‘txˆK±Êvwy’tÀ
 „ +…Qˆ‹w²±„t‚c•‚ =u‚΀Ž&‹—}wŒ‹‡{7zы—„y±^{²’tÂx
x¯u…°’Š{ ª „nˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆ^zc…”ˆ ª „&v‹—wn{²x—Dˆ …«z1xtÀ ’¯K±;7† x„y‹—tx‡Žµ‹—ˆK±B¹n‹—Š—À
x ‡ ± Ò ± Ö Â}…°’ 1¹¾’„n{w—†x Ž“ˆK±.„¾{²x„ ª ˆuŠx‡Ž“…v ’´ } ª
vu…”’tw²Ž„yt’tÂx>v‹wy{yxˆ ª ŽGx}ˆu…”’„y…°’ˆu… ª }xΈ ª ŠK®”’tx—ˆ ª ‚h€Ž&‹w²ŠK…uz1x—w²‹>…q—® ª xˆ±zы¹h—´‹ ‘’LBw²’t ª ­®°±czы­®”’ Êvuw²x‡Žµ‹}“>´‹ }ux
x¯u…°’Š{‰—†x ŽQxL} ª tÀ ±Œ¬Czы—„²‹—Œ¬³…}’tˆ{¾± 0Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬»¹n‹—Š—xz1… ’t´ ŠKŠK…°’«º~x—z1’tw²x—ˆK±—$‚ µB‹‡{yxz1…”‹„¾{ŠKŽ&‹w²ŠK…Žµ‹—®°’ˆ‘±³¹¾ˆu’;vuwyx‡Ž&‹—}u ´‹
}x1x¯u…°’Š{‰—†x ŽUxczы—­®°±Œ¬Êz1‹„y‹Œ¬‘x1vx—tŽ&‹®‹B¹¾’…°Âˆux—w²x‡Žµ‹~† ‚
·‹Š8Ž“…}u‹~1† ˆ‰‹^w²±„t‚•u\‚ >^zы—zαÁ}Ž&‹ÊŽ“ŠK­®”‹}±q|>Ž“Š­®‹—}Qz1x—w²‹ ÿ ʂƒ . #ŠK…°’³}±ÁŠKŽ&‹w²Š@® ª ¯6® ª xˆ6zcxwy³‹C¹¾’³„¾{
’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Ázc… ’t´ ŠKŠK…”’t—xº~xz1’tw²x—ˆ ª µx—wŒ‹YŽ“ŠK®”­ ‹}VŽµ‹—®°’ˆ‘±³¹¾ˆK± %ÿ 4¹™44-—# ;. “Â}t…”’8ŠKŽ&‹w²ŠŽµ‹—®°’ˆ‘±³¹¾ˆK±8¹¾’³„¾{
¹¾’³}ˆK±zȍ{yw²t’Œ¬^ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&—†x ŽUˆ ª Š®”’txˆ ª ‚
ü ý Ì
+ :9 ;<.9 =>6?-!'
V= M '/,W0(%4
ü ý ÿ Oþ Gÿ
ÿ
!#"$ %&' (
* ) ,
.
' '/ ' 0 &1 2 '43 5
67& 0 8 + ++ (2 7@BACC#DFEHGIJ 9 ; < 9 KML 0 $2 + #
- O
N
0
P
&
.
%
Q
N
R
S
)
%
5
T
=
+ O
4 ! #"$ %&'!UN Q
X(( /$2' . A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
Ya¢$­
Valence:
D IH E J KJ
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
Y
ü³É
Sea:
large mass
object
¼±K„ ª ˆu’Š^•‚]>K|9BŽµ‹cŽ“ŠK­®‹—}±}uxW¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…„¾{²w ª Š{ ª ²w ±Ñˆ ª Š®”’txˆ ª ® +• ¯
“¼ xtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…°’cˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆN5 ˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆQx—vu…„ ª ¹¾’tzW±Á—’ˆu’twŒ‹®”…” ª ¹h´‹ Ww²x—vuwŒ‹—„y‹ˆ…°’ζ'x{yxˆ ª ˆ‹Yˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆu…”’—‚ 68‹zW±ÁŽ“ŠK­®”‹}
{¾Ž&‹wŒ}± ÿh}yy. &YZ[ ŠK…°’³}±x¯‹cv‹wy{yxˆ±ÑvxÑx—¯ ª „n{yw²x—ˆ‰‹—Œ¬.{²xъKŽµ‹—wyŠK…qŽµ‹—®°’ˆ‘±³¹¾ˆu’Ž“ŠK­®”‹}^vL—†x ­®—5 {¾Ž&‹wŒ}± ÿ
‚)(}D4y.
ŠK…”’}±Vvuw²t±Kˆ‹¹¾z1ˆu…°’n¹Ñv‰xÁ¹¾’}ˆu’n¹„¾{²wyxˆu…”’8x}u}t…‹­® ª ¹¾’[ŠŽ&‹w²Šz1xwy³‹ ÿ ’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±jÁz1…y’´ ŠKŠ…”’tÂx
\^]
º~xzc’wyxˆ ª . x—wŒ‹7Ž“ŠK­®”‹}z1…y’t´ ŠKŠK… ÿ 4ˆV‚¥Ä %. _` ŠK…”’}±.Ž x—«—†x ®”’Bˆ…°’>zыW{¾Žµ‹—w²}u’t—xWwyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…‹ ÿ w²±„t‚»•‚ / . ‚
$á S
$ ô
$ á RÑ
soft
hard
semihard
(one of three)
d$ á RÑ
“¼ ±„ ª ˆu’Š6•u‚ /|¾G»®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆ‹@‹—z1vu®°…°{ ª }u‹8z1…y’t´ ŠKŠK…°’—x8w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹
v†x ­® 5Ã{¾Ž&‹wŒ}’tÂx \^] ÿ vw²‹(Ž&‹ . ® •;¯
$á S
_`
ÿ ®”’tŽ&‹ . ~ {¾Žµ‹—w²}u’t—x
$ ô
&YZ[
ÿ vx„y† wyx}Š ª . x w²‹—
»º w²t’n¹n}µt† zW±Á{²’twŒ‹.}x[wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…‹C¹;´‹ }wyx,5°¹h´‹ }w²x Qÿ acb". ‚6Ï7w²‹0‰‘ˆK±Áx—v…”„ÎŽ“Š®­ ‹—} ª }xÁ‹—zcv®°…°{ ª }u±Q’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’—x
w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹c¹ —´‹ }uwyx,5°¹ ´‹ }wyx.¹¾’„n{1vwy’}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆK±6ˆ‹[wy±„‚F•‚ 1u‚F· ´‹ }wŒ‹Á}…°’®°xˆu’Ê„ [´‹ ˆ‹Ê„²„nŠK®­ ‹—}ˆ…°ŠK…š…‘hŠ‡‹³À }±Sˆu…”x„ —´‹ ‘±
ª ­®‹z1’ŠÎv«’´ } ª ¹;—´‹ }uw²‹ ÿ ‹—Œ¬x‡Žµ‹—ˆu…°’µv«’´ } ª . ‚~ƒ¦Š‡‹À }±Kzˈ ª ŠK®”’txˆu…°’“Ž“±Kw#†x À ˆu…”‹—ˆK±KŒ¬L¹¾’„n{¹¾’}u’tˆ1® ª ¯ÑŠ…”®”Š ª „ ª ‘’„n{yˆu…”Š&—†x Žh…
xw²‹—»}x—ŠK®­ ‹—}ˆu…”’
¹¾’³}’tŠ
ˆ „yx—¯„y’tw²Ž&‹‡{yx%w … ÿ d)”4. ‚ Ò ‘’„n{yˆu…‘±7¹¾’³}ˆu’—x»¹ ´‹ }wŒ‹“x}u}t…‹­®”±KŽ ª ¹ &´‹ »{¾±Kz1…«}w ª —…”’tÂx
vuw²t’.x}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹@’t®”’tz1’ˆ{Œ‹w²ˆu’ ÿ vu…°xˆux‡Žµ’®”…°ˆu…”’ˆ‰‹Áw²±„t‚S•‚ 1 . ¼
‚ 6@x#tÀ ®”…°Žµ’C¹¾’³„¾{ ª À ±Kt…°’^w‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ…”‹ ÿ •]‚ > . .{y’x—w²…°…
ª
Ï7w²…°¯4x 35 ¼’t—’Î}xYx—¯®°…‘’tˆu…‹‹—zcv®°…°{ }[Ž“…”’t®”x—ŠKwyx—{yˆu’—x^wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”‹‚ © z1vu®”… { ª }u‹ÊwyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…‹¹»—´‹ }w²x 5”¹h—´‹ }uwyx>¹¾’³„¾{
Ž“… ’´ «„ ª z B´‹ }…”‹——wŒ‹zV—†x Ž6„yŠ­®‹—}ux‡Ž“±KŒ¬ ÿ v‹‡{²wy«wyx}‚•‚”ü—‚ • . {Œ‹ŠK…Œ¬“¹n‹Šˆ‹Lwy±„‚•‚ 1x}ˆux„n —´‹ t±KŒ¬>„y… ’µ´ }xLŽ“…”’t®”x—ŠKw²x{²ˆ±Œ¬
’®°’zc’ˆ{²‹w²ˆK±Œ¬.wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹µ.†ˆ vx—z1… ’³´ }t±v‹wy{yxˆ‹z1…q>ˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆ†x ŽGv‰xt…”„yŠ ª …
{Œ‹wŒ‘±—‚
2’>’t®”’tz1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆ’Bw²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹>z1x—ÂCc
´‹ ¯±«7† ‹—vu…„y‹—ˆu’;¹n‹—Š—x1„ ª z1‹1„yŠK­®”‹}ˆu…”Šµ†x ŽGxÑw†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬.vuw²t’Š‡‹‹Œ¬vµ’´ } ª
$ Ob æ$ á Ñ $ á S $ ô
± ±
Ò
_#`
Î
\]
Î
&YZ[
-$ ZbMf
ÿ •‚”ü³•
.
© ˆ‰‹®”x——…‘ˆu’@w—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…°’Yz1x#À ˆ‹6‹—vu…„y‹~Ê† }u®”‹‹—z1vu®°…°{ ª }±ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’n¹
‚¬2#‹ŠK…xvu…”„.‹v’tŽ“ˆ…”‹S„yv‘†x ¹¾ˆ’
±
ª
ª
{²w²‹—Š{²x‡Žµ‹—ˆu…”’Lw²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹>zы®”­ ±zׅ} À ±z×vuw²t’tŠ‡‹—t’tz v ’´ } ‚
© z1vu®”…°{ ª }u‹8’t®‹—„n{¾±Kttˆu’—xYw²x—tvw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹ ed ed=„nŠK­®‹—}u‹@„y…y’Ñ´ .‹Œ¬ux}´‹ ‘±Œ¬Áw—†x Ž“ˆux®°’—®”’1v‰xzc…²’´ }ut±Áv‰‹wy{yx—ˆy5
‹—zc…#x}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹«8†ˆ ’®°’zc’ˆ{²‹w²ˆK±Œ¬‚Bƒ\±Œ¬ux}B—´‹ ÎWw²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹1’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆu’tÂxw²x—vuwŒ‹—„y‹ˆ…°’>ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’W…#vwy,x 5
} ª Š½¹’>´ tL—´‹ „n{y’ŠÑx{²wy±z ª ¹¾’„n…²’>´ „¾{²x„ ª ¹»—´‹ „²‹z1x—Â—x}ˆK±1x—vu…„&z1’Œ¬‹—ˆu…°ŠK…qŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{yx‡Žµ’¾¹‘‚#ƒ vuw²t±Kv‹}Š ª ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’—x
w²x—vuw²‹„n³‹ˆu…‹Ñx}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹.’®°’z1’tˆ{²‹—wyˆu’cˆ‹}u‹®h³‹—Œ¬ux}´‹ w—†x Ž“ˆux®°’—®”’—{¾±K®°Šx^ˆ…°’Š{—†x w²’1cˆ…”Œ¬6„;Ê´‹ ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’‚
© zcv®°…°{ ª }‹\ˆu…”’t’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆ‹F¯«’³´ }ї´‹ „ ª z V´‹ Ž“…”’t® ª „nŠK®­ ‹—}ˆu…”Š&—†x Ž ed
Ògf
z ª „y…C¯K±;S
† v‰x}ˆ…°’³„n…”x—ˆ‹\}ux
ed
ª
ª
ª
ŠKŽ&‹—}wŒ‹‡{ …Ž“±K„ z1x‡Ž&‹ˆ‹v‰x\„n{²‹ˆ‰‹—Œ¬GŠxµ†ˆ tx‡Ž“±KŒ¬UŽ ‘’® x{²wy±zы—ˆu…”‹ˆu…”’t’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆu’tÂxvuw²t’tŠKw²x¹ ª tt±Kˆuˆu’—x‰‚
Í$÷õ b õ
$ õ bMf
S $ õ Ï S Ó bMf
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
Ya¢$­
D IH E J KJ
Y pThU¤ "Y O
%D IH
´
¤V£
T¡ «
Y
ü˜
remnants
A
Pomerons
B
¼“±„ ª ˆu’tŠ^•u‚ 1|9LŽ&‹cˆ ª ®°’x—ˆK±.vxKt…”„yŠ ªÊ© …{²‹wŒ‘±¾I\x}u}…”‹—­® ª ¹»´‹ ‘’t’>„yx—¯.c´‹ ’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆu…”’—‚d® ˜,¯
f $ õ Ï S Ó Mb f $ õ Ï Ó Mb f {
L{²wy±z ª ¹¾’tzW±@‘t­®”x—ˆK±Y…”ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²’tˆt±³¹¾ˆu’hf ÿ ed .tÿ e!i d . 
Š{—†x w²’Îz1x— .´‹ ¯K±;Î† Ž“±KÂxK}uˆu…°’WŽ“±Kw²‹tÀ x—ˆ’ÎŽ=¶'xwyz1…”’
ª t…y’t´ {¾±Œ¬…ˆu…”’ ª ‘…y’‘´ {¾±Œ¬Ê}u…”‹——wŒ‹zV—†x Ž ÿ wy±„‚h•u‚°ü³– . Ž“vuw²x‡Žµ‹}txˆK±KŒ¬ÑŽÄwyx}…”‹—®°’>•‚”ü—‚ •‚
F
A
uncut
cut
B
“¼ ±„ ª ˆu’Š@•u‚°ü³–u|V9BŽ&‹^ˆ ª ŠK®”’txˆ±Yvx‘…„nŠ ª[© …~{²‹—w²tt± IOx}u}…”‹—­® ª ¹»´‹ ‘’ct’1„nx¯Ñu´‹ ‚Cº;…°xˆux‡Žµ’ΐ‘…´‹ ­®°’c®°…”ˆu…”’Ww²’tvwy’t’tˆ{ ª ¹~´‹
x}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…”’L’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆu’v…°xˆux‡Ž«’vuw²t’wy±KŽ&‹ˆu’B®°…”ˆu…”’wy’vuwy’t’ˆ{ ª ¹hW´‹ xK}}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹—ˆu…°’7ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆu’—‚È® ˜4¯
B…”‹——wŒ‹zαc7w‰#†x tÀ ˆÑ>´‹ …”®”x„²† ‘…C´‹ x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹«Ñ†ˆ ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬Ñˆ…°’7…°ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw ª ¹~C´‹ ’B„yx—¯.´‹ vx—ˆ…°’Žµ‹LÀ „¾{Œ‹ˆK±1Š—x&†ˆ ‘x‡Žµ’L„;´‹
…”ˆuˆu’‚ƒ\±Kw†x tÀ ˆ…”‹7„n…²’&´ Ž“…y’³´ µŠ®‹—„y±kj֐‘®°­ xˆ—†x Ž…”ˆ{y’wn¶'’wy’ˆ‘±³¹¾ˆK±Œ¬ ÿ ª t…y’t´ {y’}…‹Âw²‹—zα . }‹‡¹»—´‹ t±Œ¬ÎŽ“ŠK­®”‹}W}uxB{²’tÂx7„²‹z1’tÂx
„n{²‹—ˆ ª Š—x&‰†ˆ ‘x‡Žµ’t—x&¹n‹—Š—xc}…”‹——wŒ‹zW±W ª „n{²‹®”x—ˆÑC´‹ …”®°x#„y† “>´‹ x}u}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹µ.†ˆ ˆu…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬Ñ…qx ª „¾{Œ‹®”x—ˆK±Œ¬ ª ­®‹z1Š‡‹—Œ¬.vµ’´ } ª
x}ˆux„n —´‹ t±KŒ¬Ñ„y… ’7´ }xcˆu…”Œ¬^„nŠK®­ ‹—}ˆu…”Š&—†x ŽVv‹—wn{²x—ˆux‡Ž“±Œ¬[‚ µ…”’t’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆ±cvuw²t’Šw‘†x ¹»tt±KˆuˆK±c}ux„n{²‹‡¹¾’zαc7„ ª z1x‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹>vx
Ž„yt±„n{yŠK…”Œ¬Ê„nŠK­®‹—}ˆ…°Š‡‹—Œ¬^‹—}‹ˆu’n¹«ŠK®”‹„nl
± j
9
ÿ •‚”üÉ
2 õ ÿ P N ÏÛáOã X Ó ÿ 8
ÿ N xtˆ‹‘³‹‡¹#—´‹ t’¾¹1t‹­®”Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆ…°’Yvx
Â}ut…”’ ª tÀ ±{²x„n±Kzίx—®”…‘tˆ’¾¹Ñˆux{Œ‹—¾¹¾… RN é RN ý é õ N õ ÿ N õ é
N
v‹—w²‹—z1’‘{yw²t’L}’wy’tˆu…‹eN ý xw²‹—B}x}u‹{yŠ—x‡Žµx΄ ª z1x‡Žµ‹—ˆu…”’LvxWŽ„yv—†x ­®”w² ’´ }uˆ±Œ¬¹ ´‹ }wyx‡Ž“±Œ¬.vx‘…„nŠ ª …‰{Œ‹wŒ‘±—‚~ƒ\…°’®°Šx„†  †
ÏÛáZã X Ó ÿ x—ˆ‹—t‹WvuwŒ‹(Ž}x—vx}x—¯u…”’~‰†ˆ „¾{¾ŽµxÎvuw²x} ª Š½¹¾…
Š—xˆ ¿  ª w²‹½¹¾… vuwy±.‹}u‹ˆK±Œ¬ª C…Å(N ‚
ed
Í ± ÌÒ
n
j
.
³ . Ò
Í ± &f7mon
Í ±
Í ±
N0
j
.
qp
j
.
.
Í ± d
dUp
d .
³
ƒ {¾±Kz=z1x—z1’tˆ‰‘…”’;z1x#À ˆ‹³‹—„n{yx„yx‡Ž&‹~~† z1’‘{²xK}uŸ± 68x—ˆ{y’ ‹w²®°xL…Â’tˆu’wyx‡Ž&‹~~† Šx—Nˆ 0‰Â wŒ‹—¾¹¾r’ jȍ—x}ˆu…”’;«wyxtŠK­®”‹}’tz
vuwŒ‹(Ž}xv‰x}x¯u…°’~†ˆ „n{¾Žµ‹sn7‚cº»w²x—¯u®”’tz1’tzf¹¾’³„¾{³LtÀ ’tnV¹¾’³„¾{>Ž“…”’t®”x‡Ž“±z1…‹w²x‡Ž“±KzÈw²x—tŠK­®‹—}’zÖvuw²‹(Ž}ux—vxK}ux—¯u…”’~†ˆ „n{¾Ž&‹u‚ƒ
t’t® ªQª ˆu…°ŠKˆu… ’´ t…”‹@}uxK}‹‡{yŠx‡Ž“±Œ¬[vuw²t±K¯u®”…ŒtÀ ’~6†ˆ Žfˆ ª z1’tw²±Kttˆu’n¹7…”z1vu®”’tz1’tˆ{²‹½¹¾…«zcx}’® ª þc¸ ® ,˜ ¯;}u’‘±}x‡Ž&‹ˆxY„y… ’ ´
ª À ±;L† {²’Œ¬uˆ…°Š.­®‹µ‰†ˆ  ª Œ¬†x 
Ž 68‹—wyŠx‡Žµ‹‚
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
ä*å ä
Dª
uwv7xzy
-
¡d£
U § U
{
%D E
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
%D IH
´
Y pThU¤ "Y O
¤V£
T¡ «
ü;7
Y
î|uw}~qvPF€Svè6}~R‚cƒ…„ƒí(~‚c†-‡‰ˆ:‹ŠsƒŒkˆ~
Ž6ƒ‘:‚’ˆ:k“”„5ŠO•“”Ž–}ƒè6Š‰ëc€
}ovrˆ:
@x}’® Ò wƒ8
6:9 ÿ 4ˆn[-]%4&-—4˜(™+š‚ ˜#Ìzd{D4{N) ÉÊ4-‘%#{N-—*Ëb€4)#ƒ‚+. ® /14¯h¹¾’„n{1zcx}’®°’zŸˆ‹—®°’À —´‹ t±Kzß}ux
ŠK®‹—„y±z1xK}u’t®”…
8
6:9 ÿ ŠŽ&‹ˆ{²x‡Žµ‹6}±Kˆ‹—zc…”Š‡‹Qzcx®°’Š ª ®”‹—wyˆ‰‹u âzd{D4D˜{N)éÉÊ4-‘%#{N-—–ËŠ€4”4)À#'‚;. ‚UƒG„yt±„n{yŠK…”’
z1x}’t®”’{y’n¹µŠK®‹—„y±Ñ{yxÑz1x}’®°’>{²w²‹—ˆ„yv‰xwn{ ª x—v‰‹wy{y’ˆ‹1vuw²x—v‹—‹½¹¾…‘—´‹ „n{y’Š.vuw²t±.vx—z1x‘±^w‰†x Ž“ˆ‹µx†ˆ gL‹—zc…”®°{yx—ˆ‰‹u‚P6@x}ˆ5
’®°’^{¾±Kv ª 8
6:9քn{yx„ ª ¹ [´‹ vxK}u’¾¹—„²† ‘…”’^Ž“…”’t®”x‘…‹®”­ x‡Ž«’ ÿ ‘xQv‰xtŽ&‹®‹8ŽÈ„yvx„‰—†x ¯f„²† ‘…„y®°±6x—v…”„y±KŽµ‹~Ñ† ¶'x—w²zы—¾¹ ’.´ ¶'wŒ‹Â—z1’ˆ{—†x Ž
vx‡Ž„¾{Œ‹­®”±Œ¬Ž×Ž“±Kˆu…”Š ª ³}’tw²t’ˆu…‹ . «„n±Kz ª ® ª ¹»´‹ Êvuwyxt’„cwy’³‹Š½¹¾…“‘…²’´ À Š…Œ¬8¹¾xˆ—†x Ž×vuw²t±Kv‹—}u’tŠS‹Qvuw²t±Kv‹}ŠK…°’z ÿ tx
ª ­®‹‡{¾Ž“…‹1vx—w—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…°’>W’tŠ„yv‰’wy±Kz1’tˆ{²‹—®°ˆK±Kz1…w²x—tŠK®­ ‹—}u‹—z1…
’tŠ„nŠK® ª t±KŽ“ˆK±Kz1… . ‚º~xK}u’¾¹—„²† ‘…”
’ 8
6:9˯‰‹ ª ¹h—´‹ ‘’Έ‹Ñw—†x Ž“ˆ‹ 5
ª
ÿ
ˆu…‹—Œ¬Áˆu…°’wy’®”‹{¾±KŽ“…”„n{¾±‘tˆK±Œ¬Y„¾{²x„ ¹¾’c„y… ’C´ {¾±K®°Šx^}®‹.ˆ…”„yŠK…”Œ¬8…~vx„y† wy’³}ˆu…Œ¬@’tˆu’wy…°… Ñ ³c—Oa• ÓÔ;Õ . ‚ 6@x}’t® Ò 'w 8
6:9
vx‡Ž„¾{Œ‹­®Ã»‹¯K±Sw²x—„yt’wy±;Ñ† ‹—Šw²’„W„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—®°ˆx„²† ‘…;z1x}’® ª }®”‹[’tˆ’tw²Â—…”… ª ® {²w²‹ 5Ãw²’t®‹‡{¾±KŽ“…„¾{¾±‘ˆK±KŒ¬‚[·’„n{W{²x[z1x#À ®°…”Žµ’
}…y’´ ŠK…«³‹—„n{yx„yx‡Ž&‹ˆu… ª ¶'x—w²z1‹—®°…”tz ª wy’®”‹{¾±KŽ“…”„n{¾±‘tˆ’t—x‰ ª Ž“Â—®y’´ }ˆu…”’tˆ… ª t…y’´ tÀ ŠK…Œ¬wy’txˆ‹ˆ„‰—†x Ž>~‘B—´‹ „n{y’Š6}ut…”Ž“ˆ±Œ¬S…
’ŠK„²‘±{Œ‹—½¹¾…„¾{²w ª ˆÂ}u±hÀ {²xŽ“­®‹„y† ˆu…”’>’tŠ„yt±{²‹—¾¹n‹Ñ„¾{²w ª ˆÊ…#vx‡Ž„¾{Œ‹‡¹h—´‹ t’Ž Ž“±Kˆu…”Š ª …”Œ¬@w²x—wy±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹W¬‹—}w²x—ˆK±Ê}x—z1…”ˆ ª ¹h´‹
´ ‘ —´‹ „n{y’tŠvuwy±Ž“±„nxŠK…”Œ¬F’tˆu’wy…”‹Œ¬X
vuw²x} ª Š½¹ ’@
‚ <½z1vu®°’z1’tˆ{²‹½¹n‹6z1x}’t® ª z1‹6vx„n{²‹~Ê† Š—x} ª ŽË¹ ’´ t±KŠ ª Çux—wy{ywŒ‹”ˆ >,>
‹ ª {yxw²„n{¾Žµ‹Ît’³„nvx—­® ª Ž“±Kz1…”’tˆu…”x—ˆu’—xc°
Ž ® 14¯ ‚
6
\ p e~l\¾i
e p e
˜
ª ŠK®°’x—ˆK±Ñv‰xt…”„yŠ ª …
{Œ‹wŒ‘±.„;c´‹ x—v…”„y±KŽµ‹—ˆu’Bvwy’t7¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾’7¶ì‹®”x‡Ž«’ŽU¶'x—w²zc…”’wyxtŠK­®‹—} ª ϋ ª „²„y‹
µ
š
i
LÕ
8 0
ÿ
ÿ 8:
™ 4š
i
.
Ҝ›
Õ Rÿ9 0 Õ ÿ ÿ 0 ÿ :
•
Ô
؞cŸ
.š
r¡
¢š
i
.. ± Î
i
:ÿ 8
… š ÿ
¤£
i
.*š
 }ut…”’ ©Ò=•Ö/§ #§ “v‹—w²‹—zc’t{yw&x—ŠKw²’‰„y† ®”‹¹#—´‹ t±.wyxt…—´‹ —­®”x„† B† v‰‹—‘ŠK…¶ì‹®”x‡Žµ’¾¹“Ž=vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆu…
¶ì‹—tx‡Žµ’¾¹‘
5»v ’´ }
‚
Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹Î¶ì‹—®°x‡Ž&‹L¹ —´‹ }wŒ‹cx—vu…„n±KŽ&‹ˆ‹¹¾’„n{h¹n‹Šxc…”®”xKtt±KˆC¹¾’³}ˆux,5È ª ŠK®”’tx—ˆx‡Ž“±KŒ¬.¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…
¶ì‹®”x‡Ž“±Œ¬
¨
Òª©
™
ÿ S 8 S 8: Ù
ÿš
i
i
š
ÿ •‚”üt˜
i¦¥
¢š
i
.
«vx—­®”x#À ’tˆu…”’—
5
ÿ •‚”ü+7
.
.
L‹—ŠK­®”‹}u‹ˆu’µ„ L´‹ w‰†x Ž“ˆu…”’‰;À }x}u‹{yŠx‡Ž«’»x—wŒ‹ˆu…‘’tˆu…‹“ˆ‹LŽ“…°’®°Šx„²† ‘…Œ¬‹wŒ‹Š{y’wy±K ª ¹ —´‹ t’q¹ —´‹ }w²x‚[G»ˆu’wy…”‹&Ž“… ´‹ ³‹ˆu…‹z ª „n…
¯K±;7† w‰†x Ž“ˆ‹cŽµ‹—wn{²x„²† ‘…
}u‹ˆ’¾¹“vuw²t’tŽ“—†x whIµ’‘{²¬u’ƒ5 ƒ[’…°³„4‹« ŒŠ—’w²‹‚hÏʒ³´ „¾{²x„† 7† Ž t’tˆ{yw ª z!¹;´‹ }wŒ‹Wz ª „y…¯K±;† w—†x Ž“ˆ‰‹W’´ „n{yx#„y† t…
zы‡{²’tw²…°…¹»´‹ }wyx‡Žµ’¾¹BŽ¡„n{²‹ˆ…°’1vxK}„¾{Œ‹(Ž«x‡Ž“±KzY‚1Ôq‹—®°’tÀ ˆux#„† Î† vuw²x—z1…°’ˆu…‹C¹»´‹ }w²‹^x}.¹¾’—xYzы—„y± Ï v‰x‡Ž“…”ˆuˆ‹^¯K±;W† xvu…„y‹—ˆ‹
³‹®”’‰tÀ ˆx„²† ‘…u´‹
µ
ó ÿ ËÌ ý
Ï .
ý Ù
¢
Ï ´¬%²
ÿ •‚”ü=
.
ÿ •‚”ü;>
.
 }ut…”’¢ ÒÖü •a†‡[K¹¾’³}ˆ‹—Š8v‰xˆu…”’tŽ&‹cÀ ®°x„nx‡Žµxw²x—zc…”’„yttxˆu’ÎŽ¡vuwy’„n{yw²t’ˆu…~ˆ ª Š®”’txˆK±@x—vu…„y‹—ˆu’1„;Ê´‹ zы‡¹h´‹ ‘±Kz1…
„yx——xˆK±ˆ…;Ž“±KŠ­®‹—}uˆu…”tt’>¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹z1…¶ì‹—®°x‡Ž“±Kz1…vx„n{²‹—t…#ϋ ª „y„²‹uu{yx.Ž“—†x w{²’tˆ@ˆ‹—®°’À ‹—­®°xэzcx}±0Šx‡Žµ‹~† u‹—¯±Ê‹—v‰’Ž“ˆu…‘ †
’tw²x‡ŽÎ´‹ ’´ „n{yx#„† B† ˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆ†x ŽGvx—‹cÂw²‹—ˆu…”&´‹ ¹»´‹ }wŒ‹u‚aF7„¾{Œ‹‡{y’³‘ˆu…°’³‹®”’‰tÀ ˆx„† † vuw²x—z1…”’tˆu…‹B¹h—´‹ }wŒ‹Îx}Êzы—„y±.zыcv‰x„¾{Œ‹~ †
óÿ
Ï .
ý
ü
ϩΌ¯ϒ°
0Fü
²²
°
Ù
• ­
®

Ÿ
Ÿ
º~x‘‡´‹ {yŠx‡Ž«’Lv«’³´ } ª ˆ ª Š®”’txˆ—†x Ž „»c´‹ ®”x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆu’L³‹ŠKwy’³„ ª x }ʖ1}x1vµ’´ } ª 2&¬uxzы—„²‹45½Çu’tw²z1…°’—x
҅¢
›
4±
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
%D E
¡d£
U § U
Dª
GF D
z
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
Z
]³
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
¤V£
T¡ «
ü+=
Y
8
É
¤¦
£ ´-µ Ø ± pT¶ °
Ò
%D IH
´
Y pThU¤ "Y O
ÿ •‚”ü/
.
Ÿ
Â}ut…”’ p ¹¾’„n{&®”x—Š‡‹—®°ˆ.c´‹ ’´ „n{yx#„²† ‘…uC´‹ zы{y’tw²…”…K¹;—´‹ }w²x‡Ž«’n¹‘‚
º~x}u„n{²‹(Žµx‡Ž67´‹ Ž&‹—}ÑC´‹ {²‹ŠK…”’¾¹»…”ˆu…½¹n‹®”…”‹—¾¹¾…—¹¾’³„¾{µ{yx‰~À ’B³‹…”ˆu…½¹¾x‡Ž&‹ˆu’~¹;´‹ }w²‹Îˆu…”’B„;C´‹ ŽU„n{²‹—ˆ‹—Œ¬ÑŽ“­®‹—„yˆK±KŒ¬Ñx}vx‡Ž“…‹—}u‹5
¹»´‹ ‘±Œ¬8„¾{Œ‹ˆuxz֎“­®”‹„nˆK±KzÖ¬‹z1…”® {²x—ˆu…‹ˆ ª@ª À ±{²’tÂx^}x^…”Œ¬8vwyxv‹Â‹—½¹¾…ÂBºh‹—w²‹—z1’‘{yw²±¬‰‹z1…°®°{yxˆu…‹ˆu… ª ÿ v‰‹‡{yw²c•u‚ •u‚ • . „;´‹
¯uwŒ‹ˆ’}®‹8w—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…”‹@„n{²‹—ˆ ª ˆu…°’³„nŠx&†ˆ ttxˆu’¾¹>zы‡{²’tw²…°…¹;—´‹ }w²x‡Ž«’n¹‘~ˆ‹‡{²x—z1…”‹„¾{Î{²‹ŠK…”’.Ž&‹wy{yx#„²† ‘…¹n‹ŠQ’tˆu’wy…”‹8Ž“…‰—´‹ ‹ˆ…”‹Y…
„y† wy’³}ˆu…qvuw²x—z1…”’#†ˆ ŠKŽ&‹—}wŒ‹‡{²x‡Ž“±1¯uw²‹—ˆu’„ 1´‹ }®‹1„nŠxµ†ˆ ttx—ˆK±Œ¬¹ —´‹ }u’tw³‚hÏ}u±¯K±.’ˆu’tw²Â—…‹Cˆ ª ŠK®”’txˆ—†x ŽGŽµ’tŽ“ˆ ‡´‹ {yw²«¹ —´‹ }wŒ‹Î¯K±K­®‹
z1…”ˆu…°zы—®°…”tx‡Ž&‹ˆ‹WŽO„nvx„‰—†x ¯Y„y‹—z1x 5 t—x}ˆK±{²x>¹»—´‹ }uw²‹c‹—v‹—}u­®°x¯±.„y…y’C´ }xÑv ª ˆuŠ{ ª Â}±h>À ˆ‹1w²‹—t…”’‹Š‡‹—ºh‹ ª ®”…°’—x1ˆu…”’
x„n{²‹®­ ª Ž“Â—® ’´ }ˆu…”x—ˆK±WŽF¬‰‹z1…°®°{yxˆu…‹ˆu…”’—‚#¼“x—Ž“… —´‹ ‹ˆ…°’zËvuw²x—¯u®”’tz ª ¹¾’„n{«}x}u‹ˆ…°’}xά‹z1…”® {²x—ˆu…‹ˆ ª {yŽ>‚#vx{²’tˆ¾¹n‹­® ª
ºh‹ ª ®°…”’tÂx ÿ •‚ ɗ– . KŠ{—†x w²±>¹¾’„n{x}vK±Œ¬‹‡¹~´‹ ‘±1ŽUvuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆu…
Šx—Nˆ 0‰Â ª wŒ‹—t±¹¾ˆ’¾¹»…vµ’´ }x‡Žµ’¾¹‘‚
È Ëob ñ7e\ne " m p
m
¦·
7}u}ut…‹®”­ ±Ž&‹ˆ…°’hˆ ª ŠK®”’tx—ˆy5È ª ŠK®”’tx—ˆµ¹¾’³„¾{#x—v‹—wn{²’»ˆ‹ˆ…°’wy’®”‹{¾±Ž“…„n{¾±KttˆK±KzG‹—®°’tÀ ˆK±KzÄx}Π’´ „n{yx#„y† t…w—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu… ª „n{²‹—ˆ ª {¾±Kv ª
ÆKŠK±Kw²zc’>}x}u‹{yŠx‡Ž“±z1…v‰x—{y’ˆ½¹n‹—­®”‹—zc…R¸ ª Š‡‹(Ž“±Ñ… ¿ x ª ®°xzί‹‚[µL…°’>„ ´‹ ª tÀ ±{y’7v‰x—{y’ˆ½¹n‹—­®°±Ñ³‹®”’‰tÀ ˆ’Bx}^v ’³´ } ª (¹¾’}uˆ‹Š
xv¾¹¾x—ˆ‹—®°ˆu…”’7zcx#tÀ ’¯K±; † ª tÀ ±{¾±.vx{y’ˆ½¹n‹—­®ºh‹ ª ®°…”’tÂxtŽ“… ´‹ ‹—ˆK±Ñ7³‹Š‡‹’tzȺh‹ ª ®”…°’—x‚
ÆKŠK­®‹—}ˆu…”ŠFv‰x—{y’tˆ‰½¹n‹®­ ª ÆKŠK±Kw²zc’Áx—vu…„ ª ¹h—´‹ ‘±Fx}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…”’8}Ž ª t…”‹—­®°x‡Žµ’—&x}vx‡Ž“…”‹}u‹‡¹h´‹ ‘±³‹}­® ª —x}±„n{²‹—ˆ„nx‡Žµ’
vuw²t±t… —´‹ ‹ˆ…°’Bˆ ª Š®”’txˆ—†x ŽUz1‹cvx„n{²‹~ †
F
Õ¹
i
å : y ÿ Õ ÿ 90 Õ ÿ ã 0
å
ª
± Ò
´º
. ±¬%² Ô
Ø
¼»
ã.¿
#¾
(½
8
. ±À
ÿ •‚”ü1
.
ˆ ‹{yx—z1…‹—„n{7„yŠK­®”‹}ˆu…”Š{²wy±Kt…”‹—®°­ x‡Ž“±^x—vu…„ ¹ —´‹ t±Êx}u}ut…‹­®”±Ž&‹ˆ…”‹c{²wy±Kt…”‹—­®°x‡Žµ’—‰x}v‰x‡Ž“…‹—}‹‡¹ —´‹ t±³‹.ŠKw‰—†x {yŠx—‹„n… ’t´ Âx‡Ž«’
x}vK±Œ¬‹ˆ…°’7ˆ ª ŠK®°’x—ˆ†x ŽGzыWvx„n{²‹~ †
Õk¹
i
å æ: • ü y ˜É Õ ÿ9 K0 ɕ Õ ÿ 0 å
å
² Ò
± ÂÁ
º
±
›
ŸÄ
Ø ± 
Ãl»
Ô
µ ¢ š
r¡
¢š
i
å0
Uÿ5¢ š
. ± Î
Uÿ5¢ š Ã
¢š à . ± Î
0
¢š . ± ¶
i
¥
Ù
ÿ •‚ •–
.
ÿ •‚ •ü
.
º~x{²’tˆ¾¹n‹®”­ ±h¸ ª Š‡‹(Ž“±— ¿ x ª ®°xzί‹c…ºh‹ ª ®°…”’tÂxWz1x W´‹ ¯±«7† ‹—vu…„y‹—ˆu’BŽÄ¶'x—w²z1…°’x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹µÊ†ˆ }Ž ª ‘…‹­®”x‡Ž“±Œ¬|
ý ’hÝv 0Lí í S S 0 0 í í
S 5 ì í SS 0 í
ý , ý ý ’hÝv 0 í S • 0 , ý í 0 í S • 0 ý í
S
xtˆ‹‘³‹‡¹#C´‹ …”tx„nv…°ˆˆ‰‹‡{yxz1…”‹„¾{ ­®”‹} ª ˆu’Š M0A: ѐ‘B—´‹ „n{yŠK…Â
ª
ª
S
Õ ÅTi Æ4Ç
Ò
Õ É i Æ
Ò
2
Õ Ë|i ÌÆ
Ê
Ò
¢š
¢š
Ô;±
Ê i
¢š
i
¢š
¢š
½
Å>ÆÇ
Õ
¤£
›
Õ Ë|ÌÆ
¢š
²
Ö ¸>È À
i
i
¡

¢š
¢š
±
i
±
š
š
±
i
ÿ •‚ •—•
ÿ •‚ •É
.
±
¥–Í4ÎÏÐÎ^Ñ5Í4Ò4ÏÐÒ4Ñ
Â}ut…”’ i …(Ó i
–Ô
¥ÔÔ
Ê i
´ t‹—„yx‡Ž ^´‹ z1…°’ˆuˆK±KŒ¬ ã ¾ … Sâ ¾ ¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…;¶ì‹—®°x‡Ž“±Œ¬
F7„n{²‹‡{²’ttˆu…”’.ŠK®”‹„n±ttˆK±8¬‹—zc…”®°{yx—ˆ…”‹—ˆ}’‘{²’tw²zc…”ˆ ¹ —´‹ t±[’Ž«x® ½¹ ’
zыcv‰x„¾{Œ‹~ †
.
ՍÖR×0Ø&ÙMÚ
Ò
y
º
i
i Û ´RÜ
ÇÝ Þ Î
• y åy
ü
º
i Û ´
µ
º
Û ´
i
Ü ß
k
å
Ç ± Î
Ü
i
å
É
Å>Æ4ÇÌ^àÂÌ Î
Ü
i
å5 ì5
Æ #áqâ Î
åì
Ü
Ë|ÌÆ Ý
i
¶ Î
=
ü
y åy y å Ù
º
i Û ´
º
º
i
Ã
Ü ß
Û ´ Û ´ Ç
à ²
ÿ •‚ •‡˜
.
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
%D E
¡d£
U § U
Dª
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
%D IH
´
Y pThU¤ "Y O
¤V£
T¡ «
ü4>
Y
º~x„ytt’Â;—†x ®”ˆu’;¹¾’t—x1„yŠ®­ ‹—}uˆu…°ŠK…
Ž“±KwŒ‹À ‹¹#δ‹ „y…y’´ ˆ‹„¾{’t´ v ª ¹h—´‹ ‘x‰|
ÇÝ Þ
i
Ü
Ü
i
ß
å
Ç ±
Ò
Ò
å
Ü
É
Ü
å
i
å5 ì5
åì
Æ #áåâ
Ë|Ì#Æ Ý
Ü
i
Ò
¯
Ø
‡
±
i
8
±
¡
/¢
¸ ȱ
i
Ò
Ê
Õ
¢
Ê i
±
µ Ñ
i
Ë*Ì#Æ
¤£
q¢
›
²
i
›

è
Â}t…”’
¥
¢
i
Ò
¢ ± Ã . æ
i
i
¸ÂÈ
i
i
¸ÂÈ
›
¥
›
¥
6›
›
¸>È Ñ
Î
Ñ
¸ÂÈ Ñ
Ñ
å¢
(¢
i
‰
ÿ •‚ •=
.
ÿ •‚ •>
.
.
ÿ •‚ •1
.
’
Î
ŸÄ
± 
å¢4±
i
± Î
±
i
¢š
Ò
i
š
i
± ê Í Î Ñ Îë Í Ò Ñ Òë
,
š
8‹¹ —´‹ ŸgL‹—zc…”®°{yx—ˆ…”‹—ˆ ÿ •‚ •‡˜ . 1
z x#À ˆ‹c—x ª tÀ ±«7† ŽUw—†x Ž“ˆ‰‹ˆu…‹—Œ¬ Lg ‹z1…”® {²x—ˆ‹
6
.
ÿ •‚ •/
²
i
ÿ •‚ •,7
‰
¶
hé
¢š
¢
¡
­
¢
¡
Ò
Î
¢ ±
i
ä
ŸÄ
,Ø ± 
Å>ÆÇ
Õ
å¢ ± Sæ
i
oä
ŸÄ
±
›
^ç
Ò
± Î
: Õ ’ Ý v (0 Õ å 8
: ˜9É Õ ’hÝv 0 Õ ÿ å
8
ý • ü å ’hÝ v ˜9Õ ü ’ ÝKv 0 å ü`0[’wn¶ • ü Õ 0 Õ å
0 ’hÝ v å ü`0[’wn¶ • ü Õ Õ å 8
Y
S å ’ ’wn¶ Õ å 8
ý ý , ý ü •èÕ ü , ý
Õ
’hÝ v 0 •Õ , å ü 0 •h å
8
ý
ý
å ùí 0 å í … å ùí 0 å í Ù
i
´
Ç
à ²
i
Ü ß
k
Å>ÆÇÌàÂÌ
i
ã
, ÀS T
À S Y0 U T
š
š
Ò
Òíì
6ì
î Ïï
Õñð
Ïï
Õñð
ÿ •‚ ɗ–
.
ÿ •‚ Éuü
.
ÿ •‚ ɕ
.
ÿ •‚ ɗÉ
.
¿ L´‹ „¾{²ŠK…#„»Ñ´‹ vuw²x—v‹——x‡Ž&‹ˆu’vx—vuw²t’Îˆ ª z1’tw²±‘ˆu’Cw²x—tŽ“…‰´‹ ±KŽµ‹—ˆu…°’w—†x Ž“ˆ‹µÊ†ˆ gL‹—z1…°®°{yxˆ‹ ÿ •u‚ ɕ . … ÿ •‚ É—É . Î
 ³‹—}u‹—ˆ1´‹
ª
ÿ
.
vx„n{²‹‘…δ‹ ¬‹—z1…°®°{yxˆu…”‹—ˆ •u‚ •˜ ‚
À
ò
" _] ;" \ymLd i;^ Å " i \ne
ÐÙ
ƒ¦z1xK}u’t® ª1Ò w'8
6Ê9 ª Ž“t—®²’´ }uˆu…°xˆuxŠ7,7Bw²xK}u‹‡¹u†x Ž¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ†x Ž ÿ Ž“®°…‘³‹‡¹h—´‹ µŽj{yx>w²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„n’µx>zы—„²‹—Œ¬1}xΕ •,7aÓÔ;ÕÖ ´ ± .
xw²‹—1ɕYw²xK}u‹‡¹¾’Ñz1’tx—ˆL—†x Ž ÿ Ž“®”…”t‹¹~—´‹ 1Žf{yx[wy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„y’Ñ}t…”Ž“ˆu’ . ~Š{—†x w²’„;´‹ ª  ª v‰’­®°ˆu…”x—ˆ’.vuw²t’t…”Œ¬‹—ˆ{¾±t—´‹ „n{yŠK…h…
Ž„yt±„n{yŠK…°’hz1x#tÀ ®”…°Žµ’;w² ª {¾±7…”tx„yvu…”ˆ ª ‚ ¿  ´‹ „¾{²ŠK…{y’«z1x— ´‹ tx„n{²‹~h† Ž“±Kvuw²xK} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆu’~ŽSw²x—v‹—}u‹Œ¬>„¾{²w ª ˆ³³}’tw²t’ˆu…‹—Œ¬® ª ¯
w²x—v‹—}u‹Œ¬wy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„‰—†x Ž>Z‚ 9B®”‹7„n{²‹ˆL—†x ŽSxLzы„y‹Œ¬Cv‰x‡Ž“±»À ’¾¹y• ÓÔ4ÕÖ ´ ± ª tÀ ±KŽ&‹L„y… ’µ´ wyxtv‹} ª „n{yw ª ˆ‚ƒ\­® —´‹ ttxˆuxB‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{ ´‹
„y±Kzc’t{yw²…y’;´ ¯‹w²…°xRˆ 󇋗ˆ{¾±¯‰‹w²…°xˆ‘Ž“…y’´ »…”®”x„† h† ‹—…°z1vu®”’tz1’tˆ{²x‡Žµ‹—ˆ±Œ¬¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ†x ŽS}’‘{²’tw²zc…”ˆ ª ¹¾’;…”®”x„† h† ‹—…°z1vu®”’tz1’tˆ{²x‡Žµ‹—ˆ±Œ¬
‹—ˆ{¾±K¯‹—wy…”x—ˆL—†x Ž>&‹x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹6¯‹w²…”x—Nˆ 5½‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…”x—ˆFx—vu…„n±KŽ&‹ˆu’8„«´‹ ³‹vx—z1x“S´‹ vwy’tŠKwyx—¹u—†x ŽÖ‘±ˆˆ±Œ¬\¯‹—wy…”x—yˆ 5
¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ‚
Ôq}’wy’tˆu…‹8¬‰‹—}w²x—Nˆ 5 ¬‹}wyxˆ6zcx}’®°x‡Ž&‹ˆ’„;Á´‹ ŽÈ„yv‰x„†x ¯®°x„nx‡Ž“±‚Sº»w²t’tŠKw‘†x ¹>‘±ˆˆ±S…”ˆ{y’wyvuw²’‘{ ª ¹¾’^„y…y’^´ ŽÈ„yvx„‰—†x ¯
’tx—z1’t{ywŒ‘tˆKÀ
± 5
¹n‹Šx1v‰x‡Ž“…”’tw²tˆu…‹u‚ 9BŽ“…°’Ct —´‹ „n{yŠK…q}u’tw²‹‡¹ c´‹ „y… ’´ (¹¾’‰„y† ®°…x}®”’t­®°x#„†  † Í × Ì#Þô zc… ’´ }ut±.ˆu…”z1…„yv‰’­®°ˆu…‹cwy’®”‹½¹ ’ ´
3
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
%D E
¡d£
U § U
Dª
Í
¿ ‹®”­ Š—x‡Ž“…°{¾±Êvuwy’tŠKw‘†x ¹‘±ˆˆ±
„y… ’>´ t —´‹ „n{y’Šq‚
Ôï
GF D D IH E J KJ ´ %D IH
ý 2Ð3653 8 2 3653 2 ÿ 98n{¾±v Ù
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
3
× ÌÞ4ô,õ
Í
Ò÷ö
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
Ñ
Ò
2 Ñ WÑ ³‹®”’‰tÀ ±Yx}8’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…Ž
Ø
¤V£
T¡ «
ü+/
Y
ÿ •‚ ɘ
.
³
.
ª ŠK­®”‹}t…”’[„y† wyx}Š‡‹Ñzы„n±ÊÑ c
³ …~xK}Áwyx}³‹‡¹ ª ³}’tw²‹¹~—´‹ ‘±Œ¬
Q_
" i " b p i1_ ø
ƒ`z1x}’t® ªÑÒ wƒ8
6:9Gvuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹¾’&tt±Kˆuˆu’“³‹®”’ À B´‹ x}c{¾±Kv ª ³}’tw²‹¹ —´‹ ‘±Œ¬c„n… ’“´ …vuw²x} ª Šx‡Žµ‹—ˆ±Œ¬c‘ ´‹ „¾{²’tŠq…Œ¬Ñ…°x„yvu…”ˆ—†x Ž
…’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…
Ž ª ŠK®”­ ‹}t…”’@„n† w²x}Š‡‹Wzы„n±‚;Æ11´‹ x—ˆu’>„n{²‹—¯‰’®”‹—wy±Ktx‡Ž&‹ˆ’L® ª ¯@„nv‹—w²‹—z1’‘{yw²±Ktx‡Ž&‹ˆu’‚ƒ vuw²t±Kv‹}Š ª ˆu…”’tˆ‹ˆK±Œ¬
vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹u—†x Žtt±KˆuˆK±Œ¬.„;>´‹ xˆu’x¯u®°…‘³‹ˆu’“ˆ‰‹>v‰x}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”’ˆ‹ˆK±Œ¬1vuwy±Wvx—z1x‘±1‹—}}±{¾±Ž“ˆ’t—xz1x}’t® ª ŠKŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµ’t—x
® ª ¯Ê‹—„²‹—}u±Ñw‰†x Ž“ˆux‡Žµ‹——…q„n³‘’tÂ;†x ­®°x‡Žµ’¾¹‘‚
ù
éæuô‰÷yù³é8ê$jô‰éKñ ä‰ê(ú²ê$jôñìéKäêFë«ã‡éKè—äêæuê#óä` å ê$jôñìéKäêäKå1ò÷(ø
¿ ‹—­®°Šx‡Ž“… {¾±>…‰’t®‹—„n{¾±KttˆK±>vuw²t’Šw‘†x ¹~‘±ˆˆ±Wˆ‹w²’‹Š½¹¾’&vuw²x{²x—ˆN5 vuw²x{yxˆÎ…‰vuwyx—{yxˆN5Ȓ ª {²wyxˆW„;>´‹ }x—¯uw²t’&ˆ‹ˆu’—ŽVz1x}’t® ª
Ò 'w 8
6:9 Šx—w²t±„¾{Œ‹>„n… ’7´ 7…Œ¬^„n{²‹—¯‰’®”‹—wy±Kx‡Žµ‹—ˆ±Œ¬cŽµ‹—wn{²x„²† ‘… 9B®”‹WŽ“±„nxŠK…”Œ¬.’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…vuwy’tŠKw‘†x ¹;‘±KˆuˆK±B¹¾’³„¾{“ˆu…”’t³‹®”’À ˆ±
x}^…°x„yvu…°ˆ ª Ž“…²’´ „n{yx„ ª ¹¾’>„y…y’µ´ ¹¾’³}ˆ‹Šx‡Ž«’7Ž&‹wy{yx#„²† ‘…qvuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹ ª ‘±ˆˆu’tÂxWˆ‹1w²’‹—Š¾¹‡’B´ ˆ ª ŠK®”’tx—yˆ 5È ª ŠK®”’tx—ˆ‚
Ôq‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆuxC’‘¶'’Š{¾±Ž“ˆ W´‹ v‰‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²wy±K‹½¹ ’´ vuw²t’ŠKw‰t†x ¹«‘±ˆˆ±z1‹cxÂ;—†x ®”ˆ W´‹ v‰x„¾{Œ‹~—† |
ð
ü ý ÿ ‡ ‡ . ±
ÿ
ÿ •‚ É7 .
Î ü .‘ÿ •8ü
Î ü . ï ² û
Ñ ³ . !ÿ •8ü
ð ÿ Ñ ³ . ±
´ ± ² û
²
²
û
û
ï ´ ±
ÿ ‡ ² Q‡ . ±>ˆ…°’>³‹®”’‰tÀ ±xK}Y„yvu…”ˆ ª ‹®”’À ±.ˆ‹{yx—z1…‹—„n{“xK}Êzы—„&w²x—vuw²x„ytx—ˆK±Œ¬t —´‹ „n{y’Šq‚
G»®”’tz1’ˆ{“zы—t…°’wyx‡Ž“± ý
û
º;wy’tŠKw‰t†x ¹&tt±KˆuˆK±Y‹—®°’tÀ ±Êw‰†x Ž“ˆu…°’ÎÀ x}@vµ’´ }“†x ŽË‘B—´‹ „n{y’Š^v‹}u‹‡¹h´‹ ‘±Œ¬@…~wyxtvuw²x„ytxˆK±KŒ¬‚·—’„n† ®”…#tL´‹ „¾{²Š…#w²x—tvwyx„nx—ˆu’>„;´‹
„n{²‹—¯u…°®”ˆK±Kzc…
t —´‹ „n{yŠ‡‹—zc…
xÑ}x¯uw²t’}’ 0ˆu…”x‡Žµ‹—ˆK±KŒ¬z1‹„y‹Œ¬{yx
ãã
2 ã Zb ã >Ì
í 8 í
ãÿ
`0
ü
8 íÙ
0
0
Ù
ÿ ÿ Î
. .
ÿ
ÿ
. .
ÿ •‚ É,= .
• Ñ ³ J ³ ‡ ² ‡ û ± ³ ‡ ² ¼‡ û ±
ÿ ´ ± ð }’0ˆu… ª ¹¾’>„n…²’´ ŽU‹ˆ‹—®°x—…‘ˆ±1„yv‰x„†x ¯K‹z1…”’tˆu…‹‡¹h´‹ h¹¾’³}±Kˆu…°’Ÿ‡ ² …$‡ ˆ‹‡ ´ …$‡ ± . ‚h·’‰„y† ®°…¹¾’³}ˆ‹Š^‘´‹ „¾{²ŠK…
û
ï
w²x—vuwyx„nx—ˆu’&É® ª ¯Ñ˜Î„;´‹ wy’tx—ˆ‰‹—„²‹z1… {yx΄yt’wyxŠ—x#„u† «† wyxtŠK­®”‹} ª …”Œ¬Ñzы—„»z ª „y…¯K±;“† Ž“t…²’‘´ {Œ‹v‰x} ª Ž&‹Â’—´ ‚¼8—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…°’L•u‚ É7
z ª „n…;¯±«1† zcx}±0Šx‡Žµ‹—ˆ‹^vuwy’tÑt‹—­®°Š’Ñ´ v‰x@w²x—ŠK­®”‹}u‹—Œ¬[z1‹„ Ï [ ÿ ‡ . x}vx‡Ž“…°’³}ˆu…Œ¬Qw²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„‰—†x ŽË}x@ˆ‰‹—„n{’t´ v ª ¹»—´‹ t’¾¹
vx„n{²‹‘… ÿ Ž vuw²t±Kv‹—}uŠ ª Â}t±x—¯u…”’>„ c´‹ w²’ttxˆ‹ˆ‰„y‹—zc… . |
ã
ï
² û
ï
Ñ
³ .ð
ãÿ
² û
Ñ
Ò
Sþåÿ
³ .ð
¹
ÿÑ
í
³ .
P P
Ò
Ò
þqÿ
ÿÑ
¹
8 8
³ ‡
²
Q‡
û
.NÏ
²
ÿ‡
²
.NÏ
û
ÿ‡
û
}
. N‡
²
}N‡
û
Ù
ÿ •‚ É>
.
“¼ xtŠK­®”‹}Szы(± Ï [ ÿ ‡ . ¹¾’³„¾{эtˆx—w²z1‹—®°…”tx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Q}x¹¾’³}ˆux#„y† t… »‹Qt‹—­®°Šx‡Žµ‹—ˆu…°’xK}u¯±KŽ&‹Á„y…y’Ê´ ŽÅÂw²‹—ˆu…”‹—Œ¬Sx}vwyx ª
ˆ‹Êvuw²x} ª Š½¹’Ñ´ }u‹ˆ’t—xÊw²’ttxˆ‹ˆ‰„ ª }xYz1‹—Š„n±Kzы®”ˆu’¾¹}x„n{’´ vuˆu’n¹B’tˆ’tw²Â—…”… ‚Ôq‹—­®°x#tÀ x—ˆxw²x—tŠK­®‹—}Áz1‹„n±Áv‰x„¾{Œ‹—‘…aIµw²’t…°{²‹5
ƒ\…”—ˆu’w²‹W>„n’tw²x—Šx„²† ‘…C´‹ ‹—®°’tÀ ˆÑW´‹ x}zы„n±q|
;ÿ ‡ .
ü
Ï [ ÿ‡ . Ò
ÿ •‚ ,É / .
ÿ ‡ [ ¼‡ . ± Ϋÿ ‡ . ± Ö(˜
Í &Ô ®”…”z Ï [ ÿ ‡ . Ò Í ÿ ‡’[ ¼‡ .
Â}ut…”
’ ¹¾’„n{L„¾{Œ‹­®c´‹ ˆux—w²zы®”…° ª ¹~—´‹ &u´‹ K‹ „yt’wyxŠ—x#„y† t…K>´‹ vx—®³­ —†x Ž“Šx‡Ž´‹ ‚
´Q±²%±  ¼“’³‹Š¾¹¾’1 ª }t…‹®”­ ’tz ˆ ª ŠK®”’txˆ—†x Ž!…h…Œ¬Qwy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„‰—†x Ž=x„n{²‹®”­ ±@vxK}ut…”’t®”x—ˆu’1ˆx
‹ =ʊK®”‹„t|   ´Q±²%± ´Q±²%±  ´¥±%²± … ´Q±²%± ‚
¿ bý
{
0
Þ
{
Þ
Þ
{
Þ
{
0 8
Þ
Þ
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
Ya¢$­
D IH E J KJ
Y pThU¤ "Y O
%D IH
´
¤V£
T¡ «
ü+1
Y
·’}±Kˆu…”’ ´¥±%²± ¹¾’„n{»Ž“±z1…”’tˆu…”x—ˆ‰‹;¹n‹(Ž“ˆ…°’—ˆ‹{yx—z1…‹—„n{hŽ“±h³À „n’“Ž“t¯ ª }t’ˆu…”‹7w²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„ ª x„n{²‹—®°­ ±Cxtˆ‹‘x—ˆu’#¹n‹Šx
‚V9L®‹ÑŠ‡‹³À }’¾¹“Î{¾±KŒ¬@ŠK®‹—„“³‹­®”x#À x—ˆux.„yv‰’³‘±0‰ttˆ c´‹ ¶'xwyz ’C´ ’®°’zc’ˆ{ ª zы—t…°’wyx‡Ž«’—x ý ÿ ‡ ² Q‡ û . ± ‚VµL‹Ñw²±„t‚L•u‚°üü
vuw²t’³}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆuxQˆu…”’t’t®‹—„n{¾±‘ˆu’^vwy’tŠKwyx—¹¾’@‘t±Kˆuˆ’Y}u®”‹6Ž“±Kz1…°’ˆu…”x—ˆK±Œ¬FŠK®‹—„1w²’‹—Š½¹¾…“ ª }t…‹­®”’tz wy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„‰—†x ŽÅxw²‹—
}x}u‹{yŠx‡Ž«xWŠ®‹—„ ’7´ wy’³‹Š¾¹¾… ³ ^¢ Ð ×
‚ 9L®‹1’tˆu’wy…°~… Ñ ³©=aÓÔ4Õ¡‹‘t±Kˆ‹c}xzc…”ˆux‡Ž&‹~B† ’tŠ„²‘±{²‹½¹n‹c„¾{²w ª ˆ‚
{
í
Þ R:
8 í
¼“±„ ª ˆu’ŠQ•‚”ü—ü|bµ…”’t’®”‹„¾{¾±ttˆK±Ávuw²t’ŠKw‰t†x ¹7‘±KˆuˆK±Ávuw²x{²x—ˆN5 vuw²x{yxˆ[vx}t…”’t®”x—ˆK±[ˆ‹@ŠK®”‹„n± 
 ´Q±²%± ´Q±²%±  ´Q±²%±  ´¥±%²± … ª
ª
Ž“±hÀ „yt±Œ¬^’tˆu’wy…°…
}xzc…”ˆ ¹¾’>’tŠ„²‘±{²‹½¹n‹c„¾{²w ˆ‚È® /¯
{
Þ
{
Þ
{
Þ
Ñ WÑ
ƒ z1x}’t® ªÎÒ w'8
6:9Ft‹—­®°Šx‡Ž“… {Œ‹“„n’tw²x—Šx„† ~† wy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„yx‡Žµ‹ Q_ ÿ Ÿ
¹¾’³„¾{“}u’ƒ0ˆu…”x‡Ž&‹ˆ‹L¹n‹Šxc„ ª zыѐ‘ ’‰´ „²† ‘…”x‡Ž“±KŒ¬^„n’tw²x—Š—x#„y† t…‰w²x—v‹—} ª |
Ñ Ñ
Q_
ÿ
.
Ò
[
Û
º
Þ Þ :

Þ
‚»9B®‹
´Q±²%±
³ ^¢ Ð ×
Š—x&†ˆ ‘x‡Žµ’tÂxµvwyx} ª Š{ ª wy’³‹Š½¹¾…—Ž“…”’t®”x‘—´‹ „n{yŠ—x‡Žµ’¾¹
yX S ã ÿ Ù
S ã ª
…³‹®”’‰tÀ ±1{¾±K®”Š—x1x}zы„n±.Ž“±Kvuw²x} ª Š x‡Žµ‹—ˆu’tÂxCwy’txˆ‹ˆ„ ‚
a
.
Þ
{
i
ÿ •‚ É,1
.
.
i
êë øë ñìæu÷²ùæ#æuã(ë ä‰ê(ú²æêqö²ò~æã‡ëìäê
Ç#…”t±KŠ‡‹‹ˆu…”¬u…”®”‹½¹¾…¯‹w²…”x—ˆN5½‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…”x—ˆ7ˆu…°’¹¾’„n{‰¹¾’³„n³‘’;}xLŠx&†ˆ ‹“tw²x— ª z1…”‹—ˆ‹“…¹¾’„n{#vwy’}z1…”x{y’z=‹Š{¾±KŽ“ˆ±Œ¬¯‹}u‹µ†ˆ ‚
ƒ zcx}’® ª@Ò 'w 8
6:9O³‹—„n{yx„nx‡Ž&‹ˆuxWv‹wŒ‹z1’t{yw²±³‹—¾¹‡’L´ vxcwŒ‹vu…”’tw²Ž„yt±Ñ‹—vuw²x—vx—ˆux‡Ž&‹ˆcC´‹ vuwy’t>€xŒ¬‹W…Z9Lx43’twŒ‹u|
ÿ •‚ ˜– .
Ìî Þ4î Þ Ò ³ ³ ­ ÿ ³ ̳ © . ±+± ³ Î © ± ³ Î I ²
º
Â}ut…”’
Òfü³•—
– ‡ ‡ ³ ,˜ ‡x±  Ï Ò»7—– »Ô4Õf… ÒO– =u‚ © ˆ…°¬u…”®‹—½¹n‹‹ˆ{¾±Kvuwyx—{yxNˆ 5Ȓ ª {²wyxˆ^…#‹ˆ{¾±Kvuwyx—{yxNˆ 5Ãvwyx—{yx—ˆ
„»C´‹ {²w²‹—Š{yx‡Ž&‹º ˆu’7…”}u’tˆ{¾±‘tˆ…°’‚
G»Š„n{ywŒ‹vx—®‹—¾¹n‹«‹—ˆu…°¬…°®‹—¾¹¾…‡ˆ ª Š®”’txN
ˆ 5½‹ˆ{¾±Kˆ ª Š®”’txˆLˆ‹“‹—ˆu…”¬u…°®‹—¾¹’~´ ¯‹w²…°xNˆ 5½‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…°xˆh¹¾’„n{vuw²x—¯u®”’tzы{¾±Kttˆ‹‘vx—ˆu…”’tŽ&‹ À
x}vx‡Ž“…°’³}ˆu…”’Yvuwy’tŠKw²x¹¾’^tt±Kˆuˆu’@ˆ…°’@x„n{²‹­®”±Stz1…”’tw²txˆu’—‚UÔUv‰x‡Žµx} ª w‰#†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬zы—„1…L„yŠK­®”‹} ª ŠŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµ’tÂx8ˆu…”’ ª 5
2ý
&N ý
2
2 ý ý 0 ý ý ý
ò 4Ù
8
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
%D E
¡d£
U § U
Dª
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
«
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
%D IH
´
¤V£
T¡ «
•—–
Y
ˆu…”ŠKˆu…”x—ˆ‹¹¾’„n{Ñzcx}±0Š‡‹½¹n‹[vuwy’tŠKw²x¹ ª tt±Kˆuˆu’—x[ˆ ª Š®”’txˆN5½‹ˆ{¾±Kˆ ª Š®”’txˆ‚¼@#†x tÀ ˆK±„yŠ­®‹—}ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠx‡Ž“±[³}’tw²‹¹~—´‹ ‘±Œ¬
„y… ’^´ ¯‹w²…”x—ˆ ª …“‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…°xˆ ª ¹¾’³„¾{1Ž“t… ’‘´ {¾±Svx} ª Ž&‹Â ’´ vuwy’t^vuwy’„yŠ‡‹®”x‡Ž“±Ž&‹ˆ…°’1vuw²t’Šw²x¹u†x Ž ‘t±KˆuˆK±Œ¬Sx6„¾{²x„ ª ˆu’tŠ
‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{y’tÂx;vuw²t’ŠKwyx—¹ ª tt±Kˆuˆu’—xµ¯‹w²…°xNˆ 5 ¯‹w²…°xˆB}x“ˆ ª ŠK®”’txˆN5È ª ŠK®”’txˆLx{²wy±Kz1‹—ˆK±KŒ¬B;‹—}}±{¾±Ž“ˆ’t—xµz1x}’t® ª ŠŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµ’tÂx
ÿ © 8
6S 4ˆ ,4(˜(™4¾zd{D4Ž"Éʃ-. |
2
2"#! 2 $ $ ÿ Ù
2"$"! $
Ø&Ù
ÿÑ
³ . Ò
Ñ
Ø&Ù
ÿ •‚ ˜ü
³ .
.
Bt…y’t´ ŠK…«vwy’„yŠ(‹—®°x‡Ž“±KŽ&‹ˆu… ª vuwy’tŠKw²x¹ ª ‘±ˆˆu’tÂx8xÁ„n{yx„ ª ˆu’Š[x}vx‡Ž“…”’}ˆu…Œ¬Svuw²t’Šw²x¹u†x Žftt±KˆuˆK±Œ¬S^‹}u}±{¾±5
Ž“ˆu’—xcz1xK}u’t® ª ŠKŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµ’tÂx>¯uw²‹—ˆ‹L¹¾’„n{v‰x} ª Žµ‹— ’´ }t…”Ž“ˆux#„u† 7† }’wy³‹‡¹ ´‹ ‘±Œ¬„y… ’´ ¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ†x Ž>‚
€x&‰†ˆ ‘x‡Ž“±„n{²‹ˆ>‹—ˆu…°¬…°®‹—¾¹¾…¯‹w²…”x—Nˆ 5½‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…”x—ˆh¹¾’³„¾{’tˆu’wyx‡Ž&‹ˆK±&v‰xvuw²t’t~¶'xwyzы½¹’h´ „¾{²w ª ˆ7z1’tx—ˆx‡Ž“±KŒ¬‚Z9Lx„¾{’t´ vuˆ‹
´ „n{yw ª ˆK±—þ
’ˆu’tw²Â—…‹Y¹¾’„n{Yv‰xVw—†x Ž“ˆux}ut…”’t®”x—ˆ‹ˆ‹j}uŽ“…°’Qwyxtv‹}u‹‡¹ ´‹ ‘’Á„y… ’Q
‚ µB‹vx—…°xzc…”’ÁŠKŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Ž“±KzŸ{Œ‹vwyx‘’³} ª wŒ‹
vx‡Ž«x} ª ¹¾’;‹ˆu…”¬u…”®”‹½¹’h´ v‹—wy±7ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ 5½‹ˆ{¾±KŠKŽµ‹—wyŠµ…z1…”‹—ˆ»’»´ vuw²t±Kvx—w²&—´‹ }uŠ—x‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹»ŠKŽ&‹w²Šµ†x Ž[„yŠK®”­ ‹}x‡Ž“±Œ¬}uxˆux‡Žµx“Ž“±vwy,x 5
} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬.¬‹—}uwyxˆ—†x Ž ÿ }x}u‹‡{²Š—x‡ŽµxW¯uwŒ‹ˆ’„ W´‹ v‰x} ª Žµ‹— ’7´ ŠŽ&‹w²ŠK…qzcxwy³‹ . ‚
9
éæuô‰÷yù³é:Céèä‰ê(ú%~æã‡ëìäêFëCéKèä‰ê(ú%CéKèä‰ê
ÔSv‰x‡Žµx} ª } ª À ’tÂxvuw²t’Šw²x¹ ª tt±Kˆuˆu’—x^vu…°xˆN5 ˆ ª Š®”’txˆ8vuw²t±Yˆu…ŒÀ „yt±Œ¬Á’ˆu’tw²Â—…‹—Œ¬‰w²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„nx‡Žµ’>vuw²t’Šw²x¹¾’W‘t±Kˆuˆ’
z1’tx—Nˆ 5 ¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ…Kz1’ttxNˆ 5 zc’txˆC„ »´‹ ¹¾’}ˆK±Kz1…«Žµ‹tÀ ˆu…”’¾¹n„yt±Œ¬>Ž Ò w'8
6Ê9΂;9Lx7’tˆ’tw²Â—…”…• •ÓÔ4Õ\x}u}ut…‹­®”±Ž&‹ˆ…”‹&z1’tx—ˆN5
¯‹—wy…”x—ˆÊ…z1’tx—Nˆ 5 z1’tx—ˆ@„»c´‹ ³}x—z1…”ˆux‡Žµ‹—ˆu’vuw²t’t>w²x—vuwŒ‹—„y‹ˆ…°’Bwy’tx—ˆ‰‹ˆ„‰—†x Ž>K{ ¹‘‚;¶'xwyzы—¾¹’>´ v‰x#„n† w²’}uˆu…°’—x1„¾{Œ‹ˆ ª wy’t,x 5
ˆ‹—ˆ„yx‡Ž«’—x‚ ¿ ‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{¾±1vuwy’tŠKw‘†x ¹«tt±KˆuˆK±}®‹1‘L´‹ „¾{²’tŠ.ˆ…°’ 5 }…°Ž“ˆK±Œ¬zыcvx„n{²‹~ †
ù
ÐÙ
2 Ñ Ñ
ÿ
Q_
d
ÿÑ
³ .
8 8 a8 *),+ & 8
& 'Çã (
& b Ñ Ñ
ÿ & 0
-/.0-
Ò
Û
y
ï
Ø
è
±þåÿ
Ô d Q‡
d Ôÿ
ÿ
º
ÃÑ
¹
Q‡
d
³ . ± Î
ÿ
&
ð
ÿ •*üed
Î
•8ü
&
Î
ü ‘. ÿ •8ü
ü
ÿ
ü
Î
.
ÿ •‚ ˜•
Q_
Äû
Ñ WÑ
Â}ut…”’QŽ„yv†x ­®”tt±Kˆuˆu…”ŠK…Bw²x—Ž“…°ˆu…²’´ t…”‹{yxVŽ„yv—†x ­®‘±Kˆuˆu…”Š… ¿ ”® ’t¯„²Œ¬‹5½Ï7xw²}u‹—ˆ‹u‹ Q_ … &
t —´‹ „n{yŠx‡Žµ‹Î„n’tw²x—Š—x#„† L† wyxtv‹} ª ÿ v‹‡{²wy ÿ •‚ É,1 .. ‚
© ˆ‰‹®”x——…‘ˆu’7wy’ ª ­®”±.‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆu’Ž vuw²t±Kv‹—}uŠ ª vuw²t’tŠKw²x¹u†x ŽG‘t±KˆuˆK±Œ¬z1’tx—ˆy5Ãz1’tx—ˆ‚
b
ÿ
d
.
{yx\t‹—­®°Šx‡Ž“… {Œ‹…
ççò
öŒò
å1êqòXCäç#éKñhô
åÎæã(ôäKåcò21 a43 ï65
a
B®”‹wy’³‹Š¾¹¾… “}®‹SŠ{‰†x wy±Œ¬Vˆu…”’8…„nˆu…”’¾¹ ´‹ }u‹ˆu’[}x„y† Ž“…”‹}u‘³‹®”ˆu’ ÿ ˆv‚=wyxtvuwŒ‹—„y‹—ˆu…”’ʬK±Kv’tw²…°xˆN5Ãw²’tx—ˆ‹—ˆ„c¯‹w²…”x—ˆux‡Ž“±
„n{yx„ ª ¹¾’.„y…y’.´ vuw²x„n{;Y´‹ w²’t ª ­®°’Ñvx—Žµ‹—®”‹¹#—´‹ &^´‹ x—¯®°…‘±;.† ˆu…°’tˆ‹—ˆu’Ñvuw²t’Šw²x¹¾’ѐtt±Kˆuˆu’.¬‰‹—}w²x—ˆN5 ¬‹}wyxˆ‚ƒ ‹}u}±{¾±KŽ“ˆK±z
z1x}’t® ª ŠŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Ž“±Kz vuw²t’Šw‘†x ¹µ‘t±KˆuˆK±.³‹®”’À ±¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’>x}^„yŠK­®”‹} ª ŠKŽ&‹w²Š—x‡Žµ’tÂx>}’wy³‹‡¹h—´‹ t±Œ¬„n…²’>´ ¬‹}wyxˆ—†x Ž>|
.
9
2 Ñ WÑ \˜–87
Q_
Ò
›
:9
•
Ée
7 ÿ ü`0Q–ëÙ ˜9ÿ á´ . 7 ÿ ü`0S–ëÙ ˜9ÿ ±á .
ÿ •‚ ˜É
.
ÿ •‚ ˜—˜
2 \–ëÙ –É 87 2 Ñ WÑ 8
Â}ut…”’
¹¾’„n{c®”…”tt¯ 8´‹ }’wy³‹‡¹ —´‹ t±Œ¬6„y… ’.´ z1’ttxˆ—†x Ž>h‹ ÿ Sá ¹¾’³„¾{1„¾{²x„ ª ˆuŠK…°’z߅°®”x„²† ‘…«ŠŽ&‹w²Š&—†x Ž }t…”Ž“ˆK±Œ¬}xÁˆu…”’
}…°Ž“ˆK±Œ¬Ž+¿;0A:<; Ö¬‹}w²x—ˆu…”’—‚ B¯u…”’Bw²’t®‹—¾¹¾’>„»Î´‹ ¶'’tˆuxz1’tˆux®°x—…‘tˆ’L…ˆu…”’‹—®°’À W´‹ xK}^’tˆ’tw²Â—…”……
vµ’´ } ª ‚ L®‹cŽ“±„nxŠ…Œ¬
\
à Ò
,1
±¬%²
Q_
‰× ÿ
.
ƒ5
‡
PF
a9
’ˆu’tw²Â—…”…qt—x}ˆx„† L† ’tŠ„yv‰’wy±Kz1’tˆ{Œ‹®”ˆu…°’7tz1…”’tw²txˆ±Kz1…qvuw²t’tŠKw²x¹n‹—zc…
tt±KˆuˆK±Kzc…
¬‰‹—}w²x—ˆN5 ¬‹}wyxˆ¹¾’„n{L}x—¯w²‹‚
A@ CB
%D E GF D
ø = i÷Bà m^i \ \ " b;i e^ g9] " m
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
«
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
D IH E J KJ
Ya¢$­
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
Y
•uü
ƒ ‘ ’t® ª xvu…„ ª wy’³‹Š¾¹¾…ˆu…°’’t®‹—„n{¾±‘tˆK±Œ¬\vuw²t±G} ª tÀ ±Œ¬Ä’ˆu’tw²Â—…‹—Œ¬Ux—wŒ‹[‹—ˆu…”¬u…°®‹—¾¹¾…¯‹w²…°xˆN5½‹ˆ{¾±K¯‹w²…°xˆVŽ z1x}’t® ª
Ò 'w 8
6:9 ª tÀ ±KŽµ‹Q„y… ’Y´ z1x}’t® ª „n{yw ª ˆux‡Žµ’tÂx‚Fº~x—ˆu…”’tŽ&‹^À —® ª x—ˆK±„ [´‹ ¯’tzы—„yx‡Ž“±z1…“‘ —´‹ „n{yŠ‡‹z1…&xS„nv…°ˆu…”’>+uÒ¤ü;{²x
„n{²‹{¾±Kttˆu’“x}u}ut…‹®”­ ±Ž&‹ˆ…°’„y…°®”ˆu’Bzc… ’´ }ut±cŠŽ&‹w²Š‡‹z1…uˆ‹Îzы­®”±KŒ¬.}u±K„n{²‹—ˆ„²‹—Œ¬ ÿ „n{²‹—®”­ ‹C„yvuw² ’´ tÀ ’tˆ…”‹ ÿ ± . ¹¾’³„¾{µzы­®‹C}®‹
zы®”­ ±Œ¬@x}®°’—®”­ x„²† ‘…® ª ¯Q} ª À ±KŒ¬Ávuwy’tŠ‡‹—†x ŽOv ’´ } ª ±‡txvx—tŽ&‹®‹ ª À ±;C† v’twy{ ª w²¯‹—t±³¹¾ˆ ´‹ 8 ¿ 9 . z1x#À ’W¯K±«C† xvu…„y‹—ˆu’
vuw²t±Yvx—z1x‘±@vx{²’tˆ¾¹n‹®­ ª Õ @? Ö/¢Kb
‚ µL‹Y}x„¾{Œ‹‡{y’³‘ˆu…°’c} ª À ±KŒ¬[x}®°’—­®”x„²† ‘…‹—Œ¬Yvx—®”’WŠx—®”x—w²x‡Ž«’Cvx—z1…²’´ }±@}Ž«xzы
ŠKŽ&‹w²Š(‹—z1…® ª ¯Ñ‹ˆ{¾±KŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ‡‹—zc…z1x#À ˆ‹7x—vu…„y‹~† ¹n‹—Š—x>„n{yw ª ˆ»’ ´ ÿ d‚''(ˆN. a‚ FBtˆ‹‘³‹‡¹h—´‹ «ˆ‹—vu…y’³´ ‘…”’“„¾{²w ª ˆK± %ÿ 4h‚ ˜'(
&ƒD‚'4$. ¹n‹—Š—B
x A®°…”ˆu…”x‡Ž“±.v‰x—{y’ˆ½¹n‹—­®„¾{²w ª ˆK±.zыcvx„n{²‹~ †
MÕ á ü
ü
ý Õá
Õ
dí 0 í
CALí ´ 0 ± í
Ò
´
8
ÿ •‚ ˜7
.
ÿ •‚ ˜=
.
 }ut…”’ ´ ± ‰x—ˆ‹—t‹1x}®”’t—®”­ x#„u† >† z1…y’´ }±ÊŠKŽ&‹w²Š‡‹z1… ‚
2‹—Š‡‹Ñ¶'x—w²zыэ‹—vu…„ ª vx{²’tˆ¾¹n‹­® ª x„n{²‹­®‹1vx{¾Ž“…”’twŒ}txˆ‹
vuw²t’^x¯u®”…”tt’tˆ…”‹Ì8 ¿ 9ֈ‹6„n…‹‡{²Š(‹Œ¬ ÿ%4‹-—4˜˜#%ÃzŸ|$ˉ. ‚h·‹—ŠSŽ“…”}‹~Ê† wyxtz1…‹w²±[vx—vuw²t’³‘ˆu’^ˆ…°’@„ Á´‹ ¯uwŒ‹ˆ’^vx}
ª Ž&‹Â’´ v‰xˆu…”’tŽ&‹CÀ „;Ñ´‹ v‰xz1… ¹n‹—®°ˆu…”’Czы®”­ ’>Ž=„¾{²x„ ª ˆuŠ ª }xÑvx}­® ª tÀ ˆu’n¹’tŠ„yt±{²‹—¾¹¾…„n{yw ª ˆK±—‚hFBtˆ‹‘‹¹#—´‹ 7v«’´ }±ÊŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ&—†x Ž
¹n‹—Š—x ´ … ± ¬‰‹z1…°®°{yxˆu…‹ˆÊ‹v…”„ ª ¹¾’tzW±>¹n‹Šx
Ö Ð
Õ
Ò
í í í í Aúí 0 í 8
Î
´
Î
±
´
±
Ž“… ’´ 7w ª Œ¬^Šxµ†ˆ —†x ŽU„n{yw ª ˆK±>¹¾’„n{x—v…”„²‹ˆK±Ñw—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…”‹—z1…w ª Œ¬ ª |
}Ð : S B0 D 0„y…°Âˆ ÿE S 0 S. A 8
ÿ •‚ ˜
SD
}S
ÿ •‚ ˜
D U„y…°Âˆ ÿ S Ù
}Ð:
S
D
Ôz1…‹ˆ‹Bv ’³´ } ª ‹®”’À ±xK}Wtˆ‰‹Š ª ÿF S 0 S . ‹BŠK…°’w ª ˆu’tŠvuw²x—v‹—‹½¹¾…¹¾’„n{~³}’ ‰ˆu…°x‡Ž&‹ˆK±7vuw²t’tµtˆ‰‹Š>v ’´ } ª S ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ‡‹‚
@x#tÀ ˆ‹WŽ“… ’´ vx‡Ž“…°’³}t…”’
—† hÀ ’&¹¾’„n{&{yxђtŽµx—® ª ¾¹n‹ ª ŠK­®‹—} ª {¾±Kv ª n±x ±—x t‚
}
Õ
Ò
Ò
.
Ò
Î
Õ
ˆ> .
.
Ò
/ .
.
ƒ0
6
„
5
…
· ’‰„y† ®°…µvuw²t’tŠ‡‹—.v«’³´ } ª ¹¾’³„¾{1Ž“±„¾{Œ‹wŒ‘‹¹—´‹ txY} ª tÀ ±~{yxÁ’Š„yt±{Œ‹—¾¹n‹@„¾{²w ª ˆK±6z1x#À ’.vuw²t’tŠKw²x‘t±«1† Ž&‹wy{yx#„† 1† ŠKw²±{¾±ttˆÑ´‹ 
´ ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ5½‹ˆ{¾±KŠŽ&‹w²Šq‚ €>‹À }u‹
vx‡Ž“±htÀ ’¾¹ÑŠ{‰†x wy’n¹.Š—xwy±K„n{yˆK±’ˆu’tw²Â—’t{¾±‘tˆ…°’8¯ ’´ }ut…”’Áw²x—tv‰‹—}F{²‹—ŠK…°’n¹„¾{²w ª ˆK±Fˆ‹v‰‹w ’8
ª
Ž“±Kvuw²x} Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬Fv‹w^ŠŽ&‹w²Š 5 ‹—ˆ{¾±ŠKŽ&‹w²ŠS¯«’³´ }t…”’Qzc…‹­®‹zы—­®°±Vv«’´ }GŽ“Â—®²’´ }ˆK±FŽ ª ŠK­®‹—}…°’Á„yvxKtt±KˆuŠx‡Ž“±z {y’n¹
v‹—wy±‚
º»wŒ‹(Ž}xv‰x}x¯u…°’~†ˆ „n{¾Ž«x ±Šw²’‹½¹¾…qv‹—wy±.ŠKŽ&‹w²Š 5 ‹—ˆ{¾±KŠKŽ&‹w²ŠCxÑzы—„y…°
’ ‡ …vx—® ª Šx—®”x—w²x‡Ž“±Kzfx1ˆ‹—vu…y’´ ‘… ª „¾{²w ª ˆK±
AÊzыcv‰x„¾{Œ‹~ †
?í í
í í
Gtx—ˆ„n{²‹—ˆ{
± Ò
è
hÝ 0
’ v
›
Ø$‡x±
A

8
ÿ •‚ ˜1
.
 }ut…”’Y{¾±vx‡Ž&‹[Ž&‹wy{yx#„† G† AV{²x\ü~ÓÔ4ÕÖ,†‡[‚ă\‹‡¹¾’z1ˆu’@vuwŒ‹(Ž}x—vx}x—¯u…”’~‰†ˆ „¾{¾Ž&‹8vuw²x} ª Š½¹¾…vx„ytt’t«—†x ®”ˆK±KŒ¬‹45
v‹Œ¬—†x ŽUŠŽ&‹w²Š&—†x Ž>|
¿, ß
4Ù ëÙ Ù
ÿ •‚\7– .
| Í |³C| Í ;Ð |¢ Ò=ü>|uü|– É7Î|—– °ü
2’“Ž„nv†x ­®”tt±Kˆuˆu…”ŠK…v‰xŒ¬ux}B
´‹ ‹ˆ‹—®°…”t±Îvuwyx} ª Š½¹¾…v‰x„n³‘t’Â;†x ®°ˆK±Œ¬Îw²x}‹¹u—†x Žz1’tx—ˆ†x Ž…‰¯‹w²…°xˆ—†x ŽŽF³}’tw²t’ˆu…—5
‹Œ¬vuw²x{²x—ˆN5 vuw²x{yxˆ‚ƒG„yv†x ­®”tt±Kˆuˆu…”Š1{y®­ ª z1…°’ˆu…‹WŠKŽ&‹w²Š‡‹³µ¹¾’³„¾{“Ž&‹tÀ ˆK±.}®‹Wvuwyx} ª Š½¹¾…qŠ‡‹xˆ—†x Ž>Kˆ‹{yxzc…‹—„n{µ{y­® ª z1…°’ˆu…°’
}Ž ª ŠŽ&‹w²Š‡‹&x}—w²±KŽµ‹µŽ&‹tÀ ˆÑ&´‹ wyx®y’»´ ŽSvwyx} ª Š½¹¾…‹ˆ{¾±Kˆ ª Š®”’txˆ—†x Ž>$‚ 9BŽ ª ŠKŽµ‹—wyŠ ÿ h4{D4ŽD. vx—Žµ‹—®”‹&ˆ‰‹“vuw²xK} ª Š¾¹‡’ ´
Ð
A@ CB
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
Dª
¡d£
U § U
%D E
«
GF D
LZ¡ "¡dUP­VUT ÈU R
Ya¢$­
D IH E J KJ
Y pThU¤ "Y O
´
%D IH
¤V£
T¡ «
Y
••
v‹—wy±Ñ¯‰‹w²…°xˆN5 ‹—ˆ{¾±¯‰‹w²…°xˆÑŽUvuw²x‘’„y…”’Bw²x—’tw²Žµ‹—ˆu…”‹Îˆ‹v…y’t´ {y’¾¹“„n{yw ª ˆK±—‚
ƐŒ¬u’zы‡{¾±‘ˆ±1x¯uw²‹—Bw²x—v‹—}‹‡¹ —´‹ t’¾¹»„y… ’>´ „n{yw ª ˆK±Ñvuwy’}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆxΈ‹Wwy±„‚»•‚”ü³•|#vuw²t±Kv‹}’tŠ1ˆu…”’}…°Ž“ˆ’t—xc¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ ª
w²x—v‹—}u‹¹#—´‹ t’t—xC„y…y’>´ ˆ‹c¬u…°v’tw²x—ˆŠ(‹—x—ˆÊ…
vu…”x—ˆ‚
“¼ ±„ ª ˆu’ŠW•‚”ü³•u|º»w²x} ª Š¾¹n‹Lt —´‹ „n{y’ŠCŽŽ“±Kˆu…”Š ª ’tŠ„yt±{²‹—¾¹¾…„¾{²w ª ˆK±‚#º;wy’}u„n{²‹(Ž“…”x—ˆuxLvuwy±Kv‹—}’Š>ˆu…”’}…°Ž“ˆu’—x¯‹—wy…”x—ˆ ª
w²x—v‹—}u‹¹#—´‹ t’t—xC„y…y’>´ ˆ‹c¬u…°v’tw²x—ˆŠ(‹—x—ˆÊ…
vu…”x—ˆ‚h® 1;¯
IH
k
lnmpoqmprsut v
J=¨+Û
¢ ÜLK ¢ Ü šNM
O¾åæ
P&ˆh~[è‰vRQè6vPŽ–“
¢ ÛfÜȞ7§
ã
§ ›
Ü š¦¥
§
TíqS †‰„
è-~qvr„5
„ˆ~è6ˆxí(‚cƒ…ˆ:Ž
@’t{yx}u‹Ñ}Ž ª ‘ ´‹ „¾{²Š—x‡Žµ’¾¹µ…°ˆ{y’wn¶'’wyxz1’‘{yw²…”……°ˆ{²’tˆ„y±KŽ“ˆux„²† ‘…x„n{²‹—®”­ ‹cx—vw²‹‘x‡Ž&‹ˆ‹WŽO®”‹{²‹—Œ¬@v… ’
´ t† }…°’³„n… ‡´‹ {¾±Œ¬ ª ¯u…”’t—­®”’tÂx
Ž“…”’tŠ ª vuw²t’gB‹ˆK¯ ª w²±:Iµwyx‡Ž“ˆ@…2&Ž“…„y„²‹Ê®°ü–;¯ 
Š{‰†x wy±Ê³‹—„n{yx„nx‡Ž&‹®”…¹ Ê´‹ }xvx—z1…‹w ª wyxtz1…‹w—†x ŽOŠ ‡´‹ {yx‡Ž“±Œ¬@Ž“…”‹—}@…
…”ˆuˆK±Œ¬cx¯u…”’tŠ{‰†x Žj‹—„n{yw²x—ˆx—z1…”ttˆK±Œ¬‚~2’vu…”’tw²Ž„n’&v‰xzc…‹w²±W„n{yx„nx‡Ž&‹®”­ ±>Š—xwy’®”‹½¹¾’“}Ž@†x Œ¬W¶'x—{yxˆ—†x Ž>‚hÔÊ}w ª —…”’¾¹h„¾{²wyxˆ±
ŽÖü 1=—–8Ïc‚hÏ7x—®}¬‹—¯‰’w 2‚~Ï7x®”}u¬‹¯’tw³ƒ=‚ ·’’.… © ‚~ºh‹…¾
„ ® ü'ü ¯&v‰x}ut‹—„C¯‹—}u‹—ˆu…‹@wyxtŠK­®‹—}“†x ŽËŠ‡´‹ {²x‡Ž“±KŒ¬6vu…”x—ˆL—†x Ž
ª
’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬>Žvuw²x‘’³„n…”’«‹—ˆu…°¬…°®‹—¾¹¾…vwyx—{yx—yˆ 5 ‹—ˆ{¾±Kvuw²x{²x—ˆ‹ Žµ‹tÀ ±K®°…ÏqtÀ ’µvu…°xˆK±>x;¹¾’³}ˆ‹Šx‡Ž“±Œ¬>­®”‹} ª ˆuŠ‡‹—Œ¬c„ B´‹ ‘ ’‰´ „²† ‘…”’¾¹
’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆ’Bzы­®”±Kzc…v«’³´ }u‹z1…
Ž“t®y’³´ }ˆK±Kzc…
…
…°ˆ{²’tw²vuwy’t{yx‡Ž&‹®”…{²x¹n‹ŠxWw²’t ª ® {Œ‹‡{„n{²‹‡{¾±„n{¾±KŠ$… Iµx„y’tÂx 5&G»…”ˆ„n{y’t…”ˆ‹‚
´ ¯u®”…”„yŠ—x1„y…°’¯u…°’7ŽÄt‹ 5
<½ˆ{y’wn¶'’wyxzc’t{yw²…”‹C…°ˆ{y’ˆ„y±Ž“ˆx„²† ‘…qŽ“±KŠ—x—w²t±„n{ ª ¹¾’¶ì‹Š{;À ’7…}’ˆ{¾±ttˆu’7‘ ´‹ „¾{²ŠK…ˆ‹‡¹n} ª ¹ —´‹ t’7„y… ’7
ÿ
.
„y…°’>…vuwy’„n{yw²t’ˆu…
v‰x}®”’t‹‡¹hc´‹ ’‘¶'’Š{yx—zN„¾{Œ‹‡{¾±„n{¾±ŠK…
ŠKŽ&‹ˆ{yx‡Žµ’¾¹;Ž“±Kˆu…”Š‡‹‡¹»´‹ ‘±Kzō ‹ˆ{¾± „y±z1’t{yw²±³‹—¾¹¾…Ž“…”’t®”x‘—´‹ „n{yŠ—x‡Žµ’¾¹
¶ ª ˆŠ½¹¾…µ¶ì‹—®°x‡Žµ’¾¹‘©
‚ FB¯„y’tw²Ž ª ¹¾’Ê„n…²’^´ Ž“…²’´ ^Ž“tw²x„n{W…”®”x„²† ‘…µ¯‰xtx—ˆL—†x Ž ŽÅx¯„n³‹w²t’.zы—­®°±Œ¬vµ’´ }—†x ŽÅŽ“Â—®y’´ }ˆK±Œ¬‚ÔVw²x— 5
t…—´‹ —­®”x„²† ‘…v«’³´ }x‡Ž«’n¹;{²’t—x1’t¶'’tŠ{ ª z1x#À ˆ‹ ª t±„nŠ‡‹~B† …”ˆ¶'xwyzы—¾¹’´ xcw²x—z1…”‹—w²‹Œ¬.vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆK±Œ¬Ft† w†x }­®‹u‚
2«±z ‘x“w#
†x À ˆu…‡…°ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’‘{²wy…²’~´ …°ˆ{y’ˆ„y±Ž“ˆx„²† ‘…‡x}B{ywŒ‹—}±‘±³¹¾ˆu’n¹…”ˆ{y’wn¶'’wyxzc’t{yw²…°…‡‹—zcv®°…°{ ª }ux‡Ž«’n¹¹¾’³„¾{
{²xqtÀ ’»vx—w—†x Ž“ˆ ª ¹¾’
…”ˆ{y’tˆ‰„n±KŽ“ˆux#„y† t… ‹Êˆu…”’.‹z1vu®”… { ª }±À
‚ <½ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’‘{²wy…‹…”ˆ{y’ˆ„n±KŽ“ˆux#„y† t…~v‰xŠ(‹— ª ¹¾’1’t¶'’tŠ{¾±Á„n{²‹‡{¾±„n{¾±KŠ… Iµx„y’tÂx 5&G»…”ˆ„n{y’t…”ˆ‹
® ª ¯.Çu’wyz1…”’tÂx 5&9L…”w²‹t‹‡ˆ‹(Ž«’t{
¹¾’‰„y† ®°…‰¶ì‹³‹7¶ì‹®”… ÿ „n† Ž“…‹‡{²®°ˆu’n¹h® ª ¯z1‹{y’wy…”… . ¹¾’„n{;‹—¯ ª w²‹ˆ‰‹Bvwy’tˆu…”’tŠx—ˆ{yw²x—®”x‡Ž&‹ˆu’«®°x„nx‡Žµ’
U ª Š{ ª ‹—¾¹¾’ ÿ ˆv‚>„n† Ž“…‹‡{²­®°xCŽ\‹{yz1x„n¶'’tw²t’…°’zфnŠK…”’¾¹ . ® ª ¯}xW}±„nvx—±¹n¾¹¾…¹¾’³„¾{¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’Lˆu…”’tŽ“…”’t®”Š‡‹>…”®°x#„† &† ®°…‘’#†ˆ t—´‹ „n{y’Šq‚
ƒ3‘’® ª vx—Š‡‹³‹ˆu…‹Îw#†x À ˆu…‘±.z1…y’´ }±‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆu…”’tz …°ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’‘{²wy…”…q…°ˆ{y’ˆ„y±Ž“ˆx„²† ‘…
ŽO‹—„n{yw²x—ˆuxzc…”…q$… 0±Kt’C‘—´‹ „n{y’tŠ
w²x—Žµ‹tÀ zαWˆ‹—„n{ ’´ v ª ¹ ´‹  C´‹ „y±{ ª ‹½¹ ’—´ |h}Ž&‹Cv ª ˆuŠ{yx‡Žµ’@† w‰†x }­®”V
‹ 1… xK}}u‹®”x—ˆu’Lx š ’tz1…°{ ª ¹ W´‹ …}’tˆ{¾±‘ˆu’Bt —´‹ „n{yŠK…xÎzы—„y…”’
ÿ ‡x± Î ± . ´¬%±—uŠ{‰—†x w²’7v‰x1vuw²t’¯±t… ª }±„¾{Œ‹ˆ„ ª §V„»Î´‹ Ž“±KŠKw²±Ž&‹ˆ’Lvuw²t’
‡Qv«’³´ }t…”’ Y…
{¾±Œ¬^„²‹zαŒ¬^’tˆu’wy…”‹Œ¬
î Ò
šÍ6ÿ
}’t{y’Š{²x—w²±[üc…»•.x}u}‹®”x—ˆu’WxK}[„n…”’t¯…°’cx Ü wy±„‚CÉu‚”ü‹ . 
‚ F7}®”’t—­®”x#„u† k
 † §Äv‰x‡Ž“…”ˆuˆ‹¯K±;W† tˆ‰‹—‘ˆu…”’ÎŽ“… ’t´ Š„n³‹.x} ® ª ¯ Í ‚
¿ ‹—­®°Šx‡Ž“… {Œ‹Î‹z1vu®”…°{ ª }u‹cz1…”’tw²tx—ˆ‰‹ÎŽO}’‘{²’tŠ{yxwy’WüŽ“±Kˆux„n…
ü ¯ Ô î [
Ï
Î\ Ô î [ ÿ ɂ°ü .
±
Ò
6
1N
ó
ó
Õ S Ï FWYX[Z:W Ó S Ï X[Z Ó 8
v ª ˆŠ{Œ‹—Œ¬Gхú(N ^] _] X „«c´‹ …”Œ¬Ê®”x„yx‡Ž“±z1…¶ì‹³‹z1…Ï
GÕ
´
§
°
°
 }ut…”’ … \ „«1´‹ ‹z1vu®”… { ª }u‹—zc…
Ž
Z
¿
}’t{y’Š{²x—wŒ‹ü‚ ‹ ­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{²‹W…°ˆ{y’ˆ„y±Ž“ˆx„† L† Ž¡ü7Ž“±Kˆux„n…
Ž“… ’´ 
ü ¯ ± Î \ ± Î •h¼“’
Ò
î
´
§ ±
í Õí í í
>¢
;Õ { \ SE` Ï
•É
Ô
î [
[ °FW Ó X Ï Z ’ :Z W Óa ±
° ’
8
´
K
Z >¢
´
X „»Î´‹ x}®”’t­®°x#„y† t…”‹—z1…q}ux
ÿ ɂ •
.
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
B
dc
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
J
U
RTÈO¥¤
Gî
´
¤ £ T¡
•˜
¤
«
‹ ˆ‰‹®”x——…‘ˆK±7Ž“±Kˆu…”Š>x{²wy±Kz ª ¹¾’zαC}®‹ ± a‚ F7„n{²‹‡{²ˆu…„nŠK®­ ‹—}ˆ…°Š>ŽFw‰†x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ… ª ÿ Éu‚ • . ‹(Ž“…”’twŒ‹…”ˆ¶'xwyzы—¾¹’«´ xx}®”’t­®°x#„y† t…
=z1… ’´ }±Vt† w†x }u­®”‹—zc…… (u‹®”’tˆu…”Š‡‹cv‰x ª „y† w²’tuˆ …”’tˆu… ª „y±K—ˆ‹—®­ ª vxcv’tŽ“ˆK±Kzאt‹„n…”’—{yˆ‚hvxÑ®°x„nx‡Ž“±Œ¬Ñ¶ì‹—‹—Œ¬e]Z |
ó
úN
î
ï
î
ãX
í Õí í \ í Ù
î î ˆu…°’>³‹®”’À ±ÑŽ“…y’³´ Bx}&ó=…
ð Ò
´
ü
ð Ò
ï ±
¯
§ ±
± Î
± ±
ÿ ɂ É
.
ÿ ɂ ˜
.
ÿ ɂ 7
.
Í ‚
½®”xKtt±Kˆ ª „n† w²’}uˆu…°xˆK±KŒ¬^…°ˆ{²’tˆ„y±KŽ“ˆux„²† ‘… ï ´ ð ï ± ð
µ…”’«¹¾’„n{«{²x¹¾’}uˆ‹Š1vuwŒ‹(Ž}1“
´‹ ¹¾’„n† ®”…q}Ž“…°’7…”ˆ{²’tˆ„y±KŽ“ˆux#„²† ‘…‰tx„¾{Œ‹ˆÑ>´‹ vwy’tz1ˆux#À x—ˆu’Lvuwy’t7„n…”’t¯u…”’Lvwy’} ª „y† w²’}ˆu…”’tˆ…°’zÊ|
<
îî
ï ´
ð Ò
±
î î
ð
´
ï
•
ð~Î
ï ±
§ û
í Õí í \ í Yf ÿ 0 0 X X Ù
± ´
±
³ ¯
¢
´
BŽ ª ‘L—´‹ „n{yŠ—x‡Ž&‹>¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹1Š—x—w²’t®‹—t±³¹¾ˆ‹“¹¾’³„¾{“Ž“…y’´ >}u‹—ˆ‹¹n‹—Š—x
Z
¢
Z
±
¢
Î
´
¢
. ±
±
9
-ó 8 î î î î Oü ÿ í ÕǕëí í ÕÇí 9í í\ \ í í Yf ÿ 0 0 X X IÙ
B®”‹Ñ} ª tÀ ±Œ¬ h ó-8 ‹w²Â ª z1’tˆ{“}w ª —…”’tÂxKx„²‘±K® ª ¹~—´‹ t’t—xc„nŠK­®‹—}ˆ…°Š‡‹Wvuwy’Œ¬ux}…qŽ
0 0 X X 0 Þ ó Yf ÿ 8 ó 0 if ÿ 8 if ÿ óx8 IÙ
xcŽ“±KwŒ‹À ’tˆu…”’;¹¾’³„¾{L„y±Kz1’‘{yw²±‘ˆu’B’>Ž“t® ’³´ } ª ˆ‰‹ …;ó ÿ x}®”’t­®°x#„y† t…
}’‘{²’tŠ{yxw‰†x ŽG…
v ª ˆuŠ{—†x Ž ’tz1…”„ì¹¾… ‚
g
9
ÿ
͈š . Ò
š
ï
ï ´
Í
’§
¢
Z
´
¢
Z
±
´
ð
±
¢
ï ±
´
ð
Î
±
Î
Ò
ð
¢
±
± Î
Í
±
± . ±
¯ ´
§
´
³ ¯
͚
³
š .
´
¢
Z
´
³
¢
±
Z
¢
Í š §š . ´
³
Î
´
š
¢
±
. ±
š
§ . ±
Í
2
.
.
(a)
(b)
(c)
→
R
b
ÿ ɂ =
→
R
a
b
a
b
a
→
L
a1 ~ →
p
a2 ~ →
p
a
→
p
→
→ ~ p1
→ ~ p b1
p a1
→
→ ~→
~
pb1 pb2 pb
→
2
→
pa ~ →
2
pb ~ →
2
p2
θ
2 1
1
2
→
d
1
d
ó
N
¼“±„ ª ˆu’ŠBÉu‚”ü—|º~xz1…”‹—w
š xK}u®°’—­®”x„²† ‘… jš zc… ’´ }ut±}Ž«xzыt† w†x }­®‹z1…j7… vx—vuw²t’»Š—xwy’®”‹½¹¾’~…°ˆ{²’tˆ„y±KŽ“ˆux„²† ‘…‡ŽS}’t{y’tŠ{²x—wŒ‹—Œ¬
üC…h•1x}u}u‹—®°xˆK±KŒ¬Yx Í æ |‰„²Œ¬u’tzы‡{Bx—Â;†x ®°ˆK±‚ |„yv’‘±0‰ttˆ‹Ñ„y±{ ª ‹½¹n‹ÑŽ!‹„¾{²wyxˆux—z1…”… ‚ ÷ |q„nv’t±0‰‘ˆ‹.„y±{ ª ‹—¾¹n‹ÑŽ
0±‘’>‘—´‹ „n{y’tŠqd
‚ ® ü(+• ¯
Ù
#‹c„y±Kz1’‘{yw²…‹Wˆu…”Š(‹cŽ }Ž@†x Œ¬Ê—wŒ‹ˆu…‘ˆK±KŒ¬^vuw²t±Kv‹—}uŠ(‹Œ¬|
kŽN³‹—„n{yx„nx‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹—Œ¬‹„¾{²wyxˆux—z1…‘ˆ±Œ¬ ÿ w²±K„‚Uɂ°ü¯ . v ª ˆuŠ{¾±j’tz1…”„ì¹¾…l… ʄ S´‹ ‘ ’´ „y† t… Q´‹ vx‡Ž“…°’wy³Œ¬uˆu…“ÂŽ“…”‹—}±
v‰x}ut‹—„1Â}±}’t{y’tŠ{²x—w²±ˆ‹Ô…”’tz1…„;[´‹ x}u}u‹—®°xˆu’c¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’YxQŠK…”®°Š‡‹Qz1’‘{²w‰†x ŽÈ® ª ¯jŠK…”®°xz1’‘{yw—†x Ž>«Ž“…y’³´  mh Í ‚
ƒR{²‹ŠK…”zß—wŒ‹ˆu…‘ˆ±Kz vuwy±Kv‹—}Š ª ‹w²Â ª zc’ˆ{W‘x„n…”ˆ ª „y‹YŽ ÿ Éu\‚ 7 . w²’} ª Š ª ¹¾’„y… ’Ê´ }x ´Yf ³ ÿ Í š 7 åÿ š Z š .. hÂ}ut…”’
Rš Z
Ò
Ô/š Z u‹ÎŽµ’twŒ„yx—w Ԛ Z
vx—Š‡‹— ª ¹¾’ŠK…°’w ª ˆuŠK…x}^}’‘{²’tŠ{yxw‰†x ŽG}x1v ª ˆuŠ{‰†x ŽG’tz1…„'¹¾… .… ‡a‚ G»Š„nv’tw²±Kz1’tˆ{²‹—®°ˆu…”’
v‰xvuwy’tctz1…‹ˆK±@x}®°’—®”­ x„²† ‘… Í š vx—z1… ’³´ }t±[}’‘{²’tŠ{yxw²‹—zc… ÿ txYv‰x‡Žµx} ª ¹¾’cx„²‘±K®”‹½¹¾’1„n±Kˆ‹®­ ª . zcx#tÀ ˆ‹^x{²wy±Kz1‹~ †
Š ´‹ {yx‡Žµ’xK}}u‹®”’tˆu…”’z1… ’³´ }t±V† w‰†x }­®‹z1… n1Š—x—w²t±„n{²‹¹ —´‹ >³‹®”’À ˆux„²† ‘… š Z š
nÖpo‚;ƒ\±ˆ‹—tt’ˆu…°’w²x—zc…‹w—†x Ž
2
ÖN
ã X û ã X
ãX
Ëí 0 X í Ì
&ó
e0 X
÷N
B
dc
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
eó
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
J
U
RTÈO¥¤
´
¤ £ T¡
•7
¤
«
t † w†x }­®‹ \¹¾’„n{zcx#tÀ ®”…°Žµ’µ¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’&¹¾’„y† ®”…„nŠ—´‹ }u…°ˆ.´‹ }ˆ‹ˆ‰‹L¹¾’³„¾{“x}®”’t­®°x#„† † §‚
kŽ¬0t±t’ctL—´‹ „n{y’ŠUt† w†x }­®‹„«.´‹ ˆ‹—ttˆu…”’Wz1ˆu…”’¾¹n„yt’cˆu…ŒWÀ x}®”’t­®°x#„† W† }x^}u’‘{y’Š{yx—w—†x Ž>| rq ÍSÿ w²±K„‚>Éu‚”ü . ‚>ƒV{y’³}±
‹w²Â ª z1’tˆ{h‘x„n…”ˆ ª „y‹LŽ ÿ Éu\‚ 7 . wy’³} ª Š ª ¹¾’“„n… ’&´ }x ´Yf ³ ÿ eš 7 &ÿ š ´ š ± .Q. ‚ G»Š„nv’tw²±Kz1’tˆ{²‹—®°ˆu…”’»z1…”’tw²t±Kzα>w#†x À ˆu…” ’«´ v ’´ }—†x Ž
š
š
š …x—{yw²t±Kz ª ¹¾’zαÑw²x—zc…‹w²±Ft† w†x }u­®”‹ Î
‚
´
±
0
ó
ó 0
ó
ƒ+wy’‘±KŽ“…”„n{¾±Œ¬8‹„¾{²x„yx‡Žµ‹—ˆu…”‹Œ¬Yz1‹—zαÁ}uxʐtt±Kˆu…”’tˆu…‹Êˆu…°’1Ñ}Žµx—zы^xK}}t…”’t®”ˆK±z1…Wt† w†x }u®”­ ‹—zc…Ï
®”’‘11w²x—t… —´‹ —­®”±Kz
† w‰†x }­®°’z x—vu…„²‹ˆK±KzŸwyxtŠK®­ ‹—}’z p ÿ š . ‚Gƒðvwy±v‰‹—}Š ª sq Í vx ª „n† w²’tˆ…°’ˆu… ª w—†x Ž“ˆ‹—ˆu…”‹ ÿ ɂ 7 . zc…”’tw²txˆ‹Á¶ ª Š¾¹n‹
Šx—w²’t®‹—‘±³¹¾ˆ‹¹¾’„n{&{ywŒ‹ˆ„n¶'x—w²zы‡{ c´‹ Çux ª w²…°’w²‹ p ÿ š . |
ó
ó
ó
ÿ ɂ
0 j0 ü Ì P ó ÿ ó Yf ÿ óC7 ÿ 0 Ù
À t ]e×]è_g]_#eYÇñ6eIK]búQñ e
@x#tÀ ˆ‹7Ž“vuw²x‡Ž&‹—}…‘;† ¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹’“´ ’tz1…„n±³¹¾ˆ.´‹ ÿ ÿÅ8 ¯µ’´ }.´‹ ´‹ ’t¶'’tŠ{¾±KŽ“ˆ.«´‹ ¹¾’}ˆuxtL—´‹ „n{yŠx‡Ž7´‹ ‘³‹—„yx‡Ž«x Ãvwy’„n{yw²t’tˆˆÎ&´‹ ’³´ „¾{²x„ †
t… Y´‹ ‘ —´‹ „n{y’Š@ŽŸ† w‰†x }®°’ °üÉ ‚.Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹Ê{²‹W¹¾’„n{Cx}v‰x‡Ž“…”’}uˆu…°ŠK…”’tz ¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…»wyxtŠK­®‹—} ª Ž¡vuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆu…#¶ì‹—tx‡Žµ’¾¹B…;x—vu…„ ª ¹¾’
vuwŒ‹(Ž}xv‰x}x¯u…°’~†ˆ „n{¾Ž«x[tˆ‹—®°’t…”’tˆu…‹QŽ×v ª ˆuŠt…°’ Ö
ÿ † w‰†x }­®‹Á’zc…°{ ª ¹;—´‹ ‘’—xt—´‹ „n{yŠK…“xt‘{y’wyxv«’³´ }t…”’ ‚ Bt…²’t´ ŠK…“{²’tz ª
g
ÿ/š ´
6
š
kü
±
.
Í ²
#j
p
š . ´
š
³
/š
š
´
±
..
\> .
.
,5
Q5
® ;¯
j
z1x#À ˆ‹W‹v…”„²‹~ †
u
Í
î Í
²
P ÿ ÿ úÿ 86 8
Í û Fü
Ò
.
9
ÿ ÿ ɂ /
.
Ü
Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹>’tz1…„n±³¹¾ˆ‹&¹¾’³„¾{«Ž“…y’³´ “…°®”x#„²† ‘…>´‹ ‘B—´‹ „n{y’ŠW’zc…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬cŽF’®°’z1’tˆ{«vuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆu…K¶ì‹—tx‡Žµ’¾¹ ² ²“ˆ‹“¹¾’}ˆux„¥5
{²Š ’»´ ‘³‹—„ ª ÿ Ž6‘’t® ª x{²wy±Kz1‹—ˆu…‹«Ž“…”’t®”Š—x#„y† t…‡ˆu…”’ttz1…”’tˆuˆ…”tt’¾¹qŽ“t® ’³´ }’tzU{ywŒ‹ˆ„n¶'x—w²zы—¾¹¾…·x—w²’tˆ{²‹&}x}u‹‡{²Š—x‡Žµx«vx}t…”’t®”x—ˆ‰‹
vuw²t’B’ˆu’tw²Â—…²’´ ’tz1…°{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬‘L—´‹ „n{y’tŠ . ‚
Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹WŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ‰‹Cvuw²t±³¹¾z ª ¹¾’>v‰x„¾{Œ‹~ †
z
U
x
é ÿ , Åÿ 8 S ÿ ww , 8
g ÿ , 8 !üv
ÿ ɂ
w
ÿ
w
é ÿ Åÿ 8
é ; ;18 0
Â}ut…”’΍tˆ‰‹Š „¾{²x„ ª ¹¾’tzW±Ê}®‹Ñ¯x—x—ˆ†x Ž>‹tˆ‹—Ša!
0
}®‹1¶'’wyz1…”x—ˆ†x Ž>tx.Ž“±Kˆu…°Š‡‹t’W„n{²‹{¾±„¾{¾±KŠK…ŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{yx‡Žµ’¾¹ ÿ Æq
ª
| ÿ ‹ˆ{¾± „y±Kzc’t{yw²±K‹—¾¹¾…q¶ ˆuŠ½¹¾…¶ì‹—®°x‡Žµ’¾¹&}®‹Ñ¯‰xtxˆ—†x Ž ÿ ¶'’tw²z1…°xˆ—†x Ž ‚«Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹1Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹
ÿ •u‚ƒ\vuw²x‡Žµ‹}‹¹#—´‹ 
x„n{²‹­®‹µŽ“±Kw²‹tÀ x—ˆ‰‹;ŽQ¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾…v«’³´ } ª Ž“t®y’³´ }ˆu’tÂx , 0 …#„n† w²’}uˆu…°’—x&v«’´ } ª v‹—wy±
}x}u‹{yŠx‡Ž«’hvuw²t±K¯u®”…ŒtÀ ’tˆ…°’«…Ž“±KwŒ‹³À ‹‡¹ —´‹ ~…”®”xKtt±KˆCw²x—Š­®‹—}—†x Ž^¹¾’}ˆuxt —´‹ „n{yŠx‡Ž“±Œ¬7Žzc…‹ˆx‡Ž“ˆu…°Š ª vx—vwy’t»ŠKŽ&‹—}wŒ‹‡{{²’tÂx
w²x—Š®­ ‹—} ª vuw²t±„y† wy’³}ˆu…”zȐt‹—®°­ Šx‡Ž“… {¾±Kz vµ’´ }…°’v‹—wy± x—{yw²t±Kz ª ¹¾’tzαÑvwyx„¾{Œ„nC´‹ ¶'xwyz6’ ´
z {z
z tÿ
ÿ
y
U
x
S
é
ÿ
Å
ÿ
8
U
y
x
g ÿ, 8
ÿ Éu‚”ü–
üv ww é ÿ ÿ ÿÅ8
Ù
ww üv w S
w
ww
ww
w
w
.š
š .
Ò
j
ÿ
Í û Fü
#j . Ô
Í û Mü
#j Î ´ .
±
Í û Fü
Î
±
j
±
1 .
´ .
8
Šƒ{DD˜{N)þ‚'&4˜š‚ ˜#ƒ‚+.
.
.
š Ò
j
š
.š
j
š . º
´
š
š
j
c
Ò
±
/š
´
Î
š
±
. Ö
š
Í û Fü
j . Ô
Í û Fü
j .
±
ï
Ô
ð j
. ±
.
Ç ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹WŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ‰‹Cz1x#À ’7¯K±«7† Ž“… ’³´ vuw²t’}„¾{Œ‹(Ž“…°xˆ‹“¹n‹—Š—xcvuwyx„¾{Œ‹1t‹­®”Š‡‹Î¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹¾…’tz1…„n±³¹¾ˆu’n¹‘‚
À
|
^^i;\neklW_ñQe\ne ñRg9]e\ »b6 o p búñû_d
ƒ uv w²t±Kv‹—}uŠ ª …°ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’‘{²wy…”…q…°ˆ{y’ˆ„y±Ž“ˆx„²† ‘…qŽ ‹„¾{²wyxˆux—z1…”…qwyxtv‹{yw²±Ž&‹ˆxCŠ—xwy’®”‹½¹¾’7zc…²’´ }ut±Ñ¶'x—{yx—ˆ‰‹z1… ˆ‰‹1Š{—†x w²’
Ž“vu­®”±KŽUzыB¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’>„¾{Œ‹‡{¾±„n{¾±Š‡‹WŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{²x‡Žµ‹‚ƒ vuw²t±Kv‹—}uŠ ª ‹ˆ‹—®°…”t±ÑŠx—w²’t®‹—¾¹¾…t —´‹ „n{y’ŠÑvuw²xK} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Œ¬ÑŽÄ³}’tw²t’ˆu…—5
‹Œ¬Qt…y’´ tÀ ŠK…”Œ¬^¹¾x—ˆL—†x ŽËzы—zαѹ¾’³}ˆ‹Š[ˆ‹‡¹nt’´ „y† t…°’n¹B}x8‘±Kˆu…°’ˆu…‹^.t´‹ „¾{²Š(‹—z1…hˆ‹®­ ‹—}x‡Ž&‹ˆK±Kz1… qŠ{‰†x wy’1x}u}…”‹—­® ª ¹h^´‹ Š ª 5
®”x—zW¯‰x‡Ž„yŠ—xW‹ˆ…°zÅ}x—{yw c´‹ t’Át† w†x }­®‹Î}ux1}u’‘{y’Š{yx—wŒ‹utxcˆ‰‹(Ž«’t{&}®‹cv‹w“…}’ˆ{¾±ttˆK±Œ¬.¯‰xtxˆ—†x ŽGvx‡ŽµxK} ª ¹¾’x—¯uˆu…ŒtÀ ’ˆu…”’
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
B
dc
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
J
U
RTÈO¥¤
´
¤ £ T¡
«
•,=
¤
’t¶'’tŠ{ ª Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆu’—xQvuwy±zы­®”±Œ¬Fvµ’´ }‹—Œ¬VŽ“t®y’³´ }ˆK±KŒ¬‚Uº~x—³‹Á{¾±Kz ˆ‹­®‹—}x‡Ž&‹ˆ‰‹[tL—´‹ „n{yŠ‡‹Qx}u‘ ª Žµ‹S‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…°{¾±
­®‹—} ª ˆu’tŠÄt† w†x }u­®”‹‰cŠ{‰—†x w²’tÂx.tx„¾{Œ‹­®‹.Ž“±’tz1… {²x‡Žµ‹—ˆ‹u‚7ƒ\vu®”­ ±KŽ!x}u}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹µ8†ˆ „n…”®”ˆ±Œ¬8ŽËvuwy±Kv‹—}Š ª v‰‹w7vu…°xˆ—†x ŽV¹¾’³„¾{
ˆ‹6xÂ;†x ­®‹—ˆu…°’³}¯K±KŽµ‹—®°ˆK±—«ˆ‹‡{²x—z1…‹—„n{.ŽNvwy±v‰‹—}Š ª v‹wvuwyx—{yxˆ—†x Ž×xK}u—w²±Ž&‹Q}x—z1…”ˆ ª ¹;—´‹ 6´‹ w²x—®²’—´ ‚uF7}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹
Š ª ®”x—zW¯‰x‡Ž„yŠK…°’B…„n…”®”ˆu’7{yxÑx}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹CŽO„¾{Œ‹ˆu…”’Š—x&†ˆ ‘x‡Ž“±Kz ÿ ÇhˆÆ <  [a-$‚'JJŠ(,#˜4y‚;. ‚
F7}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹CŠ ª ®”x—zW¯‰x‡Ž„yŠK…°’ ª Ž“t®y’³´ }ˆu…‹W„y…y’C
´ t’³´ „¾{²xWvuw²t±v‰xzcxt±Ñ{yŽ>‚»‘t±Kˆuˆ…°Š‡‹Ñϋz14x 3‡‹
~Ï/}ÅÓ ÿ
Ï
]
0jü 8
v ß { ½+Ôÿ ÿ •4v Ø ±€ ZY‚ .
~
å(
. Ò
0
À
ÿ Éu‚”ü—ü
Â}ut…”’ƒ ~ Ò ] ± Y( \ ¹¾’³„¾{vuw²x—z1…”’tˆu…”’tzÇI«x¬uwŒ‹uKtˆ‹—Š Îcÿ . xtˆ‹‘‹Wx}vK±Œ¬‹ˆu…”’ ÿ vuw²t±‘…´‹ ‹ˆu…”’ . Kˆ‹‡{²x—z1…”‹„¾{ȇ
¹¾’³„¾{“zы—„«c´‹ Ä tÄ w²’} ª Š—x‡Ž&‹ˆW´‹ ª ŠK®”­ ‹} ª tL´‹ „¾{²’tŠq‚ƒ\—†x w“ˆ‹W¶ ª ˆŠ½¹’>´ Šx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ1C´‹ vuw²t±³¹¾z ª ¹¾’7vx„n{²‹~"† ® ü˜4¯Ã|
° ]
]
<X
] °
ß{
g
Ä
ÿ
,8
~ ÿ ß {. ½ü
ûò ÿ , 8 ûò ÿ , 8 0FüË8
Â}ut…”’ ò ý x—ˆ‹—t‹WŽ“ŠK­®”‹}x}ʄ¾{Œ‹‡{¾±„¾{¾±KŠK…qŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{²x‡Ž«’n¹‘‹ ò Ž“ŠK­®”‹}x}^x}u}t…‹­®”±KŽµ‹µ†ˆ Š ª ®”x—zW¯‰x‡Ž„yŠK…”Œ¬‚
Ä
þ .š
j
š .
Ò
Ï
Î
_
š
j
š .ZÎ
´
š
j
š .
À
{
.
Ò
ÿ Éu‚”ü³•
.
Ò À ±KŽµ‹—ˆu…°’Y‘±Kˆuˆu…”Š(‹Sϋ—zcx43‡‹¹¾’„n{э‹—„²‹—}uˆu’{¾±K®”Š—xQŽ&{y’³}±—´ ¹¾’‰„y† ®°…“zы6„y…y’@
´ }xS‘±Kˆu…°’ˆu…‹Á’U† w‰†x }­®‹z1…&x[zы­®”±Œ¬
w²x—zc…‹wŒ‹—Œ¬{²tˆ‚{²‹—Š…Œ¬Š{—†x w²’^„ Á´‹ ˆ‹—ttˆu…”’^z1ˆu…”’¾¹n„yt’Yx}vwyxzc…”’tˆ…”‹SI«x¬uwŒ‹ ª ŠK­®‹—} ª }Ž@†x Œ¬F‘ —´‹ „n{y’tŠq‚º~xˆ‹—}K{²x
tt±Kˆuˆu…”ŠÏ‹—z14x 3(‹#¹¾’³„¾{~x}Ž“w²x{yˆ…°’hvuw²x—vx—wŒ½¹¾xˆ‹®”ˆK±L}xBz1‹„n±‘B—´‹ „n{y’Š³Ž“…y’´ ;tt±KzO‘…y’‰´ À „yt’«‘L´‹ „¾{²ŠK… ³{¾±Kz¹¾’—x ª tÀ ±KŽ&‹ˆu…”’
¹¾’³„¾{“z1ˆu…”’¾¹&‹—„²‹—}uˆu’—‚
O¾å ä
„ Š¾í†…¼è‰v
‚l“
‡Q,ë
èFˆ~qk}4ˆ:
"ˆ
ˆ:Š† (
dˆ
Š–Žvè6}o†M‚ åˆ:
;ŠK„yv’tw²±z1’ˆ{Œ‹®”ˆ‹c¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹^Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹ÑxŠw²’„y† ®‹.„¾{²x„ ª ˆu’ŠÊvw²‹(Ž}xv‰x}x¯u…”’#†ˆ „n{¾Žµ‹1³‹w²’¾¹¾’³„¾{²wyx‡Ž&‹ˆu…‹1}Ž@†x Œ¬Q‘ —´‹ „n{y’tŠ
x1v ’´ }u‹Œ¬ ´ … ± ŽG{¾±KzN„y‹—zαKzō}u’tw²t’tˆ… ª }xÑvuwŒ‹(Ž}x—vx}x—¯u…”’~‰†ˆ „¾{¾Ž&‹>‹—x—¯„y’tw²Žµx‡Žµ‹—ˆu…”‹>{¾±KŒ¬Y‘ —´‹ „n{y’ŠÑˆu…°’‹—®°’tÀ ˆu…”’—|
g ÿ ´ ± . Ò ‰ ÿ ÿ .´ ÿ ± . .
ÿ Éu‚”üÉ .
‰ ´ ‰ ±
ƒ vuwŒ‹Š{¾±‘’»’Š„nv’tw²±Kzc’ˆ{²‹®”ˆ µ´‹ ¶ ª ˆŠ½¹ ’«´ Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ µ´‹ {¾Žµx—w²t±B„y… ’;´ vuw²t’»t®”…”t‹—ˆu…°’;vuwy±Kv‹—}Š&†x Ž[«v‹wŒ‹z1…t ´‹ „¾{²’tŠ7x
³‹—}u‹—ˆ±KzOv«’´ }…°’&Ž“t®y’³´ }ˆK±Kz …vx}t…”’t®”’tˆ…°’µvuw²t’tµx}vx‡Ž“…°’³}ˆu…”xLtˆx—w²z1‹—®°…”tx‡Ž&‹ˆa’ „¾{²­®°x …
x{²wy±zW±KŽµ‹—ˆu’;vuw²t’»{¾Žµx—w²t’ 5
ˆu…”’Îv‰‹w‘ ´‹ „¾{²’tŠÊWw#†x À ˆK±KŒ¬Yvuw²t±Kv‹}Š&—†x Ž ÿ Ž“… ’´ Wˆu…”’΍³‹(Ž“…°’w²‹¹ —´‹ ‘±Œ¬ÊŽ“vu­®”±Ž ª „¾{Œ‹‡{¾±„n{¾±ŠK…ŠŽ&‹ˆ{²x‡Ž«’n¹&…#x}u}…”‹—­®°±KŽ&‹«†ˆ
Ž „¾{Œ‹ˆu…”’Š—x&‰†ˆ ‘x‡Ž“±Kz . ‚
µL‹„¾{’t´ vuˆ…°’³‹ŠK®”­ ‹}u‹‡¹~´‹ Îx}vx‡Ž“…”’}ˆu…‰Ê
´‹ v‹wŒ‹z1’t{yw²±³‹—¾¹‡’δ ¶ ª ˆŠ½¹¾…;Š—x—w²’t®‹—t±³¹¾ˆu’¾¹ ÿ x—zV†x Ž“…°xˆu’1Ž¡vx}wyx}…”‹—®°’Ñɂ É .
ª
z1x#À ˆ‹C}xv‹—„yx‡Ž&‹~«† ¶ ˆuŠ½¹’L´ ’Š„nv’tw²±Kzc’ˆ{²‹®”ˆ1´‹ }xW‹­®”x#À x—ˆu’n¹#vx„n{²‹‘…‹ˆ‹—®°…°{¾±‘tˆ’¾¹h…‰x—{yw²t±Kzы~&† ŽV{²’tˆ„yv‰x„†x ¯Ñwyxtz1—… 5
‹—wy±Ñw²t’³‘t±KŽ“…„¾{²’tÂxSt† w†x }u­®”‹W’tz1…°{ ª ¹;´‹ ‘’tÂxѐ‘´‹ „¾{²ŠK… ‚
e ë
G
O¾åO
Š
ovPk“
8
"ˆ ‹Q,ë
è-~qv
‚c‡-o† (
"ˆ
ˆ:Š† å„
68 Ù
dˆ ˆ
ŠŽvèF}5o†M‚ åˆxè
¼ †x Ž“ˆ‹ˆ…°’ ÿ ɂ°ü³– . vx—Š‡‹ ª ¹¾’L„y’tˆ„~…”ˆ{y’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’t{yw²…°…Ã|x—v…”„ ª ¹ —´‹ t±C’‘¶'’Š{;Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆK±C}w ª —…u„yŠ­®‹—}uˆu…°Šc„ ª zαÎ}x}u‹(Ž&‹ˆK±Î}ux
@
¹¾’³}±KˆuŠK…¹¾’³„¾{7{ywŒ‹ˆ„n¶'x—w²zы‡{ Ñ´‹ Çux ª wy…”’twŒ‹1¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹¾…~’tz1…„n±³¹¾ˆu’n¹ü&
‘±K®°…~’‘¶'’Š{¾±Ž“ˆ’¾¹h¹¾’}uˆux‘ ´‹ „¾{²Š—x‡Žµ’¾¹“ ’³´ „¾{²x„²† ‘…#‘ ´‹ „¾{²’tŠYŽ
† w‰†x }®°’‚ 2#‹Š‡‹B¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹>’zc…„y±¹¾ˆ‰‹7}u’ƒ0ˆu… ª ¹¾’Y† w‰†x }­®”x7ŽV„yv‰x„†x ¯L¹¾’³}ˆux—ˆ‹—ttˆK±—‚~·’}ˆ‹—ŠCŽV‹ˆ‹—®°…”t…”’“…°ˆ{²’twy¶'’tw²x—z1’‘{²wy±‘ˆu’¾¹
z1…”’tw²tx—ˆK±B¹¾’„n{¹¾’³}±Kˆu…”’Bz1x} ª ­®K¹¾’n¹;tˆuxwyzы—®°…”tx‡Ž&‹ˆu’n¹{²w²‹—ˆ„n¶'x—w²z1‹{¾±cÇx ª w²…”’twŒ‹uŽ“…y’³´ ¶ ª ˆŠ½¹n‹ÎŠ—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹>ˆu…”’7x—vu…„ ª ¹¾’
† w‰†x }®”­ ‹«ŽS„nvx„‰—†x ¯«¹¾’}uˆux—ˆ‹—ttˆK±—~‚ 9Bx}u‹‡{²Š—x‡Žµx.† w‰†x }­®”xµzы“tx“ˆ‹‡¹¾z1ˆu…”’¾¹~ü–&„n{yx—vˆu…—„yŽ«x¯‰x}± ÿ É&w²x—tz1…‹w²±“vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆu’
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
dc
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
B
J
U
RTÈO¥¤
´
¤ £ T¡
•>
¤
«
É Š>‡´‹ {¾±xG ª ®°’w²‹1xvu…”„ ª ¹»´‹ ‘’&¹¾’tÂx.x—w²…”’tˆ{²‹½¹’—´ ‰É.„nŠK®­ ‹—}x‡Žµ’>vuw’´ }Šx„²† ‘…
…wyxtz1…”‹—wŽ=‘³‹—„y…°’ . ‰}u®”‹Ñv‰‹wBt´‹ „¾{²’tŠz1…”’tw²t±Kzα
1
¹¾’³}±Kˆu…°’vx.É1„nŠK®­ ‹—}x‡Žµ’Lv ’´ } ª Š‡‹³À }’¾¹&>‘ —´‹ „n{y’tŠq‚
€x—ˆ…°’³‘tˆ’¹¾’„n{>Ž“…y’³´ Î³‹­®”x#À ’tˆu…”’ÎxŠw²’„y† ®”x—ˆu’—x.Š„y‘{²‹—­® { ª † w‰†x }­®”‹|tŽ“±KŠK®”’Îvuw²t±³¹¾z ª ¹¾’1„y…y’—´ tÀ ’cx—¯‰„n³‹w7vuwyx} ª Š ª ¹~—´‹ ‘±
t —´‹ „n{yŠK…zыъ„y‘{Œ‹­®°{B„¾¶'’wy±ttˆu…”’΄y±z1’t{yw²±Kttˆu’n¹µŠ ª ®”…x^‹ ª „y„yx‡Ž„yŠ…”z w²x—tŠK­®‹—}…°’> ’´ „n{yx#„y† t… ‚&ƒV{y’³}±Ê¶ ª ˆuŠ½¹n‹Ñ’zc…„y±¹¾ˆ‰‹
vuw²t±³¹¾z ª ¹¾’v‰x„¾{Œ‹~† |
ý
ÿ KÌ ÿ ÿ 0 õ —• ý 0A: õ • ý 8
ÿ
ü
.
¢ š ± Ö /¢ ±
Ô
ÿ Éu‚”üt˜
± Ö /Ó ± .
.
Â}ut…”’¢ ¹¾’„n{>wyxtz1…”‹—wy’z vuw²t’„n{yw²t’ˆuˆK±Kz † w‰†x }­®‹ ÿ {ywŒ‹Š{yx‡Ž&‹ˆK±Kzf¹n‹Š—xV„y† wy’³}ˆu…hvuw²x—z1…”’#Q†ˆ ŠŽ&‹—}uw²‹{yx‡Ž“±ÊwyxtŠK­®”‹} ª
‹ ª „²„nx‡Ž„yŠK…°’—x .  ‹MÓ {²xwyxtz1…‹w
‘³‹—„yx‡Ž“±—‚Zµ…”’
¹¾’³„¾{{²x~¹¾’}ˆ‰‹ŠLv’t­®”ˆ‹µ¶ ª ˆŠ½¹n‹’tz1…”„y±³¹¾ˆ‹uÂ}±»hÀ ˆu…”’»³‹(Ž“…°’w²‹«‹—®°’tÀ ˆux#„y† t…
x}^v«’³´ } ª ‚»ƒV{²’}±^vuwy±.‹—ˆu…”’}¯‹—ˆu… ª x}u}…”‹—®°­ ±KŽ&‹µ^†ˆ Ž „n{²‹—ˆu…°’Šxµ†ˆ tx‡Ž“±z ¶ ª ˆuŠ¾¹n‹WŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ‰‹Î}®‹Ñ‘L—´‹ „n{y’tŠÑx.„yvu…”ˆu…”’
–czыcv‰x„¾{Œ‹~† |
ý
, ËÌ ü ÿ9 ÿ 0 ý , 0 ý , ý Ù
ÿ Éu‚”ü
À À Œ ^búñû_d \¾e " búñQe e " e~d ] " _“i
e p e
B‹‡¹¾vuw²x„n{²„yt±KzÖvuw²t±Kv‹—}uŠ…”’tz ¹¾’³„¾{Cw²x—v‹‡{²wy±KŽ&‹ˆu…”’>¶ ª ˆŠ½¹¾…hŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ’¾¹LŽ¡‹®”’À ˆux#„²† ‘…~x}Á{¾±®”Š—xW¹¾’}uˆu’¾¹tz1…”’tˆuˆu’n¹
ÿ Þ0 0 Þ0 0 ÿ 0
|
¯’tŽ“t—® ’´ }uˆu’¾¹;ˆ…°’tz1…°’ˆuˆu…‘’¾¹«w#†x À ˆu…‘±.‘t{y’wyxv ’³´ }“—†x Ž\v‹—wy± ü S j Yí ŽËí ùí ␏ 0 ↑ í
g ÿ Ž =ü o "’ ”“i• & ”“i• 8
ÿ Éu‚”ü
Â}ut…”’o@x—tˆ‰‹—‘³‹ÎŽ„yv†x ­®”tt±Kˆuˆu…”ŠÑŠ—x¬u’tw²’tˆ¾¹¾…Lt† w†x }­®‹u‚
ƒ\…”’t®”Š—x#„u† I† ó S j ˆu…”’q¹¾’„n{u¹¾’}uˆ‹ŠB¯‰’tvx„y† wy’³}ˆu…«´‹ z1…‹w;.´‹ t† w†x }®­ ‹u‘Â}±hhÀ ‹(Ž“…”’twŒ‹;w—†x Ž“ˆ…°’~À „yŠK­®”‹}x‡Ž«´‹ t‹—„yx‡Žu´‹ ‚
ƒ6‹wy{yx#„²† ‘…
p
ó S  „ Y´‹ x@x—Šx—­®”x@ɗ– ˜–—–NŽ“… ’t´ Š„n’Ñx}6vuwyxz1…°’ˆu…1t† w†x }u®”­ ‹‚ @…”z1x@{yx8z1x#tÀ ˆ‹c¹ c´‹ ¹¾’³}ˆ‹Š ª À ±Ž&‹~Ñ† }ux@v‰xw‰†x Ž“ˆ±KŽ&‹ˆu…‹
w²x—zc…‹w—†x ŽN† w‰†x }®­ ‹ÎŽÄw‰#†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬}u’tw²t’tˆ…”‹Œ¬ °ü ‚
L‹Êw²±„t‚1Éu‚ •.vx—Š‡‹—‹ˆx^Š„y‘{²‹—­® {&¹¾’³}ˆux‡Ž“±Kz1…”‹—wyx‡Žµ’¾¹“¶ ª ˆŠ½¹¾…hŠx—w²’t®‹—t±¹¾ˆ’¾¹B}®‹^{yw²t’³Œ¬Áw†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬ÁŽ&‹wy{yx#„y† t…×ó S j
ü [;É
…
vuw²t± ª Ž“Â—®y’´ }ˆu…”’tˆ… ª ’‘¶'’Š{—†x ŽË¹¾’}±Kˆu…”’@„¾{Œ‹‡{¾±„¾{¾±KŠK…&ŠKŽµ‹—ˆ{²x‡Ž«’n¹ µx„y’tÂx »…”ˆ„¾{²’t…”ˆ‹u‚jÔq—x}ˆu…”’Y
³‹—„²‹—} δ‹ ˆu…°’x—ˆ‹—ttx—ˆx„²† ‘…q„n’tw²x—Š—x#„† L† ’‘¶'’Š{ ª Š—x—w²’t®‹—t±³¹¾ˆu’tÂx΄nv‰‹—}u‹cŽ“wŒ‹7t’Ž“tw²x„n{y’z ó S j ‚
À À a " ob ñû_ dÂn\ e " bÅ6ñ e e " ehd ] " “_ i
e p e " e×]] eú,Æ ˜ ;" u] g p e
Bx}u‹‡{²Š—x‡ŽµxBz1x#À ˆ‹>vx—z1…”ˆ.~´‹ “† t‹—„yx‡ŽL´‹ w²x—³‘…´‹ —­®”x#„u† Ñ† t† w†x }­®‹Š—xˆ‘’ˆ{²w ª ¹#—´‹ &„n…²’“´ ˆ‹C„yŠK­®”‹}x‡Ž“±Œ¬Îvuw²t’³„¾{²wy’tˆuˆK±Œ¬‚ƒ[’Š
{²x—w»w#†x À ˆu…”t±Îv ’´ }“†x Ž\v‹w²±W}ut…”’t®”…‰„y… ’B´ ˆ‹‡¹¾vu…”’tw²ŽFˆ‹C„yŠ­®‹—}ux‡Ž 7´‹ vxK}u­® ª À ˆ C´‹ ŽVŠK…”’tw ª ˆuŠ ª x„y…w²’‹—Š½¹¾…Ã| ü :™›š
œ
ü ÿ
ü 
ü ö Ñ š xw²‹—ˆ‹Î„yFžŠK®”­ ‹}x‡œ Ž … ´‹ ü v‰á xS vuô wyÿ’ttˆ ´‹ Yž v‰‹‡{yw²L®”’tŠŽ&{‰‹Î†x wy„n’Ñ{yw²„x—Yˆ‰´‹ ‹>x}wy±v‰„x‡‚#Ž“É…”’‚ É }uˆu‚ …°xYL‹w„¾—†x { Ž“’t´ vuˆuˆux®°…”’’ —­®‹…«w²vux—w²xŠ„n­®{y‹—x—}v‰‹>‹—„n}… ­®’L´ ‹^ˆ}u‹Wx@„nŠKŽ«®­ ’‹—Š}{²x‡x—Ž wŒ‹ ´‹
ÿ 
 Bÿ v‹‡{²wyvuwŒ‹(Ž&‹W„n{yw²x—ˆ‹Ww²±K„‚hÉu‚ É ‚
vx—­®”x‡Ž“±Ñv«’³´ } ª v‰xvuw²t’ttˆu’—xWv‹w²± 
g
ÿ.,š .
Î
-¢ ± š ±
Ô
± .
Ó ±
+7 .
µ
5
Ò
Ò
,Ò
J
±
´
. ±
±
Ü
. Ò
Î
45
VÔ ’
Ä
Ï
´
. ±
Ü
= .
Ï
Ä
–6
S® =;¯
µ
Ò
;†‡
†‡
V7,†‡
I
ø
5&G
¦·
9
5
š
(4-
4ˆ
_
{N P
\
. µ
g
j
š
_
\
Ã
š
š
‰«’wn´ {Œ„yÎ Œ¬‰‰ ‹¾® ± ü;. 7+¯¶ ª ˆ‰½¹n‹1Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹Îvuwy±³¹¾z
´
±
45&I
Ò
ü ö Ñ 8 ü á S ô 8 ü
ÿ
_
S‚ Py.
7„n{²‹‡{²’ttˆu…”’BŽ v‹—w²‹—zc’t{yw²±K‹—¾¹¾…º;w²‹{n{Œ‹
F
Ã
š
4ˆV-—4ˆ(˜{N
_
:™ .
Oü
Ò
Î
.
ª ¹¾’vx„n{²‹~—† |
ohÔ ’ Ï ’ Ä0. Ÿy- & Ä.0Ÿy- X ’ Ä Ï”¡£¢ & Ä /Ï ¡£¢ X ’ Ĥ . “¦¥ & Ĥ . ¦“ ¥ Ó
ÿ Éu‚”ü;>
.
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
B
dc
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
U
RTÈO¥¤
J
´
¤ £ T¡
«
•,/
¤
C(Qinv)
Funkcja korelacyjna (tylko statystyka kwantowa)
1 fm
2
3 fm
5 fm
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
Qinv [GeV/c]
¼“±„ ª ˆu’Š ɂ •u|O·’}uˆux‡Ž“±Kzc…‹w²x‡Ž&‹¶ ª ˆŠ½¹n‹UŠ—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆ‹ ÿ ɂ°ü+= .  ª Ž“Â—® ’´ }ˆ…°’ˆu…°’z¤¹¾’³}±Kˆu…”’j„n{²‹‡{¾±„n{¾±KŠ…ÀIµx„y’t—x,5
G;…°ˆ„n{y’…°ˆ‰‹W}®‹cw‰#
†x tÀ ˆK±Œ¬Ž&‹wy{yx#„y† t… j ‚»ºh‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²w«Šx—¬u’wy’ˆ½¹¾…o‰Ò!ü—‚
1ó S
P~1 + P~2
~T
Q
P~T1 + P~T2
~T
Q
~
Q
QL
QTout
QTside
~T
K
P~2
P~T1
P~T2
P~1
∆φ
∆λ
oś wia,zki
oś wia,zki
¼“±„ ª ˆu’tŠ^Éu‚ Éu|»ÆKŠK­®”‹}x‡Žµ’BŽµ’tŠ{yxw²‹Ww†x tÀ ˆ…”t±Ñv ’³´ }“—†x ŽÄŽÄv‹—w²‹—z1’‘{yw²±K‹½¹¾…qº»wŒ‹‡{n{Œ‹45&Iµ’twy{²„²Œ¬‹
J´
B
e " ehd ] " ;b ;"ë p \\oi " Êob ^“kl¾e
*byª
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
À ÀÀ
ø
dc
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
U
RTÈO¥¤
¤ £ T¡
«
¤
•,1
·
ƒ+‹®”’À ˆux#„²† ‘…#x}@{²’t—xY‘±8w†x tÀ ˆ…”‹Ñ¶ì‹cz1…y’³´ }t±Áw‰#†x tÀ ˆK±Kzc…#v ª ˆŠ{Œ‹z1…ct† w†x }u­®”‹C¹¾’„n{>„n{²‹—­®”‹‘±8ˆu…”’—7t† w†x }u®°­ xÊz1xtÀ ’c¯K±; †
´ vuwy±vx—z1x‘±
Šx—¬u’wy’ˆ{²ˆu’—&Œ¬‹—x{¾±‘ˆu’Y® ª ¯Gt ’´ „y† t…°x‡ŽµxQŒ¬‰‹x{¾±ttˆu’‚ Æ{²x—vu…”’~G
†ˆ Œ¬‹—x{¾±‘ˆux#„²† ‘…^† w‰†x }­®”‹Qxvu…”„ ª ¹¾’Á„y… ’@
v‹—w²‹—z1’‘{yw ª o‚hƒ vuw²t±Kv‹}Š ª t‹­®”Š—x‡Ž“…‘…”’&Š—x¬u’tw²’tˆ{yˆ’t—x[† w‰†x }­®”‹ ÿ o–ÒG– . ’t¶'’tŠ{;Šx—w²’t®‹—‘±³¹¾ˆK±CŽ\xÂ;—†x ®”’“ˆu…”’¯ ’´ }…°’Bzc…‹­®
z1…”’¾¹n„²t‹u‚ 9B®”‹1‹®”­ Š—x‡Ž“…‘…”’7Œ¬‹—x{¾±‘ˆu’tÂxS† w‰†x }­®”‹ ÿ o–Ò=ü . ’t¶'’tŠ{Š—xwy’®”‹‘±³¹¾ˆK±1¯ ’³´ }t…”’>ˆ‹‡¹n„y…”®°ˆu…”’¾¹n„yt±‚
·’}ˆ‹—ŠWŽ\vw²‹—Š{¾±t’“v‹wŒ‹z1’‘{²w o^‹—®°’tÀ ±cˆu…°’{¾±®”Š—xÎxK}„¾{²x—vuˆu…‹>Šx—¬u’wy’ˆ½¹¾…Ï—®”’tLw—†x Ž“ˆu…”’“À x}
| „n³‹ˆu…”’tt±„y‘’tˆu…,‹ …
…”ˆuˆK±Kzc…‘—´‹ „n{yŠ‡‹z1…Ï®°…‘¯.>´‹ v ª ˆuŠ{‰—†x ŽV’zc…„ì¹¾…ŽÈt† w†x }®”’—wyxtv‹} ª wy’txˆ‹ˆ„‰—†x Ž>‡Šx&†ˆ tx‡Ž«’n¹w²x—³}t…”’t®‘x„²† ‘…’tŠ„yv‰’wy±Kz1’tyˆ 5
{Œ‹®”ˆu’¾¹µ…’tŠ„yv‹ˆ„ì¹¾…Lt† w†x }­®x
‹ ® +ü =;¯ ‚
O¾å£§
y
èM~
Žs

¨
ƒŒ
£©«ª%¬#­/®¾¹ ¯u´ ° ®ÑÂu®i¬#®¦± ¯ ª%²p±²±e³#±´t±—³ ¯uµ·¶¹²p¸ º ÿ ª ¯p¶ ­/®¹ ¯j¶ ¬#³»¼½·¾ ¸[¿ ­ Ò ±ƒ8
6:9Lº“± ¶ ²u±%´±·©£ª¾±—º ¯ ¬#®Àº6ª®¾¹³#± ¯p° ± . ¬^­”®Á© ¯ ´ º
©«ª ¯ ¬#­”®BÂp®¦¬#®i±²:º ¯†° ¸ ³#±´t±—³ ¯uµ·¶¹²p¸ ºT´ ¶ ²p±®t® ¯p° ¹ ¯j ­^º“±—ºÃ² µ ´¯p´ ° ±  ­"©%­y®8´ ´i®ƒ©£ª ¯ ª¾±·©«ª¾± ¶ ­ ¶ º ¯ ¬uª²:º®n¹ ÿ 8Æ . ­"² µ#µ ´i­ ¯ ­®”±—º ¯ÃB¸¬ º
©«ª ¯ ¬#­”® ¶ ² ¸¬ ° ²:“º ±  ÿ Çhƈ< . » Ôeª%t® Âu²À³Ä²:ºÃ² µ ª ‘® ¶Å® ¶ ª¾±4ª%®  ² µ ®t® ª ¹£®©«­²®8´ ² µ^µ ´i­/®t®/¬#­/®8º“± ¶ ²p±´t±·©£ª ª ¹#¯p´ ° ¹ ¯j¶ ² µ#¯ ¬#®8º®n¹ © ¸ ° ­”²:ºÃ®
º“±—¬#­ ¶ ­n© ±  ª ® ¯u° ¹£­ ª t´ ±·© ¶:¯ ¬#®ƒºÆ± ¯pÂ@¯u° ¬ µ#¯ ¬#t® Âu²  ² µ ® ® ª ª%®¦²p±®Y¾ª ± ° ´¦¬#t® Âu²^»
Ç ª ¬ ¶u° ¹ ¯¶ ²u±%® ® ¯u° ±³¹£¬ ¯Â #² ´iÀ h® ¯K± ° ¸ © ¶ ²p¬_©£ª± ª ²:º ¯ ¬ ¯ ³Ä²p³#±´i®¦´R—² ¯u®/­ ° ´ ¯ ¬#­”®†º ¯ ² µ ´¦º­”®¦± ° ­”® µ ® ¯ ¹ ¯p´ ° ± ° ¬ ¶ ²u±%® ® ¯u° ¹£® ° ´ ¯ ´ ©«ª%® ¶
º“±—¬#­ ¶:¯ ¹h¯p´ ° ®´i®>©£ª ¯ ¾ª ±·©«¾ª ± ¶ ­ ¶ º ¯ ¬ª²:ºn® ¹@­8² µ#µ ´¦­ ¯ ­®°±—º ¯Ç¸¬ ºÈ©«ª ¯ ¬#­”® ¶ ² ¸¬ ° ²:“º ±  »2É ¯  ¯ ¹£®¦©«ª›³^±%´ ±³^­/y© ±—º ¯ ¬ ¯*¶:¯ ´ À µ ¾® ¹
³ ¯ ±%´¦®“º ±K¯#± ¯ K¬ ± ° ¬ ° L´ ¯ ´ ©«ª%® ¶ ­Ê´ ¯ ®”® t´ À ±›² µ° ´ ¯ ©%²:º,² 50³#±´i®Ë©£ª±%´¦®i¬#K¬ ± ° ¬B³ ª ¬ ¶ ª ²p¸ ºÌ®  ­Íì© ¹£­­ ° ´iª%®i±²pµ³ ® ´ µ ª —² ¯ ª ° L´ ¯ ´ ©£ª® ¶"Î ¹£®Ë©£ª
¶ º ¯pµ ± ¯ ª®  ¶ ª ¬ ¶u° ¹£­ ¶ ¯ ®”²:ºÃ¾® ¹³ ¯ y± ±›´ ª º´ —®y® ´ µ ¬#­/®i¬^­”®  8ÆGh­ Çhƈ<yq» º†² µ ©£ª ¯ º ¯ ´ “º ±—´¦¬ ¯p° ´i®i¬^­ ¯ ¶ ª ¬ ¶u° ¹£#­ ¶ ¯ ®”²:ºÃ¾® ¹~¹£®¦©«7ª ¶Å²p± 5
Â4¯ ®/­/´  ±²p´¦³#± ¯ ©«´ ¯ ¬#­ ¯ ¬ ¯ ² µ ³Ä²:º­”® µ ¬#­  ³_²pª%®¦¬ ° ¹ ¯ ®”®@ºÏ³#±%´ ±K¯u®”Œ­ ´iÀ ®¦¬#­ ª ¶ ¯ ®/;­ Æ ÿ ºÐª ¯j¶ ­  ª ¶ ­® ¯pµ ´¦­”®uÑ ´iÀ 7® ¹£® µ ¬ ¯e° ´ ¯ ´ ©«ª ¶:¯
³ ¯ y± ±7¹£®Ë©£ª±²p´i³^± ¯ ©«´ ¯ ¬ ¯ ¬ ¯@µ ± ª Âu­”n® ¹ . h» Ç ª ¬ ¶u° ¹ ¯À¶ ²u±%® ® ¯u° ±³¹£¬ ¯ ¹£®¦©«ªÃ²pª%±t´ ±  ±—º ¯ ¬ ¯ ¹ ¯j¶ ²Ò©£ª²u© ª ¬#® ¶ ±%²u´ ¶ ­® ¯uµ²p¸ ºT´ƒº ¯  ¯p ­
µ ²8ª¾± ° ¬1¯_®¦´dº ¯ µ¹ ¯j¶ ²B¶ ª ¬ ¶u° ¹ ¯µ ²:º²®”¬^®¾¹º­/®t® ¶ ² © ¸ ° ­·²p³#­Í© ª ¹~¯p´ ° ®¾¹³µ® ´ µ º´Â—®²® ´ µ ¬K± ° ´L¯ ´ ©£ª® ¶ Ñj¬#³» ü _ ö Ñ ãá S ô \Oã à _ :™ ® ª ¯ ü S j »
ÉÓª¾® ¹8³#± ¯u° ±G´ ¯ ©£ª²u©%²:º ¯ ¬#²4³Ä² µ ¾® ¹ © ¸ ° ­/À® ·[® µ ¬#­ °¶ ­”® Âp²Ô­ ·± ª ¯_²n© ¬^­Õª´ ¯ ®°üiÖ ¯0Ñ ¯Ô¶ ²u¬ ¶ ±%®iª%¬#­/® ¶ ² µ¯ ª ª²p±©£ª£º ¯ ¼Z» ·[® µ 5
¬#­ °¶ ­”® Âp²_Ÿ» ·[­/©«ª ¯ ³ ¯ ± ° L´ ¯ ´ ©«ª%® ¶ Ñ µ ® ¯Ô¶ ª ²p¸ ²± ± ° ¬  #² ´¦À ¬ ¯ ² ¯u®/­ ° t´ ± ° ¸ º ¯ Âu­³#±t´ ± ª t´ À ± ° ­ ª ª¾® ¹  ®iª%² µ ±1¹£®¦©«ª³#±´i® µ ©£ª ¯ º­”²u¬ ¯ º
ª ¯ ¯»e×#”» ü ÿ ° ´ ® ´ © ¸ ° ¸ ² ¯u®”­ ° ´¦® ظ¬ “º ± Â4¯  ¯ ´¦¬ ¯ ¹£²  ² © ¸ ° ­ ¯p ³ ®”­”ª ª µ ±²p´¦³#± ¯ ©%´ ¯ ¬^­ ¯ ­´ ¯ ©%­ ® ´  ²p¸ º6‘® ¶Å® ¶ ¾ª ±—ºK¬ ± ° ¬*“º ±´¦¬ ¯p° ´ ¯ ¬ ± ° ¬
j£ ý
ؒ
Ø X
Ø ý
jÒ
j X
j ý
× Ù Í : Õ
Ú Ú
Ú
ؒ
Ú
Ú Ú
Ú
Ø X
Ú
Ø ý
Ú
Ú
j ’
Ú
Ú
j X
Ú
j ý
j£ ý
Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú Ú
Ú Ú Ú ×
Ù
Ú Ú Ú Í
Ú Ú :
Ú Õ
<
¯ ¯u®/­ °i¯ ×#»”ü Î ·­Í. ©£ª ¯ ª ¶ ­® ¯uµ²p¸ º µ º ª 5 ° ´L¯ ´ ©£ª ¶ ²:º“± ° ¬Ñ µ ® ¯À¶ ª ²p¸ ±²± ° ¬  ²´iÀ ¬ ¯ ²¯u®/­ ° ´t± ° ¸ º ¯ Âp­"³#±´t± ª ´ À ± ° ­ ª  ®iª%² µ ±Bº ¯  ÿ ¬ ¯
³Ä² µ ©£ª ¯ º­”®"®°ü;>¯
2
*byª
dc
B
J
×uÛ
® ¶ ©%³Ä®i±²±  ®¦¬uª ¯ ®/¬#­/®pÑ ° ² ª ¬#­/®  ²#´tÀ ®/­”º­ ¯ ²—¯u®/­ ° ´i®¦¬#­”®Àª%®¦²p±®Yª¾± ° ´¦¬#®¾¹B¶ ª ¬ ¶ ° ¹£­ ¶ ²u±%®® ¯u° ±³¹£¬#®n¹ µ ® ¯ ³ ¯ ± ° ´L¯ ´ ©«ª%® ¶ Ñ µ ® ¯›¶ ª ²u¸ ±y± ° ¬
¬#­/® Â4¯ ª ¯j¶ ­ ° ¬ µ#¯ ¬K± ° ¬ . »
9l² µ^¯ ª ¶ ²:º¯ ´ ´ ¯ ®”®iª«¯›
´  ®Yª%² µ ±º ¯ Âι£®Ë©£ª  #² ´ À ®”­/º² © ¸ ° ¸ “º ­®‰¯p´ ° ´ ¯ ¬#­ ¯ ó:“º ±K­®u¯u´ ° ´ ¯ ¬#­ ¯ ³_²©«´ ° ´i®  ² ¸ ®”K¬ ± ° ¬‘® ¶Å® ¶ ª ²p¸ º6³_²:ºÃ² µ ª ¹h¯ ´ 5
° ± ° ¬ ¶ ²u±%®® ¯u° ¹£® Î ©£ª ¯ ¾ª ±·©£¾ª ± ¶ ­ ¶ º ¯ ¬uª²:ºn® ¹YѲ µ#µ ´i­ ¯ ­®”±º ¯Ã¸¬ ¶ ª ®”²  ¯Ä²:ºd© ¶ ­ ° ¬Ü­l©«”­ ®”K¬ ± ° ¬U
» º†²u´iº ¯ ® ¯ ª²Ø¬ ¯ ¯ ¯uµ#¯ ¬#­/®G±%² ®”­
³Ä²u©%´ ° ´i®t ²—¸ ®/K¬ ± ° ¬4t® ¶Å® ¶ ª ²u¸ ºC¬ ¯À¶ ² ¸¬ ° ²:“º ± ¶ ©%´Yª ¯ ­®”&ª ¶ ª ¬ ¶u° ¹£­ ¶ ²u±%® ® ¯u° ±³¹£¬#n® ¹Y»
T¡h¢”£¢O¥¤§ ¦
O¥­ÀRUPT UPT¡
U
RTÈO¥¤
´
¤ £ T¡
«
¤
k
ÞÝ
lnmpoqmprsut v
Þ
ß à8áâà ã
äæå çéèläéê
ëìß à8ë
›§ íiî 6
ï ðRñBòódôõGðRö‡÷øñÁôeó{ùYñlúÏöûeüiö
ÒÔ´iý þª%²  ² µ ®iÿ/­[¼½·¾ ¿ ºÃ®i±© ¯
²p± ¯ ´ Ò ±!#"%$& ' )(*+
, "-."0/.12354!"06ÿ/7
þ /8"549 :.;<=9" >:8"0!"0?4@Aþ ?B2-¦Cÿ 2<D"0/8E
"8F
GH?B2-¦Cÿ 2<D"0/"I*"KJ>+#"8FL1M-I1*/.E
N 9" -I"-*;4@*@;POQ7E K9" -!"R16ÿ
204I"7S#T@U*VXW
GH/.*@YE
"R1*-*@1*/.EZ".F=[ \^]`_0aa=bdc<egfh
GH:8"0!"0?4I^1M-I1*/.EZ4
" ÿC23#2<D"0/—þi1R:8@1**-1*E
"K6ÿC;2-jak-2_0aglnmjFXaoqpBor_0aNlnmst>1iþ—ÿ
Eu?B2-¦ÿC2<D"0/827"K@;8/.JvE
@M"0J>55Et2v-.:2<wEZ"K-."0 K9" >^%þ4I;8"K>55ExJ@:*% þv?/34!j" ÿ
/.5Fy1*-*@1*/.EZ"kzR{}|{}zR~z€{<‚
GH1*"0:8E
Rþv/.ECJDƒ2 …„-."K/.%2jX#1¦þv#4@JvEZ>!†H þv:.I2v-.;.JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†s>1‡9" 54IJ">!†ˆd-2j#: ÿ
ECJv;‰‹ŠŒ2KI?">E
iŽ8‘^’“„@0|3”3•
–˜—8™ |›šœ+<|n<ž@sŸ= M ™ ‚A0|nA¡^ <~œ¢{}| ™ ‚Mˆ _$ x>2i2-:n2<wE
"-."7/8"54 9 :.;0 K9" >#XJKu2 ÿC#5/.2LI>ƒ E¢FXEZ-/3£4 þ3£8J<"<4I2K>1 9" 54IJvE
„¤3¥§¦=1*YK2-/.1*#4I"K/8-."KI-2< d9" /v;.?!"K>5 B9" 2K:.EZ@"K/ ¨9" _K_ ˆ8>14@I2<J34@2g: *9 -;P>1 K9" #4@JvE=„ª©n«.¬­©®3¬©n¯K¬I°ˆ±<5#
?"@"›„mPˆ˜X@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -/8REN>1*"^þv?I2 1ý */.EZ"j„I<|3”3•R²!ž ™!™I³M™´ <~œ@ˆ>1 K9" #4@JvEw„Œµt¶8¬@·¶8¬@¸<¶¬@¹#¶ˆº;.Jv6ÿ
"-1E
»#ƒ I2-J<"
?"«þ¨ K9" -I20¦
K9" -I22I"K1^E
/ŠŒ2@?A"K>5#"2:n2>!†.2-1*/.EC;>1 K9" #4@JvE¼„Œ1dI2K1*:8"K-.;¨#"0JvE
5D>1 9" 54IJvE:2<X#4I"Kÿ
6 "3ˆ±&
^2-."<4IJK2<2¨`?2-iÿ
;P½XJ34nKƒ2 þ5*#4D?2-¦ÿC*?¾4@!"0/8@:n2K@4@;xv/8"pÿC 1iý þA:n2v-8"u>ƒ >1*"D«þv?;^ÿ
">+5Et@21;.?EZ"0/—þ#"0J2
>1*"K:.I2K:"0Y">+5EtnKƒ2 w/8"kƒ/ ¿‡"K?”E ÿC4@2/8"P„­_& '_ˆ=Eg„­_& 'K'3ˆ±&¼Àu2-."0/82B>1*"Kw_KaKaKaglnmf0Á<&
^2KJK2/8"0/827 þvÂ2@;w6ÿZ"L@/ƒ .E
¨4!"0JvE
>!†Ã:8"0!"0?4Iƒ2 ÄÅ>i ÿ
;Ã:n2KnKƒ2 w/"0/.EZ"A1R-8"0—/ þv?BEu*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
—/ þ3?Ex1M-I1uƒ/
-*;4@*@2/H¦¨1*ÿC6 2K4@2ƄQ3VXWˆB:.@¦1 þ»/.*@YECED1M-I1*/.E
"j§;8J3ÿ6Z"K-.1E
Ç@ƒ @2-J<"j?A"K%þ [ \›]È_0aa=bdc<egfh`1i*J#:n þv?B*/34@;
ŽÉy‘‡’ _0a &
, -*@1*/.E
-;4II2K/v;Et 9" -I"k1ÿ6
204!"¨5M54d1M-I1*/.EC*?Ê þ#2>R/.E
*%þ3?4@ þv>1—/ þv?P&B^:.EZ#;< 9" >¨4I/s:.I2v>*N#"0J2L#¦ƒ
>EC2<2%?2 1*ý /8"k:2<wE
*-1*EC>0ƒ 1*ý -.;4II2K/à þvÂ.E #"iË@-1*EC;8 M9 ÌXÍ;-I12/ þv?º K9" -.@1*B1*6ÿC2K4I"8&-I2K1*?E
"K@;4I5Ë@-1*EC;8% þÌ
¦”E ÿ
2yI>ƒ Eg/v;.—J ÿC*2K/Xƒ2 ºË@;8>1**#4@/.EZ>1 K9" i> þv>!†Ì^¾I*"KJ>55EN1*p" ÿC i1 ý þs@21?EZ"0¨2Â8#1M"0I;xu¾J34Kƒ2  þv?Î:8@2-;.J2<"K/.7 Ã9" >1 K9" #4@JvE¢&
Ï E
>1Â8"R;8>1**#4@/.E
JDKƒ2 Ä M9 -1E
dwE M9 >?BEZ"0ÿ6Z"Bw:.6ÿ/þ3Ä/8"BJv@2K4@/.2y@>ƒ EnEL>!†8"0!"0J34@*% þ#4£þvJ3E?EC4@2<D"0—/ þ>!†%>1 K9" #4@Jt&
‘X;.4@2Kw-2JK2/8"06ÿt#1*IY;%«þv?R#; ÿ
">+5Et` þv/.E
Jv;k>1Y2R12KÂ8;k?2-i ÿ
Et12354!"06ÿ
2 þvYK*/.I2<"K—/ þv>!†:n27_0aKauaaKaR:.@¦1 þ3¦
:8"-JDKƒ2 Ð1M-I1ukƒ/ 1:n2< þ 1*ý @1iþv?E:8"0!"0?4II"K?E­&
Ñ @1iþ54IJvEC=:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.u›£4 þv?Ò@21*-1*E
p" ÿC¼I2K1*J3ÿZ6 "K#- þ‡12354!"06ÿ/þ‡;./82KI?B2<D"0/8u-.2¨$=:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;x4I1/x&y:n2X þv:*ÿ6C/.E
¦
/.E
;dž.E
#4@2YK!"0?R;H1*"-."0/.#wE
i ÿ
JK2yI>ƒ E12354!"06ÿD2K/Ç-2-."<4IJK2<2Ã:.I1M#J<p" ÿC2<D"0—/ þs2s>i1 þv/./.E
JÓ$f<hnÔÕI¯!®Iԉ„ŒhnÔÕI¯I®!ÔÃ2K1/"K>1M"
'.$
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'3_
E/ÿC2yƒƒ >Â8"-."0/—þ>!†B:.@1¦þv:8"K-JDƒ2 ‡ˆ±&˜Àu2ƒ2 w/þvD"0/.E
N:8@1**@J"pÿC2<D"0/—þ>!†¨ã4@*/@:n2ƒ2KÂ@21Jv6ÿZ"K-wƒ2 »ƒ2 1ý /—þ>!†RwE
iÿ
JK2y@>ƒ EE8-·ÿZ"
nƒ2 1*ý / þ>!†%>1 9" 54IJd5M54w2AwE
i ÿ
þvY2v-./.EC###1*K&
ä í!å
æ ódñÀ÷‹óDçÊðüiö7èÅéGöðRö÷‹óDçÊðÊêôeódð¼êólûeüYöøüÇékëùYödìyêòwêDí%êdûGö ðRódödîVò"ˆü
y
y
z −os reakcji
kierunek
lotu
ϕ
z
x
z
b
’ þ@;./.*J»ï8&
$KFð2?B4@IE
"j1*-.I1/8E
"j§;.JvÿZ6 "K-1*ECÓ@ƒ @2-J<"j?A"K%þ K9" -I20¦
K9" -.@2F71*-*@1M"< 9" >P#E B9 K9" -!"Ã/"K-·ÿZ"<4I;< s9" 1
:.I1M>E
w/—þv>!†kJvEC*@;./8Jƒ2 Ðw1*-.6ÿC; 1ý 23#Ex¸8p¼5M54X:"0!"0?4I@*?¾1*-*@1*/.EZ"..ñP¦=J 09" 4@?ò"01¦þ3?R;4I"pÿC/—þv?P&
ð2?4@IE N9 1*-.I1/8E
"w:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2‡/8"Xþ&Lï8&
$K& Ñ @:XKƒ2 6ÿ
I1 *9 -./.N:.I1M54I@1*/./8=:2-."D"0/8g X9" H;.JvÿZ6 "K-1*ECB#ƒ I2-J<"
?A"K%þD K9" -.@2^¦v K9" -I28& , -I1*"0 K9" >g@E L9 K9" -!"^/8"K·- ÿZ"<4I;< 9" 1g:8@1**>E
w—/ þ>!†JvEC*@;8/.JDKƒ2 »w1*-.ÿ6C; 1Dý 23#E¸&LÀ¼"0!"0?4@y1*-*@1*/.EZ"
pR4I2Ã2·- ÿ
YKÿ6
2y.ƒƒ >A?E *9 -¦1 þq@ƒ I2v-.J"K?Ex K9" -.MyJ 09" 4"Ki1 þv?;4!j" ÿ
—/ þsñã4@2jJ <9" 4R?E *9 -¦1 þ»-2-."<4I/.E 9" :XKƒ2 ÿ6
2@E 9" µ˜N":8ÿ
6 "#1M>i1 þv1*/ 9"
I*"KJ>+5E¢&
ó /ŠŒ2@?A"K>55D2d1*"0ÿ
6 2 1*ý 2K—/ þv?qã?2-¦ ÿC;I2K1JvÿZ6 "K-1*ECY M9 54I2LI>ƒ E 9" -I"?2 1*ý /8";.i1 þ@J<"u>Dƒ "0/8p" ÿCE
1;0 K9" >@21Jvÿ6Z"K·- þd:8"KI"K?4@I;
1M-I1*/.E
"8&RÀN@2?BE
u7ƒ/ K9" -!"%1*ÿ6C2K4I"i/8"i:n2v-854!"wECBƒ2 w/8"0/8E
"j„­_&
$ ˆX?2 1ý /8"i2@1*">2<D"u>dƒ /" 8ô õ lnms&Rl ÿZ"i-.;4II2K/v;
#4@23#2<D"0/.E
w4IYK2nKƒ2 w/8"K/.EZ"w5*#4w/.E
;.1M"KI"K-/.E
2K/8KvY·- þ 1gý K9" -I2-;4II;i@Jv6ÿ
"-."< 9" >#E N9 5M·- þv/.E
1d-3ƒ2 >!†k/v;.—J ÿ
2/XKƒ2 /.E
?"B%þ3?4@IECEt5ŠŒ*% þ>1/.#&LÏ6 "K-.;./.JK2< þ›@ƒ @M-/.Et:.I2K?ECu7ƒ/ Jv"-!"<4@2< þB-;.4@I2K/v;k þ3/82@Et_ ô $_0ög÷sa ô a8$K$Llnm $*ö &
’w21Jvÿ6Z"K-7:"0!"0?4I@;i1*-*@1*/.EZ"R:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82R/8" þ&¼ï& _.& Žvƒ I*-/.E:"0!"0?4Iw1*-*@1*/.EZ"X5M54XÒ:.Ii1 þv# ÿ
E 1*ý /.E
;B5*-v¦
/8"KJK2< þ7ø2Â.;?2v-.i ÿZ"K>!†x&D{ ÿZ"A:8"KI"K?4@I;i1*-*@1*/.EZ":2/.E 1ý 5 ( lnm“/.EC1*"KI"K-./.E
>i1 þ>!†iƒ2 1ý /.EZ>?E M9 -i1 þi?2v-.i ÿZ"0?E­
1M-I1*/.E
"k>*/4IIp" ÿC/8B i9" /8"<5?/.E
5:.I"X-.2K:n2v-.2KÂ./.>1*YK2i/8j" ÿ
1Mý "0ÿ6
2i@E 9 @:n2v-.1E
D"u>¨ƒ 1A:8@2354£þ>!†I2K1*" 1*ý "Ã/ YK2?B¦
4@ þv>1—/ þ>!†x& , "0/8p" ÿC2YKEZ>1*/ A9" «þ34I;8"K>5 79" ?A"0À? þP-.2k>¦1 þv/.EC*/.EZ"A4@ 1Rý ÍJ#:n þv?/34I">!†x&^Àu2< þ 1ý #D4@5^"K#4I2LI>ƒ E˜wEZ-."u> ƒ
nƒ2 1*ý /.E
>A?E M9 -i1 þs?2v-.i ÿZ"0?E­¼>2Ã:n2K1Dj" ÿZ"P þ>E 09" Y/ u9" >ƒ w/.E
2@Jj2I2K1Jvÿ6Z"K-1*ECAY *9 #4@2y@>ƒ E=?A"<4@*@E
Eg-8j" ÿ
JK22-H>/34@I;.?
9" -I"8FLÄ?2v-.i ÿ
;iù‡ú;8DYK!"0/8E
>*"w K9" -.I"‡5*#4wÂ8"0!-1E
5Ë#I2K1*V? þ34I"Ìu/.E 1ý Ä?B2-¦ ÿC;P½X!û3?A-&=ù‡"Bnƒ2 1ý /8E
>‡Ò@21Jv6ÿ
"-1E
:8"KI"K?4@I;‰1M-I1*/.EZ"s#- ÿ
"»-; i1 ý þ>!†Æpk?A"s4@ 1ý /8"<5:8I"X-2:2-2Â./.E
5w:8ÿ”6 þv€54!"06ÿ/þ‰J <9" 4%"Ki1 þv?;4!j" ÿ
—/ þãñӀ?2-i ÿ
;
½‡Iû3?A-„Œ/8ECM«þv?4I% þ>1*—/ þ-.;4II2K/7;8-.I1*">*"0ÿ/6 þ7>1M"Kg2KÂ.nƒ2 >2K—/ þ`4 9" I"0? B9" 54I@2/ M9 ˆ/8EC?2 1ý /"w5*-./8"0J7@:.!"X-1E> ƒ
4I5D†.EC:n204I¦1 þKY#- þ 1ý Ä?B2-¦ ÿC;½‡Iû3?A-%/8ECd?2 1*ý /8"B1*"-."ul> ƒ ÿC23#2<Y2J <9" 4!""0i1 þv?R;4Ip" ÿC/.*YK2ñ˜&
ü "0J5; 1Aý X@:2?/.E
"K/.28L#:n2ƒ2KÂj þ3Ân2KI;sJ09" 4I"i"0¦1 þ3?R;4Ip" ÿC/8YK2ñP5M54dE
/.—/ þº2KÂ.;s?2v-.i ÿZ"K>!†x˜>2PwE
-."u>ƒ /"P% þ*&
ï& '8& Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;k½‡±Ã`J<9" 4g4@*/¨5*#4w>"0ÿ/6 þ>1*"NnKƒ2 w—/ þa.3/8"<4I2K?EZ"K#4gÓ?2-i ÿ
;kýxþÿ¼5*#4Ãÿ
2@2<D"0—/ þ1^@21Jv6ÿ
"-;
5M-/.2KI2-/.*YK2A1:8@1**-1*E
"KÿC6 ;H„­a.¬I_ ˜ˆ±& Ñ ?2v-.i ÿ
;j½XÅ:8"0!"0?4@X1M-I1*/.E
"d5*#4^wE *9 >@J<j" ÿZ"0I?òEL:86ÿ
"#1M>i1 þv1*/8"
I*"KJ>+5E5*#4‡>"Kÿ”6 þ7>1*"N4!"@"K?"8v/8"<4I2K?E
"54D`?2-¦ ÿC;ýxþÿ‡:8"KI"K?B4@D1*-.I1/8E
"‡5*#4wg*J4I2KI?P":86ÿ
"#1M>i1 þv1*/8"
I*"KJ>+5E35M54w1?E
/./".&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
''
Nexus
Rozklad parametru zderzenia
dN/db
Entries
Mean
RMS
0.08
10000
6.382
2.651
Urqmd
Entries
Mean
RMS
0.07
0.06
10000
6.739
2.398
Nexus
Urqmd
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
b [fm]
’þ@;./.*Jï8&)_Fy’w2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-R:"0!"0?4I@;1*-.I1/8E
"A„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E:.I1þv"K/—þ¦L?2-iÿtýxþÿ<3>1*Ig2/þ¦˜?2-iÿt½X!û3?-ˆ
dn/dφ
Rozklad katu φ
Entries
Mean
RMS
1
10000
0
-0
0.8
Nexus
Urqmd
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
φ [radiany]
’þ@;./.*J¨ï8& '.Fy’w2K1*J36ÿZ"K-RJ <9" 4!"d"01iþv?R;4I"pÿC/.*YK2dñÄ/.E
Â.E
*@JvE.:.I1þv"K/—þ¦˜?2v-.iÿýxþ.ÿB0>1*@2K/—þ¦˜?2-iÿn½X!û3?-ˆ
yÉ "0JvEg@:238ƒ2»EC?:#ÿ
?*/4!"K>55EgþM#"L@/ƒ .EZ":n2v>1 09" 4@JK2<2P1*"#J<"0Jv;< 9" >Yþj@21Jvÿ
6 "-sX#:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.#µÇ:.E
2K/Xƒ2 1%?2-iÿ
;
½‡± „?A"0J#E
?;8? :.I1M#;./8E 9 4@Pò#4@I2K/ P9 -.2v-8"<4@/8E
>!†Ç"K#4I2LI>ƒ E}ˆR:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/—þ›/8"›þ&Óï& ïӄ>1*@2K/—þ»†.EZ5¦
4I2KYK!"0?7ˆ&LÀu2K/8EC*" 1wý :.6ÿ
"#1M>¦1 þ31*/8"I*"0J3>+5E<5M54D54!"0ÿ6Z"dEnJ 09" 4g"0¦1 þv?;4!j" ÿ
/ þAñk]`Á h˜\*¹=]Óa.3wE *9 >X:8;./.J34g1M-I1*/.E
" 9" -
·- ÿZ"J<" 1*ý -.YK2%þ3?R#; ÿ
2<"K/.Y2‡:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;R1*/8"<#-;05D@E 9 /"2@Eµ˜& Ñ >i ÿ
;B@:.!"X-1*/.EZ"^>i1 þw5M54¼4I2D5*·- þv/8":.Ii1 þ>¦1 þv/8"
:.I1M#;8/.E M9 >EZ"?A"0J@EC?R;.? I2K1JvÿZ6 "K-;»X@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -—/ þv>!†‰µÇ þvJ2K/8"K/.2Ã2Â.Kƒ2 4R:.ÿ6Z"K@1*>i1 þv1—/ þ›µ8·‰;.Jv6ÿ
"-;‰X@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
I1 *9 -./ þ>!†
2KJDKƒ2 ÿ623#E¸d2 ÿC23#2< þJ 09" 4g"0¦1 þv?;4!j" ÿ
/ þBñ˜4@1*/x&y/.2<gwX@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.Dµ E.· .1*2#4I"0ÿ/6 þ2# ÿ
E
>12K/8/":2-.#4I"wE
ww12ƒ2 dF
µÐ
] µ‡Á0\ñ
»·w\ h˜ñ
„Œï&C$ˆ
· ]wµ\ h˜ñ»·DÁ0\ñ¨¬
„Œï& _ˆ
Y-.1E
J 09" 4w"K1iþv?;.4I"jÿ
/—þ%ñP—þvÿx6 -·ÿ
"BJ<" 1Mý -Y2R:8@1¦þ3:"K-Jv;Áÿ
2@2<D"0/—þ1:8@1**-1*E
"KÿC6 ;s„a.¬!_˜ˆ&uÀu2ƒ2 w/8"0/8EC^@21Jv6ÿ
"-wKƒ2 X@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
I1 *9 -./þ>!†BµkEn·B:.@1**-En:24I"KJ3E
5¼4II"K/8#ŠŒ2KI?">+5E.:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2/8"% þ*&Lï& ï& ü "0JBwE
-8"u>¼ƒ 5M·- þv/.E
X/.E
1/"K>1*/.E
1*?BE
/8E
"P2/8"J#14I"K6ÿ 4¨†.EZ#4@2KYI"K?ÆKƒ2 dx/8"04@2?BEZ"K#4¨?A"0J@EC?R;.?ÎI2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-;jX@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.5µ‰1*YK2-/.E
A172>1*JvE
"K/.E
"K?E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'Kï
:.I1M#;vD"@E d9 -27a8&
dN/dxf
przed obrotem
1.4
Entries 298238
Mean
1.125
RMS
3.285
1.2
przed obrotem
Entries
1.4
Mean
RMS
1.2
po obrocie
Entries 298238
Mean 0.002582
RMS
3.374
1
π+ przed obrotem
π+ po obrocie
Urqmd: Rozklad wsp. y
dN/dyf
π+ przed obrotem
π+ po obrocie
Urqmd: Rozklad wsp. x
298238
0.0003205
3.282
po obrocie
Entries
1
0.8
Mean
298238
-0.003959
RMS
3.369
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
2
4
6
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0
8 10
xf [fm]
2
4
6
8 10
yf [fm]
’þ@;./.*JXï8& ï8Fx’w21Jv6ÿZ"K-^X#:Xƒ2 6ÿCI1 M9 -/—þ>!†^µ¨EK·^:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ã1N?B2-¦ÿC;d½‡Iû3?A-:.I1*-^EK:n2X2Â.@2>ECu2ÿ
2@2<þXJ <9" 4˜"01¦þv?;4!"jÿ
/þ
„­>1*@2K—/ þB¦N:.I1M-%2Â.I204@*?P3/8EC*Â.ECM#JvE:.I1*% þvD"0—/ þB¦=:2A2Â.I2v>ECˆ
Ñ -."jÿZ@15>1 9 I>ƒ E0:8I">YþX›>¦ÿC;ÿ
:8@1*YK2D:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.E
"gþv/.E
Jƒ2 j1¼?2-¦ÿCE3½X»E3ý˜þÿBy@21Jv6ÿZ"K-·þwX@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
I1 *9 -¦
/—þ>!†%µE·k1?B2-¦ÿC;½‡±ø *9 - R9" :8@1**-.#4I"wEZ"0/.:n2R4II"K/8#ŠŒ2KI?">+5Et2K:8E
I"0/.#gþ 1ý #&
ñRêwîëùYöôPí îBðRñdçRûGñìÊ òdü
Rozklad sredniej krotnosci protonow ’uczestnikow’
Rozklad sredniej krotnosci protonow ’obserwatorow’
d<N>/db
d<N>/db
ä í
40
35
Nexus
Urqmd
30
80
70
25
50
20
40
15
30
10
20
5
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
b [fm]
Nexus
Urqmd
60
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
b [fm]
’ þ@;./.*JÓï8& õ Fƒw2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þ‹#ƒ I*-/8EC#kJv@2K4@/.2y@>ƒ E^:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 ÊÈ1*"jÿ
1*ý /.2yI>ƒ E2-`:"0!"0?4I@;Ä1*-*@1*/.EZ"`„EÿC*"Æ#4@I2K/8"8F
Ë@;8>1**#4@/.EZ>YþÌ3:.!""R54I@2/8".FuË@2KÂ8@I"04@2@1¦þvÌIˆ
uÀ 2KnKƒ2 w/"0/.E
RI2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-wKƒ2 È#ƒ I*-/8EC#JvI204@/82LI>ƒ E¼/8"P:.I1iþv:8"-Jj:.I204@2/XKƒ2 Å 1*"jÿ
1*ý /.2yI>ƒ E¼2-›:8"KI"K?4@I;s1*-*@1*/.EZ"
:.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.2R/8"þ&uï& õ &ulÿZ"R1M-I1uiƒ/ >/34@!"jÿ
/—þ>!†7?2v-.iÿx½Xq"K/.Y" 1ý ;<51/8">1*/.ECwE 9 J@1 À9" ÿCEZ>1* 9 ;8>1*#4#¦
/.E
JDKƒ2 Ó/.E 1ý ?2v-.i ÿxýxþÿ05*-/8"KJA:.Ii1 þA:.I1#K@>ƒ EC;i-2R1M-I1u%ƒ/ :n þ3ŠŒ þ*5—/ þ>!†7JvI204@/82Lƒƒ >w:.I204@2/XKƒ2 Ó;>1M54I/.EZ>1 9" >Yþ>!†
ã@M"0J>55E?Ap" ÿC#5Â"0!-12#1¦þ3Â8JK28</"<4@2?E
"54u‰?2-i ÿ
;ùXú;8y1Mj" ÿ
1ý /82Lƒƒ >N2->/34@!j" ÿ
/.2y@>ƒ E5M54¼/.E
wE
i ÿ
J<".&uÀu2KJ<"01*;<5
4I28 1*ý dÄ£4 þv? ?B2-¦ ÿC;P2Â8#1M"0ww1*Â.;8-1*2K—/ þ%:n2<X54!"0ÿ/6 þ7Ò þ3/8ECJv;P1*-*@1*/.EZ"-;.4@I2K/v;PE 9" -I"1*ÿ6C2K4I"^5*#4‡/.E
wE
i ÿ
JvE­
wE *9 >:n2K12354!"<5^4I"KJ3EL@"K?‹/8"4X·- ÿZ"R1M-I1ukƒ/ :n þ3ŠŒ þM5/ þ>!†x&¼½k#ƒ I*-/8E
"0 K9" >:2:8"KI"K?4@I11*-.I1/8E
"BwEZ-."u>Kƒ 1ý d
?2-i ÿ
;P½X!û?A-k`I*"KJ>+5Et;8>1M54I/.E
>i1 þã@ƒ I*-/.E
2B2KJK2ÿ6C2BïI"Ki1 þAwEI*9 >5g:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 Ð/.E 1ý `?2-i ÿ
;ùXúv;&N>¦1 þvwEII>ƒ E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'õ
Nexus
1131
39.62
18.66
Urqmd
Entries
903
Mean
55.08
RMS
17.18
Rozklad krotnosci pionow
dN/dnπ
Entries
Mean
RMS
100
80
Nexus
Urqmd
60
40
20
p»„a.¬I'ˆ
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
nπ
Nexus
3290
32.33
16.09
Urqmd
Entries
2639
Mean
40.88
RMS
19.43
Rozklad krotnosci pionow
Entries
Mean
RMS
dN/dnπ
350
300
250
Nexus
Urqmd
200
150
100
50
p»„'.¬ ˆ
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Rozklad krotnosci pionow
80
90
100
nπ
Nexus
3899
20.35
11.18
Urqmd
Entries
2818
Mean
17.39
RMS
13.07
dN/dnπ
Entries
Mean
RMS
500
400
Nexus
Urqmd
300
200
100
p»„ ¬ˆ
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
nπ
Nexus
1668
14.15
8.446
Urqmd
Entries
323
Mean
10.11
RMS
7.352
Rozklad krotnosci pionow
Entries
Mean
RMS
350
300
Nexus
Urqmd
250
200
150
100
50
p3lnm
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
’þ#;./8J7ï& Fu’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-·þAJvI204I/.2LI>ƒ Et:.E
2K/Xƒ2 `Ä1*"jÿ
1*ý /.2yI>ƒ Et2-P>*/4II"pÿC/82LI>ƒ Eu„Œ:.I1M-1EZ"06ÿMKƒ2 Ð:"0!"0?4I@;k1*-*@1*/.EZ"ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'
ª„ #"0J1*2KÂ8">1iþv?Àþ-."jÿ
5@ˆ^w:.6ÿ/þv"k4@2/"kJvI204I/.2LI>ƒ Eu:.I2-;.JK2<D"0/—þ>!†>1 K9" #4@*Jn&AÀu21D"jÿZ"A4@2Pþ>E 09" Y/ u9" >Rƒ w/.E
2@Jt 1*ý 2Â8#1M"0w1Â.;-12/þP¦wË@J3;^ÿ
"k2KY/.E
#4I"ÌX*?BEC4@;0 K9" >"i>1 K9" #4@JvEu?A"k2 9 4I2Lƒƒ >Å:.I1iþvÂ#ÿ
E 1*ý /.E
;ÃïiI"K1iþwE 9 J@1 k9" Í?2-iÿ
;
½‡±ò/.E 1ý ýxþÿ<&HÉL2k#"0JK2y@>ƒ EC2<723#1M"K>2<D"0/8ECA2J" 1ý i#E k9 — þg>iƒ -2%þN>%ƒ -2Â.@1*k;81*"KI"K-./.EC2/.7:n2-.>1M"K"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þ
:.I2K?E
/.E¿ ÉÄø-.j" ÿZ#1¦þ>!†%:n2v-.@21*-1*E
"Kÿ
6 ">!†x&
ù‡" þ&xï& :.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2‡I2K1*Jv6ÿ
"·- þ^JvI204I/.2LI>ƒ E3:.E
2K/Xƒ2 H‰1Mj" ÿ
1ý /82LI>ƒ E32v-R>*/4IIp" ÿC/82LI>ƒ Et„Œ:.I1M-1EZ"06ÿMKƒ2 »:8"KI"K?4@I;
1M-I1*/.E
"3ˆ±& Žvƒ I*-/.EZ"AJvI204@/82Lƒƒ >@:8"-."Aw!"01d1>/34@!j" ÿ
/.2yI>ƒ E .9" &À=Ii1 þk:.@1*5KI>ƒ E
;2-P1*-*@1*yƒ/ >*/4IIp" ÿC—/ þ>!†-27:n þ3ŠŒ@¦
þM5—/ þ>!†k1*?B/8EC###1M"B@E@9 nKƒ2 w/8EC 1ý @1*@2JK2y.ƒƒ >XI2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-wKƒ2 d&
Àu2KnKƒ2 w/"0/.E
@ƒ I*-/.E
5I2K1*J3ÿ6Z"K-XKƒ2 ÃJvI204I/.2LI>ƒ E</8"X:.@¦1 þv:8"K-*JX:.E
2K/Xƒ2 ›s1Mj" ÿ
1*ý /.2LI>ƒ E<2-:8"KI"K?B4@I;1*-*@1*/.EZ":.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/.2/8" þ&yï8& õ & I204I/.2Lƒƒ >w:.E
2K/Xƒ2 Ó1^?2-¦ ÿC;Pýxþÿ=5*#4wE 9 J@1*"¨/8E 1ý `½‡Iû3?A-M#"0J4IYK2R/8j" ÿ
1Mý "0ÿ6
22>1*JvEC¦
D"u>ƒ 1%"K/8j" ÿ
E
i1 þÃI2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-wKƒ2 ºJv@2K4@/.2y@>ƒ E¼:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 ºË#;8>1M54I/.ECJDƒ2 XÌ&kl ÿZ"?2v-.i ÿ
;ãýxþÿ1Mj" ÿ
1*ý /.2Lƒƒ >B2v-‰>/34IIp" ÿC/.2y@>ƒ E
5M54?B/8EC###1M"d/.E 1‡ý `·- ÿZ"¨½‡Iû3?A-v:2/.E
D" 1Xý :n2<gu2 ÿCE8?p" ÿC# K9" >*" ÿCEZ>1*Â8"¨:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 Ç;8>1**#4@/.EZ>1 K9" Y> þ>!†AÓI*"KJ>+5E82K1/"K>1M"
:n2<gu2 ÿC—/ þ7@:8"K-.JA/E ÿC2y@>ƒ E/.*@YECE-2354 9 :./.#D-.2B:8@2-;.J3>+5Ex>1 K9" #4@*Jt&
d<N>/db
Rozklad sredniej krotnosci pionow
60
50
Nexus
Urqmd
40
30
20
10
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
b [fm]
’þ#;./8J7ï& ( Fu’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-ã#ƒ I*-/8EC#gJv@2K4@/.2y@>ƒ Et:.EC2/XKƒ2 Ä`1M"jÿ
1ý /82LI>ƒ Et2-k:"0!"0?4I@;k1*-*@1*/.EZ"
ä íä
ñRêwîëùYöôPí òwêödìñlúÏñ!néGð¼êóXì˜çÊð¼êó{ûeûGó
Ñ £4 þv? :n2-I2K1*-.1EZ"jÿ
i:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2sI2K1JvÿZ6 "K-·þã>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†»X#:‡Kƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†ãþv?!" 1*ý "K/.EZ"ã„JK2pÿ
55/82
@Jv6ÿ
"-2<g:.I1M54I@1*/./8µt¶.¬8·¶.¬¸¶Aþ3!" 1*ý 2K/.ÒŠŒ?4@2?B4@!"K>!†P2K!"01¨>1*"w¹#¶Aþv!" 1ý 2/—þAÆ5*-/.2354IJ<"K>!†i4£þv:2<þ>!†
·- ÿZ"j@21D" 1*ý "K—/ þv>!†›:.I2>M8ƒ2d=>i1 þ—ÿ
E‡lnmf0Áˆ±&ãÀ=I11iÌ5 þv?I" 1*ý "K/.ECMÌA„@0|3”3•j²!ž ™I™!³M™´ 0~œ@ˆ@21;.?EZ"0—/ þi5*#4?2?B*/34BE
?E
5#I>2#4I"04@/.E
Y2R2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.EZ">1 9" 54IJ3E¢J34ƒ2 I"R:2K4@*?§:n2KI;8#1M"R@E 9 @2KÂn2v-./.EC&
ù‡"‰% þ*&øï8& ö»:.I1*-854!"wEC2/.2›@21Jv6ÿ
"·- þã>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1*#4@I1*/.—/ þ>!†»X#:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -—/ þ>!†Æ#- ÿ
"»:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 dD:.Ii1 þÆ>i1 þv?
:n2KJ<"01M"0/.X d9" X@1iþ#4@JvEC‡:.@2K4@2/ þKnKƒ2 w/.E
1‡ý Ë#2KÂ#*@D"<4I2KIi1 þÌ/.E
‡Â.E
2K K9" i> þÂn1*:2y#ƒ I*-/8EC*YK2d;8-1*E
"Kÿ6C;%ÇI*"KJ>55E­&uÀ=I1M-
X@1iþ#4@JvEC?¾wEZ-2>1*/.d B9" ?A"0J@EC?A"BÄaBdX#1¦þ54IJ3EZ>!†%X@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -—/ þv>!†%Ä?2-i ÿ
;P½X!û?A-&
Àu2>!†.2-1*/.E
D£4 þv>!†A?A"KJv@E
?ǃ2 Æ þ*#"L#/ƒ 8E
"¨@E K9 3Y·- þBg1ƒ ?E
‡#E X9 :n2-A;v"KY X9 þvÿ6 K9" >1*/.E
wË#;8>1*#4@/8ECJDKƒ2 XÌyI*"KJ>+5E8¦y>2
5M54˜?2 i1 ý ÿ
ECK*:2/.EC*" 1¼ý ›?B2-¦ ÿC;¨½‡Iû3?A-2KÂ#*@D"<4I2KI2K?Ó/8"-."<5=@E@¼9 D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E<X#1¦þ54IJ3EZ>!†d>14@I*>!†X@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
I18*9 -./ þ>!†
>1*"K@2<20¦ :.@1**#4@I1*/.—/ þv>!†PnKƒ2 w/.7a8& Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;»ùXúv;¨2KÂ#*@D"<4I2KIi1 þ»„@0|3”3•›ž ™ zR|t<|8œ­‚Mˆ?A"<=9" >1*"dþv?B!" 1Mý "0/.EZ"
„­>!†.2>EZ" 1dý Ò£4 þv? þv:8"-Jv;i/j" ÿ
1*ý "Kÿ6C2— þ7I">1*5D?ǃ2 wE>ƒ 2k>1*"#E
ŠŒ2KI?A"K>55EZˆnKƒ2 w—/ þ"d$$ #$*&a %IO*lnmf<Á„"K#4I2LI>ƒ Et4@#X/.E
/8p" ÿC i1 ý þk:.@¦1 þv:.E
%þv"u> ƒ 1*ý "K-./.5X@1*>1*Ygpƒ2 ÿ
/.5DEC/34II:.@4I">+5E¦y5*#4‡:n27:.I2#4@;2K1*/8"K>1*/.ECdw:8@2<D"K-1*2K/.:.I1*1¨"0;4I2KnKƒ2 Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'(
2
Entries 408885
Mean -5.024e-05
RMS
1.861
10
-1
Entries 408885
Mean 0.002757
RMS
1.855
10
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
-1
10
10
-2
-2
10
10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
0
2
4
6
8 10
x f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean
-14.83
RMS
66.1
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean
-273.3
RMS
519
Rozklad wsp. z
2
10
dN/dzf
2
10
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean -0.01782
RMS
3.301
Urqmd
Rozklad wsp. y
10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
2
4
6
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean
26.1
RMS
64.66
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean
274.8
RMS
518.3
2
10
10
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
0
Rozklad czasu wymrazania
dN/dt f
dN/dxf
10
dN/dyf
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean -0.00795
RMS
3.299
Urqmd
Rozklad wsp. x
p Nexus
p Urqmd
-1
10
1
-2
10
10-3
-1
10
-4
10 -2000-1500-1000 -500
0
500 1000 1500 2000
0
200 400
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
z f [fm]
tf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*J7ï8& ö.Fu’w2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-·þ%>1M"K@2<g2K¦¢:8@1**#4@I1/8/þ>!†BX#:‡Kƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†%þv?I" 1*ý K" /.E
":.I204@2/XKƒ2 ńŒ/.E
Â.E
*@JvE:.I1þv"K/—þ
¦=?2-iÿ˜ý˜þÿB<.>1I2K/—þ¦=?2v-.iÿ˜½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
dN/dxf
0.6
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean
-0.006
RMS
3.201
0.5
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.4
0.3
0.6
0.3
0.1
0.1
4
Rozklad wsp. z
6
dN/dzf
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean
-15.61
RMS
67.71
2.5
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean
-800.5
RMS
605.8
2
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1.5
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
8 10
x f [fm]
Rozklad czasu wymrazania
3.5
dN/dzf
2
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.4
0.2
0
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean -0.0007453
RMS
3.185
0.5
0.2
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean -0.01141
RMS
2.436
Rozklad wsp. y
dN/dyf
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean -0.01064
RMS
2.406
Rozklad wsp. x
3
0
2
4
6
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean
26.1
RMS
64.66
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean
804.9
RMS
600.3
2.5
p Nexus
p Urqmd
2
1.5
1
1
0.5
0-2000
0.5
-1500 -1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
z f [fm]
00
200 400
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
tf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*JÓï8& .Fƒw2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þÐ>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†ãX@:Xƒ2 6ÿCI1 M9 -/—þv>!†`þ3?!" 1Mý "0/.EZ"H:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 …;8>1*#4@/8E
>1 K9" >iþ>!†`
I*"KJ>+5E¼„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E:8@1*þ3D"0/—þB¦=?2-iÿLý˜þÿB<.>1I2K/—þB¦=?B2-¦ÿ˜½X!û3?A-8ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'ö
?2-iÿ
;ˆ&D’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-·þk>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†AX#:‡Kƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†kþv?!" 1*ý "K/.EZ":.I204I2K/Xƒ2 Ä;>1M54I/.EZ>1 9" >Yþ>!†iÒI*"KJ>55E
„Ë# þ>E 9 4I2Ì=2Â8@I"04@2KnKƒ2 ‡ˆ¼:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82/8" þ&yï8& .&
’w21Jvÿ
6 "·- þsX#:Xƒ2 ÿ6CI1 M9 -—/ þ>!†sµ ¶ E· ¶ ·- ÿZ"?2-¦ ÿC;‰½‡Iû3?A-‰ 9" @1*I@17/8E 1iý ‹ùXúv;#E
j„wE
-."u>Aƒ 4I2Ã1i:2ƒ2 w/8"0/.EZ"
@1*@2JK2yI>ƒ EtI2K1*J3ÿ6Z"K-XKƒ2 ÒÄ4!"0# ÿ
J<"K>!†1*R#4I"<£4 þ#4£þvJ A9" #- ÿ
"AJ<" 1*ý -*YK2A1†8E
#4@2YK!"0?ÆKƒ2 ‡ˆ8>2d5M54 þv/.ECJvE
?òwE *9 J#1*5w”E ÿ
2yI>ƒ E
:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ÆË#;8>1*#4@/8ECJDKƒ2 XÌ=Ð?2v-.i ÿ
;k½X!û3?A-&¼Àu2K1*"¨£4 þv?¾2KÂ8"@21Jvÿ6
"·- þ R9" Ð:.Ii1 þv#Â ÿ
E 1*ý /.E
;%Y3"0;8I@2<X#JvE
D¦¼>1*YK2R@E 9
/8p" ÿC 1*ý "Kÿ6C2d@:2-1*EC*"u>0ƒ & Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;7ùXú;8¼?/.E
5#@1iþX5M54g:.@1*J<"01w: *9 -.;A1XJvEC*@;./8J3;B:n2v-.ÿ6C; 1*ý /.Y2dÆ:2:.@1**>1—/ þKK#4 9" 4I 1Aý wE@9 J#1M"P”E ÿ
2y.ƒƒ >2KÂ#*@D"<4I2KnKƒ2 q;./.23#1^K9" i> þv>!†s1k#2Â7P9" 1/8">1*/9" >189 ƒƒ >/.*@YECE¼1M-I1*/.E
"8& Ñ /8EC23#*J4@*/»:21Dj" ÿZ"
1*@21;.?E
>yƒ 1/8">1*/.¼ƒ2 1ý /.EZ>u›I2K1JvÿZ6 "K-.">!†^@Jvÿ6
"-2<g#:n2-ÿ6C; 1ý /.#¸<¶d„2Lƒ I*"KJ>55EZˆn2I"K1u>1*"#; þv?I" 1*ý "0/8E
"g¹#¶.&y½‡>1*#4#¦
/.EZ>1 K9" >XÐI*"0J3>+5En:.I204@2—/ þR:n2B#4@I2K/8ECX;05?—/ þv>!†k"K#4I2LI>ƒ En¸1*/8"<#-;0 9" @E 9 Ð2KÂ#1M"0I1wË#Jv#; ÿ
En2KYK/8E
#4@##̼:2<X#4I"Kÿ6C#N
þv/.E
Jv;k;8-.I1/8E
"B/8"·- ÿ
"04@;< 9" >*YK2B2v-i#4@I2K—/ þ7;<5*?B—/ þ>!†i"K#4I2LI>ƒ E¸A-;.4@I2K/v;i1d/8"K#- ÿ
"04@;< 9" Y> þv?‹2-P54I@2/ þ7-.2v-8"<4#¦
/.EZ>!†%D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E0 9" -@*? 1ÿ6
204I"8":n2K/.E
D" 1ý >E 9 1M#1*= K9" -.@2R16ÿ
204I"?A"wE 9 J@1 ¨9" */.IYKE ‡9 JvE
/.£4 þ>1/ 89" wE *9 >>*/4I@;8?Å4IY2
2Â8#1M"0I;¨1/"<#-;<5D@E D9 :n2#4@I2K/8EC;<5?—/ þ>!†D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E3¸&g'„ M9 -1E
4@2wEZ-2>1/8gnKƒ2 w/.E
1ý ‰I2K1*Jvÿ6
"-."K>!†d:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E
:.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K—/ þ>!†Ã -.j" ÿZ#1*5d>1 *9 I>E=:.!"Ki> þÃ/8"P þ&kï8&
$*ö8˜Y-.1E
AwE
-."u>Aƒ ?A"0J@EC?A"i2-›2KÂ8@I"04@2ƒ2 q1d K9" -!"i16ÿ
204!"
?A"< 9" Y> þ>!†HÂ8"KI-.12j-.; 1ý P;<5*?B/8iD"0@4@2y@>ƒ E@Jvÿ6
"-2<5¨: *9 -;s© ¯ ˆ±&Ƒ‡%þv?B4@IE
"%5*#4A2jwE
i ÿ
PÂ8"0!-1*EC#wE
-.2v>1/8"j
?2-i ÿ
;H½X!û3?A-¼Y·- þ 1%ý "K/.Y" 1ý ;<5%2K/HwE 9 J@1 G9" ÿ
E
>1 %9 ;8>1*#4@/8ECJDKƒ2 d& Ñ ?B2-¦ ÿC;ã½X!û?A-»:8@2K4@2K—/ þj174@*YK22Â8@1*"0I;
A9" :.I2K:8"KYK2<D"0/." 1Rý -2%J2K/D>*ƒ "1*"0ÿ6
2 1*ý 2K/.*YK27>1*"K@;«þv?R#; ÿ
">+5ED„Œø£4 þv?ò:.@¦1 þv:8"K-Jv;Ã_KaKaKaglnmf0Áˆ>27wEZ-."u>¨ƒ q:2354!"K>E
;8>E M9 >EZ"P/8"i4@#d"K#4I2LI>ƒ E¢& Ï 2Jp" ÿC/8A?"KJ#E
?;.?Î ?B2-¦ ÿC;H½‡Iû3?A-›·- ÿZ">1M"K@;j2JK2K6ÿ
2›$*aaNlnmf0Á¨2I"K1B 2·- ÿ
Y6ÿC2y@>ƒ E
2JK2Kÿ6
2i$*aKawlnm „­>2A2K1*/8"K>1*"R:.I2K:8"KY"K>50^9 1d:8M9 -JK2y@>ƒ E.9" # ÿCEZ@J9" :8M9 -JK2y@>ƒ Ew@ƒ wEZ"<4@6ÿZ"ˆ˜5M54X þv/.E
JvEC*?§:.I2-;.J>55Ex>1XK9" #4@J
1I2K1:"K-;k@*12K/"0/8ƒ2KÓEx1*2#4I"K/.ECÂ8"KI-1*EC#@1*>1YgKƒ2 ÿ6
2<g2R:.I1*"K/8j" ÿ
E
12<D"0/.XÄ/8"K#4 *9 :.—/ þv?‹:2-I2K1M-1EZj" ÿ
K&
g1 9" 54IJ<"0?Ed/8"<52£>EC#%:.I2v-.;.JK2<D"0—/ þv?E^Î1*-*@1*/.EZ"K>!†Ò>E 9 1ý JvEZ>!†H52/XKƒ2 È Ç9" :.E
2K—/ þK&…g1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/./.
X@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
I1 *9 -./.X þv?I" 1*ý "0/8E
"d:8EC2/XKƒ2 Ð:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2d/" þ&yï8&
$*a8&y’w21Jvÿ6Z"K·- þµPEt·7 R9" «þv?4I% þ>1*/.‡w1*pY ÿ *9 -*?¾1*I"8&
’w21Jvÿ6Z"K·- þ¨X@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.5¼¸¨Æ?2-i ÿ
;7ùXú;8N 9" /.E
wE
i ÿ
X:.I1*@;./.E 9 4IwÐ54I@2/ w9 ;<5*?B—/ þ>!†AD"0@4@2yI>ƒ E¢0>2:2K45wEC*I-1M"
w/.E
2@JB þ>E 09" Y/.E 9 £4 þ1"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þB@21Jvÿ6Z"K-wƒ2 ã:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 d 1*ý ‡Æ£4 þv? ?B2-¦ ÿC;%2KÂ8@1*"K*1‡J34ƒ2 @*YK2d?EC4@2<D"0/.^ R9" >1 9" 54IJvE
/.E
D5*#4‡-; ¦1 ý þ%Ex/8ECw5M54XI2K1M>E 09" Y/.E 9 £4 þAw1*-6ÿ
; 1dý 23#E1M-I1*/.E
"8& Ñ ?B2-¦ ÿC;½‡Iû3?A-i?"KV? þi-27>¦1 þ3/8EC*/.E
"B1d2-wI204I/ 9"
%þ34@;8">+ ‡9" ¦x2KÂ8@1*"Ky*?E
5E8>1 K9" #4@*JD5*#4uwE 9 J@1iþ¨EI2K1M>E 09" Y/.E 9 £4 þw1*-6ÿ
; 1wý 2@E¸8>2wE
-8"u>ƒ ã:n2#4I">EvË#2YK2/8"KÌ:n2¨#4@I2K/.E
;<5*?/ þ>!†D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E­& Ï 2Jp" ÿC/8?A"0J@EC?A"Ar?2-¦ ÿC;s½X!û?A-#- ÿ
"i>1M"Kƒ2Kø2KJ2Kÿ6
2$*aNlnmf<ÁED$*aaNlnmf<Á %9" þv/.ECJvE
?
:.I2-;.J3>+5EN>1 K9" #4@*JÃ17I2K1*:8"K-.;sI1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2KrE12354!"0/ i9" Â8"KI-1*EC#¨#1M>1*YNƒ2 ÿC6 2<2k:8@1**"0/j" ÿ
EC1*2<"K/.¾/8"54 9 :.—/ þv?“:n20¦
-I2K1M-1EZj" ÿ
K&
ä í)(
ðRóXêñÒûGöûPì"ñV ú ûGö éGðRñBôõPîÀò"ˆ
ó + òwê,öd+ ìxç†óXî
’w*12/8"0/8@d4I2%Â8"KI-1*2%Jvn0ƒ2 4@J2 1iý þM K9" >R>1 K9" #4@JvE¢twE M9 >¨EZ>!†ÃÂn1:n2y@ƒ I*-/.EZ"7-4@*J>+#"%/.E
‡5M54?2 1iý ÿ
E
" 1Mý "K-/—þv?EL?4@20¦
-."K?E­&=g1*"«þ¨EZ>!† 1iý þ>E
"vþ 1/"K>1M"#E w9 Â8"K-8"< K9" >D@1*@2JK2y.ƒƒ >g?"#JvE
?;.?.-I2K1JvZÿ6 "K-;B?A"K%þ/.E
1*?EC*/./.EZ>1#yEJK2@1¦þv#4I"0¦
9" >d1¨1*"@"-·þ7/.E
21/8">1*2K/.2y@>ƒ Ex¿XEZ@/vÂ*@Y3".F/-10R¹3254 &XÀN@1¦vþ J3Zÿ6 "K-.2<g2B-·
ÿ "7@*12K/"0/8@;76n„ (K( a3ˆD#1*I2KJ2Lƒƒ >-»vþ /.23#E
2Jn&D$ õ a/8øc<er>22v-.:2<wEZ"K-."B>1M"K@2<wE 1iý þ>EZ":9<;r$*a>=nO%\^]r$Mlnmf<Á<&
Ñ >i
ÿ ;Ð:2J<"01*"K/.EZ"»w:.6ÿ/3þ w;`@21:8"-;Ó@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K /8"H:8@2-;.J3>+ j9 :.EC2/XKƒ2 €vþ JK2/8"0/82»†.E
#4@2YK!"0?Àã
þ >1M"K@2<g2K¦
ý
:.I1M54I@1*/./—þ >!†%X@:Xƒ2 6Cÿ I1 M9 -/—vþ >!†ivþ ?I" 1*"0/8E
"B:.E
2K/Xƒ2 d8:.I1ii
þ >1¦3þ ?ò1i
ÿ EZ>12/.24£þ—Cÿ J24@8J34ƒ2 @d/.E
:n2>!†.2-1E
6ÿ/%þ 1¨I2K1¦
:8"-;AI12/8"0/8ƒ2d& Ñ þv/.ECJvEn:.I1*-854!"wEC2/.2/8"¨þ&Lï8&
$K$K&uÀu2KnKƒ2 w/v;< 9" >L5‡1Xþ&yï8&
$*awEZ-."u>Kƒ 1*ý X:.I1M-XX@1iþ54IJvEC?
1*/8"K>1/.E
d1?A"jZÿ "06Zÿ "BJv@2K4@/.2yƒƒ >K.wE M9 >@21:8"-i@*12K/"0/8ƒ2KÄ?"A-.2K?EC/v;< 9" >Yk
þ w:.6ÿ”vþ ø/8"A:8@2-;.J3>+ d9 :.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 d&wŽv1*@2JK2y.ƒƒ >
ý
I2K1*J36Zÿ "K-XKƒ2 ƵPEn·AÄ?2v-.i
ÿ ;k½X!û3?A-71?A"p
ÿ "K
ÿ6 "Â8"0!-1E
5g/.E 1`ù‡ú;8@ECY-·þ 1‡ý Ë@2KÂt>EI*9 >ECM̼/8"R:.EC2/—A
þ :2>!†.2-1‡K9" >^1^I¦
1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2‰2-I1;8>EC6
ÿ 2d:.E
2K/—Bþ :.@2-;8JK2<D"0/.DÆ:X¼ƒ2 1*ƒ /.E
5#@15uŠ"K1E
X@M"0J3>+5E¢"dwE *9 >i1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6
ÿ 2D5‡?EC4@;< 9" >X/8EC^?BEZ"06
ÿ 2¨>1M"K@;
*
ékëùíBú
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd§›
Ü Ýyª¬«ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â§g׊«Rۇ߇Ú5Û
'?
/8"¨1wE 9 J#1*/.E
^@2KEZ>!†BI2K1*?E
"Kƒ2 d&L’w21Jvÿ
6 "-·þBX#:Xƒ2 6ÿCI1 M9 -/.#¼¸E>1*"#;A:n2KJ<"K1;< 9" /8"<4I2K?E
"54M 1*ý ‡Ð?2-iÿ
;%½‡Iû3?AI2K1*:8"K·- þk@*12/8"0/8ƒ2KÄ2-:2<wEZ"K-8"< B9" 1*"7-."A?A"KJv@E
?"7:.@2-;8J>+5EL:.E
2K/Xƒ2 dFg:.E
IX@1d:n2k>1M"K@ECA$MaNlnmf<Á„ŒI2K1*:8"K-·þ
I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2ø?B*12/.2< þ>!†ˆ±t-I;.YKE
R?/.E
5#@1B:n2s$MaKaNlnmf<Á„@21:8"·- þP@*12K/"0/8ƒ2KøÂ8"K@E
2K/.2< þ>!†ˆ&dù‡"<4I2K?EZ"K#41M"
:.E
IX@1N?A"KJv@E
?;.?r:8@2-;.J3>+5Ev:.E
2K/Xƒ2 ‰-2>1M"K@;2KJ2Kÿ
6 2^a ô _=lnmf<Á=2v-.:2<wEZ"K-."0 X9" I2K1*:8"K·- þd#4@I;./x& Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;ùXú;8
I2K1*:8"K·- þA#4@I;./PEx-I2K#: ÿ
4nKƒ2 ^S‡2-:2<wEZ"K-8"< ¨9" 1M"B:.@2-;8J>+ 9 :.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ä-.2>1*"#;i2KJ2Kÿ
6 2R'Nlnmf<Á<&
Ñ >i ÿ
;Ã/E ÿC2y@>ƒ EC2<Y2B2Jv@n«ÿƒ /.EZ"Aw:.ÿ/6 þvw;I2K1:"K-;Ã#4@I;./Eu:n2@1*>1Ygpƒ2 ÿ
—/ þv>!†PI1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2Ä/"%:.I2-;.J3>+ ¨9 :.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 1¦ÿCEZ>1*2K/.2ø#ƒ I*-./.E8s9" JvI204@/82Lƒƒ >%:n2@1*>1Ygpƒ2 ÿ
—/ þv>!†‰@21:8"-wKƒ2 §-8"<¼K9" i> þ>!@
† BAÅEX þv/.ECJvEX:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2j§4!"0Âni ÿ
EXï8&
$·- ÿZ"
Ñ
?2-i ÿ
;ƽX!û?A-ãEX‹4!"0Âni ÿ
EXï8&)_j·- ÿ
"s?2-i ÿ
;ÓùXúv;& 2KÂ.;Ç?2v-.i ÿZ"K>!†Æ-2K?E
/3;0¼K9" >"%5*#47:.I2-;.J>5#"Ã:8EC2/XKƒ2 1
I2K1*:8"K-;Ã@*12K/"0/8@;C6n„ (K( aˆR„ŒnKƒ2 w/.E
1Rý J3I204I/.2y.ƒƒ >¨:8EC2/XKƒ2 q1R4@*YK2i@21:8"-;A5*#4dr:.Ii1 þv# ÿ
E 1*ý /.E
;4!"0J<"%I"0?A"i·- ÿZ"%2Â.;
?2-i ÿ
E}ˆ±& Ñ Jvÿ6
"-›@21:8"-;»54I@;8Ø
/ ÿC;.ÂH-.@2#: ÿC4ƒ2 `5M54BwE *9 Jv@1iþs·- ÿZ"?2v-.i ÿ
;HùXú;8k„Œ:.!"X-2:2-2Â./.E
A þ3/8ECJ<"P4I2
ý
wÿZ6 "˜@/ƒ .E
^1d1M"0ÿ6
2 1*/.EZ"¨2ŠŒ2KI?A"K>55EnE˜@21:8"-1E
-.@2#: ÿC4ƒ2 ‡ˆ±D& p2 ÿ
55—/ þv?‹@*12/8"0/8@?ø5M54FE‡„ ( ö_ˆ±1*/XKƒ2 ÄJ3I204I/.2y.ƒƒ >¼5M54
ã:.@¦1 þv#Â ÿCE 1ý */.E
;¨4I"KJ<"^I"0?A"·- ÿ
"2Â.;R?2-¦ ÿCE¢&Lj" ÿ
5y‰2-wI204@/85LJp2 ÿ
55/.2y@>ƒ E þ#4 *9 :.;< 9" @21:8"·- þJ<"0/Xƒ2 HE@*12/8"0/8@;
0i„5$_0'3_Kˆ±& ü M-/8"KJ¨‰2Â.;:.@¦1 þv:8"K-J<">!†/8"05" 1ý /.E
5#@1iþv?rI1*2K/8"#*?qÂ8"0IEC2/.2<
þv?Ç5*#4=wÿ6
"L#/ƒ .E
3 0i„5$M_K'_ˆ±&u’w2K1*:8"K·- þ
ý
ý
?/.E
5wEZ54I204@—/ þ>!†>1 K9" #4@Jk-."< 9" nƒ2 1*/ þ%wJ36ÿZ"K-iEL þv#4 *9 :.;< 9" ønƒ2 1/85DJKp2 ÿ
55/82LI>ƒ E¢& Ñ ?2v-.i ÿ
;½X!û?A-i1w!"K>*"B;3D"0Y 9
1M"0E
?B^: ÿC*?B*/34@2<D"0/.E
‡I2K1*:8"K-;k?12/.2< þ>!†%I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2Ó:8@;8-2<J34I2KI2< þv>!†˜&
½XF:n2>!†.2-1*/.E
GBA
HBI JvI204@/82Lƒƒ K> J:8@¦1 þ3:"K-*J
6n„ (K( aˆ
$ =
$_& õ ö
õ & '
E‡„ ( ö3_Kˆ
$ =
A
%
0i„5$_0'_ˆ
ï8&)_0a
‚±œ¢ž±~|n O ¦
ï8&
$*'
LNM „­&ö 3_Kˆ
$ =
_& &' 6n„#$ï õ aˆ
$ =
_& '_
O O „5$M'_Kaˆ _ A
$K& õ ï
6n„#$ ( aaˆ
$ =
$K& ' l O „5$M_ ( a3ˆ _ A
$K& a O S „5$_ aˆ
$ A
$K& a.$
p S „#$M_0' õ ˆ $ A
a.& öKö
l „5$M_Kö õ ˆ $ A
a.& (<
LPS M „#$ï3'Kaˆ _ A
a.& K
Q O „5$M'Kö õ ˆ
A%
a.& õ ï
O
Éy"0#Â ÿ
EZ>"7ï&C$FRI204@/82Lƒƒ >!BAÓ:n2v>!†82v-.1‡K9" >iþ>!†1RI2K1*:8"K-.;-."0/.#^>1^K9" #4@JvEu-·ÿ
"k?2-iÿ
;j½‡±€„ HSI 2K1*/8"K>1*"<uA9" @:.E
/ÃE
:8"K@1¦þ54I2Lƒƒ >*ˆ
TVUWYX[Z]\_^a`SbcVdKe `YfgFh3g`Y^iWYe_e&fjBg)WYf[XVjS^lkZXVjmn`ogp\qg/jCjrs]e_ftZKWYcarKZ]g)u]f[XvjS^iw[X3\_X[f)g)\_sK^Vw[XFjciWYX[mn`Ytwy^ix m'`'X{mYz |ieyfW'r`}rK|icis]^lk/~X[cisg)|icVgkSg)x |i^lk
t j€X[\_s]e_^is]e_^fjSg)WYf)zX jD‚oƒB„>X…tK†X[WYh…XvjSg)s]e_tcid]e `'fey`YWYg)f`'XvjBg)sK^$m‡xg h3g)fW'X[mYf[X[ZXvj€X…eyX[Z]e_m'rjBg)s]^ˆcVgFZX[h…X|Fxg ZS^ix u]t‰eycVg)Zg)|YŠt{ƒ‹g)m'`^Vx ZKt)k'^
jcVW'X[m'`S`Yg)fe_^lkBcid]e `'feŒg?cŽ w ^ix mn`YX?mz |/z ^is]^iW'w[e_e{cih3g)\_^lk'^DZXVjr>ciŽ ^lkBjSg)W'`'X{mYz |ieyfW'r`}rK|icis]^lke?sg)m'` g)x Z]eyŠ]g)u]WYX[s]e_cVg)|lk'g‡u]WYX[ZK\_^i`'t{ƒ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ï3a
Nexus
dN/dxf
Entries 183837
Mean 0.005492
RMS
2.577
1.2
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean 0.005185
RMS
3.376
1
Rozklad wsp. y
1.2
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
2
4
6
dN/dzf
Rozklad wsp. z
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-150
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
8 10
x f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean
-3.16
21.42
RMS
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean
-16.29
RMS
50.3
0
2
4
Rozklad czasu wymrazania
dN/dt f
0
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.8
0.4
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean -0.003383
RMS
3.364
1
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.8
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean -0.0001251
RMS
2.58
dN/dyf
Rozklad wsp. x
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean
10.82
RMS
18.9
6
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean
39.69
RMS
39.16
5
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
6
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
4
3
2
1
-100
-50
0
50
0
0
100 150
z f [fm]
20
40
60
80
100 120 140
tf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*JBï&C$Ma.Fu’w2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-·þB>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1*#4@I1*/./—þ>!†X@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†Aþv?I" 1*ý 0" /8E
"d:8EC2/XKƒ2 r„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3En:.I1*%þvD"0/—þ¦
?2-iÿ˜ý˜þÿB<.>1I2K/—þ¦=?2v-.iÿx½X!û3?A-8ˆ
dN/dxf
Entries 103168
Mean -0.005863
RMS
2.433
0.4
Urqmd
Entries
87439
Mean -0.004966
RMS
1.76
0.35
0.3
π+ Nexus
0.25
π+
0.2
Urqmd
0.4
Urqmd
0.35
0.3
π+ Urqmd
0.2
0.1
0.05
0.05
2
4
6
Nexus
Entries 103168
Mean -0.1073
RMS
2.641
Urqmd
Entries 87439
Mean -0.3102
1.442
RMS
5
4
3
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
8 10
x [fm]
π+ Nexus
4
π+ Urqmd
3
2
1
1
2
4
6
8 10
z f [fm]
2
4
5
2
0
0
Rozklad czasu wymrazania (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
dN/dt f
0
Rozklad wsp. z (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
dN/dzf
π+ Nexus
0.25
0.1
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Entries
87439
Mean -0.002265
RMS
1.752
0.15
0.15
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Nexus
Entries 103168
Mean 0.01765
2.427
RMS
Rozklad wsp. y (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
dN/dyf
Nexus
Rozklad wsp. x (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
0
0
6
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 103168
Mean
2.178
RMS
2.014
Urqmd
Entries 87439
Mean
0.4492
RMS
1.426
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9 10
tf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*J%ï8&
$K$F’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-·þi>1M"K@2<g2K¦¢:.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†AX@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†iþ3?!" 1Mý "0/.EZ":.E
2K/Xƒ2 d8/.E
¨;vw1Yuÿ M9 -/.E
2K/.2A:.E
20¦
/Xƒ2 `:n2>!†.2-1X9" >Yþ>!†%1I2K1:"K-;k@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K̈́/.E
Â.E
*@JvE:.@1*þv"K/þB¦=?2-iÿ˜ý˜þÿB<8>1*@2K/—þB¦=?2v-.iÿ˜½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ï$
ýxþ.ÿB0Fu:2>!†.2-1*/.E
‰BA
HBI JvI204@/82Lƒƒ K> J:8@1¦þ3:"K-*J
6n„ (K( aˆ
$ =
$M_& '
&ï õ
6t„ (K( aiˆ ”
$ =
&
$*ö
6t„ (( aˆ A
$=
‚±œ¢ž±~|n •ª~8B<žI — • ™ œ ¦
$*a.& '_
õ & õ(
E‡„ ( ö3_Kˆ
$ =
L –”
a =
$K& ( ö
—
a =
$K& (0õ
% A
0i„5$_0'_ˆ
$K&)_ O
A
%
0i„#$M_0'3_KˆVABA
a.& (0õ
O% A
0i„#$M_0'3_KVˆ A
a.&)_ O
A
%
0i„#$M_0'3_Kˆ =
a.&)_ õ
L M „ö?_ˆ A
$O =
a.& õ $
L 4 M „?ö _Kˆ ”
$=
a.& ï õ
— n„ õ öˆ
a =
a.& ï3_
4˜
SO A
a.& ' (
yÉ "0Â#ÿ
EZ>"Pï8&)_F™@2K4@/.2yƒƒ >BAÒ:2>!†.2-1 K9" >iþv>!†›1AI2K1*:8"K-;»-."K/.5¨>1 K9" #4@JvEN-#ÿ
"P?2-iÿ
;‰ýxþÿP„ HBI 2K1/"K>1M"< P9" @:.EC/›E
:8"K@1¦þ54I2Lƒƒ >*ˆ
g E
J<"gX5*#4‡ƒ2 w/.E
1¨ý 1*Â8"K-."K/.E
¨>1*"#2<5D1*"pÿC 1ý /.2y@>ƒ Ex:.I2-;.J>55E˜:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 øøþ3/8ECJv;I2K1:"K-;/8"05" 1ý /.E
5#@1iþ>!†
I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2…?1*2K/.2<þ>!†øEÂ8"K@E
2K/82<þv>!†˜&Èù^"Ó%þ*& ï8&
$M_Ç:.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2Æ@21JvÿZ6 "K-·þÒ>1*"#;øþv?I" 1*ý "K/.E
"Ç:.E
20¦
/Xƒ2 Å:n2>!†.2-1 9" Y> þ>!†s1A@21:8"-;›/8"<5Â8"KI-.1E
5^EZ#4@204I—/ þv>!†›I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2r?1*2K/.2< þ>!†x!F 6t„ (( aˆ/E E‡„ ( ö_Kˆ& Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;
ù‡ú;8=?A"KJv@E
?;.? :.I2-;.J>55E8 þ#4 9 :8;<5‡Ó:n2>1 09" 4@J2<g#yŠ"K1E
XI*"0J3>+5E¢K/8"04@2?BEZ"K#4gн‡Iû3?A-AI2K1*:8"K·- þR@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K
?1*2K/.2< þ>!†7?A"0 R9" ?A"KJv@E
?;.?‹:n2A>1M"K@EC2KJ2Kÿ6
2k$MaNlnmf<Á<&
Nexus
Entries
43651
Mean
12.81
RMS
19.09
Urqmd
Entries
28106
Mean
44.23
RMS
36.64
1.4
1.2
1
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.8
Piony z rozpadu ω(782)
dN/dt
dN/dt
Piony z rozpadu ρ(770)
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
20
40
60
80
100
120 140
t [fm/c]
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.4
0.6
0
0
Nexus
Entries
19316
Mean
12.52
RMS
18.48
Urqmd
Entries
12311
Mean
64.64
RMS
39.06
0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120 140
t [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*Jï8&
$M_F^’w2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þP>1*"#;jþ3?!" 1Mý "0/.EZ"A:.E
2K/Xƒ2 r:.E
2K/Xƒ2 r:n2v>!†82v-.1 K9" >iþ>!†þv6ÿ 9" >1/8ECR1BI2K1*:8"K-.;@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K
?1*2K/.2<þ>!†xF6n„ (K( aˆN¦N54I@2/8"ÀÿC*"8?E‡„ ( ö3_Kˆ=¦N54I@2/8":8I"D"%„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E:8@1*þ3D"0/—þB¦=?2-iÿ˜ýxþ.ÿB0.>1*Ig2/—þR¦
?2-iÿx½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
‡ù "H%þ*&Òï&C$M'›:.I1*-854!"wEC2/.2jI2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-·þã>1*"K@;Æþv?B!" 1Mý "0/.EZ"s:.E
2K/Xƒ2 :n2>!†.2-1 9" >Yþ>!†Æ1@21:8"-;Æ/8"<5Â"0!-1E
5
EZ54I204I/.Y2¨@*12/8"0/8@;Â8"0IE
2K/.2<Y28F0i„5$_0'3_Kˆ±&uÀu2-2KÂ8/.EC=#"0JA-·ÿZ"¨I12/8"0/8ƒ2ã?1*2K/.2<þ>!†A?A"0J@EC?R;.?º:.@2-;8J>+5E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ïv_
r?2-¦ÿC;›ùXúv;^þ#4 *9 :.;<5BÍ:n2v>1 09" 4@JK2<5DŠ"K1E
RI*"KJ>+5E¢&lÿ
"k?2-iÿ
;j½‡Iû3?A-ÃI2K1*:8"K-#þk4IY2%/8"05" 1ý /.E
5#@1*YK2
I1*2K/8"K/8#;sÂ8"K@E
2K/.2<Y2%?A"< 9" -."P?A"0J@EC?A"8F:n2v-.2KÂ./.E
#"0J›·- ÿZ"P@*12/8"0/8ƒ2KÅ?12/.2< þ>!†j:n2Ã>1*"K@E
$*aNlnmf<Á
2I"K1-2-."04@J2<g2R:2A>1M"K@EC2JK2Kÿ6
2%$MaKaNlnmf<Á0&
Piony z rozpadu ∆(1232)
0.08
Urqmd
Entries
17138
Mean
88.72
RMS
55.31
dN/dt
0.1
Nexus
Entries
8749
Mean
31.29
RMS
40.5
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
t [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*Jsï&C$M'.F%’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-·þ»>1*"K@;Hþv?I" 1*ý "K/.E
":.EC2/XKƒ2 ¾:8EC2/XKƒ2 ‹:n2>!†.2-1X9" >Yþ>!†»þvÿ6 9" >1*/.ECk1kI2K1*:8"K-.;H@*12/8"0/8@;
Â8"K@E
2K/82<g*YK2™0i„5$_0'3_Kˆ^„Œ/.E
Â.E
*@JvE:.I1þv"K/—þR¦g?B2-¦ÿ˜ýxþÿ0.>1*@2K/—þ¦=?2-iÿx½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
dN/dxf
0.4
Urqmd
Entries 88648
Mean 0.01541
RMS
3.132
0.35
0.3
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.25
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.1
0.05
0.05
2
4
6
1
Urqmd
Entries 88648
Mean
-940.3
RMS
599.6
Nexus
Entries
9274
Mean
-2.856
14.42
RMS
0.8
p Nexus
p Urqmd
dN/dzf
Rozklad wsp. z (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
1.2
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
8 10
x f [fm]
0
2
4
Rozklad czasu wymrazania (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
1.8
dN/dzf
0
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.25
0.15
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
Nexus
Entries
9274
Mean -0.02037
RMS
2.248
Urqmd
Entries 88648
Mean 0.02449
RMS
3.132
Rozklad wsp. y (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
dN/dyf
Nexus
Entries
9274
Mean -0.03394
RMS
2.188
Rozklad wsp. x (bez czastek z rozpadu rezonansow)
1.6
1.4
1
0.8
0.4
0.6
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 9274
Mean
5.115
RMS
13.86
Urqmd
Entries 88648
Mean
940.5
RMS
599.5
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1.2
0.6
6
0.4
0.2
0-2000
0.2
-1500 -1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
z f [fm]
00
200 400
600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
zf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*JHï8&
$ïFi’w21JvÿZ6 "K·- þH>1*"K@2<20¦ :.@1**#4@I1*/.—/ þv>!†›X@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
I1 *9 -./ þ>!†H þv?!" 1*ý "K/.EZ"Ã:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ‹;8>1*#4@/8E
>1 K9" >iþ>!†‰
I*"KJ>+5E¢/.EC›;vw1Yuÿ M9 -/.E
2K/.2Ç:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 …:2>!†.2-1 K9" >iþv>!†Ò1›@21:8"-;Ò@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K „/.EC*Â.E
*@J3Ed:8@1*þ3D"0/—þǦ%?2-iÿ
ýxþ.ÿB0.>1*Ig2—/ þR¦=?2-¦ ÿ˜½X!û3?-ˆ
Ñ E *9 >w-·ÿZ"?12/XKƒ2 ҄>1iþ—ÿCE/8:x&DBA=ˆuþ54 9 :.;< 9" Ç?2v-.iÿ
;½‡Iû3?A--D"^?A"KJv@E
?":.I2-;.J3>+5EÇþ3/8ECJv;@21:8"-;
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ï3'
I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2dFP:2‰>1*"#E
P2KJK26ÿC2Æ$MaNlnmf0Á%Y6ÿ*ƒ2 w/.E
þv/.E
Jv;Ó@21:8"-;ãI1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2K‹?1*2K/.2<þ>!†Ç2K!"01P1/"K>1*/.E
?/.E
5#@1?A"0J@EC?R;.?‹:n2>1*"#E
$*aKaglnmf0Áw` þv/.E
Jv;iI2K1*:8"K-.;%þvÿ6 9" >1*/.ECI12/8"0/8ƒ2ÐÂ8"0IE
2K/.2<þ>!†x&
’w21:8"·- þjI1*2K/8"8ƒ2Å 9" nKƒ2 w/.E
1Aý 2-:n2<wECM-1EZj" ÿ
/.71Me
" ÿ
2KJ<j" ÿ
/.A?A"0J@EC?R;.?Î:8@2-;.J3>+5Eg:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 €„Œþ&ï& 3ˆ
>1*"K@E
A$*aKaglnmf0ÁXq?2-i ÿ
;½X!û3?-x>2%wE
-."u>dƒ 2-PI"K1;xK5%ÿƒ CEy#:n205I1>ƒ /8"A†.EZ#4@2KYI"KV? þ7/"A% þ*&Dï8&
$ïAY-.1E
d:.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/.2iI2K1JvÿZ6 "K·- þ£4 þÿ
JK2i£4 þ>!†›:.I204@2/XKƒ2 d˜J4nKƒ2 I/.ECA:n2>!†.2-1 P9" 1AI2K1*:8"K-.;jI1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2q¦‡?A"0J@EC?R;.?“ò$*aalnm
1*/.ECJ<"8& Ñ :.@¦1 þv:8"K-Jv;P:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 Ä/.E
?A"A?A"KJv@E
?;.?ò:2j$*aNlnmf<Á^q þv/.E
J3;I2K1*:8"K-.;iI1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2K`?*12K/82< þv>!†˜
Y3·- þ 1Rý :.I204I2K/xÂ*9 -%K9" >BÂ8"0IE
2K/.*?Ê/.EC?2 1*ý  þg>Bƒ þv:.I2v-.;.JK2<D"0—/ þiÍI2K1:"K-1*ECR?B*12/3;˜&Bl ÿ
"P%þv?#; ÿZ"K>55E¼1*-*@1*/.EZ"
=9" -w1*ÿ6C2K4I"AVXš
W sV‡WÃ:.Ii1 þ%/.*@YECE1M-I1*/.E
"%[ \]Í$*'KaNbdcefhj þ3J2K—/ þv"K/.5g:.@¦1 þ%; ¦1 ý þ>E
;i?2-¦ ÿC;½X!û3?A-"0/8"0¦
ÿ
2KYE
>1/. ÿ
2KJ<p" ÿC/.B?A"0J@EC?R;.?€:.@2-;8J>+5Ey:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 q1RI2K1*:8"K-;I1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2KøÂ8"0IE
2K/.2< þ>!†P þ54 9 :n2<"Kÿ6C27Í2KJKu2 ÿCEZY> þ
>1*"K@;P þv?B!" 1Mý "0/.EZ" õ lnmf<Á $ &XÀu2>!†.2-1*/.EC£4 þ>!†P?A"0J@EC?ÆKƒ2 Ò:n274I"KJvEC?€>1M"K@ECD5M54‡/8EC* þ*#"L#/ƒ 8EC2/.K:2/.EC*" 1 ý
1*" i1 ý þvX#1¦þ/8">1*" i1 ý þ>EZ"B@*12/8"0/8@;7I1 M9 -;j$ylnmf0ÁX?;#Ex1M"K>!†.2-1*E>^ƒ D4ƒ2 @/":.I2-;.J3>+#"B@*12/8"0/8ƒ2Kd&
ä í›
ñRêwîëùYöôPí é ó{+ ôõNü ó{ûGódðœÒüiü
Ñ 4£þv?¾:n2-@21*-1*E
"pÿC‡:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82d@21Jvÿ
6 "-·þB: M9 -;s„JK2uÿC#5/.2R@Jv6ÿ
"-2<g¼© « ¬0© ® ¬0© ¯ ˆ=Et*/.IYKE
E:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 ÆEt:.EC2/XKƒ2 d&
ù‡"i þ&ï8&
$ õ :.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2%I2K1*Jv6ÿ
"·- þ: M9 -;›E¼/.*@YECEuX@1iþ#4@JvE
>!†s:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 d& Ñ ?B2-¦ÿC;»ù‡ú;8þ54 9 :.;0 9"
Â8"KI-.12D þ#2J3E
¼?A"0J@EC?A"2-2KÂ8@I"04@2ƒ2 d±s?2-¦ ÿC;¨½‡Iû3?A-g2JDKƒ2 ÿ6£4 þ>!†d"K#4I2LI>ƒ E<þ#4 9 :8;< D9" @21?Àþ4I¼?A"0J#E
?A"
¦=:.I204I2K—/ þA;.1*/8""K/.:.@1*1?2-i ÿxù‡ú;8D1*"2Â8@I"04@2KnKƒ2 ÆÄ?B2-¦ ÿC;½‡Iû3?A-%;>1M54I/.EZ>1‡B9" Ä@M"0J>55E­&
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean -0.003121
RMS
0.213
10
-1
RMS
410626
-0.0002289
0.1156
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean 0.0006188
RMS
0.2152
10
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
10
-2
-2
10
10
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
px [GeV/c]
2
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean
-94.07
RMS
23.81
10
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean
-95.18
RMS
26.7
1
p Nexus
p Urqmd
Rozklad skladowej z pedu
dN/dpz
Mean
-1
10
10-3
-1.5
Entries
2
10
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
Nexus
Rozklad skladowej y pedu
10
-1.5
2
10
10
1
-1
10
10
-2
10
10-3
10-3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
py [GeV/c]
Nexus
Entries 410626
Mean
94.95
RMS
20.07
Urqmd
Entries 408885
Mean
95.53
RMS
25.43
p Nexus
p Urqmd
-1
10
-2
-4
10
-200 -150 -100 -50
-1
Rozklad energii
dN/dE
dN/dpx
Entries 410626
Mean 7.283e-05
RMS
0.1155
2
10
dN/dpy
Nexus
Rozklad skladowej x pedu
-4
0
50 100 150 200
pz [GeV/c]
10
0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
E [GeV]
’þ@;./.*Jï8&
$ õ F’w2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-·þP: M9 -;jE¼*/.IYKE
Eu:.I204@2/XKƒ2 ‹„/.E
Â.E
*@JvEy:8@1*þ3D"0/—þi¦w?2v-.iÿNýxþÿ0x>1*Ig2/þi¦X?2-iÿ
½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
‡ù "Ð%þ*&Èï&C$ :.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82ÇI2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-·þÐ: *9 -;rER/.*@YECE:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 È;8>1**#4@/.EZ>1 K9" >iþv>!†Ò @M"0J3>+5E%„Ë#þ>E 9 4I2Ì
2Â8#*@D"<4I2KnKƒ2 ‹:8@1¦þã1M"K#4@2@2<D"0/.E
;‰4!"0JvEZ>!†Ð@"K?Vþ>!†ÆJ3þ34@*@EMKƒ2 Å#"0JÇÊ:2:.I1*-./.EC? :n2v-.@21*-1*E
"pÿCï& ïvˆ±&r‘X/"jÿ
EC1M"
4£þ>!†ÃI2K1*Jvÿ6
"-wKƒ2 øE¼:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.ECRE
>!†j1ï8&
$ õ #"#/82k:n2045wE
!-1*"%w/.E
2@J1"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þJvI204@/82LI>ƒ E˜E¼I2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-wKƒ2 q>1M"K@2<g2K¦
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ïï
:.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†x 1ý wE/ÿ
2Lƒƒ >g;>1M54I/.E
Jƒ2 dK"wE *9 >DE.I2K1*?BEZ"0R1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
"^?EC4@;< 9" >*YK2d>1 K9" #4@JvE. 9" wE 9 J@1DÇ?B2-¦ÿC;A½‡Iû3?A/.E 1wý Æ?2v-.i ÿ
;ù‡ú;8*& Ñ ?2-i ÿ
;7ùXú;8¼1/"K>1*/8"d>1 9 ƒƒ >D/.*@YECE1M-I1*"0 K9" i> þv>!†B#E u9 K9" -.5M54N;8/.2@12/8"ãJvE
I;./.Jv;
:n2-ÿC6 ; 1ý —/ þv? :.I1*12KÂ#*@D"<4I2KnKƒ2 dN€:.I1M>E
wECu8ƒ/ #45wECÃ-.2H?2v-.i ÿ
;нX!û?A-ÓY3-1E
A5M54%1*; i1 ý þvD"0/8"›/"»:.I2v-.;.J>5 9
>1 K9" #4@*Jt&
Nexus
dN/dpx
Entries
26625
Mean 0.0006855
RMS
0.4487
1.4
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean -0.006254
RMS
0.3319
1.2
1
Rozklad skladowej y pedu
1.4
Urqmd
1
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
-0.5
0
0.5
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean
-19.9
RMS
28.8
dN/dpz
Rozklad skladowej z pedu
1.8
1.6
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean
-81.94
RMS
39.05
1.4
1.2
p Nexus
p Urqmd
1
0
-1.5
1
1.5
pz [GeV/c]
-1
Rozklad energii
dN/dE
-1
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.8
0.6
0
-1.5
Entries 139593
Mean 0.001335
RMS
0.3359
1.2
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.8
Nexus
Entries
26625
Mean -0.004194
RMS
0.4487
dN/dpy
Rozklad skladowej x pedu
1
0.8
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
py [GeV/c]
Nexus
Entries 26625
Mean
23.48
RMS
25.98
Urqmd
Entries 139593
Mean
82.9
RMS
36.98
p Nexus
p Urqmd
0.2
0
-200 -150 -100 -50
0
50 100 150 200
pz [GeV/c]
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
E [GeV]
’þ@;./.*Jï8&
$ F¨’w2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þ: M9 -;»E=*/.IYKE
E¼:.I204@2/XKƒ2 Å;8>1**#4@/.EZ>1 K9" >iþv>!†sº@M"0J>55EX„Œ/.E
Â8ECM#JvE=:.I1*%þvD"0/—þP¦‡?2-iÿ
ýxþ.ÿB0.>1*Ig2/—þR¦=?2-¦ÿ˜½X!û3?-ˆ
‡ù "jþv*&»ï8&
$ ( :.I1*-854!"wEC2/.2I2K1Jv6ÿZ"K-·þs:g*9 -;ÇEw/.*@YECED-·ÿZ"Ã:8EC2/XKƒ2 d& ü *-·þv/8"ÃwE
-.2v>1/8"jnƒ2 1ý /8E
>*"P4@2swE@*9 J#1*
JvI204@/82LI>ƒ EN>1‡K9" #4@*J›¾?B2-¦ÿC;ǽX!û3?-x¼ÂgM9 -7K9" >kþv/.E
JvEC*?ÈwEI9 J@1#¨E”ÿ
2LI>ƒ E;8>1**#4@/.E
JDKƒ2 d¼"wEI*9 >kEwE@*9 Jv@1#¨E”ÿ
2yI>ƒ E
-2354 9 :./85A/.*@YECE¢w1J34ƒ2 @#A:.@2-;8JK2<D"0/. »9" :.E
2K—/ þK&Í^2-."<4IJK2<2›Ê?B2-¦ ÿC;ĽX!û?A-ÆÂ8"KI-.1E
5A/.E 1Ãý Ê?2-i ÿ
;
ù‡ú;8wEZ-2>1/"5M54¨"«þv?4I@EZ"%ºI2K1Jvÿ6Z"K-.">!†Ã@J3ÿ6Z"K-.2<g#‡: M9 -;P©¯&7"k4@2P1wE 09" 1*J1B£4 þv?P 1*ý  K9" -!"k-.;4II;jE
1*ÿ6C2K4I"¨1*/8"K>1/.E
ƒ2 1ý /.E 9" @E 9 ?A"K .9" vwE *9 >^1*-*@1*/.E
g5*#4/.E
*%þv?4@ þ>1*/.K"R?B2-¦ ÿx½X!û3?-k"0/.Y3" 1*ý ;< K9" >‡wE *9 Jv@1 À9" ÿ
E
>1Â 9
2Â8#*@D"<4I2KnKƒ2 ÆI2K1*>E K9" Y"`JvEC*@;8/.Jv;k:n2-ÿ6C; 1ý —/ þv?‹2KÂ8@1*"KD?E 4I;< K9" i> þ%>1 K9" #4@JvE¢&
ä í)
ñRêwîëùYöôPí éñRìyéeüióXìyêdûGñìÊ òdü
Àu23#:.E
*@1/82Lƒƒ >d·H„@0|3”3•Pž@ — {<{}œYž3ˆ5M54d; 1¦ý þ34@*>1/ k9" wE
iÿ
JK2yI>ƒ E A9" 2:.E
@;< 9" > k9" J3E
/.*?"04£þ>1/8Rw6ÿZ"K@/.2yI>ƒ Eu>1 K9" #4@*Jn&RÀ=I1*-¦
#4I"wEZ"R@E 9 w1*2KI?
° ©n¯ ˆt¬
· ] _S$ Ÿ h=„ „Œï& '3ˆ
°¡k© ¯
9 E¨: *9 -ø:n2-6ÿ
; 1ý /—þK&ÎÀu2@:.ECM#1*/.2y.ƒƒ >
Y-.1E
H° E‡© ¯ 21/8">1*"0 H9" 4!"0J‰#"0J`È:n2K:.I1M-/.EZ>!†Ä:n2-@1M-1EZ"06ÿZ"K>!†Ä/.*@YE ›
9 “JvE
I;./.Jv;
4I2ÇwE
iÿ
JK2yƒƒ >jÂn1þv?EZ"0I2<"8‡J34ƒ2 I"ãÎYI"K/.EZY> þÓ/.E
Ii ÿZ"<£4 þvwEZ54£þ>1*/.5i·- ÿ
"Æ>1 K9" #4@JvEd:n2KI;8@1*"< 9" >#%#E »
ý
ý
ý
,
:n2-ÿC6 ; 1/—þv?…5*#4%nKƒ2 w/8"i5#A:.M9 -JK2y@>ƒ EwþvI" 12K/85Í5M-/.2#4@J<">!†Ó:.M9 -JK2y@>ƒ E7#ƒ wEZ"<4Iÿ6
"8& p" ÿC 1/.2yƒƒ >i:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ïõ
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean -0.0006833
RMS
0.3186
2.5
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean 0.003829
RMS
0.3089
2
Rozklad skladowej y pedu
dN/dpy
dN/dpx
Rozklad skladowej x pedu
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
1.5
Urqmd
0.5
0.5
0
0.5
Rozklad skladowej z pedu
dN/dpz
0
-1.5
1
1.5
pz [GeV/c]
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean -0.9995
RMS
4.266
6
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean
-1.836
RMS
4.908
5
3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
py [GeV/c]
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean
2.598
RMS
3.558
6
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean
3.238
4.142
RMS
5
4
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
4
-1
Rozklad energii
dN/dE
-0.5
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
1.5
1
-1
Entries 248777
Mean -0.0003461
RMS
0.3096
2
1
0
-1.5
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean 0.0006719
RMS
0.3184
2.5
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
3
2
2
1
1
0
-20 -15 -10
0
0
-5
0
5
10 15 20
pz [GeV/c]
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20
E [GeV]
’þ@;./.*J‰ï8&
$ ( Fj’w21Jv6ÿZ"K-·þã: M9 -;ÐE‡*/.IYKE
E‡:8EC2/XKƒ2 „Œ/.E
Â8ECM#JvE‡:8@1*þ3D"0/—þ»¦B?2v-.iÿ^ù‡ú;8*X>1*Ig2/þ‰¦R?2-iÿ
½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
2-H;8J3ÿZ6 "K-.;‰2-/.E
*@EC*/.EZ"75M54AÂ8"KI-1*2Ã:.I2#4I"8F%:.I1#K@>ƒ ECi1R5*-/.*YK2s;.Jv6ÿ
"-;Ç2v-./.ECM#E
/8E
"j-2»-@;8YKE
YK2Ã2v-.ÂþvD"j@E 9
:n2K:.I1*1-.2v-8"0/.E
d"K-.·- þ3£4 þvw/.##4I"0ÿ6
5/"<4@2?E
"54wJ#14I"Kÿ6 4wI2K1Jvÿ6Z"K-;i?Q ¢7f0QK·7/8EC#; ÿ
Y3"R1*?E
"K/.EC&
ù‡"% þ*&˜ï&C$MöK":.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2@21Jv6ÿZ"K·- þR:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ E.X@1iþ#4@JvE
>!†:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 dK/8"04@2?BEZ"K#4=/8"d þ&yï8&
$*öKÂ:.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/.2› þvÿ6 K9" >1*/.E
:.I204@2—/ þ‰;8>1*#4@/8E
>1 K9" >Ê@M"0J3>+5E„Ë# þ>E 9 4I2ÌB2KÂ8@ID"<4@2ƒ2 ‡ˆ±&r^Â8@I"04@2KIi1 þ»?A"0 H9" -; 1*ý D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E<Â*1w1uY ÿ M9 -/.=:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E­MY#- þ 1gý -2K?E
/3;0 K9" Y> þv?ÒwJvÿ
6 "-?ø-2XEZ>!†¨/8IYKE
E±5*#4LwJv6ÿZ"K-2-d: *9 -;¨›JvE
I;./.Jv;
¸& ü "KJ#EIR9 ?2 1ý /8"%Â þv6ÿ
2i@:n2v-.1E
D"u>¨ƒ /"%:n2-.54!"wECR:2:.I1*-./.E
>!†j þv/.ECJDƒ2 q2KÂ8@I"04@2@¦1 þ%r?2-i ÿ
;jù‡ú;8-."0¼9"
2354I@?A"0J#E
?A".v/8"04@2K?EZ"<4w1¨½X!û3?A-k-."0 B9" ?"KJ#E
?A"Â8"KI-.1E
5gI2K1*V? þ34@&
Nexus
Rozklad pospiesznosci
dN/dy
dN/dy
Urqmd
10
Entries 408885
Mean
-5.135
RMS
1.041
1
p Nexus
p Urqmd
26625
-1.841
2.637
Urqmd
Entries
Mean
RMS
1
139593
-4.642
1.654
p Nexus
p Urqmd
10-2
10-2
"ˆ
Entries
Mean
RMS
10-1
10-1
10-3
-6
Nexus
Rozklad pospiesznosci
Entries 410626
Mean
-5.097
RMS
1.249
102
10-3
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
y
ˆ
10-4
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
y
’þ@;./.*Jï8&
$*ö.F’w21Jv6ÿ
"-·þ:n2@:.ECM#1*/.2yI>ƒ E¢F^"3ˆX#1¦þ34@JvE
>!†j:.I204@2/XKƒ2 r¦‡54I@2/8"Bÿ
D".xÂnˆ:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 qË@;8>1**#4@/.E
JDKƒ2 XÌw¦
#4@I2K/8"R:.!""k„Œ/.E
Â8ECM#JvEx:.I1*% þvD"0—/ þR¦N?2v-.i ÿ˜ýxþÿ0.>1*Ig2/ þ¦=?2-¦ ÿ˜½X!û3?-ˆ
’w21Jvÿ
6 "-·þX:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E<:.EC2/XKƒ2 j:.I1*-854!"wEC2/.2g/"D%þ*&xï8&
$8&xÀ=E
2K/—þ‡ D9" ?B*12/8"0?E¢*>1 K9" #4@J<"0?E0:8@2-;.J2<"K/—þ3?E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ï
Å@M"0J>55E­˜wE M9 >5*#42>1iþvwE
#4@ 1*ý A/.ECA?2Y k9" ?BE
>Aƒ -.; 1iý þ>!†s"K#4I2LI>ƒ Eu: M9 -;›:2-6ÿ
; 1*ý /.Y28x:.I2<D"K-1 K9" >Yþ>!†Ã-.2i?A"KJ¦
@EC?ƃ2 ›#- ÿ
"X-.; i1 ý þ>!†¨Ân1*w1pY ÿ *9 -./ þ>!†D"0@4@2yI>ƒ EK:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ E±#"KJ^4I2‡?EZ"06ÿ
2X?EC##@>N›:.I1iþv:8"K-.J3;d:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 d&˜’w21Jv6ÿZ"K·- ÿZ"R?B2-¦ ÿC;i½X!û3?-5*#4DÂ8"0!-1E
5g/.ECM«þv?4I% þ>1—/ þ/.E 1dý ·- ÿZ"R?B2-¦ ÿC;iùXúv;Y3·- þ 1ý ½‡Iû3?A-%"K/.Y" 1ý ;<5^wE *9 Jv@1 À9" ÿ
E
>1Â 9
;8>1M54I/.ECJDƒ2 dX"H:.I2-;.JK2<D"0/8:.EC2—/ þÇ:8@1*55?;0 ‰9" >1 9 ƒƒ >: *9 -;`:2-6ÿ
; 1ý /8YK2ã:.I204@2/XKƒ2 dX>2‰wEZ-."u>à /8"HI2K1*Jvÿ6
"-."K>!†
@Jvÿ6
"-2<g#=: M9 -;© ¯ /"R þ&uï&C$ ( &
dN/dy
Rozklad pospiesznosci
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-6
Nexus
Entries 183837
Mean
-0.642
RMS
2.281
Urqmd
Entries 248777
Mean
-1.2
RMS
2.408
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
y
’þ@;./.*Jãï&C$K.F›’w2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þã:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ EX:.E
2K/Xƒ2 „/.E
Â.E
*@JvE^:.I1*%þvD"0/—þH¦B?2v-.iÿdýxþÿ<^>1*@2K/—þ‰¦B?2-iÿ
½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
ä í£
ñRêwîëùYöôPíN÷øödìLí é>ñRéGð¼êódòwêdûGóˆ
"@"R:n2K:.I1M>1/"R>1 K9" #4@JvE2?A"K@ECmÊþv/.23#E
m ¤Ã]§¦ m O ©¨ O¤ ô
¥
„Œï& ïvˆ
ª J@:*%þv?/34!"jÿ
/.^I2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-·þ?"«þ%:2:.@1**>1/.#g?A"< R9" /8"<#>1 n9 @>ƒ EC#g:n2#4I"u>ƒ *Jv@:n204@*/8>+#"pÿC/ 9"
?Q ¢
„Œï& õ ˆ
_m ¤ Qm ¤ ]ÓVcMµK©y„iwm7¤yf&«ˆt¬
Y-.1E
B:"0!"0?4I%þV E/«H204@I1iþv?R;<5B@E@A9 1-.2K:8"#2<D"0/.EZ"%-.2P-8"0—/ þ>!†j*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
—/ þv>!†˜&RÀu2-2KÂ8ECu8ƒ/ 545274IY2
I2K1*J3ÿZ6 "K-.;B-2R@21Jv6ÿZ"K-;
2pÿC4@1?A"K/8"d:n2K1Dj" ÿZ"E
/4II:.I4@2<D"u>ƒ :8"KI"K?4@/ «¨#"0J2¨ŠŒ*J3£4 þ3w/ 9" 4@?:n!"<4I;. ‡9 wE
-?A"8&ul ÿZ"
:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ð:.I2-;.J2<"K/þ>!†7Ä1*-*@1*/.EZ"K>!†k1ÿ
6 204I20¦ 1ÿ6
204@2B:.Ii1 þA*/.IYKEZ"K>!†PŽÀgÁ
Ž ÿC;8ÂP’‡¿ ó ¬
 «š;Ð_KaK/a 8øc<e $M' &
’w21Jv6ÿ
"-·þA?A"K%þ7:n2K:.I1M>1/85g:8EC2/XKƒ2 dJ<"02/XKƒ2 `Ex:.I204@2/XKƒ2 `1?2-¦ ÿCEx:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2R/8"B% þ*&uï8&)_0a.&
ù‡"04 *9 :./.E
X4@^@21Jvÿ6Z"K·- þR12#4I"Kÿ”6 þ-2:8"K@2<"K/.w-2R"K/8j" ÿ
EC£4 þv>1/.#y:n2#4I">En@21Jvÿ6Z"K-;„Œï& õ ˆ±&=‡4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.‡1X4@*YK2-.2K:8"0¦
@2<"K/.EZ"d"K#4I2LI>ƒ E:8"0!"0?4I@¥
; «7¦¼ŠŒJ3£4 þvw/.5=4I?:n!"<4@;8% þwEZ-?A":.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.2¨`4I"KÂx&uï8& '.&uùXE
*#4@£4 þA*J#:n þ3¦
?/34!j" ÿ
/.=I2K1JvÿZ6 "K·- þ^?A"K%þ^:n2K:.I1M>1*/.5x·- ÿZ"w1*-.I1u¨ƒ/ -.;4II2K/¦ 16ÿ
204I2w:.@¦1 þ^*/.IYKE
Ev[ \]`_KaKa=bdc<eÇ/.E
N1*2#4I"0ÿ/6 þ=5M#1M>1*
2:.;.#Â ÿ
ECJ2<"K/.K3wE *9 >?2 i1 ý ÿ
E
g5*#4X þvJK2/8"0/.E
:2ƒ2 w/8"0/.EZ"w5M·- þv/.E
d?BE *9 -.i1 þ7?2-i ÿZ"0?E¢&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
Rozklad masy poprzecznej
K+ Nexus
102
2
102
K+ Urqmd
p Nexus
p Urqmd
10
2
π+ Urqmd
d N/(2πmTdpTdy)
π+ Nexus
103
2
Rozklad masy poprzecznej
d N/(2πmTdpTdy)
d N/(2πmTdpTdy)
Rozklad masy poprzecznej
ï(
10
10
1
1
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
mT [GeV/c]
0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4
mT [GeV/c]
0.9 1 1.11.21.31.4 1.51.61.71.8
mT [GeV/c]
’þ@;./.*Jï8&)_0a8F˜’w21Jv6ÿ
"-·þ?A"«þR:2:.@1**>1/.#y:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 dKJ<"K2K/Xƒ2 ãE:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 ҄Œ/.E
Â.E
*@JvE8:.I1*%þvD"0/—þ¦L?2-¦ÿùXú;8
>1I2K—/ þB¦=?B2-¦ ÿ˜½X!û3?A-8ˆ
BA
ýxþÿ
½‡±Ã
« ø
8 c<e
$ (K( ã
÷ _
$ 3( ã
÷ _
L A
« 8øc<e $ ( ÷Ó$$
$ $N÷ ©
« ø
8 c<e
$ï$=÷Ð$K$
$ ( w÷Ð$*ö
Éy"0#Â ÿ
EZ>"dï& '8FL^2K:8"#2<D"0/.X-.2I2K1JvÿZ6 "K-;„ï8& õ ˆuD"0@4@2y@>ƒ E.X#:‡Kƒ2 ÿ6Z>i1 þv/./8ECJDKƒ2 Æ/8">!†—þÿ
/8E
"“«j„ŒE
/34@I:.I4I2<"K/.u#"0J2¨ŠŒ*J¦
4£þvw/8"k4@*?:*I"04@;.!"iwE
-?A"3ˆ@21JvÿZ6 "K-wƒ2 r?A"K%þÃ:n2K:.I1M>1/85BAX L A`E=:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 Å-#ÿ
"-."K/—þv>!†›1A?2-iÿ
E‡„:.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/./8"B þv*&uï8&)_0a3ˆ
’ ƒ2 1ý /.EZ>¨D"0@4@2y@>ƒ ExX@:XKƒ2 6ÿZ>1¦þ3/8/.ECJ<"/8">!†—þÿ
/8E
"A-·ÿZ"7:8EC2/XKƒ2 ø/.E
wE
iÿ
¨nƒ2 1ý /8E A9" @E R9 ?E M9 -1iþi?2v-.iÿZ"0?E­&^ù‡"<4I2K?EZ"K#4
X@:XKƒ2 6ÿZ>1¦þv/./.E
J3Et/8">!†—þÿ
/8E
"B-·ÿZ"RJ<"K2K/Xƒ2 ÐEx:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 Ӄ2 1ý /.E8R9" @E@D9 5; 1ý 1/8">1/8EC&uÀN@1¦þ%>1¦þv?§-·ÿZ"RJ<"K2K/Xƒ2 Ó4@2AI2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þ
1?2v-.i ÿ
;kùXú;8D R9" ?/.EC#g/8">!—† þÿ
2K/8R„>2R2-:n2<wEZ"K-." þ 1Mý #1*5=4I?:n!"<4@;8@1*Mˆ¼2-%@21Jvÿ
6 "-wKƒ2 Ó1?2-i ÿ
;k½‡±º&
ù^"<4@2?E
"54w·- ÿZ"R:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 `%þ34@;8">+#"B2-wI">"B#E K9 Fu?2-i ÿxù‡ú;8X-8"<5Â8"0!-1*EC#N/8"K>!—† þ—ÿ
2K—/ þA@21JvÿZ6 "K-„2v-.:2<wEZ"K-."R4I2
/.E 1*ý @1#N4I?:*I"04@;.I1ˆg/.E 1ý ?2-i ÿL½X&
ä í­
ñRêwîëùYöôPí Pô íÔûGö÷‹üiòwêdûGó
#4I"04@/.E
? 4£þv:*? 1*"pÿC 1ý /.2y@>ƒ Eg2:.E
@;< 9" >Yþv? >1 K9" #4@JvED:2<X#4I"KÿC6 k§þv/.E
Jv;Ç%þv?;#ÿ
2<"K/.5¨I*"KJ>55ED Ã9" 4@1d&ÆI2K1*J36ÿZ"K-#þ
-·þv/8"K?E
>1/.&uŽ B9" 2/.^2R4£þ—Cÿ E
/34@I*@;< 9" >K 1ý :n2KJ<"01*;< R9" JK2KIiZÿ "K>55‡?E *9 -1¦
þ 4I"0JvE
?EwEC¦Cÿ J2LI>ƒ EZ"0?EK#"KJA:26Cÿ 2 1ý */.ECv: M9 Ex>1*"K*&
ù‡"þ&Lï8&)_$N:n2KJ<"K1*"0/82^1M"jÿ
1ý /82Lƒƒ >=X@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/85˜:n2-6ÿC; 1ý /.#y¸2-R>1*"K@;¹y-·ÿZ"^:8EC2/XKƒ2 d& Ñ ?2-iÿ
;Bù‡ú;8u*?BEZ#"
wEI9 J@12yI>ƒ Ey:.E
2K/Xƒ2 r1*">!†.2-1Eu:n2>1‡09" 4@J2<g271Â8"KI-.12P>/34II"pÿC/.*YK272Â8@1*"0I;x:n2P:*w/þv?“>1*"#E
R#4I"05@E@R9 Â8"KI-.1E
5
5M-/.2KI2-/8"8K"d-.j" ÿ
5u1*">¦1 þ3/"< 9" -2K?E
/.2<D"u>ƒ :.E
2K—/ þ¨?EC4@2<D"0/.w1wÂ8@1*YK2< þ>!†x<2-.-8j" ÿZ"< K9" i> þ>!†R@E X9 2Â8@1*"0nKƒ2 d& ü M54¼4I2
:nw/.w:n2-2KÂ8ECu8ƒ/ 5452d-2¨%þ4I;8"K>55E.Æ?2v-.i ÿZ"K>!†R£4 þ3:8;A† þ-I2·- þv/8"0?EZ>1*/.Y28Y-1*ECX>1 9" 54IJ3E 9" ?EC4@2<D"0/.w þv6ÿ K9" >1/.E
12KÂ#1M"0nKƒ2 qÂ.I1*YK2< þ>!†x&ù‡"<4I2K?EZ"K#4º?2v-.i ÿ
;›½‡Iû3?A-j?E
#"i:.E
2K/Xƒ2 Ð5*#4¨Â8"KI-1*EC#=5*-./.2KI2-/8"iÅ>1*"K@E
K˜>2
2-:n2<wE
"-."RwE *9 Jv@1*?;Ó1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6
;x?EC4@;< 9" >*?;P>1 9" 54IJvE:.@1*1d-ÿ6
; 1*ý %þ72J3I*D>1*"K@;x&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd›
Ü Ý>’‘ÇÞ=ßXÚ5àÚDá‰×DÙ^â$gד‘Rۇ߇Ú5Û
ï3ö
Entries 183216
Mean x -1.389
Mean y
7.426
RMS x
11.08
1.2
RMS y
9.058
50
45
z vs. t π+ Urqmd
t f [fm/c]
t f [fm/c]
z vs. t π + Nexus
40
Entries 248777
Mean x -4.187
5
Mean y
16.51
RMS x
18.64
RMS y
14.39
50
45
40
1
35
30
4
35
30
0.8
25
3
25
0.6
20
15
20
2
15
0.4
10
10
1
0.2
5
0
-50
5
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
z f [fm]
0
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
z f [fm]
0
’ þ@;./.*Jjï& _.$KF , j" ÿ
1ý /82Lƒƒ >X#:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.#:n2-ÿ
6 ; 1ý /.#¸2-H>1*"K@;»¹¨-·ÿZ":.E
2K/Xƒ2 ʄŒ1Áÿ
5¨#4@I2K/—þs?B2-¦ÿgù‡ú;8*¼1
:.!"5N?2-iÿx½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
ù‡"þ&yï8&)_K_:n2KJ<"01M"0/.21*"pÿC 1ý /.2yƒƒ >‡:2-6ÿ
; 1*ý /.5w#Jv6ÿZ"K-2<5g:gM9 -;©¯d2-kX#:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I18M9 -/.#g:n2v-.6ÿC; 1*ý /.5w¸A-·ÿZ"B:.EC2/XKƒ2 d&
Ñ ?2-¦ ÿC;ùXúv;L/8ECD?A" þ3!"u1*ƒ /.5˜"«þv?4I@E
E¢</8"<4I2K?E
"54uH?2-iÿ
;½X!û?A-4I"KJ""K%þv?4@IEZ"¼5*#4¼wE
-.2v>1/8"^:n2
#4@I2K/.E
;<5?—/ þ>!†%D"0@4@2yI>ƒ E¢>2B:2!"01JKu2 ÿC#5/ þA:n2KJ<"K1;<5 1ý `?2-i ÿ
;P½X!û?A-kË#Jv#; ÿZ"¨2YK/.EZ54!"KÌN?E 4I;< K9" >*">1 9" 54IJvE
5M54w:.I1M#;./8E 9 4I"Bw1uY ÿ M9 -? @ƒ I2v-.J"R;.Jvÿ6Z"K-;iX#:‡Kƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -—/ þ>!†x&
Entries 183216
Mean x -0.5163
0.9
Mean y -0.9968
RMS x
2.664
0.8
RMS y
10.52
50
40
30
0.7
20
0.6
10
pz vs. z π+ Urqmd
z f [fm]
z f [fm]
pz vs. z π + Nexus
Entries 248777
Mean x -0.4483
0.6
Mean y -4.055
RMS x
2.202
RMS y
19.55
50
40
0.5
30
20
0.4
10
0.5
0
0
0.4
-10
0.3
-20
-30
-30
-40
0.1
-40
0
-50
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
pz [GeV/c]
0.2
-20
0.2
-50
-10
0.3
-10
0.1
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
p z [GeV/c]
0
’ þ@;./.*Jdï8&)_K_F , "jÿ
1*ý /.2Lƒƒ >=:n2-6ÿC; 1ý /.#y@J3ÿZ6 "K-.2<g#˜:gM9 -;©¯D2-X@:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I18M9 -/.5L:2-6ÿ
; 1ý 8/ 5¼¸-#ÿ
":.E
2K/Xƒ2 `„Œ1¹ÿ
5u54I@2/þ
?2-iÿxù‡ú;8*1d:.!"g#N?2v-.iÿ˜½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
®
¯±°¡²³°¡´µ·¶ ¸º¹
ä½¼ äì¾ ê
»
å ëÿÄÂ
¿
ÅÇÆ
ëÀ¿ lÁ ç
å ä
Ⱦ
ê
ê
Â
Á8ëìå
¿
Á8á
äì¾ ê
ÅÊÉmëìè!¿ËÂ
ã
äæå çéèläéê
ëÿ 8Á ë
Á
ÅÇÆ
Ñ I4 5N>1 9 I>ƒ E.:8I">YþB:.@1*:.I2<D"K-1*2K/.2:2ƒ2 w/8"0/8ECw?2-iÿ
2<þ>!†@21Jv6ÿ
"-wKƒ2 ã: M9 -;7:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y27„Œ2KÂ^ÿCEZ>1M"0/.*YK2D#"0J2
©¤Ã] ¦ © O« © O® ˆ2K!"01^ŠŒ;./.J3>+5ExJ2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/—þ>!†A1dþv/.E
J"K?E;.1iþ@J"K/—þ3?EÄJ#:nþv?/8>ECdŽÉy‘‡’d&
(4íiî
ÌÒî7ìué>ódðuíÔ÷øólûBçÎ͚ÏÑÐÊ
ûGö êôeódð¼êöòwêdõËÓÒÕÔ1Ö
’dþv@;./.*J õ &
$KF=Ž>!†8?A"<4X-4@J34I2K!"BŽÉy‘‡’ _0a ª J@:*%þv?/34ŽÉL‘^’ „I<|3”3•òš • ™ |n 0{K•š×.ž@?ØÙ ™ ž›<œ¡3ÚÛ<Ÿ^ˆ _0a 5*#4B5*-/—þv? 1s>14II*>!†Ð*Jv@:nþ3?*/4nKƒ2 :.I1*:.I2<"-1*"K/þ>!†k/8"71M-I1*">1;’‡¿ ó  „I<|3”3•¡ ™ •
<œ¢{}Ü*{Z‚±œ¢{nØ“Ú ™ ÜKž ´ Û 0|ӟ= •}•ª{ ™ ž0ˆ^§@2v2J3†"]ÝK/ù^"<4@E
2K/"jÿ Ï "0¦
2I"04@2KþÇJK2K6ÿ
2ÆùX2<YK2 ü 2@Jv;x& Ñ M#Jv:n þ3?*/8>E
ã4 þv? 2:.nƒ2 >1jwEC¦ ÿC;ÒE
/.—/ þv>!†Ä2L@ƒ @2-JDƒ2 Ê/8"0;.J2< þ>!†Ð1»>"06ÿ
Y2
ï?
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õa
@ƒ wE
"04I"d;>1M54I/.EZ>1iþnKƒ2 w/.E
1ý À=!"K>2<w/.E
"d’X*"0J3>+5ExgE 9 1ý JvEZ>!† ü 2/XKƒ2 Æ1 Ñ þ-1EZ"06ÿ
;<æyEC1¦þvJ3EÀu2uÿCEC4@M>!†./.E
J3E Ñ "KI@1*"X@JvEC#&
ª Jv@:n þ3?*/4=ŽÉy‘‡’s5M54N2£4 þ—ÿ
w/.E
1
þvJvÿ/6 þK 1*ý X:2d!"01D:.E
IX@1iþ¨/8"d4£þ3?º@"K?Vþv?r;.Jv6ÿZ"K-1*ECw:n2K?EZ"0I2<þv?Í 9" Â8"-."0/8
ý
1M"0nKƒ2 w/.271M-I1*/.EZ"k>E 9 1JvE
>!†%#"0JRE ÿ
JvJvE
>!†% K9" -**F^:.I204@2/¦w:.I204I2K/ㄠ—K— ˆ±u-;4II2K/æD1*6ÿC2K4@2›„@K ç^~ˆ^E¼16ÿ
204@2k¦w1ÿ6
204I2
o„ ç^?~ ç^~ˆ±& Ñ J<" 1*ý ·- þv?‹:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;k*/.IYKEZ"R1*-*@1*/.EZ"
þv/.23#EL[ \]Ð_0aa=bdc<egf<h¼&
Ž>!†.*?A"<4X-4IJ34@2I"ŽÉy‘‡’Ò:.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2B/8"B% þ*& õ &C$&
, -*@1*/.EZ"B-;4II2K/v;iEv K9" -!"B1ÿ6
204I"B1*2#4I"06ÿ/þA:.I1*:.@2<D"K-.1*"0/8Xø_KaKa'¨I2KJv;x&
ù‡"05" 1ý /.E
5#@1iþv?ø:n2v-8-4IJ34@2@*?q; i1 ý þvD"0—/ þv?҉E
>!†B"0/8p" ÿCE
1E
N— þvÿ6 ÉwÀÆ„JK2K?2I"w:8@2K5J>55E3>1*"#2<5.<|v”• ט{}z ™
è žIa é ™ ؜¢{ <|Ä
Ÿ ê.<zA ™ ž0ˆ _K' LJ34ƒ2 % þj#6ÿ
; i1 ý þj-2 þv1/8">1*"K/.EZ"%:*9 -;»/"06ÿZ"K-2<D"0—/ þ>!†Ã>1^K9" #4@*J/8"i:2-.#4I"wE
A:.I2K?E
/.EZ"
JvIi1 þvwEC1*—/ þwE
>!†4@2ƒ2 Û:np2 ÿ
;?A"KYK/.£4 þv>1—/ þv?P&x½X?2 ¦1 ý ÿCE
wE
"DEZ-*/£4 þ3£8J<">+ =9 >1 K9" #4@*JX/8"0ÿ6Z"K-.2<"K/ þ>!†X2w: *9 -.1E
=:2:.I1*>1—/ þv?
-2© ¤"ë $ ô $˜bdc<ef<ÁX:n2K:8@1*1:2?E
"K% þAEZ>!†i#4@!"<4w*/.IYKE
E/8"^52K/.E
1*">+ 9 2y@ƒ I2v-.J"i„Q3°Rf0QKµtˆ±&
ɇG æ.g„-4@J34I2Kx>1M"K@;:.@1*i ÿ
204I;x30|3”3•Dœ­{}z ™´ 5² q´ ì { K” êœx ™ œ ™ ؜ 0ž<ˆ12#4I"Kÿ6<1*"KEC/8#4Ip" ÿC2<D"0—/ þD:n2v-8>1*"1*-.I1uƒ/ -*;4@*@2/
9 :.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 ÎER"0/3£4 þv:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 …2Ð: *9 -1*ECH:n2K:8@1**>1*—/ þ3?
¦%1*ÿ6C2K4@2ÓER:.@2K4@2/Ħi:.I204@2/x&ν‡?2 i1 ý ÿ
E
wECÿ6R2K/qEZ-/3£4 þ3£8J<"K>5 »
-2»© ¤ ë '=bdc<e& ‡4@J34I2KP4@*/q:2Jv% þvD"‰/8"54 9 :.;0 K9" Y> þÄ1*"KJ3I*i:8@;-2K:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E„I<|v”• — ‚ ™ ~8K <žI — {0{}'œ ž]í
—A] S h…î A ¯¯ ˆF$d$oї%oÆaA&¼É‡Gæ.N1*2#4I"K6ÿ.;8%þ4I;.2<D"0/—þÇ4@*/%@:238ƒ2Âx 1*ý ‡þ>!†.2-1 9" >#ywE 09" 1M>X1*ÿC6 2K4I"2-:n2<wE
"-."06ÿZ"
;<5*?O /8Ÿ "B:8î = #*;8-2:23#:.E
*@1/82Lƒƒ >0&
^2KJvÿ6
"-—/ þ72K:8E
D"0I;./.JDKƒ2 Ð1M-I1*/.EZ"R-*;.4I@2/%¦=1*ÿC6 2K4@25*#4X:.I1M-.54!"wEC2—/ þB _<ï &
(4í!å
ïÆñVðPñV ú ûGöûeüiósðRñêwîëùiöô,ñ ú é ó{+ ôõ é>ñBéGð¼êódòwêdûGó3œVñ ê ôeöûíÔ÷‹ü óXî7ìué>ódðuí
÷‹ó{Bû ç†öùiûíÔ÷ ü
Stosunek protonow i antyprotonow do naladowanych hadronow
(p+p)/Ncharged
0.7
0.6
STAR
UrQMD
NeXus
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
pT [GeV/c]
’ þ@;./.*J õ &)_FŽv4@2@;./.*Jÿ
E
>1—þÃ:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 ÍE"0/34£þv:.I204@2/XKƒ2 Å-2/8"06ÿZ"K-.2<"K/þ>!††"K-I2K/Xƒ2 Í 1*"pÿC 1ý /.2y@>ƒ E¼2-j: * 9 -.;
:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y2B-·ÿZ">1 K9" #4@J%2A:8#*;8-2:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ EDXa ô)õ oїioÓa ô aB1d?B2-¦ÿCE˜EL-."K/þ>!†iJ@:*%þv?/34@;ŽÉy‘‡’ _<ï ï >1*"K@/.JK26ÿ
"¦N-."K/.ŽÉy‘‡’X"8/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E
Jv"-I"04£þ¦=?2v-.iÿx½XR8>1*Ig2/.X4Iƒ2 5J <9" 4£þA¦=?2-iÿyýxþÿ]ð
ù‡"iþ& õ &)_7:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2kþvJ3I*#4@2@;./.Jv;Ƅª©ñá©n4 ˆIf 5 ͊Œ;./.J>55E¼: M9 -;›:2:.I1*>1/.*YK2i-·ÿ
"P-."K/—þv>!†j1?B2-v¦
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õ$
¦ÿCEw2I"K1i-·ÿZ"›-."0/—þ>!†Ç1J#:nþv?/34@;ƎÉL‘^’ _0ï „ŒY3-1E
©Ó2K1*/8"K>1*"j:.@2K4@2/þ:©Æ4 ¦"0/34£þv:.I204I2K/—þK 5 ¦RX#1¦þv#4@JvE
/8"Kÿ6
"-2<D"0/.R†8"K-I2K—/ þ.ˆ±& , "0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þ:.I1*Â.E
YK;j4@*YK2P54I2@;./.Jv;s?B2 1ý /8"iþ>E 09" Y/ u9" >Rƒ >E
J<"Rw/.E
2@JvE­&Alÿ
"iD"0@4@2y@>ƒ E
: *9 -;i:n2K:.I1M>1/8YK2:2/.E 1*ý 5$ ô _¼bdc<eq?2-i ÿx½‡±Ò:.!"wEZ-ÿC6 2<2¨2:.E
@;<5w1Yuÿ M9 -/ R9" :.@2-;8J>+ ^9 :.I204@2/XKƒ2 d3/8"04@20¦
?EZ"K#4?2-¦ ÿ=ùXú;8¨:.@2-;8J3;05B1*— þ4¨-; 1ý 2P:.I204@2/XKƒ2 ÍÅ2-/.E
*@E
/.E
;s-.2iX@1iþ#4@JvEZ>!†Ã†8"-@2/XKƒ2 d&ù‡"04@2?BEZ"K#4¨·- ÿZ"
©€ò± $ ô _¼bdc<e“«þ34@;"K>+#"›@E i9 2-w!"K>"¦¨?2v-.i ÿXùXú;8:.!"wE
-ÿ6
2<22K:.EZ@;<5Pw1pY ÿ *9 -./ Ã9" :8@2-;.J3>+ i9 :.I204@2/XKƒ2 …„
YI"K/.E
>*"K>!†»Â.6ÿ *9 -.;ÇEw1P þM <9" 4IJvEC*? :.;./.J34@;ÆÎ$ ôª( bdc<e¨ˆ±g/8"<4I2K?E
"54A½X€:.I2-;.Jv;<5P1—Â þ34A-; 1ý 2›:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ‹
2-/.E
*@E
/.E
;Ã-2kX#1¦þv#4@JvEZ>!††8"K-.@2/XKƒ2 d& Ñ 1pY ÿI*9 -./8"A:.I2-;.J>5#"A:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ã5M54wE@*9 >¨:8I"wEZ-6ÿ
2<g2A2:.E
%þv"K/8":.I1*1
?2-i ÿx½‡±Ãq·- ÿ
"?A"Kÿ”6 þ>!†%:*9 -XKƒ2 Ò:2:.@1**>1—/ þ>!†x3"A#- ÿ
"-; ¦1 ý þ>!†k:*9 -wƒ2 `:n2K:.I1M>1*/ þ>!†k:.@1*1?2-i ÿxù‡ú;8*&
Éy"0JvE:.I1Â8EC*Y#4@23#;8/.Jv;j„ª
© §©t4 ˆ@f 5 Ò1*p" ÿC 1ý /.2y@>ƒ Et2v-i: *9 -;P:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y2X5*#4X/8"05:.I"X-.2K:n2v-.2KÂ./.E
5gÂ8j" ÿZ"0/8@?
ý
nƒ2 1*/ þ>!†iŠŒ*J4nKƒ2 d4@I;8-/.2%w/.EC23#J2<"u>^ƒ >27?2 1*ý ¨— þN>¨ƒ :.@¦1 þ>i1 þv/ 89" 1ý ?B2-¦ ÿy½‡Iû3?A-P:.!"wE
-.6ÿC2<22K:.EZ#;05-."0/8·- ÿZ"
?A"0ÿ/6 þ>!†d: M9 -wKƒ2 ›:n2K:.I1M>1*/ þ>!†x"‡ù‡ú;8L-·ÿ
"‡wE *9 J#1¦þv>!†˜&˜É&MÀNEC*@2Yw _ õM 2K:.EZ#;0 K9" >¼ þv/.E
JvE%þ3?R#; ÿZ"K>+5E31*-.I1udƒ/ 1*ÿ6C2K4@2K¦
1*ÿ6C2K4@2»„V‡WnV‡Wtˆ:8@¦1 þÃ; ¦1 ý þv>EC;›?2-i ÿ
;»ùXúv;%„%þv?#; ÿZ"K>5#"k4I"2:.E
@;<54!"0JÃ/"0:.!"X- 9 5*·- þv/.E
AD"0I;./.JvE=:n2v>1 09" 4@JK2<
4!"0JvEC#I*"KJ>55E­Y3·- þ 1dý ø>!†vw/E ÿCE˜2KÂn*>/85w?2v-.i ÿ˜ù‡ú;8X/8ECD5M54‡q#4I"K/.EC¨%þv?#; ÿ
2<D"u>^ƒ X#1¦þv#4@JvEZ>!†iŠ"01dI*"0J3>+5Ex-3ƒ2 >!†
>E 9 1ý JvE
>!† 9" -±ˆu:.EZ@1‡215#"wEZ#Jv;72Â./.E 1ý /8E
"d þ@2KJvE
YK2: *9 -;k:2:.I1*>1/.*YK27„I<|3”3F• êv{ ]” ê^© ¤‰‚!~ —— ž ™ ‚±{ <|ˆ±& , #"wEZ#J2
4I2A5*#417IY;.ÿ”6 þj þM#"˜@/ƒ .E
"K/.A:.I1*1A4@1*d&Y"K@1*/.E
- 1ý 4nKƒ2 ʄ@0|3”3ñ
• é ™ !œ ó~ ™ | Ø)êv{}|v”ˆd¾Y M9 54£þv?Î2L@ƒ @2-Jv;x&^J<"01;05
@E 9 1ý %?2-¦ ÿg:.!"wEZ-ÿ6C2<22K:8E
@;<5%2Â./.E 1ý */.EC% þv@2KJvE
Y2: M9 -;‰:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y2Â*1%1*"KÿC6 2 1ý */.E
"Y"K@1*/.EZ"- 1ý 4Kƒ2 ¦
5M·- þv/.ECÓI>ƒ EZ#6ÿ
i1*"K>!†82<"K/.EC%/.*@YECEd„Œ1*w3ƒ2 >*/.ECP@1*>1*Ygpƒ2 ÿ
/.5¨;vD"0YKED/8"s-1*EC¦ ÿC*/.ECP*/.IYKE
ED:2?BE *9 -.i1 þH:n2@1*>1Ygpƒ2 ÿ
/.
Àu2?B*@2—/ þ7Â*1B#4@23#2<D"0/8E
"/.E
;81*"KI"K-./.EC2—/ þv>!†P:.Ii1 þv# ÿ
E 1ý unƒ/ ˆD:.I2<"-1Ey-2%w6ÿZ"˜I>ƒ E
g*YK2A þv/.E
Jv;x& Ž.ƒ >EZ#6ÿ
1M"K>!†.2<D"0/.E
*/.IYKE
E:.I2<"-1EtwE *9 >/8"05:.I"X-.2K:n2v-.2KÂ./.E
5N4I"0J 1*ý -.2A:.I"wEZ-6ÿ
2<g*YK2R2K:.EZ#;#4@23#;./8J3;›„ª
© §©t4 ˆ@f 5 Ä1Mj" ÿ
1ý /82LI>ƒ E2: *9 -;:n2K:8@1**>1*/.Y2A·- ÿ
"7wE *9 Jv@1iþ>!†© ¤ :.I11d?2-¦ ÿyù‡ú;8*8/8"04@2K?EZ"K#4X:.I2v>*%þ%Ë@?BE 9 JvJvE
*̏„Œ1R?"Kÿ”6 þv?ò:.I1J<"K1?
: *9 -;i¦N>i1 þ—ÿCE/8ECd?2 1*ý /8"B54I2@2<"u>Xƒ :n@4@;.IÂ8"Ki> þM5/.5Xdˆ/.E
d ^9" 5M#1M>1d-2:.!"K>2<D"0/8K&
(4í
ïÆñVðPñV ú ûGöûeüió pô õeûPîVò"ˆÊü îVñÀðRó{ùYöòDídˆÊûíÁò/õ ê ôeöûíÔ÷ üsóXî7ìué>ódðuíÔ÷‹ó{ûBçÊöù)
û íÔ÷‹ü
A
^ù "¨!"01E
X:n2KnKƒ2 w/—þv"K/.2@21Jv6ÿZ"K-·þR: M9 -2<g^?EC4@2<D"0/—þ>!†>1 9" 54IJt&yÉL!"01‡12#4I"K/ d9" :n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.DŠŒ;./.J3>+5JK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/.
:8"K„lBAw¬vBA=ˆ±DY-·þ 1iý 4@2»w6ÿZ"L@/ƒ .E
PEC/34@*#ŠŒ*@2?4@IEZ"A K9" -.@2<D".˜#"0J 1Mý "K-/8"sE
/./8"s?4I2v-8".:21D"jÿZ"jÂ"K-."u>kƒ I2K1*?E
"KRE
·- þv/8"K?ECJ ^9 Ë@J3^; ÿCE2YK/.EZ54I5#Ìg:2<X#4I"KÿC6 #gÄ þ3/8ECJv;i1*-*@1*/.EZ">E 9 1ý JvEZ>!†¨52/XKƒ2 d&
^2dYK/8!"K>+5EvŠŒ;8/.J>55E.JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þv>!†12#4I"Kÿ6
"; ¦1 ý þ34I"?4I2v-8"^D"0Y2?ǃ2 wEC2/8"ãI2K1M-1EZj" ÿ
D'.& ï8& , "K#4@2@2<D"0/.2^JK2"K;4@2I#45"i’d& Ï *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2L"PJ2K/.JvI4@/8EC^5Y2g*I A9 w6ÿ 9" >1*2K/ i9" -2?2-;.6ÿ
;ǚ}œ Únœ öÁ Ù ™ žã@ƒ @2-2<wEZ#J<"jž@ M <œ ÷‚±œ 0ž
; ¦1 ý þv"K/.Y2-2X"K/8j" ÿ
E
i1 þXJ2KIi ÿZ"K>+5E›J@:*% þv?/>E
¼Ž.ÉL‘^’d& ü "0J2-."K/.¼5KI>ƒ E
2<g¼·- ÿZ"D?4@2·- þ^"KYD1*"K-8"0/.2DX@:XKƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -/8
>1*"K@2<2¨¦=:.I1M54I@1*/./.E˜>14@*@2: M9 ·- þ7>1 K9" #4@*JA:.@2-;8JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†7:.I11?2-i ÿ
d½XøE˜ù‡ú;8*&
Ñ >¦ ÿC;Æw6ÿZ"˜I>ƒ E
g*YK2Ã:n2KnKƒ2 w/"0/.EZ"Ã2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0—/ þ>!†HŠŒ;./8J>+5E^JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þv>!†‰1J#:n þv?/34Ip" ÿC—/ þv?E/j" ÿ
1*ý "Kÿ6C2›1M"K#¦
4I2@2<"u>Rƒ "K/8j" ÿ
2KYE
>1/.Jv% þ34IIE
"P@iÿ
J>55Eg>1XK9" #4@*J7#"KJà _ (* & Ñ 1*wEK9" 1Jv;›1A£4 þv?È-.2Ã"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þjEC/34I@ŠŒI2K?4I% þ>1*/.5
1M"K"0J3>*:4@2<D"0/.2<D"0/82:8EC2/ þ%28F
GH: M9 -1E
w©oã' ô a=bdc<ef<Á
GH: M9 -1E
d:2:.I1*>1—/ þv?‹a ô $ õ bdc<ef<ÁXos© ¤›oÆa ô bdc<egf0Á
GH:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ DE Xa ô)õ o‰·%oÆa ô)õ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
Urqmd
Entries 250540
Mean
0.3599
RMS
0.2555
Nexus
Entries 181233
Mean
0.3737
RMS
0.26
dn/dpT
ped poprzeczny
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
õ_
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
1
1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
pT [GeV/c]
’ þ@;./.*J õ & '8F ’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-€: *9 -“:2:.@1**>1/.*YK2¾:.E
2K/Xƒ2 „Œ/.E
Â.E
*@JvEj:8@1*þ3D"0/—þ§¦Ç?2-iÿ›ùXú;8H>1*@2K/—þ‹¦
?2-iÿ¨½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ :8EC2/.2<þv?BEÿ
E
/.E
"K?Ed1*"01*/8"K>12/.2Ç"KJ>:4I2<"K/þÓ-2Ð"K/8"jÿ
E
1iþÐE
/34@@ŠŒI2K?4@þv>1/.#%1*"KJv@Mk: *9 -.;
:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y2
’w21Jv6ÿZ"K-: *9 -;s:n2K:.I1M>1/8YK2i-2-."<4I/.EZ>!†Ã:.E
2K/Xƒ2 d11*"01*/8"K>12/þv?ò:.I1*-.1EZ"06ÿ
?…"0J3>*:4@2<D"0/—þ>!†"K#4I2LI>ƒ EL:.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/.2R/8"þv*& õ & '.& Ñ E *9 J#1*2Lƒƒ >‡:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 `?A": *9 -k:2:.I1*>1/—þ7/8"pÿC 1 ý 9" >YþAw6ÿZ"˜@/ƒ .EC-24IYK2B:.I1M-1EZ"06ÿ
;x&
’w21Jvÿ
6 "-Ç:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ EX:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 dw11M"01/"K>1*2K—/ þv? :.I1M-1EZ"06ÿ
? "0J3>:.4@2<D"0—/ þ>!†‰D"0@4@2yI>ƒ E‡:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82s/"
þ& õ & ï&Ãɘ2ÃJ3 þ34@*@E
;.? #¦ÿC*J>+5EgË# þ>E
/8"Ì^1*/8"K>1/.E
7wE *9 >5>1 K9" #4@*Jn&j‡2Ã"K/8j" ÿ
E
i1 þs/.ECi Ã9" "0J>:4I2<"K/.:.E
2K—/ þ›1
:.I1M#;8/.E 9 4@*YK2ø#4@I2K/ 9 ;<5?—/ þ>!†P"KI#4@2y@>ƒ E?A"0J@EC?R;.?‹Ò@21Jv6ÿZ"K-1*EC^:23#:.E
*@1/82LI>ƒ Et`?2-i ÿ
;½XR&
urqmd
Entries 250540
Mean
-1.192
RMS
2.407
nexus
Entries 181233
Mean -0.6264
RMS
2.279
dn/dy
Rozklad pospiesznosci
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-6
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
y
’ þ@;./.*J õ & ï8F˜’X2K1JvÿZ6 "K-R:23#:8ECM#1*/.2LI>ƒ Ev:.E
2K/Xƒ2 Ą/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E8:.@1* þv"K/ þ¦˜?2-¦ ÿ.ùXú;8*>1*@2K—/ þ¦x?2-iÿ8½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ :.E
2K/82<þ3?E"ÿ
EC/.EZ"0?E1M"01/"K>1*2K/.2"0J3>*:4@2<D"0/—þ-27"0/8"pÿCE
1iþAE
/34@*#ŠŒ*@2?B4@þ>1/85N1M"0Jv@MN:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E
uÀ 2 1¦ý þ34@*>1/.=5*#4nKƒ2 w/.E
1‡ý þ3JvI%ÿƒ C*/.E
XX#:‡Kƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/—þ>!†7>1M"K@2<g2K¦¢:.I1M54I@1*/./—þ>!†¨2I"K1X: M9 -;%Et*/.IYKE
Eþv6ÿ K9" >1/.E
-·ÿZ"^:.EC2/XKƒ2 dKJ4nKƒ2 Ig1*2#4I"K6ÿ”þd1M"K"0J3>*:4@2<D"0/.g-2d"0/8"pÿCE
1iþdE
/34@@ŠŒI2K?4@þv>1/.#¦˜#J2K/8#4@I;.2<D"0/.=ŠŒ;./.J>55DJK2KIiÿZ"K>iþM5/.NE
-2:8"K@2<D"0/.g:.@2?EC*/.ECDR¿ DÉã M9 - 9" #E w9 :.I1M>E
1ý 2v-./.2@E>Lƒ 5M·- þv/.ECX-.2Ã1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -ÿ6Z"‡*?BEC4@;0 K9" >*YK2:.E
2K—/ þ¨Ç>/34IIp" ÿC—/ þd1*"KJv@M
:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ EEx:n2-."0/8 þ 1*ý 5D1*"0JvI*%þ: M9 -wKƒ2 d&
’w21Jvÿ
6 "-P>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/.—/ þ>!†AX#:‡Kƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -—/ þ>!†%:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ò1*"K"KJ>:4I2<"K/ þ>!†%-.2%"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þkEC/34I@ŠŒI2K?4I% þ>1*/.5
:.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.2s/8"› þv*& õ & õ & Ñ "K#4I2s:n2KnKƒ2 w/"u>Pƒ YK2›1 þ&Òï8&
$*aj¦BwE
-."u>0ƒ 1ý Ë@2KÂt>E *9 >E
"Ìk„:21*"»1*?B/8EC###1*/.E
?
JvI204@/82LI>ƒ E}ˆ¼wÿ6Z"˜I>ƒ E
wEC/.E
d1?E
/.E
ÿ”6 þ%@21Jvÿ6
"-wKƒ2 Ð>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1*#4@I1*/.—/ þ>!†x&
’w21Jvÿ
6 "·- þ4@I1M>!†R@J3ÿ6Z"K-.2< þv>!†d: *9 -.;RE*/.IYKE
Ev:.EC2/XKƒ2 »1M"K"KJ>*:4@2<D"0—/ þ>!†d-2"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þdE
/34@@ŠŒI2K?4@ þv>1/.#:.@1**-v¦
#4I"wE
2K/.2A/"A% þ*& õ & &Àu2KnKƒ2 w/v;< 9" >N5R1R"K/8j" ÿ
2KYE
>1—/ þv?BE˜@21Jv6ÿ
"-."0?Ex·- ÿZ"7X@1iþ#4@JvEZ>!†:.EC2/XKƒ2 ø/8"%% þ*&wï8&
$ ( wEZ-."u> ƒ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0
Rozklad wsp. z (po obcieciach)
dN/dzf
Urqmd
Entries
38220
Mean -0.006146
RMS
3.555
2
4
6
Nexus
Entries 35256
Mean
0.1577
RMS
3.185
0.7
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.6
0.5
0.09
0.08
0
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
-40 -30 -20 -10
0
10
20
0
2
4
Rozklad czasu wymrazania (po obcieciach)
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0
30 40
zf [fm]
Urqmd
Entries 38220
Mean 0.01361
RMS
3.569
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
8 10
x f [fm]
Urqmd
Entries 38220
Mean
-1.006
RMS
10.53
Nexus
Entries 35256
Mean 0.01141
RMS
2.768
Rozklad wsp. y (po obcieciach)
dN/dyf
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
Nexus
Entries
35256
Mean 1.329e-05
RMS
2.748
dN/dtf
dN/dxf
Rozklad wsp. x (po obcieciach)
õ'
6
8 10
y f [fm]
Nexus
Entries 35256
Mean
4.071
RMS
3.906
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
Urqmd
Entries 38220
Mean
11.98
RMS
9.42
5
10
15
20
25
30
35 40
tf [fm/c]
’ þ@;./.*J õ & õ Fx’X2K1Jvÿ6Z"K·- þ^>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/.—/ þ>!†wX#:‡Kƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -—/ þ>!†^ þv?!" 1*ý "K/.EZ"g:8EC2/XKƒ2 s1*""0J>:4I2<"K/—þv>!†^-2‡"0/"jÿC¦
E
1iþ7E
/34@*#ŠŒ*@2?B4@þ>1/85‡„Œ/8EC*Â.ECM#JvEx:8@1*þ3D"0/—þR¦N?2-iÿxù‡ú;8*8>1*Ig2/þB¦=?2-iÿL½X!û?A-8ˆ
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
Nexus
Entries
35256
Mean 0.0008803
RMS
0.2528
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
Urqmd
Entries
38220
Mean -0.001041
RMS
0.2516
Rozklad skladowej y pedu (po obcieciach)
dN/dpy
dN/dpx
Rozklad skladowej x pedu (po obcieciach)
0.12
0.08
Urqmd
0.06
Entries
38220
Mean -0.0008966
RMS
0.2515
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
py [GeV/c]
0
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 -0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
pz [GeV/c]
0.1
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
dN/dpz
Entries
35256
Mean -0.001919
RMS
0.1131
0.08
0.06
Rozklad energii (po obcieciach)
0.12
dN/dE
Nexus
0.12
0.1
Urqmd
0.08
Entries
38220
Mean -0.005709
RMS
0.1127
0.06
0.04
0.04
0.02
0.02
0
-0.5-0.4 -0.3 -0.2 -0.1 -0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
pz [GeV/c]
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
0.1
0.04
Rozklad skladowej z pedu (po obcieciach)
Nexus
Entries
35256
Mean 0.0007892
RMS
0.2526
0
0
Nexus
Entries 35256
Mean
0.3824
RMS
0.1175
π+ Nexus
π+ Urqmd
Urqmd
Entries 38220
Mean
0.3802
RMS
0.1174
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
E [GeV]
’ þ@;./.*J õ & F’w21Jvÿ6
"·- þ»: *9 -;ÓEw*/.IYKE
Ew:.E
2K/Xƒ2 §1*""0J3>:.4@2<D"0/—þ>!†H-2H"0/8"pÿCE
1iþ»E
/34@*#ŠŒ*@2?B4@þ>1/85k„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E
:.I1*%þvD"0/—þR¦N?2v-.iÿxùXú;8>1*@2K/—þB¦=?2-iÿ˜½‡Iû3?A-8ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õï
- ; 1ý iƒ2 1ý /.EZ>&ã^Ân>E M9 >E
k/8"j: *9 -ã:2:.@1**>1/—þ›Ë#þ>E 9 6ÿ
2Ìd:8EC2/þ»2s?A"0ÿ/6 þ>!†‰: *9 -.">!†Ã© « E¼© ® N/8"04@2K?EZ"K#4R2Ân>E M9 >E
/8"›:n2@:.E
*@1/.2yƒƒ >i1M"K"0J3>*:4@2<D"06ÿ
275M-·þv/.ECÃ:.EC2/—þ‰2»?A"06ÿ/þ>!†ø„­>2‰-.2»"K#4I2LI>ƒ EwÂn1w1*Ypÿ *9 -/85@ˆB: *9 -.">!†»© ¯ &ÒÀNEC2/þ
2j4I"KJ»?"K6ÿ”þ>!†ã: M9 -."K>!†ã/.ECP?2KY 9" ?E
>iƒ wE M9 >k-.; 1ý #R/8IYKE
Eg¦dI2K1*J3ÿ6Z"K-H/.*@YECED1*">¦1 þ3/"Ã@E i9 /.E
*>2s:n2<þ 1*ý 5?A"«þ
@:2>i1 þv/.JK2<5=:8EC2/XKƒ2 º„a ô $ïgbdcedˆE˜JK2Dƒ/ >i1 þ5M·- þv/.E
d/8"a ôª( bdc<e&
Ñ "0@4@25*@1*>1d#:8I"X-1*E>Nƒ #"0J%J3 þ34@*@EZ"R@iÿ
J3>+5Et:.E
2K/Xƒ2 `w:.ÿ/6 þv"0 9" /"RI2K1*Jvÿ
6 "·- þ7·- þv/8"0?EZ>1*/.K&
ù‡"j þv*& õ & ( :n2KJ<"K1*"0/82Ã1*p" ÿC 1ý /.2yƒƒ >%X#:‡Kƒ2 ÿ6
@1 *9 -/.#¨:2-6ÿ
; 1*ý /.5¸Ã2-‰>1*"#;ã¹·- ÿZ"Ã:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 ¾1*""0J3>:.4@2<D"0—/ þ>!†›-.2
"K/8j" ÿ
EC¦1 þ›EC/34@*#ŠŒ*@2?4@ þ>1*/.5&‰Àu2ƒ2 w/v;<yK9" >5P1P þv*&‰ï& _.$k/8ECPwEZ-."u>kƒ ƒ2 1ý /.EZ>k§:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;H?2v-.i ÿ
;ǽ‡±ò¦
*?BEZ#"5M54¨>*"0ÿ/6 þÃ>1M"KEC1*204I@2:2<D".&B{ ÿZ"i?B2-¦ ÿC;»ù‡ú;8wE@9 J#1*2Lƒƒ >:8EC2/XKƒ2 r/"K-.p" ÿt5*#4¨?E 4I2<"K/8"717>/34@!j" ÿ
/.*YK2
2Â8#1M"0I;‰/8"s:n2>1 09" 4@Jv;Æ@M"0J3>+5E¢x5*-./8"0JÇ-.j" ÿ
5BwE
-."u>0ƒ 1ý Ë@2KÂt>E *9 >EZ"KÌ/.E
1*"K"KJ>:4I2<"Kÿ”6 þ›:.E
2K/Xƒ2 dgJ34nKƒ2 Ii—Â þvÿ/6 þ‰·- ÿZ"
>1*"Kƒ2K`:2< þ 1ý # õ lnmf<ÁX?E 4I2<"K/.1Â.@1*Y2< þv>!†˜2-.-.p" ÿ
"0 K9" i> þv>!†i#E 9 2KÂ8@1*"Kƒ2 d&
Entries
Mean x
Mean y
RMS x
RMS y
50
45
35127
0.1298
4.082
2.889
4.036
40
35
z vs. t π + Urqmd (po obcieciach)
0.14
0.12
t f [fm/c]
t f [fm/c]
z vs. t π+ Nexus (po obcieciach)
Entries
Mean x
Mean y
RMS x
RMS y
50
45
38220
-1.014
13.16
9.216
11.09
0.4
0.35
40
0.1
30
35
0.3
30
0.25
25
0.2
0.08
25
0.06
20
15
20
10
0.1
10
0.02
5
0
-50
0.15
15
0.04
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
z f [fm]
0.05
5
0
0
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
0
40
50
z f [fm]
’ þ@;./.*J õ & ( F , j" ÿ
1ý /82Lƒƒ >X#:Xƒ2 6ÿCI18M9 -/.#D:n2-ÿ
6 ; 1ý /.#‡¸%2->1*"#;¹X·- ÿZ"A:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 q1*""0J3>:.4@2<D"0/—þ>!†k-2i"0/8"pÿCE
1iþkEC/34@*#¦
ŠŒ*@2?B4@þ>1/85^„18ÿ
5w#4@I2K/—þA?2v-.iÿxùXú;881:8I"5?B2-¦ÿx½X!û3?-ˆ
Entries
35127
Mean x -0.0008052
0.1649
Mean y
RMS x
0.1148
3.375
RMS y
50
40
30
pz vs. z π + Urqmd (po obcieciach)
0.07
0.06
0.05
20
10
0.04
0
z f [fm]
z f [fm]
pz vs. z π+ Nexus (po obcieciach)
40
30
0.03
0.025
10
0.02
0
-10
-10
-20
0.02
-20
-30
0.035
20
0.03
0.015
0.01
-30
0.01
-40
-50
-1
Entries
38220
Mean x -0.005302
-1.091
Mean y
RMS x
0.1127
12.07
RMS y
50
-0.8
-0.6 -0.4
-0.2
-0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
1
pz [GeV/c]
0
0.005
-40
-50
-1
-0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2
-0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
1
pz [GeV/c]
0
’ þ@;./.*J õ & ö8F , "jÿ
1*ý /.2y.ƒƒ >:n2-6ÿC; 1ý /.#k#JvÿZ6 "K-2<5A: *9 -;ã© ¯ 2-ÐX@:XKƒ2 6ÿ
@1 *9 -/85A:2-6ÿ
; 1*ý /.5k¸Ç-·ÿZ"‰:8EC2/XKƒ2 Ê1M"K"0J3>*:¦
4I2<"K/þ>!†%-.2"K/8"jÿ
E
1iþ7E
/34@@ŠŒI2K?4@þv>1/.#‡„Œ1ÿ
5D54I@2/þ%?B2-¦ÿxùXúv;1d:.!"5N?2-iÿL½X!û?A-8ˆ
‡ù "%þ*& õ & öP:n2KJ<"01M"0/.21M"jÿ
1*ý /.2Lƒƒ >#Jv6ÿZ"K-2<5: M9 -;© ¯ 2-›X#:Xƒ2 ÿC6 I1 M9 -/.#¸:8EC2/XKƒ2 dyJ34Kƒ2 IA:.I1M#1*6ÿ”þÃ@iÿ
J3>+ 9 &
Àu2ƒ2 w/3;0 K9" >y51‡þv*&uï8&)_K_wEZ-."u>Xƒ :.I1M-‡X@1iþ#4@JvEC?¾@Jv;4@JvEn2KÂt>E *9 >EZ"¨/":n2@:.E
*@1/.2yƒƒ >K>2R1*""0J>:4I2<"K6ÿC2D5M-·þv/.E
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õõ
?A"0ÿ
6 : M9 -·þi© ¯ &%{ÿZ"P?2-iÿ
;HùXúv;d1*"K;3D" 1Mý "0?ÀþP-.2v-8"<4@J2<g2i1?/.E
5#@1*/.E
AE”ÿ
2LI>ƒ E¼:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 º2-; 1iý þ >!†s"K#4I2LI>ƒ EZ"K>!†
Ân1*w1Ypÿ *9 -./þ>!†kX#:Xƒ2 6ÿCI1 M9 -/.#g¸8&
øFùYúFùVû
ü$ýþÿ
Rÿ>ý yÿ
ü "0JA4I25; 1¨ý 1*2#4I"0ÿ
6 2:2<wE
*-.1EZ"0/.:n2v-8>1*"w2K?A"wEZ"0/8"KE
"R?4I2v-#þkD"0YÒ:2-I2K1M-1EZ"jÿ
d'.& ïA;.?2 1iý ÿ
E
wE
"2/8"BÂ8"K-."K/.E
w:.6ÿ/þvw;R#4I"04£þv#4£þvJvEKJv"K/34@2<5xEv2-.-1EZ"0ÿ/6 þv"dƒ/ ã#4I"K/.ECgJK2D8ƒ/ >2<þv?ø/8"^Jv@14!"0ÿC6 4˜ŠŒ;./8J>+5EJ2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/85& Ñ :8@1¦þ3:"K-Jv;
Â8"-."0—/ þ>!†Pø4@#‡:.!"KY> þiJK2@¦ ÿ
">+5ExEZ-*/£4 þ>1—/ þ>!†:.EC2/XKƒ2 ø2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.E
¨@E”ÿ
/.?A"%:2?BE #j" ÿ
—/ þkw:8ÿ”6 þvq/8"k>!†8"0!"0J34@*
J2KIi ÿZ"K>+5E¢*5*-/8"KJ72-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.E
^Jv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvECw:.ÿ/6 þv"^5; 1dý 1*/8"K>1/.E
K&
Ñ >¦ ÿC;»:n2KJ<"01M"0/.EZ"iw:.ÿ/6 þ3w;»2-—: þ>!†8"K/.E
"iJv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvEC*YK2i/8"JK2@¦ ÿ
">+5:8"K-2-."<4I/.EZ>!†s:8EC2/XKƒ2 º/8" þ& õ & :.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.2w5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2< 9" ŠŒ;./8J>+ 9 J2KIi ÿZ"KY> þM5/ k9" l„ BAwv¬ BA=ˆg1?2-¦ ÿC;PùXúv;D2K# ÿ
E
>12/ 9" :8@¦1 þA; i1 ý þ>E
;i?B4@2·- þ
D"0Y Ï *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2d:8@¦1 þBw6ÿ K9" >12/ þ>!†2K!"01‡:.@¦1 þ þ3ÿ6 K9" >12/ þ>!†2-.-1*E
"K6ÿ”þvD"0/.EZ"K>!†Jv#; ÿ
2K?Ân2<X@J3EZ>!†„Œ2>¦1 þvwEII>ƒ E
XÐ2Â.;
:.Ii1 þv:8"-J<"K>!†kwÿ6 9" >12/.254!"<£4 þ54£þvJ ‡9 Jv"K/34@2< 9" ˆ±&uÀ=E
2K—/ þd#"KJK2>1 K9" #4@JvEt4@*YK2A@"K?YK2B1/"0Jv;k2-—: þ>!†8"0 R9" @E 9 wE M9 >?A"
4I2B;05?—/ þ%w:.ÿ/6 þv`/8"BŠŒ*J34XJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/ þÄ2KÂ8@1*"K@1*^?A"06ÿ/þ>!†k: *9 -XKƒ2 `w1*pY ÿ *9 -—/ þ>!†x&
C(Q inv )
Nexus: 1D funkcja korelacyjna
2
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Qinv [GeV]
’ þ@;.Ï /.*J õ & .F ü *-./.2<þv?BEZ"0I2<D"ŠŒ;./.J3>+#"AJ2KIiÿZ"K>YþM5/8"k„lBAw¬vBA=ˆD1¨?2-iÿ
;ùXúv;w2KÂ#ÿ
EZ>12/8"B:.I1iþ%; 1iý þ>E
;P?B4@2-·þ
D"0Y M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2DŽ­>1*Ig2/þ›¦¨þvÿ6 K9" >12K/8k2-.-1*E
"K6ÿ”þvD"0/.EZ"jJ3;^ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvE
K=/.E
Â8ECM#JvED¦¨wÿ6 K9" >1*2K/.P2-.-1*E
"K6ÿ”þvD"0/.EZ"
Jv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvECˆ
X‘ /"jÿ
2KYKEZ>1*/ P9" ŠŒ;./8J>+ i9 JK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/ 9" -#ÿ
"j-."0/—þ>!†H1i?B2-¦ÿC;ǽX :2J"K1*"K/.2Ã/8"Ã%þ*& õ &
$*aP¦4@;.4I"<Rƒ2 w/.EC 1 ý
wEZ-."u>Bƒ 2Â./.E 1ý /8ECAŠŒJ34@;›JK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/.*YK2k-#ÿ
"P?A"06ÿ/þ>!†›"K#4I2LI>ƒ E"!$#&%('i#:n2<g2-2<D"0/8R2-:—þ>!†8"0/8EC*?…Jv;#ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvE
?P&
Ñ :n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.EC;s17?2-i ÿ
? ùXú;8@1*@2JK2y.ƒƒ >B@"K?B*YK2PŠŒ*J34@;5M54?/.E
5#@1*"8y>2#"0Js M9 -1E
7:n2KJ<"01M"0/.7-8j" ÿ
5d?A"
1*wE K9" 1JA1wE 9 J@1iþv?‹I2K1?EZ"0I? 1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -ÿ
6 "8&
Ñ >¦ ÿC;/E ÿC2y@>ƒ EC2<Y2‡1Â"K-."K/.E
"^nƒ2 1ý /8E
>?E M9 -i1 þR?2v-.i ÿZ"0?E.Ç@21?E
"KI">!†›1ƒ nƒ2 -.ÿ6
"?EC4@;< 9" >*YK2:.E
2K—/ þ-2:8"K@2<"K/.2
2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.A 4I/‰@:238ƒ2›ŠŒ;./.J3>+5%J2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þ*5/8-.2j"0/j" ÿ
E £4 þ>1*/.5d:n2#4I">Ex5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2<5^ŠŒ;./.J3>+5EJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.5
þv!" 1ý 2/.5ww1*2KI? „'.&
$ ˆ±&d^2K:8"#2< þvD"0/.2ŠŒ;./8J>+5BJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.d þvYK*/.I2<D"0/.¨·- ÿZ"k þ3ÿ6 K9" >12/ þ>!†P2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"gƒ/
Jv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†xL"PwE M9 >A1*"wE
!"< 9" >w:86ÿ”þvº£4 þ—ÿCJ254!"<£4 þ54£þvJvE¼Jv"K/34@2<5#- ÿ
"PEZ-/3£4 þ>1*—/ þv>!†sÂn2K12/XKƒ2 d7
& æ.;8/.J>55
J2KIi ÿZ"KY> þM5/.N1g?2-i ÿ
Ev2K!"01-2K:8"#2<D"0/8=-2^/8E
>!†B"0/8p" ÿCEC£4 þ>1/8x5*-./.2< þv?BEZ"0I2<¼ŠŒ;./.J3>+5JK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.=:.I1M-.54!"wEC2/.2
/8"‰% þ*& õ &C$$E õ &
$*'8w2v-.:2<wE
*-/8EC2Ç·- ÿ
"‰?2v-.i ÿ
Eù‡ú;8kEd½X& Ñ 2Â.;Ð:.Ii1 þv:8"-J<"K>!†Ó…2Â8#1M"0I1?A"0ÿ/6 þ>!†
: *9 -wƒ2 Íw1*pY ÿ *9 -—/ þ>!†jwEZ-."u>Rƒ /8EC*wEC¦ ÿCJvE
Aƒ2 1ý /.EZ>B?E M9 -i1 þʌ;./.J>5#"0?E=1A?2-i ÿ
E=EN-.2K:8"#2<D"0—/ þv?Ey-2/8E
>!†sŠŒ;./.J3>+#"K?BE
"K/8j" ÿ
E £4 þ>1—/ þv?BE¢v>2»#ƒ wEZ"K-8>i1 þ%2R£4 þv?P 1*ý I2K1*Jv6ÿ
"-Æ1ƒ nƒ2 -.ÿ6
"R/.E
g5M54‡>*"0ÿ6
JK2<wEZ>E
^Y3"0;8I@2<X#JvE¢&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õK
C(Qinv )
Urqmd: 1D funkcja korelacyjna
2
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Qinv [GeV]
’ þ@;.Ï /.*J õ &
$*a.F ü M-/.2<þv?E
"K@2<D"ŠŒ;./.J3>+#"JK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/8"¨„nBAw¬VBA=ˆy1D?2-iÿ
;B½‡Iû3?A-R2KÂ#ÿ
E
>12/8"‡:8@1¦þd; 1iý þ>E
;B?B4@2-·þ
D"0Y M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2DŽ­>1*Ig2/þ›¦¨þvÿ6 K9" >12K/8k2-.-1*E
"K6ÿ”þvD"0/.EZ"jJ3;^ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvE
K=/.E
Â8ECM#JvED¦¨wÿ6 K9" >1*2K/.P2-.-1*E
"K6ÿ”þvD"0/.EZ"
Jv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvECˆ
Ñ > iÿ
;:n2KJ<"01M"0/.EZ"ww:.6ÿ/þvw;RI2K1*:8"K-.;d@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K›/8"^@21?EZ"0d1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿZ"X?EC4@;< 9" >*YK2‡:8EC2/þdþvJ2K/8"K/.2‡-2-."04@JK2<2
"K/8"jÿ
EC1 g9 J2KIiÿZ"K>55EE
-*/34£þv>1/—þ>!†:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ç/.ECw:n2>!†.2-1 9" >Yþ>!†1wI2K1*:8"K-.;RI1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2d& ü "0Jd:n2KJ<"01M"0/.2Ç:2-I2K1M-1EZ"jÿ
ï& õ I2K1*:8"K·- þ@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K‰-8"<=9" /8"05wE@*9 Jv@1iþwJ3ÿ6Z"K-A-.2d:.@2-;8J>+5E8:.EC2/XKƒ2 d& , 4@*YK2d:n2<g2-;A#4I"0£4 þv#4£þvJ<"-.2#49 :8/8"d·- ÿZ"
4I5y"K/8j" ÿ
E
i1 þD5*#4=/.E
wE
i ÿ
J<".& æ8;./.J3>+5wJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.g1?2-¦ ÿCE2I"K1-2:8"K@2<D"0/.N-.2/8E
>!†"0/8p" ÿCEC£4 þ>1*/.˜5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2<
ŠŒ;./8J>+5JK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/82R/8"7% þ*& õ &C$_RE õ &C$*ï8.2-:n2<wECM-/.E
27·- ÿZ"A?2v-.i ÿ
ELùXú;8XEy½X& æÊÿC;.J34I;8"K>55
ŠŒ;./8J>+5EJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þ>!†s/8ECk þ3/8ECJ<"< 9" 1i1—Â þ34R?A"0ÿ
6 5#4I"0£4 þv#4£þvJvE­uEZ>!†H:.Ii1 þ>¦1 þ3/"/.E
¨5*#4A>"06ÿ
JK2<wEZ>E
A þM#"˜@/ƒ .E
2K/8"8&
ÀNEC2/ þA1M"K"KJ">*:4@2<D"0/.-24@#X"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þA:n2>!†.2-1 B9" 1dI2K1:"K-wƒ2 Ä#4@I;./kÒ:.E
IX#1*5gŠ"01E
dI*"0J3>+5Eø>1M"K@ECd-22KJ2K6ÿ
2
a ô _=lnmf<ÁNã?2-¦ ÿC;A½X!û3?A-RE'Nlnmf0ÁNÇ?2-i ÿ
;AùXú;8‡„Œ:8"04@I1w@21Jv6ÿ
"·- þ¨>1M"K@;R þv?!" 1*ý "K/.EZ"^/"^ þ&yï8&
$K$ˆ±&y½XJv6ÿ
":n2d4I"KJRJvn0ƒ2 4IJ3E
?Å>1*"#E
w2-A?2K?/34@;A1M-I1*/.EZ" K9" -*N1/"<#-;<5^#E X9 Ó54!"0/.E
X/.E
nKƒ2 w/82<"KYK2< þv?P>2w5*#4g/"<5:.!"D¦
-2:2-2Â./.E
5X:.Ii1 þ>i1 þv/ 79" -; i1 ý þ>!*
† )8;.J34I;8"K>55Ey/E ÿ
2LI>ƒ E˜:"02k1M"K-."K/ þv?ò: M9 -1E
Bw1pY ÿ *9 -./ þv?PnwE M9 >¨ŠŒ;./8J>+#"%JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/8"
5M54uË#:n2@1*"K@:8"K/8"KÌ&EC?24@*YK2?2 1ý /"=5M-/8"0Jd:n2KnKƒ2 w—/ þvD"u>=ƒ @1*@2JK2y.ƒƒ >¼ŠŒJ34@;BJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.Y28-."< 9" >*YK2XE
/ŠŒ2KI?A"K>5 9
2I2K1?EZ"0!"K>!†Æ1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿZ".&
Ñ 4I"K¦ ÿCE õ &C$;.?E
*@1*>12K/82B:n2KnKƒ2 w/"0/.E
"K#4I2LI>ƒ Et:.I2K?EC*/.E +,#-%.'2I"K1:"0!"0?4I@;iJK2†.I/8>55E‡1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6Z" «204I@¦1 þ3¦
?A"0—/ þ>!†Ã17-.2K:8"#2<D"0/.EZ"5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2<5X:n2#4I">EuŠŒ;./.J3>+5E=J2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þ*5/85‡2:.E
I"0/85‡nKƒ2 w/8"K/.E
? „'8&C$ ˆ-2iŠŒ;./.J3>+5E
J2KIi ÿZ"KY> þM5/.#l„ A v¬ A ˆ1?B2-¦ ÿCE=ù‡ú;8E=½‡Iû3?A-Ã2# ÿ
E
>12K/85^1M"%:n2K?2> i9" ?4I2·- þD"0Y Ï *-./.E
>!JvE
Y2%:.Ii1 þ þvÿ6 K9" >¦
1*2K—/ þ>!†‰2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.EZ"K>!†HJv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†˜& Ñ "0@4@2yI>ƒ /E +,#-%.'j-2:8"K@2<D"0/.i-2sŠŒ;./.J>55EwJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þv>!†‰:.EC2/XKƒ2 /.E
:n2>!†.2-1 9" Y> þ>!†d1gI2K1*:8"K-.;d@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K›2K1*/8"K>12/.2¼#"0J2‡Ë@:.EC*@204I/.*Ì&½X?ECM#1M>1*2K/.2^ƒ2 w/.EC 1Ný D"0@4@2y@>ƒ EKJ@:*% þv?/.¦
4!j" ÿ
/.1RJ#:n þv?/34@;ÎÉy‘‡’ _ (* „Œq*Jv@:n þ3?*/8>E
¨/.E
?2 1*ý /8"72>i1 þvwE!I>ƒ E
¨ þvÿ6 K9" >¦1 þN> ƒ 1*ý "-/.Y2712-.-.1EZ"06ÿ/þ3D"˜ƒ/ wE *9 >:2P204I@¦1 þv?"K/.E
;PŠŒ;./.J>55E¼JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þv>!†P þvJK2/8"0/"A12354!"06ÿZ"7JK2@*J>5#"AJv#; ÿC2?Ân2<X#J<"AE¼-2:.E
I2%D4@M·- þ12354!"0ÿZ6 "
-2:8"KI"02<D"0/""K/8j" ÿ
EC£4 þv>1/8":n2#4I"u>¼ƒ 5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2<5yŠŒ;./.J3>+5EtJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.5u¦u204I@¦1 þ3?A"K/.X1X4IY2R-2:8"K@2<"K/.EZ," + #&%('
E « B9" :2-."K/.`4!"0Âni ÿ
EZˆ&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õ3(
C(Qinv )
Nexus: 1D funkcja korelacyjna
2
Nexus
fit
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Qinv [GeV]
’ þ@;./.*J õ &
$K$F ü *-/82< þ3?EZ"0I2<"dŠŒ;./.J>5#"JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/8"%n„ BADV¬ BANˆ1?2-iÿ
;ùXúv;D2KÂ#ÿ
E
>12/8"B1*"B:2?2v> B9" ?B4@2-·þ
D "0Y Ï M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2Ã:.I1iþ‰þ36ÿ K9" >12/þ>!†H2-.-.1EZ"06ÿ/þ3D"0/8E
">!†HJv;#ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvEZ>!†`„>1*@2K/.k4@nƒ2 5J 09" 4£þˆR2I"K1k-2:8"K@2<"K/8"
5M-/.2<þv?E
"K@2<D"¨"0/"jÿ
E 4£þ>1*/8"ŠŒ;./.J>5#"BJK2KIiÿZ"K>iþM5/8"%„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
C(Qinv )
Nexus: 1D funkcja korelacyjna (bez pionow z rozpadu rezonansow)
2
Nexus
fit
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Qinv [GeV]
’ þ@;./.*J õ &
$M_.F ü *-/82<þ3?EZ"0I2<"%ŠŒ;./.J3>+#"J2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/"s„nBAw¬VBA=ˆ¨Ï 17?2-iÿ
;‰ùXú;8%„Â*1%:.E
2K/Xƒ2 Å:n2>!†.2-1 9" >Yþ>!†
1ã@21:8"-;q@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K‡ˆi2Â#ÿ
E
>12K/"Ó1*"Ó:n2K?2> `9" ?4@2-·þøD"0Y *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2`:.@1¦þÄþv6ÿ K9" >12K/—þ>!†ø2-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"K/.EC¦
">!†jJv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†Æ„>1I2K/.R4@nƒ2 5J <9" 4£þ.ˆ2I"K1-.2K:8"#2<D"0/8"¨5*-/82<þ3?EZ"0I2<"k"0/8"pÿCEC4£þ>1*/8"kŠŒ;./.J>5#"PJK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/8"
„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
õö
C(Qinv )
Urqmd: 1D funkcja korelacyjna
2
1.8
Urqmd
fit
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Qinv [GeV]
’ þ@;./.*J õ &C$M'.F ü *-./.2< þv?BEZ"0I2<D"XŠŒ;./8J>+#"JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/8"l„ BAwv¬ BA=ˆ¼1^?B2-¦ÿC;k½X!û?A-A2Â#ÿ
E
>12K/"1*"¨:n2K?2> ¨9" ?B4@2-·þ
D "0Y Ï M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2Ã:.I1iþ‰þ36ÿ K9" >12/þ>!†H2-.-.1EZ"06ÿ/þ3D"0/8E
">!†HJv;#ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvEZ>!†`„>1*@2K/.k4@nƒ2 5J 09" 4£þˆR2I"K1k-2:8"K@2<"K/8"
5M-/.2<þv?E
"K@2<D"¨"0/"jÿ
E 4£þ>1*/8"ŠŒ;./.J>5#"BJK2KIiÿZ"K>iþM5/8"%„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
C(Qinv )
Urqmd: 1D funkcja korelacyjna (bez pionow z rozpadu rezonansow)
2
1.8
Urqmd
fit
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
Qinv [GeV]
’þ@;./.*J õ &
$ïF ü *-./.2<þv?BEZ"0I2<D"›ŠŒ;./.J3>+#"ÆJK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/8"ĄlBAw¬vBA=ˆi1»?B2-¦ÿC;q½‡Iû3?A- „ŒÂn1»:.E
2K/Xƒ2 “:n2>!†.2-1 09" ¦
>iþv>!†i1dI2K1:"K-;i@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K‡ˆN2KÂ^ÿCEZ>1*2K/8"R1*":n2K?2> B9" ?4I2v-#þ%D"0Y Ï M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2R:8@1¦þ%þvÿ6 9" >1*2K/—þ>!†72-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"K/.EC¦
">!†jJv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†Æ„>1I2K/.R4@nƒ2 5J <9" 4£þ.ˆ2I"K1-.2K:8"#2<D"0/8"¨5*-/82<þ3?EZ"0I2<"k"0/8"pÿCEC4£þ>1*/8"kŠŒ;./.J>5#"PJK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/8"
„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
+ #&%(' lnm «
021435
$ ô öK'X÷Ha ô a8$
a ô ' õ X÷Ha ô a aK'
Xù úv;
Xù ú;8„Œ:.E
Ig2K4@/.ˆ
' ô a8$N÷Ha ô a $ ôª( öX÷Ha ô aKï
a ô {ï X÷Ha ô a8$
a ô)õ _w÷Ha ô a3_
‡½ Iû3?Aï ô 'w÷‰a ô _<ï
a ô ' õ ÷‰a ô aK'
õ
½‡Iû3?A-›„Œ:.E
I204@/8Mˆ
$ ô aK'X÷Ha ô a3_
a ô)õ 'X÷Ha ô a8$
Éy"0#Â ÿ
EZ>" õ &C$FyÀu2ƒ2 w/8"0/.E
wJ@:*%þv?/34!"jÿ
/þ>!† _ (* En?B2-¦ÿC2<þ>!†AD"0@4@2y@>ƒ E2+,#-%('EB«s„Œ:8EC*@204I/.X¦u/.E
‡w1E 9 4I2:n2;vD"0Y 9 :.E
2K/Xƒ2 Ð:n2v>!†82v-.1 K9" >iþ>!†%1dI2K1:"K-;k@*12K/"0/8ƒ2K‡ˆ
Ñ :.@1¦þv:8"K-Jv;ã1*"K"KJ>:4I2<"K/.E
"j-2»"0/8"pÿCE
1iþ»X@1iþ#4@JvEZ>!†ã:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 -.2v-8"<4@/8E
>!†ø„ŒnKƒ2 w/.E
1ký 4£þ>!†Æ:2>!†.2-1 K9" >Yþ>!†ã1
I2K1*:8"K-;PI1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2‡ˆg2KÂ8"A?2-¦ÿC-8"< 9" 1*"þ 1*ý 2K/.dD"0@4@2y@>ƒ Ex:.I2K?EC*/.E1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
"*?E 4I;< K9" >YK2%:.EC2/—þnFg?2v-.iÿuùXú;8
2R2KJK26ÿC2 a 6%v/8"04@2K?EZ"K#4½‡±Ò-."05^:n2K/8"-7-w;.JvI204I/.EC^wE *9 J#1¦þK& Ñ ?2-iÿ
;k½‡±Ò:.I2K?E
uƃ/ 1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿZ"¨?EC4@;¦
9" >Y2¨>1 K9" #4@JvE<5*#4N2 a 6rwE *9 J#1¦þ/.E 1‡ý Æ?2-i ÿ
;7ùXúv;v>2¨2-:n2<wEZ"K-."ï¨!"0¦1 þwE 9 J@15u2KÂ. 9 4@2y@>ƒ ED1ƒ nƒ2 -.ÿ6
":.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 ¦¼:n2045wE
!-1E
ÿ6C2B#E 9 wE M9 >‡:.Ii1 þv# ÿ
E 1ý 2K/8‡2@1*">2<D"0/.E
X:n2-."0/.Ð:n2-@21*-1*E
p" ÿC^ï8& ':n2-1*>1*"g"K/8j" ÿ
EC¦1 þA@21Jv6ÿZ"K-wƒ2 ÇJvI204@¦
/.2y@>ƒ E:.I204@2/XKƒ2 d 1*ý dÄ:.Ii1 þv# ÿ
E 1ý /8EC;P>14@I2KJvI204I/.ECwE 9 J#1M"B”E ÿ
2Lƒƒ >:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 Ð;>1M54I/.EZ>1 9" Y> þ>!†iÄI*"KJ>+5Etø?2-i ÿ
;
½‡±rq:2ƒ2 w/8"0/.E
;P1¨?2-i ÿ
?€ùXúv;‡@:2<2-;<5d2A4!"0JvELI"0?€>¦1 þ3/8/.ECJkwE *9 J#1 9" 2K 9 4@2y.ƒƒ >Ë#Jv#; ÿ
Ex2YK/.EZ54I5#Ì8
J34ƒ2 @#N/8"54 9 :.;<5d:8@2-;.J3>+#"REx?EZŒ#">1 K9" #4@*Jt&
Ñ :.@¦1 þv:8"K-Jv;R þ3J2K/8"K/.EZ"‡"0/j" ÿ
EC¦1 þD5*·- þv/.E
w·- ÿ
":.E
I204@—/ þ>!†:8EC2/XKƒ2 `„­>¦1 þÿ
E:.I2-;.JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†dYK6ÿMKƒ2 w/8ECD‰ þv/.E
Jv;
I2K1*:8"K-wƒ2 ‰#4@I;./ã:.E
IX@15yŠ"01*ECDI*"KJ>+5E}ˆy:.I2K?E
/.E
%1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6Z"1?/.E
5#@1*"<¼9" @E@w9 Ç:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.EC;B1X"0/j" ÿ
EC1X9" #- ÿ
"X@1iþ#¦
4IJ3EZ>!†»:.E
2K/Xƒ2 d&jÀN@¦1 þj>¦1 þv? @:8"-Js¾?2v-.i ÿ
;‰ùXúv;X5M54B/.EC*wEC¦ ÿCJvE„Œ1i' ô a.$Llnm -.2‰$ ôª( öglnmPˆ¾:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.E
;»1
?2-i ÿ
?¾½‡±º„Œ1^ï ô K'Nlnm -2%$ ô a'NlnmPˆ& ü "0JBwE
-8"u>Xƒ 1^:2ƒ2 w/8"0/8E
"dI2K1*Jvÿ
6 "-wKƒ2 Ç>1*"#;% þ3?!" 1Mý "0/.EZ"X#1¦þ54IJ3EZ>!†
:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 ø1*""0J>:4I2<"K—/ þv>!†i-2%"K/8j" ÿ
EC¦1 þs„% þ*& õ & õ ˆX2K!"01d:.E
2K/Xƒ2 øË#:.E
Ig2K4@—/ þ>!†8̄Œ þv*&Xï&C$$MˆDø?2-i ÿ
;ÃùXú;8‡:8@2K¦
-;8J>+#"%:.E
2K/Xƒ2 rr þv/.E
J3;j@21:8"-;Ã#4@I;./ÃJ2D8ƒ/ >i1 þ@E B9 :2'Nlnmf<Á0n"kÍ þv/.E
Jv;ÃI2K1:"K-;I1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2KøJK2D8ƒ/ >¦1 þP@E 9
:n2Ã$ õ lnmf0Á<& ƒ, 3ƒ2 -ÿ
6 2%r?2-i ÿ
;jù‡ú;8^?A"%wE *9 >R/.E
wE
i ÿ
B>1*"K@;/8"%1wE 9 J@1/8ECB#2KEZ>!†I2K1?EZ"0nKƒ2 d&ù‡"<4I2K?EZ"K#4
:n2KnKƒ2 w/v;< 9" >¼4@XI"0?DI2K1JvÿZ6 "K·- þd·- ÿZ"?2v-.i ÿ
;½‡±ÃÆwE
-."u>0ƒ 1*ý D:.EC2—/ þ¨Ë#:.E
I204@/8*Ìx:8@2-;.J2<"K/.g ^9" ã þv/.E
Jv;RI2K1¦
:8"-;R#4@I;./-2>1*"#;Ba ô _=lnmf<Á<<":.I2v-.;.J>5#"‡:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 H1DI2K1:"K-;¨I1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2K»JK2D8ƒ/ >¦1 þd#E D9 :2$ õ aNlnmf<Áw„Œ‰£4 þv?Í-D"
?A"0J@EC?A"^:.I2v-.;.J>55E­FL`$*aglnmf0Á=Ç þ3/8ECJv;B@21:8"-;I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2H?1*2K/.2< þ>!†¨E.:n2A$*aaNlnmf<Á¼Ç þv/.ECJv;B@21:8"-;
I1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2qÂ8"0IE
2K/.2< þ>!†ˆ&RË #; ÿ
"k2KY/.EZ54!"KÌ^?E 4I;< K9" >*"P>1 9" 54IJvE¼?"iwE *9 >1*/8"K>1/.E
wE M9 >5>1M"K@;j/8"P1*wE *9 J#1*/.E
@g2E
>!†k@21?EZ"0nKƒ2 ƦN#4gK9" -%4I"KJ%-!"0?A"<£4 þ>1—/ þ„Œ:.!"wE
õ ¦¢JvI204@—/ þ.ˆNw1I2#4:.I2K?E
/.EZ"»1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6Z".&
ù‡"05# ÿ
E 1Mý #1M"%D"0@4@2y@>ƒ EL*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
/.5^:.@2?EC*/.E
"Ð1ƒ nƒ2 -.ÿ6
"k?EC4@;<N9" >Y2k:8EC2/ þã7„ +,#-%('i]ò$ ô öK'÷Æa ô a.$Llnmˆu5M54
wE *9 >N"K#4I2Lƒƒ >¼204I@¦1 þ3?A"K/8"X·- ÿZ"X?2-i ÿ
;Rù‡ú;8u-·ÿZ"X:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 »Ë#:8EC*@204I/ þ>!†8̦ þv:.I2v-.;.JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†^ þvÿ6 K9" >1/.E
NH þv/.E
Jv;
I2K1*:8"K-;i54I@;8Ô
/ ÿ
;.Â-I2K#: ÿ
4nKƒ2 ÐÒ:2>1 <9" 4IJK2<5¼Š"K1E
d@M"0J>55E¼7„ +,#-%('d]r$ ôª( öX÷Ha ô aKïglnmˆ±&
ü "0Jk4@271*2#4I"0ÿ6
27:n2<wECM-1EZ"0/8dq:2-I2K1M-1EZj" ÿ
¨'.& '.& 'A/8"A:"0!"0?4IXJK2†.I/8>55Ed1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
ñ
" «j?A"Aw:.6ÿ/þvqwEC¦ ÿCR>i1 þv/¦
ý
/.E
JDKƒ2 dvwE *9 >4@I;8-/82^5M54Xw/8EC23#J2<"u>Xƒ ·- ÿZ"K>1*Y2‡5*YK2"K#4I2LI>ƒ E 9" E
/./.d/.E 1¨·- ÿZ"BJ#:n þv?/34@;x&
øFùYúFù98
:;=<>?@ABRÿC?@ ý
" yÿ
^2-."<4IJK2<þ>!†7E
/ŠŒ2KI?A"K>+5E2J@14I"Kÿ
6 >ECj1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
"R?2 1*ý -.2#4I"0!>1¦þN>‡ƒ "0/"jÿ
EC1M"¨4Iƒ2 5þ3?EZ"0I2<g#¼ŠŒ;./.J3>+5ExJ2KIiÿZ"K>YþM5/.#&
ŽvJv6ÿZ"K-2<w: M9 -;k>1 9" 54IJ—Â þvÿ/6 þ"K/8j" ÿ
E
12<D"0/.DÓ;.JvÿZ6 "K-1*ECR 0~œ ´ ‚±{ ™´ •C 0|3”P„:8"<4I@1X:"0!"0?4I%þv1*">+#"À=!"<4@4I"0¦o@4II>!†8"
:n2v-.@21*-1&P'8& '8& _ˆ±& Ñ @1iþ54IJvECA:.I205*J>55ŠŒ;./.J>55EgJ2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þ*5—/ þ>!†Ã/"1*"-."0/ 9" @Jvÿ6
"-2< k9" J34I2K!"knƒ2 1*ý /.EZY> þÃ: *9 -.;
1*2#4I"0ÿ/6 þ þvJ2K/8"K/.D:.@¦1 þRnKƒ2 w/82v>1M#/—þv?r2KÂt>E *9 >EC;A:n2K1*2#4I"Kÿ”6 þ>!†A-ƒ2 >!†7@Jvÿ6
"-2< þ>!†R/"d"K#4I2Lƒƒ >D:2/.E 1ý 5='/a 8øc<egf<Á0&
Ñ :.ÿ/6 þvÒ2-.-.1EZ"0ÿ/6 þ3D"Pƒ/ Jv#; ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†i/8"AJ@14I"Kÿ6 4wŠŒ;8/.J>55E˜JK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5—/ þ>!†k:n2KJ<"01M"0/.2/8"7% þ*& õ &C$ õ E õ &
$ .Y-.1E
:.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.2H:8@2K5J>554Iƒ2 5 þ3?EZ"0I2<g#AŠŒ;.Jv/.J>55EJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.57;.¦1 þ#J<"0/8j1»-."K/ þ>!†Ä1j?2-i ÿ
Ed:.Ii1 þÓ:n2K?2Y> þ
?4I2·- þHD"0Y Ï M-/.EZ>!J3E
Y2j1w6ÿ K9" >12/ þv?lE J þvÿ6 9" >1*2K—/ þv?BEg2-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"K/.EZ"0?EDJ3^; ÿC2?Ân2<X#JvE
?BE¢&ÐÀu2-2KÂ8/.ECR#"0JÇ·- ÿZ"
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
a
5M-/.2<þv?E
"K@2<5ŠŒ;./.J3>+5EDJK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/.#¨wE
-."u>%ƒ 2-:—þ>!†8"0 K9" >Yþsw:.6ÿ/þv‹2-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"Hƒ/ Jv;#ÿ
2K?Ân2<X@J3EZ>!†»/8"j:8"0þ»-20¦
-."04@/.EZ>!†i:.EC2/XKƒ2 d.>2A:2<2-;<52KÂ8/.E 1*ý /.E
ŠŒ*J4I;PJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.Y2R·- ÿZ"?A"06ÿ/þv>!†i: *9 -wƒ2 Äw1*pY ÿ *9 -—/ þ>!†x&¼‡; 1ý dÂ.ÿ6 *9 ·- þi·- ÿZ"
:.I205*J>55E3/"@Jvÿ
6 "-2< “9" •C 0|3”R·- ÿ
"D"0@4@2y@>ƒ 4E DFE&G %H ãa ô '=bdc<eÄ þv/.E
J"0 ‡9" 1D2Ân>E M9 >EZ"^/"^:n2@:.E
*@1/.2yƒƒ > Xa ô)õ oã·koãa ô)õ &
ÉLƒ2 5 þ3?EZ"0I2<giŠŒ;./8J>+5sJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.:.Ii1 þÆ; ¦1 ý þ>E
;Ó?B4@2·- þÓD"0Y Ï *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2H#- ÿ
"‰ þ3ÿ6 K9" >12/ þ>!†
2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"ƒ/ Jv#; ÿ
2K?Ân2<X@J3EZ>!†A12354!"0ÿ/6 þB-.2K:8"#2<D"0/.X-.2R"0/j" ÿ
E £4 þ>1*/.5¼:n2#4I">E4@nƒ2 5 þv?E
"K@2<5yŠŒ;./.J3>+5EnJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.5
r:"0!"0?4I% þv1*">+5EuÀ=!"<4@4I"<a¦ @4II>!†8"2K:8E
I"0/.#‡nKƒ2 w/8"K/.EC*? „'8&C$ ( ˆ±&Bù‡"i þv*& õ &C$ ( E õ &C$Mö%:.I1M-.#4I"wE
2K/.27:8@2K5J>55
-2:8"K@2<D"0/.#ŠŒ;.J3>+5EJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.5B2v-.:2<wE
*-/8EC2‰#- ÿ
"»?2-¦ ÿCEùXú;8k2K!"01½‡±Ã&w‡4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.1Ã-.2K:8"#2<D"0/.EZ"
D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E3:8@2?BE
/8E + GJI îLKNM #POQ K E-G %H^2K!"01D:8"0!"0?4@I;RJ2K†.*@*/8>+5E1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -ÿ6
‰" «A:8@1**#4I"wE
2K/.2‰4!"0Âx& õ &)_&uÀu2-2KÂ8/.ECy#"KJ
:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;¨5M-/.2< þv?E
"K@2<5¼ŠŒ;./8J>+5E˜JK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.5N2Â8"B?2v-.i ÿ
-8"< B9" 1— þ34X-; 1ý s1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
2RÄ:2ƒ2 w/8"0/.E
;i1-8"0—/ þv?BE
*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
—/ þ3?Ex„2K:.nƒ2 >1X"K#4I2LI>ƒ E + E-G %Hd·- ÿ
"¨?B2-¦ ÿC;kùXú;8!ˆ±& Ñ "0@4@2y@>ƒ E8·- ÿZ"¨?2-i ÿ
;7ùXúv;g d9" #Â ÿ
E 1Mý #1*‡-."K/ þv?
*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
—/ þ3? /.E 1¨ý ·- ÿZ"B?B2-¦ ÿC;½‡±R&
021435
ùXú;8
½X!û?A+ GJI î lnm $ ô)õ öX÷Ha ô a3_ _ ô ï3öw÷‰a ô &a ' ô ï ( ÷Ha ô 'Kï
+ M #POQ< lnm $ ô)õ $N÷Ha ô a8$ _ ô ?a w÷‰a ô aKö $ ô ö ÷Ha ô K$ +RE-G %H lnm $ ôª( $N÷Ha ô a3_
$ ô õ _D÷‰a ô a _ ô 3_w÷Ha ô ' (
«
a ô ' õ ï‡÷Ha ô aaK' a ô _D÷‰a ô a_ a ô ''X÷Ha ô aKï
ÉL"KÂ#ÿCEZ>" õ &)_F¼Àu2ƒ2 w/8"0/.E
‡*J#:nþv?B*/34I"jÿ
/—þ>!† _ (* Ex?2-¦ÿC2<þ>!†%D"0@4@2y@>ƒ E+FGJI î + M #POQ >+RE-G %H E«
ó /34@*@M#;< 9" >kÂþv6ÿ
2K—þ›:2ƒ2 w/8"0/8ECk"K#4I2LI>ƒ EN:8@2?BE
/8E71*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿD‹:.I1iþv:8"-Jv;‰"0/"jÿ
EC1*2<"K/.E
"Pþv6ÿ K9" >1/.E
%:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 /.E
Ã:n2>!†.2-1X9" >Yþ>!†Æ1ÃI2K1*:8"K-;ÓI1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2Kdy5*-/"0JÇ1j:n2<g2-;Ó1*—þ4i?A"06ÿ
5%-23549 :./.#%54!"<4£þ#4£þ3JvE‡-.2K:8"#2<D"0/.E
4Iƒ2 5 þ3?EZ"0I2<g#¨ŠŒ;./.J3>+5E^JK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.5B/.ECàþv6ÿ
2»?2 i1 ý ÿ
E
g&Òù^"<5:.!"X-2K:n2-2KÂ8/.EC#‡5M-/8"0Jø„Œ1Ã:2<2-;Ó#1¦þ3Â8J3E
Y2
1M"0JK2D8ƒ/ >1*/.EZ"R:.@2>*ƒ2K`:8@2-;.J3>+5E˜>1 9" 54IJ%Ò þv/.E
J3;I2K1*:8"K-.;i#4@I;./ˆk1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿ
2"K/8j" ÿ
2KYE
>1/.E
#"0JkÒ:8@¦1 þ3:"K-Jv;B5*-v¦
/.2< þv?EZ"0I2<g#nŠŒ;8/.J>55E3J2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þ*5/85˜>!†8"KI"KJ4I þv12<D"06ÿ
2K—Â þX#E D9 ?/.EC###1¦þv?BEvI2K1*?BEZ"0!"0?E3Ev þvÿ/6 þv þd2/.# ÿCE 1*ý @1D-."K/ þv?
*Jv@:n þ3?*/4!j" ÿ
—/ þ3?P&
^:.nƒ2 >1Â*1w1uY ÿ M9 -/.*YK2H:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.EZ"j2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0—/ þ>!†Æ"K#4I2LI>ƒ EXEZ54I204I/.75M54k4I"0J 1*ý :2ƒ2 w/8"0/8ECI2K1*?BEZ"0nKƒ2 ò
JvE
I;./.Jv;%:n2-ÿ6C; 1ý —/ þv?Î7„ +RE-G %H ˆgEx:2:.I1*>1—/ þv?…7„ +FGI îLKSM #&OQ ˆ±&=À=I2K?E
uTƒ/ +E-G %H 1M"wEC*I"RnKƒ2 w/.E
1ý EC/.ŠŒ2KI?">+ 9 2@21?EC¦
"K@1*u K9" -!"d1ÿ6
204!"d:.I1M#1¦þ4IY21M-I1*"0 K9" i> þ3?º#E X9 1^/.EC?¾-*;4@*@2/.?P&u{ ÿZ"¨-."K—/ þv>!†A1^J@:*% þv?/34@;7ŽÉy‘‡’`@21?EZ"0 þ
:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Ä1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6Z"» »9" ?/.EC###1*/.E 1ý :n2v-.ÿC6 ; 1*ý —/ þKX/8"04@2?BEZ"K#4%·- ÿZ"»2KÂ8;Ó?B2-¦ ÿCE„Œ1à þ* 09" 4@JvE
? @21?E
"K@U
; + M #POQ ˆ4I2
ý
ý
wÿ6Z"˜@/ƒ .E
^I2K1*?BEZ"0D:n2-ÿC6 ; 1—/ þd5*#4XJvKƒ2 4I@1iþA/.E 1:2:.I1*>1/.&
2 i1 ý ÿ
EC5*#4%:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.ECP1 þv/.E
J<"0?E _0ö ?B2-¦ ÿC2<D"0/8E
"sJK2@¦ ÿ
">+5EwEZ-/3£4 þ>1*—/ þv>!†Ç:.E
2K/Xƒ2 :8@2-;.J2<"K—/ þv>!†
Í>/34@!j" ÿ
—/ þ>!†‰„­p7oø'glnmPˆ‡1*-*@1*/.EZ"K>!†j1ÿ
6 204I20¦ 1ÿ6
204@2k·- ÿ
"i*/.IYKE
EN[ \A] _KaKa=bdc<egf<h»:.Ii1 þ; ¦1 ý þv>EC;s?2-i ÿ
;s’X
„I<|3”3•wž ™ •C0œ­}{ ÜM{Z‚±œ­n{ ØGó~8<|8œ¢~zrzA • ™ Ø~ •C<žX0{}|n<zBn{ ؂Mˆ±& , -2K:8"#2<D"0/8E
"X-.2‡4Iƒ2 5 þ3?EZ"0I2<g#ŠŒ;./.J3>+5EJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.#¼„­'.&
$ ( ˆ
2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.2B/8"K#4 *9 :.;< 9" >dI2K1?EZ"0 þÆ1ƒ nƒ2 -.ÿ6
"8F + GJI î ] 8ô Kï^÷ãa ô $*'Nlnms + M #&OQ‡] õ.ô õ X÷‰a ô $MaE + E-G %(H¨]Å$_ ô ï3_w÷ãa ô a_.&
Ñ £4 þv?Î:.Ii1 þv:8"-Jv;jwE *9 >KL:8@1**>E
w/.E
A-2 þv/.E
Jƒ2 Í?2-i ÿ
2<D"0/.EZ"i1*-*@1*y›ƒ/ -;4II2K/¦ 1ÿ6
204I28xI2K1*?E
"KdÅJvE
I;./.Jv;
:n2-6ÿC; 1ý —/ þv?q5*#4X?/.EC###1¦þ7/.E 1dý `:n2K:.I1M>1*/ þv?P&
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku side
2
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku long
C(Qlong)
2
C(Qside)
C(Qout)
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku out
2
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
1
1
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qout[GeV] QsideQlong<30MeV/c
$
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qside[GeV] Qout,Qlong<30MeV/c
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qlong[GeV] Qout,Qside<30MeV/c
’ þ@;./.*J õ &
$ õ Fg2-¦ÿLù‡ú;8*FN:.I205*J>+54Iƒ2 5þv?BEZ"0I2<5NŠŒ;8/.J>55E˜JK2@¦ÿ
">YþM5/.#„nBAD¬VBANˆD2Â#ÿ
E
>12K/85D:.@1¦þk; 1iý þ>E
;
?4I2-·þP"KY Ï M-/.EZ>!JvEC*YK27/8"k#Jv6ÿZ"K-2<:Wn¹±˜\ Q3cBE Ÿ hWV»„>1*Ig2/—þ%¦Dþvÿ6 9" >12/.2-.-.1EZ"06ÿ/þ3D"0/8E
"Jv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvEC
/.E
Â8ECM#JvEt¦=w6ÿ K9" >1*2K/.2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.EZ"Jv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvECˆ
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku side
2
Coul Off
Coul On
1.8
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku long
C(Qlong)
2
C(Qside)
C(Qout)
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku out
2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
1
1
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qout[GeV] QsideQlong<30MeV/c
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qside[GeV] Qout,Qlong<30MeV/c
Coul Off
Coul On
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qlong[GeV] Qout,Qside<30MeV/c
’ þ@;./.*J õ &C$ Ï Fu2-iÿx½‡Iû3?A-Fu:.I205*J>+5X4@nƒ2 5þv?E
"K@2<5uŠŒ;./.J3>+5EJ2KIiÿZ"K>YþM5/.#‡„lBAD¬vBANˆg2KÂ#ÿ
E
>12/.5=:.I1iþA; 1iý þ>E
;
?4I2-·þP"KY M-/.EZ>!JvEC*YK27/8"k#Jv6ÿZ"K-2<:Wn¹±˜\ Q3cBE Ÿ hWV»„>1*Ig2/—þ%¦Dþvÿ6 9" >12/.2-.-.1EZ"06ÿ/þ3D"0/8E
"Jv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvEC
/.E
Â8ECM#JvEt¦=w6ÿ K9" >1*2K/.2-.-1*E
"Kÿ”6 þvD"0/.EZ"Jv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvECˆ
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd©
Ü Þy@ß×DÖá×“à ‘Ã߇Û^ßXÚ5⧑Ç޼߇Ú5à,×“à ‘Èá‰×DÙâ/×!‘BۇßXÚ5ÛÒÚDÙXۇßÞ3âDãrÙ×äå à ‘Ú5Û^Ùâ=Øtۏ˜ßÞ3âDã
1.8
Nexus
fit
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku long
2
1.8
Nexus
fit
C(Qlong)
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku side
2
C(Qside)
C(Qout)
Nexus: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku out
2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
1
1
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Qout[GeV] QsideQlong<30MeV/c
_
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Qside[GeV] Qout,Qlong<30MeV/c
Nexus
fit
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Qlong[GeV] Qout,Qside<30MeV/c
’ þ@;./.*J õ &
$ ( F^2-iÿ=ù‡ú;8*F‡:.I205*J>+54@nƒ2 5þv?E
"K@2<5wŠŒ;8/.J>55E¼JK2KIiÿZ"K>iþM5/.5¨„lBAX¬VBA=ˆ^2KÂ#ÿ
EZ>12/.5^1*"k:2?B2> 9"
?4I2-·þ»"KY Ï *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2j:.I1iþ»þv6ÿ 9" >1*2K/—þ>!†H2-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"K/.EZ"K>!†HJv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†»/8"›@Jvÿ
6 "-2<g¥W¹±D\ Q3cPE Ÿ hWV
„­>1*@2K/8‡4Iƒ2 5J 09" 4£þ.ˆ=2I"K1^:.I205*J>55-2:8"K@2<D"0/.#=4@nƒ2 5þv?E
"K@2<5N"K/8"jÿ
EC4£þv>1/.#=ŠŒ;./.J3>+5ExJ2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/85^„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
Urqmd
fit
2
1.8
Urqmd
fit
C(Qlong)
1.8
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku long
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku side
2
C(Qside)
C(Qout)
Urqmd: projekcja 3D f. korel. w kierunku out
2
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
1
1
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qout[GeV] QsideQlong<30MeV/c
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qside[GeV] Qout,Qlong<30MeV/c
Urqmd
fit
0.8
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
Qlong[GeV] Qout,Qside<30MeV/c
’ þ@;./.*J õ &
$*ö8Fg2-¦ÿL½‡Iû3?A-F:.@2K5J3>+54@nƒ2 5þv?E
"K@2<5gŠŒ;./.J3>+5E˜J2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/85d„lBAD¬VBAgˆD2KÂ#ÿ
EZ>12/.5w1M":2?B2> 9"
?4I2-·þ»"KY Ï *-/8E
>!JvE
YK2j:.I1iþ»þv6ÿ 9" >1*2K/—þ>!†H2-.-1EZ"06ÿ/þv"K/.EZ"K>!†HJv;#ÿ
2K?RÂ2<X@JvE
>!†»/8"›@Jvÿ
6 "-2<g¥W¹±D\ Q3cPE Ÿ hWV
„­>1*@2K/8‡4Iƒ2 5J 09" 4£þ.ˆ=2I"K1^:.I205*J>55-2:8"K@2<D"0/.#=4@nƒ2 5þv?E
"K@2<5N"K/8"jÿ
EC4£þv>1/.#=ŠŒ;./.J3>+5ExJ2KIiÿZ"K>iþ*5/85^„/.EC*Â.E
*@J3E}ˆ
¯±°¡²³°¡´µ·¶ ¸YX
®
»
äæå
ÈZ
ã
äéê
ëÿ lÁ ç
Ñ .: !"K>Yþd:8@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/.2^E.:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.2>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1*#4@I1*/./—þXI2K1ƒ2 L1M-I1*/.E
"N K9" -.=-*;4@*@;BE.16ÿ
204!":.@1¦þ¨/8IYKE
E
[ \^]`_0aa=bdc<egfhÃÄ2:.E
@E
-.ƒ2 >!†i?B2-¦ÿCE¢F¼ùXúv;wEx½X!û3?-x&
À=!"K>*"%@Jvÿ6
"-."%@E 9 1-ƒ2 >!†s1*"@"-/.EZ>¦1 þv>!†>1 n9 @>ƒ E­& Ñ :.E
IX#1*5t4I2KI£4 þ>1/.#:.@1**-.#4I"wE
2K/827?2v-.i ÿ
BI*"KJ>55E
ý
>E@ 9 1JvE
>!†52/XKƒ2 ø; ¦1 ý þv"K/.ECq:.I"Y> þtFwùXúv;‡2I"K1¨½X!û?A-&‡2-."04@J2<g2A2:.E
I"0/827?4@2-¼R9 EC/34I@ŠŒI2K?4I@E
E=K9" -.@2<5
#"KJK2BYKÿ6MKƒ2 w/ R9" ?4@2- d9 Â"K-."D>1 9" #4@2@2<D"0/ 9" Ä:.!"Ki> þK&
Ñ -I;.YKE
5A>1 9 I>ƒ EX:.!"Ki> þ‰:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.2›:.I2v>**?BEZ5E‡:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 §2K!"01>1 K9" #4@*J‰/8"052K£n>E
5:.@2-;8JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†‰
I*"KJ>+5E¢¼>¦1 þÿ
E:.EC2/XKƒ2 d&»Àu2ƒ2 w/8"0/.2PI2K1*J36ÿZ"K#- þj:8"KI"K?4@I;»1*-.I1/8E
"8=>2Ã:n2K1*gu2 ÿCE
ÿ
6 2 þ#;./ u9" >7ƒ w/8EC23#*Jn 1*ý %1M"0E
?R¦
#: ÿ
?*/4I2<"K/8"AÅ?B2-¦ ÿC;›ùXú;8YK!"0/.EZ>"¨ K9" -!"¨5M54Â8"KI-1*EC#‡Ë#I2K1*V? þ34I"Ìw/.E 1Rý Å?2v-.i ÿ
;s½‡Iû3?A-&Rù^"%:n2-.#4I"wE
:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.EZ"‡I2K1*J3ÿ6Z"K-XKƒ2 HJvI204@/82LI>ƒ E:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ‰2K!"01:.E
2K/Xƒ2 ãEE
>!†1Mj" ÿ
1ý /82LI>ƒ Ev2-A>/34IIp" ÿC/.2y@>ƒ Ev2@1*"K>2<"K/.28 1*ý w2KÂ8@1*"K
*?BEZ5E3>1 K9" #4@*JH?2v-.i ÿ
;½X!û3?-?A"XH:.Ii1 þv#Â ÿ
E 1ý /8EC;¨ï^I"Ki1 þwE *9 J#1 X9" 2KÂ. 9 4@2yƒƒ >=/.E 1ý »?2-i ÿ
;Rù‡ú;8*0>2‡:n2045wE
!-1¦
E
ÿ6C2B#E ‡9 :n2-.>1M"Kg"0/8p" ÿCE
i1 þB:.I2K?EC*/.EtR¿ Dɏ&3ù^"K#4 *9 :./.E
‡:.I1M"0/8p" ÿCE
12<D"0/.2I2K1*J36ÿZ"K#- þR>1M"K@2<g2K¦¢:8@1**#4@I1/8/.K0@1*>1Ygpƒ2 ÿ
/ 9"
Ip2 ÿ d9 1w!"K>*"< K9" >/"A1*p" ÿC 1ý /.2yƒƒ >d>1*"K@2< R9" :n2>!†.2-1*/.EZ"7>1 K9" #4@JtFD-2%?2?B*/34@;»\$ [Ç_=lnmf<Ád>1 9" 54IJ3E˜:2>!†.2-1 A9" 1I2K1¦
:8"-;ã#4@I;./xg":X¼ƒ2 1ƒ /.E
51iI2K1:"K-;HI1*2K/8"K/8ƒ2Kdu:.Ii1 þH>¦1 þv? ‹?2v-.i ÿ
;ã½X!û3?A-H?A"0J@EC?A"I2K1*:8"K-.;H@*12/8"0/8ƒ2K
?1*2K/.2< þ>!†B:2R>1*"#E
$*aNlnmf<ÁgE8Â"0IEC2/.2< þ>!†R:n2¨>1M"K@ECd$MaKaNlnmf<Á<&Lù‡"K#4 *9 :./.E
X:.I1M"0/8p" ÿCE
12<D"0/.2^@21Jv6ÿZ"K·- þ¨: *9 -.;
Eg/.*@YECE=2I"K1A:23#:8ECM#1*/.2LI>ƒ E¢L:8@¦1 þj>¦1 þv?Î/8"05:.E
Iº:n2KJ<"K1*"0/82@21Jvÿ
6 "·- þ÷- ÿZ"X@1iþ#4@JvE
>!†»:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 dL"/8"K#4*9 :./.E
5M·- þv/.EC·- ÿZ"B:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 Ó;8>1M54I/.E
>1 9" Y> þ>!†7`I*"KJ>55E­v>2B:21p2 ÿ
ECÿ
6 21M"02Â8#*@2<D"u>Dƒ 1/8ECJ<"< 9" >?A"0J#E
?A"2-%:.@2K4@2/XKƒ2 Ë@2KÂ8@I"04@2ƒ2 XÌuÄ2JKp2 ÿ
EZ>"K>!†i-; ¦1 ý þv>!†iD"0@4@2yI>ƒ EÂn1*w1uY ÿ M9 -—/ þv>!†i#JvÿZ6 "K-2<5: M9 -;©¯Ex:23#:8ECM#1*/.2LI>ƒ Et·t.:.Ii1 þi>i1 þv?
4IR?A"0J@EC?A"%r?2v-.i ÿ
;j½X!û3?A-—Â þ3ÿ/6 þÂ8"KI-1*EC#X@21À? þ4I/.E 1Bý r?2v-.i ÿ
;jùXú;8^¦:.I204I2K—/ þP;.1/""K/.¨:.I1*1R?2-i ÿ
ù‡ú;8g1*"¨2Â8@I"04@2KnKƒ2 ãÐ?2-i ÿ
;%ùXú;8;8>1**#4@/.EZ>1 d9" ÐI*"0J3>+5E¢3>2R-."05‡wE *9 >5=/8IYKE
En-2354 9 :./85N-2R:.@2-;8J>+5E
>1 K9" #4@*Jt.>2A:n2KJ<"01M"0/.2/8"I2K1*J3ÿ6Z"K-8"K>!†7:n2@:.E
*@1/.2y@>ƒ E:.EC2/XKƒ2 d&gù‡"K#4 *9 :./.E
d204I@¦1 þ3?A"K/.2@21Jv6ÿ
"·- þA?A"K%þ7:n2K:.I1M>1/85
:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 d.J<"02/XKƒ2 ÒE˜:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 Ò2K!"01d-2K:"K@2<"K/.2RX@:Xƒ2 ÿ6
>i1 þv/./.E
J%/8">!—† þÿ
/8E
"B£4 þ>!†P@21Jvÿ6Z"K-wƒ2 dEC/34@*@:8@4@2<D"0—/ þd#"0J2
4I?:*I"04@;.!"¨ŠŒJ3£4 þvw/8".F¼·- ÿZ"B:.E
2K/Xƒ2 Ð"K#4I2LI>ƒ Et12KÂ.;i?2-i ÿ
Ex R9" :n2v-.2KÂ././8"<4I2K?EZ"K#4w#- ÿ
"RJ<"02K/‡Kƒ2 ÐEx:8@2K4@2K/‡Kƒ2 Ð 9"
nƒ2 1*ý /.K& Ñ þvJvI%ÿƒ C2/.2%nKƒ2 w/.E
1ý -w;v þv?E
"K@2<†.EZ#4@2KYI"KV? þP¸ H¹^·- ÿZ"i:.E
2K/Xƒ2 dx>2i:2J"K1*"KÿC6 2 1ý Í?2-i ÿ
;›ùXú;8
:.E
2K—/ þ¨ ‡9" *?E 4I2<"K/.N:n2>1 09" 4@J2<g2X1DÂ8"KI-.12^>/34@!j" ÿ
/.*YK2‡2Â8@1*"0I;x<"^/8"K#4 *9 :./.E
g1DÂ.I1*YK2< þ>!†xM2v-8-.j" ÿZ"< 9" Y> þ>!†@E 9 2K¦
@1*"Kƒ2 ø„:*w/.:2-2Â.E
y8ƒ/ #45g2-2B?2v-.i ÿ
Et£4 þ3:8;%—† þ-@2·- þv/8"K?E
>1/.*YK23ˆ& Ñ ?B2-¦ ÿC;P½X!û3?A-7?EZŒ#"^5M54w/8"04@2K?EZ"K#4
5M-/.2KI2-/8"RÒ>1*"#E
^E˜:.@1**#4@I1*/.E­&
, -*@1*/.EZ"d 9" --*;4@*@;jE¼1ÿ
6 204I"%— þ3ÿ/6 þ þvJK2/ þvD"0/.rJ@:*% þv?/8>ECŽÉy‘‡’ò„Œ/8"05 þ 1Mý #1M"72ÂM>/.E
R-2354 9 :./"
*/.IYKEZ"›1*-*@1*/.EZ"‰[ \ã] _0aa=bdc<egfh˜ˆB“_KaKa'jI2KJv;xw/8ECM54I£4 þÆ-2»4@#7:2% þÇ2K:8;.# ÿ
ECJ2<"K/.2›/.EC*wEC¦ ÿCà þ3/8ECJDKƒ2 d&
ü *-/ 9" 1/.E
wE
i ÿ
;k2:.;.#Â ÿ
E
JK2<D"0—/ þ>!†7>!†8"0!"0J34@*% þ#4£þvJX5*#4w1*p" ÿC 1ý /.2yƒƒ >^54I2@;./.JvÔ
; ÿ
EZ>1—Â þA:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 ÓEx"0/3£4 þv:.I204@2/XKƒ2 Ð-.2
'
Öd×XØtÙdØnÚ5Ûd^
Ü ]{@ß×DÙ å _ á‰×“‘Rۇ߇Ú5â
ï
/8"K6ÿ
"-2<D"0/—þ>!†s†"K-I2K/Xƒ2 ‹1*"pÿC 1ý /.2y@>ƒ Eg2-H: *9 -.;ã:n2K:.I1M>1*/.Y28&›‘X/8"pÿC2YKEZ>1/ 9" >!†8"0!"0J34Iþv#4£þvJ A9 þvJK2/8"0/82Ã-·ÿZ"
Â8"-."0—/ þ>!†A?2-i ÿ
EEt2K4@Ii1 þv?A"0/.2¨Â"0!-12>EC*J<"þBþv/.E
JtFLw1*Ypÿ *9 -/"¨:.I2-;.J>5#"d:.I204I2K/Xƒ2 Ç`2v-./.ECM#E
/8EC;%-.2RX@1iþ#¦
4IJ3EZ>!†›†8"K-.@2/XKƒ2 Ä5*#4R·- ÿZ": *9 -wƒ2 º:n2K:8@1**>1*—/ þv>!†i© ¤Ío $ ô _=bdcef<Á:.!"wEZ-ÿ6C2<2i2K:.EZ«þvD"0/8"i:.I1*17?2-i ÿ½X!û?A-
/8"04@2?BEZ"K#4D:2< þ 1ý #N4I5D"K#4I2LI>ƒ Et:.I11?2-i ÿ˜ù‡ú;8*&
ù‡"05" 1ý /.E
5#@1 »9" >1 n9 @>ƒ E »9" :8I"Y> þÇ þv6ÿ
2H:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.ECÃJ#:n þv?/34Ip" ÿC—/ þ>!†ã:8@2?BE
/8E¿ É 1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿZ"»-2-."<4I/.E
>!†`:.E ¦
2/XKƒ2 2K!"01i:.@2?EC*/.EXR¿ DÉ 204@Ii1 þv?A"0—/ þ>!†ã#- ÿ
"jŠŒ;./.J3>+5EXJ2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þ*5—/ þ>!†H1-."K—/ þv>!†Ç?2-i ÿ
2< þ>!†‰2K^ ÿCEZ>1*2K—/ þ>!†‰:.Ii1 þ
; ¦1 ý þ>E
;Ã?4I2v#- þ"KY8t:.Ii1 þ>¦1 þ3?Ê2:.nƒ2 >1B"0/8p" ÿCE
1R#- ÿ
"kX#1¦þ54IJ3EZ>!†:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 r þvJK2/8"0/827ƒ2 w/.E
1Rý "K/8j" ÿ
E
i1 þ·- ÿZ"%:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 /.E
:n2>!†.2-1X9" Y> þ>!†%1dI2K1*:8"K-.;kI1*2K/8"K/88ƒ2d&N^Â8"B?B2-¦ ÿC¨-8"<=9" 1— þ34X-; 1*ý ¨"K#4I2LI>ƒ Et:.I2K?E
/.EZ"H1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6Z"Ò:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"0¦
/.E
;Ã1A-."K—/ þ3?EuJ@:*% þv?/34!j" ÿ
/ þv?Eg9„ +R#&%('%] $ ô ö'^÷Æa ô a.$ylnmPˆn:8@¦1 þP>i1 þv?…nƒ2 1*ý /.E
>*"AÍ:8@¦1 þ3:"K-Jv;?2-i ÿ
;›ùXú;8
9„ +R#&%('B]r' ô a.$÷ãa ô a lnmPˆw/.EC‡5*#4‡4!"0J-; 1Mý "#"0JPq?2-i ÿ
;ýX!û3?A-H7„ +,#-%.'B]øï ô '^÷Ça ô _<ïlnmPˆ&X’w2K1*?BEZ"0 þÐ1ƒ nƒ2 -*ÿ6
:.E
2K/‡Kƒ2 Ó/.E
:n2>!†.2-1 9" Y> þ>!†A1^I2K1*:8"K-.;7@*12/8"0/8ƒ2KÆ 9" 1*/8"K>1/.E
‡?/.E
5#@11^;vD"0YE8/8"4@2 1*ý >!†"0!"0J34@*% þv1;0 Ã9" 1ƒ nƒ2 -ÿ6
2
Ò:2>1 <9" 4IJK2< þv?P/.E
nKƒ2 w/.2<D"0Y2< þ3?¾#4I"-EC;8?§I*"0J3>+5EN„/8"<5:8I"X-2:2-Â8/.EC#·- ÿZ"<4IY2B þ#4 *9 :.;< 9" /.E
*#4I"0£4 þv#4£þ>1*/.
)8;8J4I;8"K>55ŠŒ;./.J>55ExJK2@¦ ÿ
"Y> þM5/.#3?2 i1 ý ÿ
EC5*#4¼5*-/8"KJ7:n2KnKƒ2 w—/ þv"K/.EC#1*I2KJ2LI>ƒ Et@"K?B*YK2BŠŒ*J4I;PJK2KIi ÿZ"Ki> þM5/.Y2
>i ÿ
;k:n2KnKƒ2 w/8"K/.EZ"I2K1*?BEZ"0nKƒ2 ò1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -ÿZ6 "ˆ±&
/.E
5#@1*"ƒ2 1ý /.EZ>"¨:2?BE *9 -.i1 þJ@:*% þv?/34Ip" ÿC—/ þv?P"?B2-¦ ÿC2< þv?º@21?EZ"0I? 1*ƒ 3ƒ2 -6ÿZ"d þ54 9 :.;<5wE *9 >‡#- ÿ
"?B2-v¦
¦ ÿC;ÆùXúv;D>2›:n2K1Dj" ÿZ"s545wE
!-1E>0ƒ 1ý P?2-i ÿXù‡ú;84ÿ
:.E
5B/.E 1ý ½X!û?A-ã2K:.EZ@;<5P@21ƒ2 B>1*"#2<20¦ :.I1M54I@1*/.—/ þ
I*"KJ>+5E¼-*;4@*@2/¦ 16ÿ
204@2i:.Ii1 þ*/.IYKE
E¼1*-.I1/8E
"[ \%]‹_KaKa=bdc<eB& , YK2-/.2yƒƒ >RI2K1?EZ"0nKƒ2 q/.E
5*#4X5M-/8"0JÃE
-Mj" ÿ
/8".
wEI*9 >?EC?2X@1iþ54IJK2B?2v-.i ÿ˜ù‡ú;8Dþv?A"0Y"‡5*@1*>1d-.p" ÿ
@1*YK2-2K:.!"K>2<"K/.EZ".&
`
Á,a
$ _ ' ï õ
<
)(M
ö $*a $K$ $M_ $*' $ï $ õ<
$ 0
è!Áläcb½¼Lëed ë
ü .& ‘XI@E
/.YK4@2K/sË@^2%^I-.EC/8"K%þAù‡;8>Yÿ
Eyg2/34I"0E
/ ª ú204IE
>Ž34I"04@MD20Š¼"<4@4@!Ì "0gf‡E ÝtF †.*:¦ :.†J<a'KaKï3_$M' & Ñ I/.MË@ÀN†—þv@EZ>g20Š ª ÝK*/34wð*/.!"<4I2K!@Ì "0gf‡E ÝtF †.*:¦ :.†J<a3_0a $K$$ & Ñ *@/8MË!Ž34@IEC/8Y%2-i ÿZwŠŒ2{
½ ÿ 4II"K@¦ ÿ
"04@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>d¿‡"-@2/.EZ> ó /34@!"K>4@E
2K/8*F‡g2K/8>:4! Ï E
?E 4!"<4IEC2/8‡"K/8-ùX*
^ECI*>4@E
2K/8IÌ "0g f‡E ÝtF /v;8i> ÿ ¦¢4@† J0ï$K$*a'K' ¿& ü &^I*I>!†. ™ œ7 •C•
^Ë@À¼"K#4I2K/¦ Â8"K@*-Çð@E
Ân2 ݦ+’w*YKYKi4I†.2% þÌwÀN† þ*&N’w*:4*& hWi>j̈́­_0aa.$
ˆ K'.& "KJ f^E ÝtF †.:.¦
:.€† J<aKaa ( $ Kö ɏ&uŽM$ 2k #4@!"0/8- ™ œ¨ •C•
¼ËI‘ ?#; ÿC4@E
#: ÿ
¦ EC/34@*I">±4IEC2/s?2-¦ ÿ=ŠŒ2K¨4@†.k ÝK*/3454I@;8>4@;.IAE
/»†8"K-I2K/»>p2 ÿ/ÿCEZ#E
2K/@ÌLÀ=—† þ*&
’w Ýt&.2& hl›„5K$ Kö ( ˆ_0a.K$ <¦5_0aKï8$K&
†34#4I:xqF J&JwwD¦+@;.Â8"<4I*>!†x& E
/_<:8'8& ŠŒ J^4I†.2 J/.úv;)J
†34#4I:xqF J&Jwwd& 4@†˜& :.—† þ@ECJt& ;./.EC¦­ŠŒ!"0/.J3ŠŒ;.@4*& - J;.!û3?- J
Žt&‘¨&& D"KI ™ œu •C•
ËIEZ>I2I>2K:8E
>g2-i ÿZuŠŒ2K={½ ÿ 4II"K@¦ ÿ
"04@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>g¿‡*]" ݗþ ó 2/7gu2 ÿ”ÿ
EZ#E
2K/8IÌ<ÀN@2Y8&<À¼"0@4*&<ùX;Y> ÿ¢&À=—† þ*&
mn „5K$ &Kö3ˆg__ õ ¦ ' ( a.& "KJ f^E ÝtF /v;8Y> ÿC¦­4I† JöKa'KaK' õ
Žt&x‘B& D"KI ™ œ^ •
•
˜Ë@’Xi ÿZ"<4@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>¿^"K-I2K/.¦ ¿^"K-I2K/jgu2 ÿ”ÿ
E
@E
2K/8^EC/j4@†8{½ ÿ 4II"0¦ ’Xi ÿZ"<4@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>B^;"0/34@;.?…p2 ÿ
*>^; ÿ
"K
l þv/8"0?EZ>w2-¦ ÿN„½‡±ˆ5Ì ü &8ÀN—† þv*&.ðd_ põ o*q is„5$ ?&3ˆX$Mö õ 0¦I$M&ö & "0g f‡E ÝtF †.*:¦ :.† J?K?a 0ïa (M
’d&¿‡"0/vÂ.;8% þñI2<w/x.’XR&.ÉDwE
Ir0œ­~ž ™ $ ( ö.F
$*aKï „#$ õ0 ˆ
ðB&ðu2 ÿ
-.†8"0ÂnMɏ&ðp2 ÿZ-†8"KÂ** Ñ & Ï K‘¨&8À¼"KE
è Ꞃ•˜¡ ™ ܕx$M_0a8F 'aKak„5$ a3ˆ
½&v¿‡E
/.1K& ™ œN •
•Ë@ÉD20¦ :8"K#4IE
i> ÿCX>2KI@¦ ÿ
"04@E
2K/8¼E
/%Ii ÿZ"<4IE ÝvEZ54IE
>‡†.*]" ݗþ3¦ EC2/7>p2 ÿ/ÿ
E
@EC2/8IÌ "0g f‡E ÝtF /v;8i> ÿ ¦¢4@€† J&a_Ka_0a &
Ñ 1& æÿ
2KIJK2<X@JvEuË ó /34@I2-;8>±4IEC2/Ã4I2d½ ÿC4@!"<¦ @¦ ÿ
"04@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>¿X*]" ݗþ3¦ EC2/»gu2 ÿ”ÿ
E
@E
2K/8IÌ è ž ™ •ª{}zB{}|n0[ž ž"Ü ™ ž!‚±{ 0|8 Ï M>±4@;8@M
ŠŒ2XÀ=†8͎v4@;8-*/34I*.¿¨&8ù‡EC*g2-/.EZ>1M"8ƒ/ @JvE ó /854IE 4I;4@d2KŠuù‡;8Y> ÿ
*"KwÀ=—† þ#EZ>
’d& Ï *-/.EZ>!Jwþtƒ 2 sR& Ï & Ï þv;.Ân2@†.E 4I1KtË ó / )8;./>2K/Š æyEC/8p" ÿuŽv4I"<4I ó /34I!"K>±4IEC2/8X2/sg2KIIi ÿZ"<4@E
2K/w20ŠgÉD2kÀ¼"K#4IE
i> ÿCM
wEC4@†ùXM"0 ÿ”þ ª û3;8j" ÿx2?/34I"Ì üKó ù^’d ª _<¦ ö8$¦ ï õ '.^;.Â./"„5$ ö.$ˆ
Žt&0ÀNI"04#4MKɏ& 2k @Y 28t ü & , EC?ÆKƒ" / þvEvË@^4!"0/E ÿCM-¨:.I*-.E
>4@E
2K/8LŠŒ2Ku4520¦ :.E
2K/B>2KIIi ÿZ"<4@E
2K/xE
/R#; ÿC4@!"<¦ Ii ÿZ"<4@E ÝvE
#4@EZ>=†8*]" ݗþ3¦
E
2K/P>u2 ÿ”ÿ
E
@E
2K/8IÌvÀ=—† þ&.’X Ýt&^& m q „5$ ?Ka3ˆg_ ï &
g†x& Ñ 2/.YË ó /34@I2-;8>±4IEC2/74I2¿‡ECY†¦ ª /.*@uY þ¿‡*]" ݗþ3¦ ó 2/Pgu2 ÿ”ÿ
E
@E
2K/8IÌ Ñ 2% ÿZ-PŽ>E
/34@EC£>dÀN;.#Â ÿ
E
@†.E
/.Yi„#$ ?0ï3ˆ
õ
uÚ
uFxÚ×FvwÖXÛRwyÚ5Û
$ ( IË ‘ Ïxó  ª À=†—þ@E
>*Àu*#ŠŒ2@?A"K/8>’w:n2K@4IÌ.-2#4@*:././8"54I@2/.E
^†34#4I:xFqJ&J<"pÿCEZ>& ˜& >I/x& >!†€J<‘dÿ
EZ>]J<:.:.J
$*ö ó &ŽE
>!J%"K/8-i&8ÉL!"0;4I?"K/./iË!^/74I†.dI?#¦ I"-EC;N2KŠL4I†.¨-;.4@I2K/ÌÀ=†—þ& Ï 4#4M& xhWy2ix$ ¦+_Ka%„#$& ˆ
$ & ,  *@M>!J3EvËI‘X/8"pÿCE
1*"^JK2@¦ÿ
">+5E>1‡K9" #4@J/.EC*E
-./34£þ>1/—þ>!†Bã*Jv@:nþ3?*/8>E
DŽ.ÉL‘^’XÌ:8"u1Mƒ -1E
I/.E
J_0aKa3_<:.!"K>*"
?A"0YE
#4@*I@J<"þvJ2K/8"K/8"¨/8" Ñ þ-1*E
"pÿC!æyEC1¦þvJ3ExÀu2uÿCEC4@M>!†./.E
JvE Ñ "0!@1*"X@J3E
5
_0a †34#4I:xqF J&Jwwd& #4I"0M& Â.#/ ÿ¢& Y2 Ý>J
_$ †34#4I:xqF J&J/34!'.& :.—† þv*& >p2 ÿ
;.?RÂ.E
"8& M-; JŽ8‘‡’ J
_K_ Ï &ð"K@I/ ™ œ‡ •
•
Ë@2/4I"K% ÿ
2%À¼"0@4@EZY> ÿ
ù‡;.?ÂnIEC/8YiŽ>!†.*?*Ìt-2354 9 :./.R/8"i54I@2/.ECRÀ¼"0@4@EZY> ÿ
^"04I"ið@2;.:
†34#4I:xqF J&J:t-Y& ÿ
#Â ÿ¢& Y2 Ý>J
_0' »&‘X/8-*I@2K/ ™ œw •
•
8ùX;8i> ÿ­& ó /854I@;8?i&4I†x&.‘ mzz õ i„­_KaKa'ˆ±&
_<ï ü &w‘‡-."K? ™ œ% •C•„­ŽÉy‘‡’ gp2 ÿ/ÿ
"KÂ2I"04@E
2K/ˆwË@ÀNEC2/xXJ<"02/xX:.I204I2K/`"K/8-`"K/4IE ¦ :.I204I2K/Æ4@!"0/VÝ!#?2K?*/4I;.?
-EZ#4@IECÂ.;.4@E
2K/8ŠŒI2K?‹€: ^:i"K/8-P- ‘X;P>u2 ÿ”ÿ
E
@E
2K/8D"<4 [ |\ {\{`]`_KaKað$ sÌ "0g f‡E ÝnF /v;8Y> ÿC¦ ú J<a'K&a a.$_ &
_ õ< ɏ&3À=E
I2KY ™ œ¼ •C•
vË@¿‡ECY†4 ‰ ¤ @;.:.:8@M#E
2K/wEC4@†.2;4˜54gû3;./8>!†8EC/.YEC/7‘‡; ‘X;%>p2 ÿ/ÿCEZ@EC2/8¼E
/7ùXú;8IÌ "KJ f^E ÝtF †.:.¦
:.€† J<aK'a ( a0ïö &
_ 0 æ&<»& Ï E
; ™ œL •C•<Ë@¿‡"-I2K/¨À=I2-;8>4@E
2K/dE
/À=I204I2K/¦+À=I204I2K/dŽ>"04#4@*@E
/.YXE
/Rù ª f½^Ž'Ì "KJ f^E ÝtF †.:.¦¢:.€† J<aK'a ( _0a0ï &
_ ( , &‡g†8"0 *9 >!JvEË@‘X/j" ÿ
EC1M"‰>1M"K@2<g2K¦¢:8@1**#4@I1/8/.Y2jI2K1*g2K5;Ó:.@2>*@;`?EZŒ5Ed>1 K9" #4@*JƓ1*-.I1/8E
">!†Ð>E 9 1ý JvEZ>!†
52/XKƒ2 ¾:n2K:.I1*17Â8"-."0/.E
7J2KIi ÿZ"K>+5EN†8"K-I2K/‡Kƒ2 º¾J#:n þv?/34I">!†‰ŽÉL‘^’¾ED‘ Ïxó  ª ÌuwI1*@E
y‰ƒ/ _0aaK'8L:.!"K>*"
?A"0YE
#4@*I@J<" þvJ2K/8"K/8"¨/8" Ñ þ-1*E
p" ÿC! æyEC¦1 þvJ3ExÀuu2 ÿCEC4@M>!†./.E
JvE Ñ "0!@1*"X@J3E
5
_0ö R&8¿‡"KI-4@JKËI’wÃÄ:8@M-E
>4@E
2K/8ŠŒ2… Ss"K/8- L A L Aã>2@Ii ÿZ"<4IEC2/8g"04X’X¿ ó Ì8ŽÉL‘^’øùX204I¨'KöKï

Podobne dokumenty

Jerzy Pietraszko

Jerzy Pietraszko ¾ PID and Lepton Identification ¾ RICH ¾ hadron blind ¾ photon detector: CsI photo cathode ¾ META (TOF, TOFino, Pre-Shower) ¾ Start detector ¾ diamond. (time res. 30 ps)

Bardziej szczegółowo