part one - grammar

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PART ONE - GRAMMAR
1. CZASY TERAèNIEJSZE
- PRESENT TENSES
Present Simple
1. Fakty zawsze prawdziwe
Czas Present Simple u˝ywany jest do wyra˝ania praw naukowych i faktów geograficznych.
The Earth goes round the Sun.
Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
2. CzynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´
Czasu Present Simple u˝ywamy do wyra˝ania czynnoÊci powtarzajàcych si´, wynikajàcych z nawyku, zwyczaju czy rutyny.
I usually go to school by bus.
He always drinks tea with milk.
3. Stany sta∏e
Czas Present Simple wyst´puje z czasownikami, które wyra˝ajà sta∏e
stany raczej ni˝ czynnoÊci.
I live in the north of England.
She works as a journalist.
4. Narracja
Czasu Present Simple u˝ywamy te˝ przy relacjonowaniu wydarzeƒ z
filmu, ksià˝ki, meczu itp.
In Chapter One, the narrator visits his neighbours and meets Heathcliff
for the first time.
5. Zdania warunkowe i czasowe
Czas Present Simple wyst´puje w zdaniach podrz´dnych zdaƒ warunkowych i czasowych po takich okreÊleniach jak if, when, as soon as,
before, after, until, unless itp.
I will help you when I have more time.
We will wait here until he comes.
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6. Rozk∏ady jazdy, plany podró˝y itp.
Czas Present Simple wyst´puje w zdaniach, które odnoszà si´ do
wydarzeƒ przysz∏ych i zwiàzane sà z rozk∏adami lotów, jazdy, rozk∏adami zaj´ç w roku szkolnym itp.
My plane takes off at 6 tomorrow morning.
This year school starts on September 2nd.
Present Continuous
1. CzynnoÊci trwajàce, odbywajàce si´ w danej chwili
Czasu Present Continuous u˝ywamy do opisywania czynnoÊci odbywajàcej si´ w momencie mówienia.
I’m reading a book now.
2. CzynnoÊci odbywajàce si´ w bie˝àcym okresie czasu
Czasu Present Continuous u˝ywamy, gdy mówimy o czynnoÊciach
odbywajàcych si´ w bie˝àcym okresie czasu, ale niekoniecznie chwili
obecnej.
This week she is working as a replacement receptionist in a hotel.
3. CzynnoÊci przysz∏e
Czasu Present Continuous u˝ywamy do wyra˝enia osobistych planów
na najbli˝szà przysz∏oÊç.
Tomorrow we are taking our children to the zoo.
I am seeing my dentist this afternoon.
4. CzynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´ i uwa˝ane za irytujàce
Czas Present Continuous pojawia si´ razem z takimi wyra˝eniami jak
always, constantly, continually, forever w zdaniach opisujàcych czynnoÊci powtarzajàce si´ i uwa˝ane za irytujàce.
My husband is always losing his car keys.
Present Perfect Simple
1. CzynnoÊci, które mia∏y miejsce ostatnio
Czasu Present Perfect u˝ywamy do opisywania czynnoÊci, które mia∏y
miejsce niedawno, ostatnio, ale precyzyjny termin nie jest wa˝ny i nie
jest okreÊlony; ponadto u˝ywamy go do opisywania zdarzeƒ, które
dopiero, co mia∏y miejsce.
I have bought a new car recently and I’m still getting used to it.
She has just finished the essay.
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2. CzynnoÊci i stany trwajàce do chwili obecnej
Czas Present Perfect wyra˝a stany i czynnoÊci, które odbywajà si´ od
pewnego momentu w przesz∏oÊci do chwili obecnej.
I have worked in this office since 1995.
3. CzynnoÊci majàce obecne skutki
Czas Present Perfect u˝ywany jest do wyra˝ania czynnoÊci, które
nastàpi∏y lub nie nastàpi∏y w przesz∏oÊci i ich skutki majà wp∏yw na sytuacj´ obecnà.
I have eaten sushi before (I know what it tastes like).
He has never been to Scotland in summer (he doesn’t know what the
weather is like)
Czas Present Perfect wystepuje te˝ po wyra˝eniu this is the
first/second/third time...
Present Perfect Continuous
1. CzynnoÊci trwajàce do chwili obecnej
Podobnie jak czas Present Perfect Simple, czas Present Perfect Continuous u˝ywany jest do wyra˝ania czynnoÊci, które zacz´∏y si´ w
przesz∏oÊci i nieprzerwanie trwajà do chwili obecnej, wyjàtkiem sà czasowniki, które nie majà formy ciàg∏ej np. know, have itp.
I have been waiting for you for two hours.
He has been meeting this woman for 10 years and hasn’t proposed yet.
2. CzynnoÊci dopiero co zakoƒczone majàce skutki w teraêniejszoÊci
Czas Present Perfect Continuous wyra˝a czynnoÊci, które trwajà od
momentu w przesz∏oÊci i dopiero, co si´ zakoƒczy∏y a majà skutki
widoczne w teraêniejszoÊci.
I am red in the face because I have been jogging.
Zarówno Present Perfect Simple jak Present Perfect Continuous wyst´pujà z wyra˝eniami okreÊlajàcymi d∏ugoÊç czasu (all my life, since
1992, for 10 years), ale tylko Present Perfect Simple wyst´puje przy
podaniu ile razy dana czynnoÊç si´ odby∏a.
I have been working / have worked here for 10 years.
I have worked in ten different companies in the last 10 years.
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Exercise 1.
Choose the most suitable tense. Wybierz odpowiedni czas.
1. Monica is typing/has been typing/ has typed ten letters this morning.
2. My feet are really sore. I walk/have been walking/have walked all day.
3. David works/is working/has worked as a replacement for a receptionist
this week.
4. Recently I have changed/have been changing my address and now I am
living/live in Reading.
5. My fish don’t grow/aren’t growing very much and I am feeding/feed them
every day. They don’t grow/haven’t grown at all since I bought them.
6. This room looks terrible! What on earth have you been doing/are you
doing/do you do?
7. This is the first time I am/I have been to England.
8. I am not sure if we will go to the beach after all because the weather
changes/has changed/has been changing.
9. My son is always leaving/always leaves his dirty socks on the floor! It
drives me crazy.
10. Can I take this paper? Or have you been reading/are you reading it?
Exercise 2.
Put each verb in brackets into the correct present tense. Czasowniki w nawiasach wstaw w odpowiednim czasie teraêniejszym.
1. We (get married) ...................... next month and we (already
invite)........................ over 100 people to our wedding.
2. Who (drive) ............... that car which (stand) ...................... over there?
3. Those two men (sit) ..................... here for the last hour and they
(drink) ............... three bottles of wine!
4. Wait for me at home until I (be) ........ back.
5. He (think) ............... of moving to London. I (not think) .................... it
is a good idea.
6. Where (you work) ..................... and how long (you work)
.......................... there?
7. What (you do) ..................... this weekend? I (see) ....................... my
solicitor.
8. Peter ( build) .................. his own house in the country so he (be)
.............. very busy lately.
9. My mum (still have) ............... problems with walking but she (get)
............... better.
10. This boy (look) ................... at you. I think he (want) .............. to ask
you to dance with him.
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Exercise 3.
Rewrite each sentence, beginning as shown, so that the meaning stays the
same. Sparafrazuj poni˝sze zdania, wykorzystujàc podane poczàtki, tak
aby zachowaç znaczenie.
1. Our wedding is next week.
Next week we .............................................. .
2. Oh no! My credit card is missing!
Oh no! I ......................................................................... .
3. I got this watch from my husband two years ago.
I have .......................................................... .
4. Do you have any plans for next Sunday?
What ............................................................ ?
5. This is my first game of bridge.
I ................................................................... .
6. Mary started learning Chinese a month ago.
Mary .............................................................. .
7. Are both these cars yours?
Do you ............................................................ ?
8. Mark takes my things without asking, which annoys me.
Mark is ............................................................ .
9. The film is still going on.
The film has ....................................................... .
10. What day is the beginning of the new semester?
When ..................................................................... ?
Exercise 4.
Complete the following texts with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets. Uzupe∏nij podane teksty odpowiednià formà czasownika w nawiasie.
Maria 1)..................... (run) her own restaurant. She really 2)
...................... (like) this business as it is also her favourite pastime. She 3)
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.................... (have) her own business for five years now so she has some
experience. Usually, she 4).................... (spend) her mornings doing shopping and in the evening she 5) ..................... (see) to cooking. This
evening, however she 6) ..................... (do) the cooking herself because
she is going to have some really important guests. She 7) ...................
(want) to serve something delicious but light. Her chef, Pierre, who 8)
.................... (work) for her for the last three years, 9) ......................... (prefer) traditional heavy dishes, so she 10) .................... (decide) to prepare
the menu herself. Moreover, Pierre, 11) ................... (always add) garlic to
everything, even if the recipe 12) ................... (not include) it . Maria 13)
....................... (tolerate) his behaviour for quite a long time but recently
she 14) .................... (think) of changing the chef.
Despite these problems, she 15) ................... (hope) that tonight’s dinner
is going to be a great success.
ANSWER KEY - ROZWIÑZANIA
Exercise 1.
1. has typed
2. have been walking
3. is working
4. have changed, live
5. aren’t growing, feed, haven’t grown
6. have you been doing
7. have been
8. has been changing
9. is always leaving
10. are you reading
Exercise 2.
1. are getting, have already invited
2. drives, is standing
3. have been sitting, have drunk
4. am
5. is thinking, don’t think
6. do you work, have you worked/have you been working
7. are you doing, am seeing
8. is building, has been
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9. still has, is getting
10. is looking, wants
Exercise 3.
1. Next week we are getting married.
2. Oh no! I have lost my credit card.
3. I have had this watch for two years.
4. What are you doing next Sunday?
5. I have never played bridge before.
6. Mary has been learning Chinese for a month.
7. Do you own both these cars?
8. Mark is always taking my things.
9. The film has not finished yet.
10. When does the new semester begin?
Exercise 4.
1. runs
2. likes
3. has had
4. spends
5. sees
6. is doing
7. wants
8. has worked/has been working
9. prefers
10. has decided
11. always adds
12. doesn’t include
13. has been tolerating/has tolerated
14. has been thinking
15. hopes
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