To Chapter 9 - Eugene Garfield

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Chapter Nine
Citation Analysis of Scientific
Journals
Citation analysis is used to study the journals of science as well as the people and
work of science. The citation links between scientific papers, technical notes,
reviews, and, in some cases, meeting abstracts provide a quantitative picture of journal utility and relationships that is useful in many ways. For example, it may be used
by editors trying to determine their competitive position, information
scientists
studying the structure of the literature, librarians managing journal collections,
sociologists attempting to define the structure of science itself, and every researcher
who has a need to identify useful journals when the interaction between specialties
or disciplines pushes him or her beyond the borders of familiar territory.
The citation picture of journals is subject to the same qualifications as all other
citation pictures. Based only on what scientists say about utility and relationships in
their choice of references, it is not definitive. For one thing, citation links show oniy
how frequently and where published research is used. How good a measure that is of
a journal’s utility and relationships varies according to the function of the journal.
For those whose primary function is to keep scientists informed about what is going
on in a general news sense, and that publish few research reports or reviews, it is a
measure of little, if any, reievance. On the other hand, citation links provide a very
relevant measure of the utility and relationships of journals whose primary function
is to communicate research results. Even in these cases, however, the citation picture
is not a definitive one, simply because scientific merit is not always the sole reason
an author will cite a paper published in a particular journal. Such factors as the
reputation of the cited author and the visibility, prestige, and accessibility of the
cited journal may affect, to a greater or lesser degree, the work an author chooses to
cite. Because of these qualifications, citation pictures of journals have to be used
with the same care and intelligence as any other type of citation picture: they must be
applied only where they are relevant, and they must be interpreted within the
framework of the decision to be made or the hypothesis to be examined.
148
Citation Analysis of Scientific JournaLs
A CITATION
149
VIEW OF JOURNALS
The preceding qualifications notwithstanding,
citation analysis provides a number
of interesting and useful insights into the network of journals that function as the
primary, formal communications medium of science. The insights come from five
different citation measures.
The basic one is the citation rate of a journal: the number of times it has been
cited. There are several different ways this figure can be calculated. It can consist of
all the references to the cited journal, with even duplicate references from the same
source article counting as separate citation links. At the other extreme, the citation
rate of a journal can consist of only the number of source articles that cited the journal, with multiple references (even different ones) from the same source article
counting only as a single citation link. Somewhere between these two extremes lies a
third type of citation rate that consists of the number of references to the cited journal, but that discounts duplicate references from the same source article, so they
count as only a single citation link. The third type of citation rate is the one used at
ISI.
Another citation measure is the impact factor, which is the average citation rate of
a journal’s articles. The purpose of the impact factor is to discount the advantage in
citation potential that larger/older journals have over smaller/younger
journals
because they publish more material. Again, there are several different ways of
calculating the impact-factor measure, which is basically a ratio between the citation
rate of the journal and its citation potential. The difference between the various
ways lies in the way these two parameters are defined. Citation rate can consist of
either the number of times cited or the number of items cited. The citation potential
can consist of either the number of citable items published or the number of cited
items published. At ISI, citation rate is defined as the number of times cited, while
citation potential is defined as the number of citable items published. The impact
factor we use, therefore, is the number of times a journal was cited, divided by the
number of citable articles the journal published.
There also are two measures of how frequently journals cite themselves. One is the
self-citing rate, which shows what percentage of a journal’s references cite articles it
published. The other is the self-cited rate, which shows what percent of citations
received by a journal originated in articles published by the journal.
It is hard to say anything very definitive about these two measures because their
analytical role has not been worked out. They are being used primarily in studies to
determine the significance of self-citation practices. Some observers look upon selfcitation as a self-serving practice, particularly when authors cite their own work. On
the other hand, it is easy to justify the practice as being nothing more than a
manifestation of the perfectly normal tendency of a scientist to build on his or her
own work. Certainly, the practice is common; although precise figures are difficult
to develop, it would be safe to say that some 10 to 20% of all references cite prior
work of the source author. The significance of self-citations at the journal level also
is uncertain. Preliminary studies at IS1 (1) show that among the top 20 most cited
150
Citation Indexing
journals, the self-cited rate was generally lower than the self-citing rate. This means
that the references these journals published to their own articles were a smaller
percentage of the citations they received than they were of the references they
published. However, when the focus of the study was switched to the group of journals that ranked from 500 to 520 in terms of citation rate, the reverse was found to
be true: their self-cited rate tended to be higher than the self-citing rate. The reason
for this reversal is not yet clear, but self-citation rates seem to say something about
the newness, size, and isolation of the intellectual universe in which a journal
operates.
The fifth citation measure is an immediacy index, which is a way of showing how
rapidly a journal’s material is picked up and used. This measure, too, can be
calculated in several different ways, but the basic parameter used in all of them is the
number of citations received by articles during the year in which they were published. This parameter can be shown either as a percent of the total number of citations received (citation rate) or as a percent of the total number of citeable articles
published (citation potential). ISI’s immediacy index consists of the latter.
DATA BASE OF JOURNAL
CITATION
MEASURES
All five of these measures are published in the Journal Citation Reports (JCRTM*)
section of XI for the thousands of cited and source journals covered by the index
(2). The first issue of JCR was published in the 1975 SCIbut reflected the 1974 citation record of the journals covered. The record was based on 4,248,065 citations
from the references of approximately 400,000 source items published in the 1974
issues of some 2400 source journals. The references provided citation data on more
than 2500 cited journals.
The citation data for these journals is organized into three separate, but related,
packages. The first is the Journal Ranking Package, which consists of six sections.
Section I (see Figure 9.1) is an alphabetic listing, by title abbreviation, of 2630 cited
journals for which it shows:
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
The total number of times cited (citation rate).
The number of citations to articles published in 1972 and 1973 (by individual year
and in aggregate).
The number of items published (citation potential) in 1972 and 1973 (by individual
year and in aggregate).
The impact factor.
The number of citations to articles published in 1974.
The number of items published in 1974.
The immediacy index.
The entry for Acta Anaesthetica Scandinavica in Figure 9.1, then, shows that
references cited it 287 times; 25 of those references cited articles published in 1973
*A trademark of the Institute for Scientific Information.
Specimen
JOURNAL
RANKING
PACKAGE
CITATION
JOURNAL
JOURNALS
JOURNAL
1
:
4
5
6
l
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
lb
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
::
33
34
IC
Figure
TITLE
<------CITATIONS
ALL
YEARS
A GRAEFES
A KLIN
E 0
A VAN LEEUW
J MICROB-------557
AAPG
BULL
ABRASIVE
ENG-----------------I
ACCOUNTS
CHEM RES
AGRON
,,,,,,G-------------43
ACTA
ACTA
ALLERGOL
ACTA
ANAESTH
SCAND---------287
ACTA
ANAT
ASTRONAUTICA-----------lO
ACTA
ACTA
BlOCHIM
BIOPHVS
BlOCHIM
POL-----------336
ACTA
ACTA
BIOL
CRACOV
BOT
ACTA
BIOL
CRACOV
ZOO--------b6
ACTA
BIOL
HUNG
ACTA
fj;;LNI;“;;
GER-------m--922
ACTA
CHEM SCAND-----------I3803
ACTA
ACTA
CHIM
HUNG
,-Hl,J
,.,(,,.,G--e-----------54
ACTA
ACTA
CHIR
SCAN0
CIENT
VENEZ------------64
ACTA
ACTA CRVSTALLOGR
ACTA CRVSTALLOGR
A--------l793
ACTA CRVSTALLOGR
B
C”TOL---------.-------763
ACTA
ACTA DERMAT-VENEREOL
ACTA DIABETOL
LAT----------281
ACTA ENDOCRINOL
PAN
ACTA ENDOCRINOL-COP-------49;:
ACTA ENTOMOL
BOHEMOS
ACTA GENE1
ME0 GEMEL--m----l:;
ACTA GERONTOL
HAEMA,OL-----~---.----953
ACTA
-“410-GASTRO
647
IN
1973
------47
lb39
m------O
2738
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334
m-m-e-25
1212
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250
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40
72
151
32b
40
47
15
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227
-----472
904
-------b
lb45
-------b
45
90
bi
--e-e241
4520
9.1 Journal Citafion Reports (JCR) Journal
------98
840
------12
-----TO8
------.I
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96
0
15
I1
17
203
m-mm-0
555
m-mm-2
44
----37
a4
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51
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------54
IN
15
43
97
142
18
mm-275
984
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122
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354
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66
7
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Package,
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e-------54
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195
206
40
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1838
----191
218
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38
------b
14
‘L.5
90
145
63
33
141
32
13
-------216
-------549
--------45
--------77
27
76
197
ITEMS
1972
e-e-55
78
158
m-m-35
56
m-m-60
39
m-m-48
142
----89
51
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1.
---228
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73t72
IMPACT
FACTGR
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738
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72
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76
236
0
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120
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8
51
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----33
25
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---1144
152
433
----17*
----0
CITATIONS
IN 1974
TO
1974
ITEMS
--------15
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PAGE
---------3
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17
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SOURCE
ITEMS
IN 1974
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042
450
195
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112
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0 409
130
0 318
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69
Section
1
1
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-------94
1 -------51
123
IMMEDIACY
INDEX
195
2.8
0 180
----0
000
1 048
T---O
011
0 225
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131
0 108
----0
032
0 152
----0 0 067
216
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161
62
40
157
46
15
0
--------27
19
e---3,31
-----15
--------b2
SECTION
ORDER
<--SOURCE
1973
124
----lo0
25
Ranking
ALPHABETICAL
TO------>
73+72
------7
--ml,39
----14
22
7590
52
----53
-----2
4
-----112
465
1974
1972
REPORTS
----171
----1
1383
204
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-----46
18
93
44
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Citation Indexing
152
and 37 cited 1972 material, for a total of 62 references to the material published during that two-year period. It published 54 items in 1973,48 in 1972, and a total of 102
during those two years; its impact factor is 0.608 (62/102); it published 61 articles in
1974 and they were cited eight times to produce an immediacy index value of 0.131
(8/61).
The other five sections of the Journal Ranking Package show all the same data,
but the journals are listed in ranked order by the measures of citation rate (Figure
9.2), impact factor (Figure 9.3), immediacy index (Figure 9.4), items published in
1974 (Figure 9.5), and number of times 1972-1973 material was cited (Figure 9.6).
Specimen
Figure
9.2 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Journal Ranking Package, Section 2. Ranking by total citation rate.
Specimen
Figure
9.3 Journal Citotion Reports (JCR) Journal Ranking Package, Section 3. Ranking by impact
factor.
Specimen
Figure
9.4 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Journal Ranking Package, Section 4. Ranking by immediacy index.
Citation Analysis of Scientific Journals
153
Specimen
Figure 9.5 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Journal Ranking Package, Section 5. Ranking by items
published in 1974.
Specimen
Sectton6
Figure 9.6 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Journal Ranking Package, Section 6. Ranking by citation
rate of 1972-1973 material.
The other two packages are designed to show the relationships between journals
as defined by citation patterns. One, the Citing Journal Package, shows the citation
patterns of the 2443 source journals covered by SCZ in 1974: what journals they
cited, and with what frequency. The other, the Cited Journal Package, shows the
sources of the citations to the 2630 cited journals identified by SCZ in 1974 and the
citation frequency of each source. Both packages also show a distribution of the
citations by the publication year of the cited material.
Figure 9.7 shows a sample of the Citing Journal Package. The citing journals are
listed in alphabetical order by title abbreviation. The first column shows the journal’s impact factor; the second, an abbreviation of its title; and the third, the total
number of references it published in its 1974 material. The remaining columns show
how these references were distributed by the publication year of the cited material.
The journals cited by a given journal are listed beneath it in the same column format: the first showing their impact factor, the second showing their title abbreviation, the third showing the total number of times they were cited, and the rest showing how the references were distributed by the publication year of the cited material.
The references of a citing journal, therefore, are distributed by both the journals
cited and the publication year of the cited material. The cited journals are listed in
descending order of citation frequency, with the last entry consisting of the aggregate total of all journals that were cited fewer than six times. Since one of the
cited journals is always the source journal itself (more often than not, it heads the
list), the self-citing rate of the source journal can be computed by dividing the
Xi4
Citation Indexing
number of references to its own material by the total number of references it
published.
The entry for Mathematische Zeitschrift in Figure 9.7, then shows that:
l
It published 1090 references (not including duplicate references from the same
source article) in 1974, 26 of which cited 1974 material, 92 of which cited 1973
material, 115 of which cited 1972 material, and so on, with 432 of the references
citing material published in 1964 or earlier.
l
It cited itself more than any other journal, a total of 15 1 times.
l
The 151 references to its own material were distributed as shown, with five citing
1974 material, 24 citing 1973 material, 18 citing 1972 material, etc., and with 36
citing material it published in 1964 or earlier.
l
Of the other journals cited, it cited Mathematische Annalen the most frequently:
60 times. Four of the 60 references cited 1974 material, two cited 1973 material,
and so on, with more than half of the 60 references citing material published in
1964 or earlier.
l
Three hundred fifty-six of its references cited material published by 217 journals
that are not identified. These references are distributed by the publication year of
the cited material as shown: five to 1974 material, 28 to 1973 material, and so on,
with 150 to material published in 1964 or earlier.
What the data in the entry for Mathematische Zeitschrift says about the journal is
that approximately 40% of its references cited material published in 1964 and earlier
(432/1090), that 42.6% of its references cited material published in 1969 or later
(464/1090), that its self-citing rate is 13.8% (151/1090), that language presents no
barriers to its authors (they cite English, French, German, Russian, and Japanese
journals), and that the material it publishes is oriented toward physical and applied
mathematics.
Figure 9.8 shows a sample of the Cited Journal Package. The format is the same
as that in the Citing Journal Package, though the data and journals describe the
number and source of citations received, rather than references published. The cited
journals are listed alphabetically by title abbreviation, with the impact factor shown
in the column preceding the title and the total number of times cited shown in the
column following the title. The rest of the columns distribute the citations received
by the publication year of the cited material. The journals that were the sources of
the citations are listed beneath each cited journal, along with their impact factor and
the number of times they cited it. The source references are distributed by publication year of the cited material. Again, the citations received by a journal are
distributed by both their sources and the publication year of the cited material. And
the source journals are again listed in descending order of citation frequency, with
the last entry consisting of the aggregate total of a group of unidentified journals
that were each responsible for fewer than six citations. Since every journal is cited by
itself, every cited journal is also listed as one of its own source journals, making it
possible to compute its self-cited rate by dividing the number of times it cited itself
as a source journal by the number of times it was cited.
The entry in Figure 9.8 for the American Journal of Physics, then, shows that:
It was cited 800 times in 1974, with 14 of the references citing material published
Specimen
CITING
JOURNAL
JOURNAL
Cl TED
<---------------NUMBER
1974
TOTAL
JOURNAL
17
MATH
NACHR
ALL
23
MATH
SCAND-----------**-***----215’
MATH
SCAND
ANN
MAT”-------------------13
ACTA
MATH
ARK MAT---------------------7
B AM MATH
SOC
T AM MAT”
SOC---------------6
ALL
OTHER
(90)
1
2
47
23
22
08
29
51
40
MAT”
1
2
47
38
48
77
22
30
77
47
51
59
31
33
27
31
22
31
80
08
35
53
39
(CONTINUED)
OTHER
(313)
J
7
30
1
----
25
9
---92
ARCH
MATH
ILLINOIS
J
INVENT
MATH
16
----0
----I
----0
MATH------------l6
14
MATH----------~-------l3
AEH
MATH
SEM HAMBURG
CR HEED
ACAD
SCI-----------12
FUND
MATHEMATICAE
J REINE
ANGEW
MATH---------l1
P LOND
MATH
SOC
12
11
11
~-------------m--1,,
MATH
9
T”EORY-~~~-----------8
MANUSCRIPTA
J DIFFERENTIAL
STUD
MATH
MATH
B
GEOM---------7
7
ANN
I FOURIER
B s()c
MA,H
FR---------------6
J FUNCT
ANAL
J MATH
SOC JAPAN------------b
MAT
5.0
SOV MATH
DOKLAOY--------b
ALL
OTHER
(217)
,
6
----o
b
6
356
Figure 9.7 Journal Citation Reports (JCR) Citing Journal Package.
----l
35
0
0
----1
0
----0
----I
13
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
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1
0
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3
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1
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3
0
3
3
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28
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7
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3
4
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41
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----1
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0
0
0
1
24
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10
1
---49
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9
1
1
1
1
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4
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1
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0
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1
0
0
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10
6
9
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2
5
2
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0
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6
1
6
5
3
4
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2
2
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0
2
----0
0
REST
22
w---B
----0
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----0
IN
0
0
449
19,4-------------->
1966
1965
1967
21
---12
1
19
5
2
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
3
CITED
19b8
34
---14
12
---10
0
VEAR
1969
---17
---95
18
0
1
----0
23
4
--115
24
0
----0
57
---15
1
0
0
0
24
1
----0
----0
MAT”
----I
1
46
,OPOLOG”--------------------7
36
25
----0
5
RATION
MECH
AN
MATH------------------24
B AM MATH
SOC
COMMUN
PUR
APPL
MATH-------l9
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MATH
SOC
COMMENT
MATH
“EL,----------:;
PAC
J MATH
COMB
3
PAGE
THIS
1970
1 IMES
1971
46
---30
----4
J
DUKE
0
x--26
ARCH
AC,A
0
0
0
1
p AM MATH sot--------------29
AM
----0
----0
158
37
J
49
El
151
MATH
INDAGATIONES
34
16
17
---14
EPORTS
PACKAGE
OF
1972
1973
S-S-1
ALGEBRA------------------40
ANN
JOURNAL
B
478
~------r-------------------lO~O’
MATH
2
MAT),
ANN-------------------60
1 AM MATH
SOC
R
CITATION
CITING
----0
----I
1
6
1
2
4
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
3
3
0
0
1
0
0
9
---43
----0
----I
----0
----2
----0
--432
7
2
4
36
---34
21
4
27
0
---10
1
4
---18
2
0
2
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
14
B
7
7
---12
El
----4
5
9
0
I3
B
7
6
----jj
3
7
2
1
3
0
----2
6
0
150
Specimen
JOURNAL
CITED
Cl TED
AM
JOURNAL
CITING
JOURNAL
J PHARM
EDUC
(CONTINUED)
26
J AM PHARM
ASSOC
67
ALL
OTHER
(10)
(---------------NUMBER
TOTAL
1974
2
P”ARMAZ,E-------------------Z
25
AM
J
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
25
91
99
86
61
75
72
53
55
04
01
96
1
1
1
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Citation Indexing
in 1974, 230 citing material published in 1964 or earlier, and the rest being
distributed over material published during the years in between.
It cited itself 243 times and was cited by the Journal of Chemical Physics 29 times.
It has a self-cited rate of 30.4% 243/800).
Of the citations it received, 28.8% were to material published in 1964 or earlier.
It was cited as often by Science as it was by Solid State Communications.
EXPLORATORY
STUDIES
Data, of course, is an abstraction. Its utility depends on the types of information
that can be derived from it by analysis. A series of studies conducted by IS1
demonstrates the most obvious types of information that can be derived from the
JCR data. Based mostly on a prototype version of the JCR that consisted of data
from only one quarter of 1969, and that was somewhat less refined (3) than the 1974
data, these studies were not guided by any particular application objective. They
were consciously exploratory, with the general purpose of seeing what types of
useful information could be uncovered by analyzing citation data on various journals and groups of journals.
There was one exception to this exploratory philosophy. For years, I and a few
others had hypothesized that a small fraction of the scientific journals published
were responsible for communicating
an overwhelming majority of the useful
research material reported. The first thing I did with the JCR data was to test this
I
100
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Cited journals
(No.)
Figure 9.9 Distribution of citations among cited journals.
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The 152 most frequently cited journals, ranked by frequency of citation in journals covered
by SCI.
hypothesis. One result of this test is shown in Figure 9.9, a curve of the distribution
of citations among cited journals. The curve shows that a core of fewer than 200
journals accounted for the material cited in approximately
half the journal
references processed for SC1 in 1969, and that only 2000 or so journals accounted
for the material cited in about 84% of them. The data from which the curve was
plotted showed that the specific number of journals responsible for the material
cited in half the references was 152. It also showed that only 540 journals were cited
1000 or more times that year, and that only 968 journals were cited even 400 times.
Another result of this test was a list of the 152 journals that were indentified in 50%
of the citations. This list (see Figure 9.10) shows a multidisciplinary
mix of journals
160
Citation
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9.10 (continued)
that makes it obvious that a good, multidisciplinary
journal collection need contain
no more than a few hundred titles.
These results led to the formulation of the bibliographic law of concentration (4),
which goes an important step beyond the Bradford law by stating that the tail of the
literature of any one discipline consists, in large part, of the cores of the literature of
all other disciplines, and that all the disciplines combined produce a multidisciplinary literature core for all of science that consists of no more than 1000 journals. In
fact, this multidisciplinary
core might be as small as 500 journals. Though larger collections certainly can be justified in many cases, the single function of providing
reasonably cost-effective coverage of the literature most used by research scientists
requires no more than 500 to 1,000 journals.
The bibliographic law of concentration has since been validated many times, most
notably with an anlysis of 1974 JCR data that shows only 206 primary journals and
161
another 78 review journals have an impact factor of three or higher (5). In addition,
the same analysis produced a list of the 206 journals that were cited most frequently
in 1974 (Figure 9.11) that was just as multidisciplinary
as the one of 152 journals
produced from the 1969 data.
The more general types of studies of journal-citation
patterns explored the following subjects and produced the following results:
A
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Endocrinology
J immunology
-Phywr
Lrrtrrs (2)
J. grophys. Rcs
l Chcm Bcr. (2)
Ann. N. Y Acad SC,
Circularmn
Inor~. Chrm.
A~t;cryrallographin
(9)
*Eur. J. Bnchcm
(2)
J Pharmacol
rxpl Thrr
Fcdn Proc
Cmrcr Rrs
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Mrrab (2)
‘I Phvsicr(7)
ih rirp. t&r Fn (2)
Virology
*I. Polyp. Sri (6)
ixp &II Rcr
‘Anwrw
Chcm (2,
Ani intrmal
hid.
Brain Rcr
_..
l
l
4.389
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5.849
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2.918
9 I20
5412
8.989
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9 627
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8.964
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7 502
9 744
4 495
2 514
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9.556
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7
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IO
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46
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59
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42
97
52
58
54
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195
29
22
48
33
26
IS
56
104
II9
94
39
60
27
65
90
45
41
20
84
50
88
59
56
69
28
Figure 9.11 Journals most highly cited in 1974. A = rank by 1974 citations. B = rank by 1969 citations.
C = total 1974 citations. D = 1974 impact. E = 1974 citations of 1972 and 1973 articles. F = rank by
1974 citations of 1972 and 1973 articles. The citation counts for journal titles marked by an asterisk are
aggregates of multiple sections, retitled continuations, translated versions, etc. The number in parentheses after such journals indicates the number of multiple sections, etc., that were included in the aggregate count.
A
B
58
87
59
46
60
62
61
76
62
95
69
59
64 707
65
74
66 IO8
67
64
68
77
69
78
70
54
71
6S
72 11s
7s 107
74
70
75 481
76 141
77
56
78
81
79 IS2
80
71
81
72
162
C
10206
Analytical
Bmchrm
9824 *Dokl
Akad Nauk SSSR (7)
9779
Am J Mrd
9678 J na,n Cancrr lnrr
9497 Cancrr
9142 Can I Chrm
9094
FEBSeLct,crs
9082
C,rcula~mn Rrs
9026 *Phyr,ca Status Sol (9)
8909 Tr;rahrd,on
8890
Am I Obrw
Cvnrc
88%
Plan; Phyrml
8809 *Acta chcm rcand (9)
8798 J Lab. clin. Mcd
8695
Cartroenwrology
8625
Appl Physrr Letrrrs
8619 J. appl Physiol
8478
Applied
Physics Lctrcrs
8241 J. orgsnomrt
Chcm
818)
Bull. Sw chim Franc?
7941
Bull. chcm Sot Japan
7928 J Chromatography
7922
Acta phyriol
sand
7914 J phyr. Sot Japan
BP 61
BS 192
84 106
85
80
86 119
87 122
88
84
89
60
90
68
91 147
9% 100
9s 120
94 276
95 149
96
7S
97 II2
98
88
99
51
100 129
101
66
102
89
103
90
104
86
I05
94
106
99
107 156
I08 217
109
92
110 I15
III
S78
112 170
11s 150
114
98
II5
IS6
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101
II7
109
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55
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12s
120
96
121
91
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126
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8S
124 158
I25
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I26 121
127 102
I28 255
I29 I92
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7860
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5092
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IS8
I39
4909
4861
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177
267
15
III
116
.Z Nawrforrrhun~
(3)
J. Ncurochrm
*Br J. Pharmacol
Ann Surgery
‘Cd T,uur Rcr 121
J. Prdiarricr
Blood
Hrlv chim Acca
Philosophical
Mag
B&hem.
Pharmacol
Pcdiatncs
Am J. Cardiol
J. Virology
‘j Bone Jt Surg. (9)
Z. Physik
Expericntia
J. gen. Phyrml
*Fink. tvrrd Tcla (2)
Radiology
Annln Chrmnc tJ Lirbig)
*Archs imrmal
Mcd (2)
Am Heart J
J. opt. Sot. Am
‘J Physics Chcm. Sobdr (2)
J. inorg nut) Chrm
J. Endocrinology
‘J. Pharmacrur
Sci (3)
J. gcn. Mticrobiol
Surgery
S.&d St Gown
Clin chim Acta
J Ncurophysmlogy
Mrrhods Enzymolonv
Archr Surgcr;
_’
Surgery Gyncc Obswr
1. Elcctrochcm
Sot
‘Nuovo Cimrnto
IS)
im J Pathol
1 CXDI Psycho1
-RWI mod Phyrw
J Hiaorhrm
Cytochrm
Amt RK
‘Zh obshch Khlm (2)
immunology
J Nutrition
Am J. Rorntg. Rad Thrr
J Lipid Rrr.
J Urology
MC Scirnccs
bhytopathology
PhyGcr Fluids
Rev scicnt. Instrum
Figure 9.11 (continued)
2
0
4
9
2
I
s
4
,
1
2
2
I
2
5
9
I
2
2
I
0
2
2
I
D
579
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41)
289
961
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049
92%
476
576
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580
042
802
994
220
780
40s
392
001
992
I79
204
132
1 070
3 595
S 516
2 12Y
I 961
2 600
4 919
1.649
I 836
2.029
2.502
9 704
4.864
I.958
I.)40
0 889
4 SO8
0.762
1.198
, 024
2 202
I 791
2 016
I 994
0 962
2 919
I 622
2 I60
I 559
I.945
I .669
4.5s7
I .765
1 462
I ss2
I 05s
0.994
I.142
2.807
1.027
I 487
2 895
2.709
21 500
4.005
2 884
0 808
2.816
1.845
I .008
5.525
0.721
2.062
2 461
s 040
I.155
I.188
1018
E
2184
1681
1555
2858
2056
179s
4815
1698
s201
1915
2256
1935
1192
1192
2260
3246
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4205
9891
1492
1859
2886
919
1500
F
64
81
90
52
66
7s
25
79
44
69
62
68
I24
ISI
61
43
125
91
95
96
72
51
I70
95
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2464
1751
,060
1761
1890
1529
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876
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1142
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864
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2768
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547
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94
57
77
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75
70
91
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178
80
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71
47
2S4
182
89
229
102
107
979
169
188
17s
259
IPB
76
92
129
I87
55
86
249
SII
171
226
IS6
I55
195
184
226
I88
157
190
2Sl
224
265
I42
IS2
290
272
298
216
IPI
109
82
210
I59
15s
A6
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
I56
I57
I58
I59
I60
I61
I62
160
184
127
159
105
I68
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211
570
224
247
155
I82
220
442
IS7
I62
262
110
93
140
IS9
214
C
4767
4707
4704
4697
4656
4655
4604
4609
4600
4511
4480
4479
4462
4453
4451
4416
4393
4369
4556
4555
4348
4347
4SO8
1 B,ochcm. 1.p.n
-Nucl Ins,&:
hlcth
2 anorg allg Chcm
J. camp Ncurol
Can J. Physics
Lab lnvrrkuion
Hoppc-Srylck
2. physiol Chcm
Applied Optncr
Surface Science
‘Camp
Bmchrm
Physiol (3)
Appkd
Mwobtology
Am J. clin Parhol.
Am J. Surg
M&ular
Phyr,cr
‘J camp Phyrnl
(2,
Am J. Dir Child
l Archs Dermatology
(3)
Phywchcmistrv
Acra Mrnllur~,ra
‘J camp. phy&.
Prychol. (2)
Cold S~nnrr Hsrb Svnw
Ann. dhy&
Plann
D
I 715
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2 291
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163
164
165
166
167
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I69
170
171
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173
174
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I76
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184
185
186
187
188
189
190
190
192
193
194
195
196
I97
198
199
200
20,
202
20s
204
205
206
135
85
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199
159
I61
180
286
274
558
176
169
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271
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148
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195
97
194
964
172
7.18
50s
367
171
I78
178
165
154
146
I60
339
369
130
232
204
249
599
339
196
202
4303
4277
4253
4208
4180
4116
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4093
4072
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4054
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4031
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3993
3952
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3598
Archs Pathology
l Proc IEEE (2)
Pflugers Arch /Eur J. Physiol.
‘J. Pharmacy Phsrmxol
(2)
*Zh ncorg. Khim (2)
J Anim Sci
Chcm Revs
J thonc
cardiorasc
Surg
‘J cell.Physiol
(2)
J. Rcpmd
Pert.
*Transplantation
(2)
Clin cxpl Immunol.
Cdl Czech chrm. Comm
*Am Rev rcrp Dls. (3)
Gochim
c&whim
Acta
An+tica
chum acta
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Phyx,ol. Revs
Acra mcd scpnd
Dl&ClC5
‘2h tiz Khim(2)
Gol SM. Am Bull
Axronomy
Ascrophyr
J Dairy SC,
Nrurology
*Int J C=ncrr(Z)
Clintcal Chcm
Am J Ophthalmol.
Progr. rhror Physics
Mm Not R. =str Sot.
Archr Ophthalmology
J. Fluid Mcch.
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J math. Physics
‘J mcdnl Chcm. (2)
GUI
Am. J. Bor=ny
J. Ncurosurgrry
Snnd J clin. Lab Invest.
*Arrhs Ncurol. (2)
-Eur. J. Phxmscol
(2)
Dcvclopmmtal
Biol
Arzneimittrl-Forschung
l Clin. Sci mol. Mcd (2)
I.521
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2 357
2.250
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4 928
3 195
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1 421
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1.29%
1.254
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1 046
1.444
3.336
I 378
1 252
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2.217
2.537
S.S84
0.876
2.474
Figure
E
1079
1420
59%
771
774
932
1031
1559
1787
1250
1196
663
731
1258
893
809
835
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663
623
598
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508
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1000
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1025
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86)
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:026
2018
569
796
1508
1460
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100%
1036
561
617
532
632
11%
IO.81
357
636
644
745
1205
1242
83%
762
163
F
138
100
286
219
218
I66
I46
89
74
116
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255
2.91
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175
202
192
87
291
256
278
284
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332
215
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198
154
29%
I91
240
101
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85
194
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127
110
149
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266
147
67
300
206
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97
208
151
143
302
280
319
274
123
IS7
441
271
268
228
I20
II7
19%
223
9.11 (continued)
Core Literatures of Chemistry and Biochemistry
(6)
Starting with a single leading journal in chemistry and biochemistry, the core
literature of each field was defined simply by identifying the journals they cited most
frequently. The starting point in chemistry was the Journal of the American
Chemical Society (JACS). The journals it cited most frequently are shown in Figure
9.12. Biochemistry was chosen as the starting point for its field, and the journals it
cited most frequently are shown in Figure 9.13. In both lists, the journals marked
Title
Times
Cited
1.14012
2. 1920
3. 1472
4. 1376
1036
65: 884
820
7.
708
620
::
568
10.
500
11.
400
12.
302
13.
292
14.
lb.
252
16.
252
17.
240
18.
236
228
ii:
224
224
2
216
23.
208
24.
204
25.
188
26.
184
27.
180
28.
152
29.
144
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
xi:
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
t;:
47.
48.
49.
50.
140
120
112
112
104
96
88
84
76
76
;i
72
6';
68
60
sx
56
56
*Journal
of the American
Chemical
Society
*Journal
of the Chemical
Society
*Journal
of Organic
Chemistry
*Tetrahedron
Letters
Chemical
Communications
l Inorganic
Chemistry
*Journal
of Physical
Chemistry
*Chemische
Berichte
*Canadian
Journal
of Chemistry
l Angewandte
Chemie
*Tetrahedron
*Transactions
of the Faraday
Society
*Annalen
der Chemie
*Journal
of Biological
Chemistry
Bulletin
of the Chemical
Society
of Japan
*Helvetica
Chimica
Acta
*Analytical
Chemistry
*Acta
Crystallographica
*Accounts
of Chemical
Research
*Chemical
Reviews
*Journal
of Organometallic
Chemistry
*Acta
Chemica
Scandinavica
Nature
*Quarterly
Reviews
Chemistry
and Industry
Molecular
Physics
l Recueil
des Travaux
Chimiaues
des Pays-Bas
l Biochemistry
*Proceedings
of the National
Academy
of Sciences
of the
United
States
*Journal
of Inorganic
and Nuclear
Chemistry
*Bulletin
de la Societe
Chimique
de France
Organic
Synthesis
Proceedings
of the Chemical
Society
Proceedings
of the Royal
Society
l Biochimica
Biophyslca
Acta
*Australian
Journal
of Chemistry
*Biochemical
Journal
*Advances
in Chemistry
Series
Discussions
of the Faraday
Society
Progress
in Physical
and Organic
Chemistry
Gazzetta
Chimica
ltaliana
Photochemistry
and Photoblology
Science
Advances
in Physical
and Organic
Chemistry
Advances
in Organometallic
Chemistry
l Doklady
Akademii
Nauk
SSSR
Physical
Review
Zhurnal
Obshchei
Khimii
l Comptes
Rendus
Hebdomadaires
des Seances
de I’Academie
des Sciences
Pure and Applied
Chemistry
Figure 9.12 Journals cited most frequently by Journal of the American Chemical Society. Asterisks
identify journals that also are major sources of references to Journal of the American Chemical Society.
164
Citation
Tim08
Cited
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
5::
31.
:5:
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
2836
2204
1384
1260
1044
724
632
612
540
456
340
312
264
184
184
176
160
144
136
132
128
128
124
112
108
104
96
92
92
88
88
88
84
84
81
81
,‘f
64
64
56
52
52
44
44
40
4:
40
36
Analysis
of Scientifc
Journals
165
Title
*Journal
of Biological
Chemistry
*Biochemistry
*Journal
of the American
Chemical
Society
l Biochimica
Biophysics
Acta
*Proceedings
of the National
Academy
of Sciences
of the
United
States
*Biochemical
Journal
*Journal
of Molecular
Biology
*Archives
of Biochemistry
and Biophysics
*Biochemical
and Biophysical
Research
Communications
*Nature
*Federation
Proceedings
l Science
Methods
in Enzymology
Advances
in Protein
Chemistry
*Analytical
Biochemistry
Analytical
Chemistry
*Journal
of Chemical
Physics
*Annals
of the New York
Academy
of Sciences
Annual
Review
of Biochemistry
Biochemische
Zeitschrift
Journal
of the Chemical
Society
*Journal
of Physical
Chemistry
Acta Chemica
Scandinavica
*Journal
of Experimental
Medicine
Biophysical
Journal
*Journal
of Immunology
*Journal
of Biochemistry
*Hoppe-Seylers
Zeitschrift
fiir physiologische
Chemie
Cold Spring
Harbor
Symposia
on Quantitative
Biology
*Journal
of Bacteriology
*Journal
of Organic
Chemistry
Proceedings
of the Royal
Society
l Biopolymers
*European
Journal
of Biochemistry
*Journal
of Cell Biology
*Journal
of Clinical
Investigation
Chemical
Communications
Journal
of General
Physiology
Advances
in Enzymology
Tetrahedron
Letters
Canadian
Journal
of Chemistry
*Immunochemistry
Journal
of Lipid
Research
Chemische
Berichte
*Proceedings
of the Society
for Experimental
Biology
and
Medicine
Brookhaven
Symposia
in Biology
*Endocrinology
Helvetica
Chimica
Acta
Journal
of Medicinal
Chemistry
Journal
of Neurochemistry
Figure 9.13
Journals cited most frequently by Biochemistry.
malor sources of references to Biochemistry.
Asterisks identify journals that also are
with an asterisk not only are cited frequently by the subject journals, but also are
among the main sources of citations to the subject journals.
An analysis of the two lists shows two distinctly separate core literatures, with
very little overlap between them. JACS cites very few biochemical journals, whereas
Biochemistry cites biochemical and biomedical journals heavily. Both draw on each
other, of course, but with Biochemistry citing JACS much more frequently than the
other way around.
166
Citation Indexing
Rank
::
3.
4.
5.
6.
ii:
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
f ::
f $:
25.
5
28.
2
Z:
33.
34.
35.
2
38.
ii:
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Times
Cited
14396
2728
1284
980
872
540
508
496
436
344
316
312
308
308
304
296
272
264
256
248
244
240
236
232
232
220
220
212
196
184
164
156
148
144
144
140
140
124
116
112
104
104
100
100
96
Title
*Journal
of Chemical
Physics
*Physical
Review
*Journal
of the American
Chemical
Society
*Journal
of Physical
Chemistry
Proceedings
of the Royal
Society
(London)
*Transactions
of the Faraday
Society
*Molecular
Physics
*Physical
Review
Letters
*Journal
of the Chemical
Society
*Acta
Crystallographica
Physica
Zeitschrift
fur Physik
*Journal
of Physics
*Journal
of the Physical
Society
of Japan
*Journal
of Molecular
Spectroscopy
Reviews
of Modern
Physics
*Canadian
Journal
of Physics
Chemical
Physics
Letters
*Spectrochimica
Acta
Nature
*Journal
of Applied
Physics
*Optika
i Spektroskopiya
*Inorganic
Chemistry
*Canadian
Journal
of Chemistry
Review
of Scientific
Instruments
Journal
of Mathematical
Physics
*Zeitschrift
fur Naturforschung
Discussions
of the Faraday
Society
Journal
of the Optical
Society
of America
*Journal
of the Physics
and Chemistry
of Solids
Bulletin
of the American
Physical
Society
Zhurnal
Eksperimentalnoi
i Teoreticheskoi
Fiziki
*Bulletin
of the Chemical
Society
of Japan
Advances
in Chemical
Physics
Proceedinas
of the National
Academy
of Sciences
USA
Rarefied
das Dynamics.
Proc. Internet.
Symp.
*Journal
de Chimie
Physique
Journal
of Research
of the National
Bureau
of Standards
l Fizika Tverdogo
Tela
*Surface
Science
Advances
in Chemistry
Series
*Chemical
Reviews
*Physics
Letters
Science
Annual
Review
of Physical
Chemistry
*Theoretica
Chimica
Acta
*Comptes
Rendus
etc. de I’Academie
des Sciences
(Paris)
Solid State Physics
l Berichte
der Bunsengesellschaft
fur Physikalische
Chemie
Annalen
der Physik
Figure 9.14
Journals cited most frequently by Journal of Chemical Physics. Asterisks identify journals
that also are major sources of references to Journal of Chemical Physics.
Relationship
Between Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry (7)
Much has been said about the presumed relationship between the physical chemist
and the chemical physicist. To test that relationship, a list was compiled of the journals cited most frequently by the Journal of Chemical Physics (Figure 9.14), and
Citation Analysk of Scientific Journals
167
then compared to the list previously compiled of the journals most frequently cited
by the Journal of the American Chemical Society (Figure 9.12). The most striking
feature of the Journal of Chemical Physics (JCP) list is the small number of physical
chemistry journals that appear on it, though the Journal of Physical Chemistry
ranks fourth. The Soviet Zhurnai Fizicheskoi Khimii. (ZFK), for example, is conspicuously absent. Its absence, however, may be due to a bias in the source-journal
coverage of SCZ that is a result of the difficulty and cost of covering journals that do
not use Roman alphabets. Some of the Soviet journals not covered may cite ZFK
frequently enough to improve its rank on this list.
A comparison of the JCP and JACS lists shows that both journals cite Nature and
Science,and at about the same rate. Nature ranks twenty-third on the JACS list with
a frequency of 208 and twentieth on the JCP list with a frequency of 248. Science
ranks forty-second on the JACS list with a frequency of 72 and forty-fourth on the
JCP list with a frequency of 100. Reflecting their historical orientation toward the
life sciences, both of them ranked considerably higher among the journals cited by
Biochemistry (Figure 9.13).
Journal of Experimental
Medicine
(8)
The Journal of Experimental Medicine (J. Exp. Med.) was made the subject of a
citation analysis because of its high impact factor. The 1969 data showed its average
article was cited 8.3 times, which gave it an impact-factor ranking of thirteenth
among the journals covered by JCR. Generally, high impact factors indicate basic
research, but the title of J. Exp. Med. describes it as a medical journal.
Lists of the 40 journals it cited most frequently (Figure 9.15) and the 40 journals
that cited it most frequently (Figure 9.16) showed that J. Exp. Med. is clearly a journal of immunology.
Its references are heavily slanted (in terms of volume) to the
biochemical and immunology literature, rather than to the clinical literature. On the
other hand, it is heavily cited by clinical journals.
An analysis of the Journal of Immunology convincingly confirmed this view of J.
Exp. Med. as being correct. The top 40 journals it cited most frequently (Figure
9.17) and the 40 that cited it most frequently (Figure 9.18) display an amazing
similarity to the lists compiled for J. Exp. Med. The most significant difference between the two journals is seen in their citation rates and impact factors. J. Exp. Med.
ranks higher on both counts: 15,536 versus 10,492 in citation rate and 8.3 versus 4.1
in impact factor.
Though the characterization of J. Exp. Med. as an immunology journal-and
probably the premier one-may not be news to the people who are familiar with it,
there is no doubt that there are many medical librarians who subscribe to it on the
grounds that it is a medical journal. Conversely, there probably are many departments of biochemistry and immunology
that find those same grounds sufficient
reason for not subscribing to it.
The Literature of Rheumatology
(9)
Peter Thorpe of Geigy Pharmaceuticals
in the U.K.
did a citation
study of the
Rank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Times
Cited
1084
572
236
168
164
156
128
104
100
92
76
76
72
68
64
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
60
56
52
44
40
36
32
32
32
28
28
20
24
24
24
24
24
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
1388
5296
Journal
Title
Abbreviation
J Exp Med
J lmmunol
Nature
lmmunoiogy
Science
Proc Sot Exp Biol
Med
lnternat
Arch
Allergy
APPI
immunol
Fed Proc
J Biol
Chem
Biochem
J
Proc Nat Acad
Sci USA
Transplantation
Ann
NY Acad
Sci
Immunochemistry
Cold
Spr Harb
Symp
Quant
Biol
Biochemistry
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
J Clin
Invest
J Cell Biol
Progr
Allergy
Clin
Exp lmmunol
Adv lmmunol
Austral
J EXD Biol
Med
J Infect
Dir
J Allergy
Lancet
Proc Royal
Sot B Biol Sci
Am J Pathol
Ann
lnst Pasteur
(Paris)
Biochem
Biophys
ReS Comm
J Nat Cancer
lnst
Methods
Med Res
Am Rev Resp Dis
Bacterial
Rev
Clin
Sci
Exp Cell
Res
J Bacterial
J Biophys
Biochem
Cytol
J Histochem
Cytochem
J Pathol
Bact&iol
All others
(220
other
JOurnaiS)
TOTAL
Journals cited most frequently by
9.15
Journal of Experimental Medicine.
ngure
168
Rank
Times
Citing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
30.
39.
40.
1408
1084
512
340
288
240
236
224
220
196
196
192
188
184
172
172
160
152
152
148
148
144
144
140
128
128
124
124
116
112
108
104
104
104
104
100
96
96
92
88
6768
15536
Journal
Title
Abbreviation
J lmmunol
J EXP
Mea
Proc Sot Exp Biol Med
Immunology
Transplantation
J Bacterial
Klin
Wschr
Proc Nat ACad
Sci USA
Thromb
Diath
Haem
Ann
NV Acad
Sci
Science
Clin
Exp lmmunol
Fed Proc
Ann
Rev Microbial
J Infect
Ois
J Nat Cancer
lnst
Immunochemistry
Experientia
J Virology
Acta
Path Stand
Nature
Lancet
Virology
New
Engl J Med
Am J Med
Am J Pathol
Am J Vet Res
Military
Med
Am J Cardiol
Biochemistry
Biochem
Biophys
Acta
Ann
lnst Pasteur
(Paris)
Annu
Rev Genetics
Cancer
Research
J Gen Virology
Lab Invest
J Clin
Invest
Zbl Bakteriol
Brit J Exp Pathol
J Med Microblol
All others
(368
other
journals)
TOTAL
Figure 9.16 Major sources of references to
Journal of Experimental Medicine.
Rank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
10.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
30.
39.
40.
Times
Cited
2176
1404
508
576
412
408
244
240
196
196
188
184
168
156
144
140
140
120
108
100
92
88
a4
04
76
68
68
64
64
60
60
56
44
40
40
40
40
40
36
36
3112
9068
Journal
Title
Abbreviation
J lmmunol
J Exp Med
P~OC soc Exp Biol
Med
Nature
Science
Immunology
J Biol
Chem
Fed Proc
J Clin
InveSt
Proc Nat Acad
Sci USA
Intern&
Arch
Allergy
APPi
lmmunol
Immunochemistry
Biochem
J
Biochemistry
Lancet
Ann NY Acad
Sci
J Infect
Dis
Biochim
Biophys
Acta
J Bacterial
Adv lmmunol
Progr
Allergy
Cancer
Res
J Nat Cancer
lnst
Virology
J Allergy
Acta
Pathol
Microbial
Stand
New Engl
J Med
J Molec
Biol
Transplantation
Brlt J EXP Pathol
Cold
Spr Harb
Symp
Quant
Biol
Clin
Exp lmmunol
Am J Hyg
J Lab Clin
Med
Austral
J EXP Biol Med
Bacterial
Rev
J Amer
Chem
Sot
Lab
Invest
Ann
lnst Pasteur
(Paris)
Blood
All others
(392
Other
jOUrnalS)
TOTAL
Figure 9.17 Journals cited most frequently by
Journal of Immunology.
Rank
Times
Citing
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
2176
572
396
204
204
164
152
152
148
136
132
132
128
120
116
116
108
104
104
104
100
100
96
96
92
06
04
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
a4
80
80
76
72
68
68
64
64
60
60
56
56
3400
10492
Journal
Title
Abbreviation
J lmmunol
J Exp Med
Proc Sot EXP Biol
Med
Immunology
Transplantation
Ann
Rev Microbial
Clin
Exp lmmunol
Proc Nat Acad
Sci USA
J Bacterlol
Immunochemistry
Nature
Science
J Pediat
Prod
Probl
Pharmaceut
Am J Epidemiol
Fed Proc
J Nat Cancer
lnst
Am J Trap
Med
Biochemistry
J Virology
Ann
NY Acad
Sci
Fat Biol
Am J Cardiol
Klin
Wschr
Appl
Microbial
Acta Viral
Internat
Arch
Allergy
Appl
lmmunol
J Infect
Dis
Experientia
New
Engl J Med
Lancet
Mycopathol
Mycol
APPI
Biochim
Biophys
ACta
Vox Sanguinis
Arch
Gen Viral
Military
Med
Acta Microbial
Acad
Sci Hung
Acta
Pathol
Stand
Ann
Intern
Med
Exp Parasitol
All others
(286
other
journals)
TOTAL
Figure 9.18 Major sources of references to
Journal of Immunology.
169
170
Citation Indexing
rheumatology literature (10) by identifying the 24 journals most frequently cited by
each of the two leading journals in that field. The journals whose citing patterns he
analyzed were Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases (Ann. Rheum. Dis.) and Arthritis
and Rheumatism (Arthr. & Rheum.). His two lists are shown in Figure 9.19. Though
he based his study on 1970 citations, his lists agreed with similar ones compiled from
the JCR data for 1969. To extend his study, IS1 went one step further and compiled
lists of the most frequent sources of citations to the journals he selected. They are
shown in Figure 9.20.
The journals cited by Ann. Rheum. Dis. and Arthr. & Rheum. (Figure 9.19) are
essentially the same: 19 journals are common to both lists. Another point about
these two lists is that they demonstrate the bibliographic law of concentration. With
only four exceptions, all of the 29 journals that are unique to one or the other of the
two lists are among the 450 journals that the multidisciplinary
and multispecialty
JCR shows as being the most frequently cited.
The lists of journals that most frequently cite Ann. Rheum. Dis. and Arthr. &
Rheum. (Figure 9.20) also are remarkably similar. Sixteen journals are common to
both of these lists.
However, there are obvious differences between the citing and cited lists. Both
Ann. Rheum. Dis. and Arthr. h Rheum. cite literature more heavily and much more
widely than they, in turn, are cited. In the case of Ann. Rheum. Dis., it published
1332 references that cited 305 different journals, whereas it was cited 1252 times by
only 71 different journals. Comparable figures for Arthr. & Rheum. are 3 165
references to 387 journals and 1660 citations from only 103 different journals. As is
so often the case, the journal that cites most heavily and widely, Arthr. & Rheum. is
in turn most heavily and widely cited. Another point of difference between the citing
and cited lists is that all the journals cited by Ann. Rheum. Dis. and Arthr. &
Rheum. are published in English, but several journals publishedin French and German appear as major citation sources for them.
Certain journals, namely Arthr. & Rheum., Ann Rheum. Dis., Acta Med. Stand.,
Arch. Internal Med., J. Bone Joint Surg., and the Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med., appear on all four lists. This strongly suggests, even to someone unfamiliar with the
specialty, that these six journals, in addition to the obvious general journals, such as
J. Amer. Med. Assoc., Brit. Med. J., Lancet, etc., probably are the ones that are the
most useful to a rheumatologist.
Relationship Between Pathology and Virology (11)
In an address to a 1971 meeting of the American Phytopathological
Association, I
used a list of the journals most frequently cited by the journal Phytopathology
to
identify the core literature of the field (Figure 9.21). Everyone in the audience was
surprised to find that the second most frequently
cited journal,
after
Phytopathology
itself, was Virology. This unexpected relationship was confirmed
by a complementary list of the journals that were the major sources of citations to
Phytopathology (Figure 9.22). Virology ranked a respectable seventh on that list.
*l.
*2.
*3.
*4.
*5.
*6.
*7.
*8.
*9.
*lo.
* 11.
‘12.
*13.
*14.
15.
*16.
* 17.
*18.
*19.
*20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Journals Cited by
ANNALS OF RHEUMATIC
DISEASES
Times Cumulated %
Title Abbreviation
Cited
of Citations
211
15.8
*l.
Ann. Rheum. Dis.
Arthr. &k Rheum.
102
23.5
*2.
Brit. Med. J.
65
28.3
*3.
58
32.7
*4.
Lancet
55
36.8
*5.
J. Bone Joint Surg.
J. Clin. Invest.
32
39.2
*6.
J. Exp. Med.
31
41.3
*7.
28
43.7
*8.
Nature
Acta Rheum. Stand.
27
45.7
*9.
J. Amer. Med. Assoc.
24
46.6
*lo.
23
49.2
$11.
Ann. Internal Med.
Amer. J. Med
22
50.9
*12.
New Engl. J. Med.
22
*13.
52.5
J. Immunology
22
54.2
*14.
20
56.0
15.
Proc. Roy. Sot. Med.
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med.
18
57.3
*16.
16
58.5
*17.
Acta Med. Stand.
J. Lab. Clin. Med.
16
59.7
*18.
Clin. Exp. Immunol.
13
60.4
19.
Arch. Internal Med.
12
61.3
*20.
J. Chronic Dis.
12
62.2
21.
Q. J. Med.
12
63.1
22.
Immunology
11
64.0
23.
J, Path. Bact.
11
64.9
*24.
All Other (281)
469
100.0
Total
1332
Figure 9.19 Journals cited most frequently
Rheumatism. Journals common to both lists
by
are marked
Journals Cited by
ARTHRITIS
& RHEUMATISM
Title Abbreviation
Times Cumulated%
Cited
of Citations
Arthr. & Rheum.
291
9.2
Ann. Rheum. Dis.
188
15.1
18.1
95
New En&J. Med.
92
20.0
Ann. Internal Med.
91
23.9
J. Bone Joint Surg.
26.7
90
J. Exp. Med.
81
29.4
Lancet
81
32.0
Brit. Med. J.
79
34.3
Amer. J. Med.
78
36.8
J. Clin. Invest.
70
39.0
Nature
41.2
69
67
43.3
Acta Rheum. Stand.
62
45.3
Science
47.0
J. Lab. Clin. Med.
i”7
48.5
J. Immunology
44
49.9
Clin. Exp. Immunol.
41
51.2
Clin. Orthoped.
40
52.5
Arch. Internal Med.
39
53.7
Canad. Med. Assoc. J.
27
54.6
Fed. Proc.
26
55.4
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. US
26
56.2
Acta Med. Stand.
25
57.0
All Other (363)
1360
100.0
Total
3165
Annals of Rheumatic Disease
by asterisks.
and
Arthritis
&
To Contents Page
Journals That Cited
ARTHRITIS
& RHEUMATISM
Title Abbreviation
Times
Cumulated %
Cited
of Citations
Ann. Rheum. Dis.
296 23.6
* 1. Arthr. & Rheum.
160
9.6
Arthr. & Rheum.
80 30.0
$2. Mayo Chn. Proc.
136
17.8
80 36.4
*3. Amer. J. Med.
25.1
Z. Rheumaforsch.
120
Acta Med. Stand.
68 41.9
*4. Ann. Rheum. Dis.
76
29.6
Mayo Clin. Proc.
64 47.0
*5. Med. Clin. N. Amer.
60
33.3
Brit. Med. J.
36 49.8
*6. Acta Med. Stand.
36.6
56
*7. Schweiz. Med. Wschr.
Amer. J. Med.
32 52.4
52
39.8
Q. J. Med.
32 55.0
*8. Modern Treatment
48
42.7
Schweiz. Med. Wschr.
32 57.5
*9. Deut. Med. Wschr.
44
45.3
Arch. Internal Med.
28 59.7
* 10. Arch. InternaI Med.
47.7
J. Bone Joint Surg.
28 62.0
*l 1. Brit. Med. J.
50.1
t:
Lancet
28 64.2
12. Chn. Exp. Immunol.
40
52.5
Amer. J. Epidem.
24 66.1
13. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
36
54.7
Deut. Med. Wschr.
24 68.1
14. J. Amer. Med.Assoc.
36
56.9
Arch. Orthopid.
Unfallchir.
20 69.6
$15. J. Bone Joint Surg.
36
59.0
Biochem. Biophys. Acta
20 71.2
16. Rev. Fr. Et. Clin. BioI.
36
61.2
Experientia
,
20 72.8
*17. Amer. J. Path.
32
63.1
Clin. Chim. Acta
16 74.1
18. Biochem. J.
32
65.1
Med. Clin. N. Amer.
16 75.4
19. J. Immunol.
28
66.7
16 76.7
‘20. Proc. Sot. Exp. BioI. Med.
28
68.4
Modern Treatment
Amer. J. Clin. Pathol.
12 77.6
*21. Zschr. Rheumaforsch.
28
70.1
Amer. J. Pathol.
12 78.6
22. Tohoku J. Exp. Med.
24
71.6
Biochem. Pharmacol.
12 79.6
23. Amer. J. CIin. Nutr.
16
72.5
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med
12 80.5
* 24. Lancet
16
73.5
All Other (47)
244 100.0
All Other (79)
440
100.0
Total
1252
Total
1660
Figure 9.20
Major sources of references to Annals of Rheumatic Diseases and Arthritis & Rheumatism.
Journals common to both lists are marked by asterisks.
Journals That Cited
ANNALS OF RHEUMATIC
DISEASES
Times Cumulated %
Title Abbreviation
of Citations
Cited
‘1.
*2.
*3.
+4.
*5.
*6.
*7.
8.
*9.
*lo.
*l 1.
*12.
13.
*14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
*19.
*20.
21.
*22.
23.
*24.
No. of
Rank citations
1.
3288
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
476
320
240
204
188
184
164
164
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
148
144
120
88
88
80
76
76
72
19.
68
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
60
60
60
56
56
52
4788
11320
Title
Phytopathology
(selfcitation)
Plant Dis. Reporter
Virology
Canad. J%ot.
Plant Physiol.
Amer. J. Bot.
Nature
Ann. Appl. Biol.
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
Phytopathol.
Zschr.
J. Agric. Res.
Science
J. Bacterial.
J. Biol. Chem.
Mycologia
Agronomy J.
J. Gen. Microbial.
Trans. Brit. Mycol.
sot.
Annu. Rev. Plant
Physiol.
Austr. J. Biol. Sci.
J. Econ. Entomol.
Soil Sci.
Crop Sci.
J. Agric. Food Chem.
Ann. Phytopathol.
sot.
No. of
Rank citations
1.
3288
2.
1164
3.
184
4.
5.
6.
168
120
112
7.
8.
9.
76
72
68
60
56
56
56
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
48
48
48
40
36
36
32
28
28
28
28
25.
28
All Other
(731 other titles)
Total
Figure 9.21 Journals cited most frequently’
by Phytopathology.
944
6852
Figure
9.22
113
Title
Phytopathology
(selfcitation)
Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.
Trans. Brit. Mycol.
sot.
Canad. J. Bot.
Mycologia
Mycopathol.
Mycol.
APP’.
Virology
Ann. Appl. Biol.
Botan. Rev.
Canad. J. Microbial.
Canad. J. Plant Sci.
Hilgardia
Theoret. Appi.
Genetics
Amer. Potato J.
Crop Sci.
J. Econ. Entomol.
Science
J. Bacterial.
J. Gen. Microbial.
J. Stored Prod. Res.
C.R. Acad. Sci. D
IIRB
J. Nematol.
Nat. Cancer Inst.
Monogr.
Radiation Res.
All Other
(99 other titles)
Total
Major sources of references
to Phytopathology.
Later, in an attempt to see whether the relationship between virology and
pathology extended to human pathology, I analyzed the citation patterns of Actu
Path. Microb. Scan., Virchows Arch., Pathologie Biologie, J. Pathology, and
Amer. J. Pathol. These journals are the top five of the 20 pathology journals
covered by JCR, when measured by the criteria of the number of references published in 1969. The analysis showed that, with one puzzling exception, they did not
cite virology journals at a significant rate. Virology, for example, ranked only
Citation Indexing
174
Rank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
Times
Cited
Rank
Title
416
Acta path. microb.
stand. (self-citation)
240 Nature
148 J. Exp. Med.
116 J. Nat. Cancer Inst.
108 Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci.
104 Arch. Pathol.
104 J. Bacterial.
96 Amer. J. Pathol.
96 Ann. Human Genetics
96 Proc. Sot. Exp. BioI.
Med.
80 Ann. Eugenics
80 J. Histochem. Cytothem.
80 Lancet
76 Biochem. J.
76 J. BioI. Chem.
72 Circulation
72 J. Med. Microbial.
68 Amer. J. Human
Genetics
64 C.R. Acad. Sci.
64 Lab. Invest.
60 Acta genet. med.
gemell.
60 J. Immunol.
56. J. Cell Biol.
52 Virology
48 Cancer Res.
All Other
(601 other titles)
6940
Total
Figure 9.23
Journals cited most frequently by
Acta Pathologica et Microbiologica Scandinavica
Times
Cited
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
172
132
124
120
116
116
92
76
72
10.
72
11.
64
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
60
60
60
60
56
52
52
52
44
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
44
40
36
36
36
4408
Title
Nature
J. Bacterial.
Virology
J. Gen Microbial.
J. BioI. Chem.
J. Molec BioI.
Cancer Res.
Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci.
Biochem. Biophys.
Acta
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol.
Med.
Biochem. Biophys.
Res.
Ann. Inst. Pasteur
Lancet
New Engl. J. Med.
Science
J. Virology
Biochem. J.
J. Exp. Med.
Presse Med.
Arch. Biochem.
Biophys.
Pathol. BioI.
Canad. J. Microbial.
Biokhimiya
Endocrinology
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci.
US
2464
Figure
9.24
AI1 Other
(400 other titles)
4308 Total
Journals cited most frequently
by Pathologie Biologie.
twenty-fourth among the journals cited by Acta Path. Microb. Stand. (Figure 9.23).
The exception that was so puzzling was Pathologie Biologie. As in the case of
Phytopathology, virology ranked third among the journals it cited most frequently
(Figure 9.24). What made the finding so puzzling was not only that Pathologie
Biologie was the only one to show such a strong interest in virology, but that it
showed little, if any, interest in plant pathology, which would have explained the
relationship with virology.
Citation
Analysis
of Scientific
Journals
17s
Interestingly enough, a complementary analysis of the major sources of citations
to pathology journals uncovered the same situation, but with a somewhat different
set of journals. The five most frequently cited pathology journals in JCR are Amer.
J. Pathol., Arch. Pathol., Naunyn-Schmiedebergs
Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol.,
J. Clin. Pathol., and the Brit. J. Exp. Pathol. Lists of the major sources of citations
to them showed that only one, Brit. J. Exp. Pathol., was cited significantly by
virology journals.
This analysis suggested that there may have been a literature gap in the area of applied virology. Certainly the literature on human pathology did not seem to reflect
the impact that virology was having on that field, which may be why the report by
ter Meulen and Koprowski on the viral factors in multiple sclerosis (12) was published in a general medical journal rather than in one of the specialty virology journals. If there was a literature of applied virology, it probably was scattered
throughout the general medical literature. Any publisher looking for a new journal
market at that point in time would have been well advised to take a close look at the
area of applied virology. This, in fact, happened some time later, when the Journal
of Medical Virology began publishing.
Journal of Clinical Investigation
(13)
Another test of how subtly citation analysis can characterize the editorial orientation
of a journal was conducted with the Journal of Clinical Investigation (J. Clin.
Invest). Like the Journal of Experimental Medicine, its title suggests that it would be
quite useful in a clinical or hospital library as an interface between basic research
and clinical practice. The citation analysis showed that, unlike the Journal of Experimental Medicine, it did, in fact, cover that area. The journals it cited most frequently (Figure 9.25) showed it had a close relationship to the basic research fronts.
Those that cited it most heavily (Figure 9.26) showed that it also had a significant
impact on clinical practice. Its utility among clinicians could be seen plainly by
defining as clinical any journal whose title contains the words “clinical,”
“medical, ” “medicine,”
or the name of a medical specialty, but that does not contain the words “laboratory,”
“experimental,”
or “research.” By that criterion,
about 30 of the 50 journals that cited J. Clin. Invest. most frequently were clinical,
whereas only about 12 of the 50 journals it cited most frequently fell into the same
category. And in the cases where J. Clin. Invest. did cite clinical journals, it usually
did so at a rate much lower than the one at which they cited it.
Another facet of the editorial orientation of J. Clin. Invest. was shown by the
high ranking of the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology andMetabolism
on both lists.
In keeping with this relationship, Endocrinology and Diabetes also show up as being
heavily cited by J. Clin. Invest.
A surprising observation is that the Journal of the American Medical Association
(JAMA) does not appear on either list, whereas the New England Journal of
Medicine ranks high on both of them. A similar situation is found with the British
Medical Journal and Lancet. Lancet ranks high on both lists. The British Medical
Journal, though it does appear on the list of journals that cited J. Clin. Invest.
Rank
*1.
‘2.
‘3.
*4.
5.
*6.
7.
*8.
*9.
110.
*11.
12.
*13.
‘14.
15.
16.
*17.
*18.
19.
‘20.
*21.
22.
*23.
*24.
25.
*26.
l 27.
28.
29.
*:::
‘32.
3::
*35.
*36.
37.
38.
*39.
*40.
841.
‘42.
443.
44.
*45.
f?
*48:
49.
50.
Times
citad
1244
544
368
260
244
204
196
172
168
164
160
152
144
136
116
112
100
100
E
i:
84
80
;z
76
2:
64
t::
56
56
56
56
2;
9:
4:
YE
:z
36
::
32
6428
10336
16764
Journal
title
abbraviation
J. Clin. Invest. (1244)
J. Biol. Chem. (168)
Amer. J. Physiology
(556)
J. Clin. Endocrinol.
Metab. (296)
Nature
J. Lab. Clin. Med (188)
Science
Biochim.
Biophys. Acta (356)
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med. (360)
Biochem. J. (112)
Lancet (272)
Endocrinology
Diabetes (188)
New Engl. J. Med (476)
J. Lipid Res.
Clin. Res.
Ann. New York Acad Sci. (308)
Blood (96)
J. Exp. Med.
J. Appl. Physiology
(200)
Am. J. Med. (392)
Fed. Proc.
J. Physiology
(London)
(136)
Circulation
Res. ( 100)
Analyt.
Biochem.
Circulation
(284)
Clin. Science (568)
J. Pharmacol.
Exp. Ther.
Acta Physiol. Stand.
Cancer Res.
Ann. Internal
Med. (212)
Metabolism
(188)
Arch. B&hem.
Biophys.
Biochemistry
Gastroenterology
(120)
Thromb.
Diath. Haemorrh.
(116)
Rec. Progr. Hormone
Res.
J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (100)
Acta Endocrinologica
(132)
Clin. Chim. Acta (140)
Klin. Wschr.
(248)
Pflugers Arch. (148)
Amer. Heart J.
Amer. J. Obst. Gynecol.
(168)
Biochem. Pharmacol.
Physiol. Rev.
Stand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (128)
Steroids
Atherosclerosis
Total of first 50
in 5 12 other publications
Total
Figure
9.25
Journals
cited most frequently
by Journal of Clinical
Asterisks indicate journals
that also are major sources of references
to
parentheses following
these journals show the number of times they cited
176
Investigation (J. Clin. Invest.)
J. C/in. Invest. The numbers in
J. Clin. Invest.
Tim+
l 1.
‘2.
‘3.
‘4.
‘5.
l 6.
l 7.
l 8.
‘9.
l 10.
‘11.
‘12.
13.
14.
l 15.
16.
*17.
18.
‘19.
*20.
$21.
22.
23.
24.
‘25.
*26.
27.
l 28.
29.
‘30.
31.
*32.
f33.
34.
35.
*36.
37.
38.
‘39.
40.
*41.
42.
‘43.
44.
*45.
46.
*47.
*48.
49.
50.
cited
1244
568
556
476
392
360
356
308
296
284
272
248
232
232
212
204
200
196
188
188
188
176
172
168
168
168
160
148
140
140
136
136
132
128
128
128
124
124
120
116
116
112
112
112
100
100
100
96
;4
10948
8168
19116
Figure 9.26
kurnal
tit10
abbrwiation
Clin. Science (76)
Amer. J. Physiol. (368)
New Engl. J. Med. (136)
Amer. J. Med. (84)
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med. (168)
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta (172)
Ann. New York Acad. Sci. (100)
Metab. (260)
Circulation
(76)
Lancet (160)
Klin. Wschr. (40
Acta Med. Scan d .
Arch. Internal.
Med.
Ann. Internal
Med. (60)
Ital. J. Biochem.
J. Appl. Physiology
(92)
J. Immunology
Diabetes (144)
J. Lab. Clin. Med. (204)
Metabolism
(60
Deut. Med. Wsc 1,r.
Brit. Med. J.
Am. J. Digest. Dis.
(36)
J. Biol. Chem. (544)
Amer. J. Clin. Nutrition
Pflugers Arch. (40)
Brit. J. Haematol.
Clin. Chim. Acta (40)
Amer. J Med. Sci.
J. Physiology
(London)
(84)
Acta Endocrinologica
(40)
Gut
Israel J. Med. Sci.
Stand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (36)
J. Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Gastroenterology
(56)
Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis.
Thromb.
Diath. Haemorrh.
(56)
Ann. Surgery
Biochem. J. (164)
Respiration
Physiol.
Circulation
Res. (80)
Danish Med. Bull.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (48)
Blood (100)
Med. Clin. North Amer.
Beitr. Klin. Tuberk.
Total of first 50
in 391 other publications
Total
Major sources of references to Journal of Clinical Znvestigation
indicate journals that also are frequently
cited by J. Clin. Invest.; the frequency
vest. is shown by the number in parentheses following the journal name.
(J. Clin. Invest.) Asterisks
of citation by J. Clin. Zn-
177
178
Citation Indexing
(Figure 9.26), ranks much lower than Lancet and does not make the list of journals
cited by J. Clin. Invest. (Figure 9.25) at all.
Journal of the American
of Medicine (14)
Medical Association
Versus The New England Journal
The absence of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) and the
prominence of the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) in the citation study
of the Journal of Clinical Investigation suggested that the latter was more research
oriented than the former. A comparative citation analysis of the two journals was
conducted to test that hypothesis. The analysis was based, primarily, on the impactfactor ratings of the journals most frequently cited by JAMA and NEJM, an appreach that was chosen because there is a general correlation between the strength of
a journal’s impact and the degree of its basic-research orientation.
Lists of the titles of the journals cited most frequently by JAMA and NEJM
showed that there was a considerable difference between the two journals. The
average impact factors of the two lists showed the nature of the difference. The top
50 journals cited by JAMA (Figure 9.27) had an average impact of 1,562, whereas
the average impact of the top 50 cited by NEJM (Figure 9.28) was 2.601. Even when
the lists were extended to include the top 100 citation targets, the impact superiority
of the NEJM-cited journals was maintained: 2.377 versus 2.107. The difference of
0.237 is not as trivial as it might seem. Many journals do not achieve an impact factor as high as 0.237.
This evidence of NEJM’s greater research orientation may explain not only its
close relationship with the Journal of Clinical Investigation, but also its striking
superiority to JAMA in terms of impact. Although NEJM and JAMA were cited at
approximately the same rate (they ranked twenty-fourth and twenty-sixth, respectively, in terms of total citations in 1969), NEJM ranked one hundred-sixtieth in impact, with a rating of 2.45, whereas JAMA ranked four hundred seventy-fourth,
with a rating of 1.027. In fact, when the letters, editorials, and other nonciteable
material that tends to lower the impact factors based on 1969 data were removed,
the difference between the two became even more marked.
In less abstract terms, the list of journals most frequently cited by JAMA contained all the journals needed to provide reasonably complete coverage of the
literature relevant to the interests of a practitioner. The practitioner’s university colleague, however, may well prefer to choose his journal collection from the list of
journals cited most frequently by NEJM.
Pediatrics Literature (15)
A study of the journal literature of pediatrics began with identifying all the
pediatrics journals on the list of 1000 journals cited most frequently in 1969. There
were 13, and they are shown, in alphabetical order, with their citation rate and impact factor, in Figure 9.29. Initially, the core group of pediatric journals included
Child Development and Growth, but they were subsequently dropped from the
study. The reason for dropping them was that the analysis showed their citation
Rank
1.
2.
3.
2:
6.
li:
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
:::
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
:::
41.
42.
43.
44.
tt
47:
48.
49.
50.
Figure 9.27 Journals
Times
Cited
Cited Journal
1212
424
200
200
148
140
140
128
2
88
76
76
72
2:
60
60
56
56
56
56
52
52
52
52
48
48
48
48
44
40
40
40
;:
St
:i
36
:z
-36
36
:z
:i
28
4692
9360
14052
and Its Impact
Factor
J. Amer. Med. Assoc. (1.027)
N. Engl. J. Med. (2.453)
Ann. Internal
Med. (1.640)
Lancet (1.509)
J. Urology
(0.950)
Amer. J. Med. (4.694)
Arch. Internal Med. (1.610)
Brit. Med. J. (0.778)
Circulation
(1.267)
J. Clin. Endocr. Metab. (3.829)
Science (2.894)
Cancer (2.162)
HSMHA
Health Rep. (0.451)
Arch. Dermatol.
(0.567)
Amer. J. Med. Sci. (0.582)
J. Clin. Invest. (3.461)
Nature (2.244)
Surgery
(1.347)
Amer. J. Cardiology
(2.240)
Amer. J. Dis. Children
(1.257)
(1.269)
Surg. Gynecol.
Obst. (1.578).
Ann. Surgery (1.665)
Arch. Surgery(0.888)
Clin. Res. (0.262)
I. Lab. Clin. Med. (1.742)
Am. J. Epidemiology
(1.846)
I. Pediatrics
(1.4591
keurology
(6.868)
’
Radiology
(1.533)
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med. (1.964)
Amer. J. Roentgenol.
(1.257)
Anesthesiology
(2.040)
Southern
Med. J. (0.224)
Amer. Heart J. (1.980)
Amer. I. Clin. Pathol. (0.6251
Amer. j. Physiology
(3.379)
Amer. I. Psvchiatrv
(0.6731
Arch. ten Psychiairy
(1.469)
Arthritis
Rheumatism
(0.672)
Canad. Med. Assoc. J. (0.350)
J. Med. Education
(0.393)
Medicine
(5.217)
Obstetrics
& Gynecology
(0.816)
Pediatrics
(1.417)
Tr. Amer. Sot. Art. Int. Org. (1.367)
Arch. Environmental
Health (0.632)
Arch. Neurol. (1.449)
Amer. J. Surgery
(0.992)
Gastroenterology
(1.189)
Total of first 50
in 788 others
Grand Total
by
Journal of the American Medical Association.
179
Rank
Times
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Cited
1172
476
356
352
348
308
300
288
216
208
196
180
176
172
140
140
140
136
120
116
112
112
112
112
108
108
104
100
100
88
88
84
80
80
76
76
76
72
72
72
68
68
68
;:
i:
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
:‘o:
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
ii:
60
56
56
52
52
9.28
180
Journals
cited
most
Journal
in first 50
in 1019
other
Grand
Total
7980
17248
25228
Figure
Cited
frequently
and
Its Impact
Factor
New Engl. J. Med (2.453)
J. Clin. Invest.
(3.461)
Lancet
(1.509)
J. Biol.
Chem.
(6.371)
Amer. J. Med (4.694)
Ann.
Internal
Med. (1.640)
Circulation
(1.267)
J. Amer.
Med. Assoc.
(1.027)
Amer.
J. Cardiology
(2.240)
Science
(2.894)
Brit. Med. J. (0.778)
Nature
(2.244)
Metab.
(3.829)
Blood
(2.867)
Amer.
Heart J. (1.980)
Arch.
Internal
Med. (1.610)
J. Exp. Med. (9.030)
Castroenterology
(1.189)
Amer.
J. Physiology
(3.379)
Pediatrics
(1.417)
Biochem.
Biophys.
Res. Comm.
(4.468)
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
(0.448)
J. Bacterloi.
(3.594)
Proc. Nat. Acad.
SC]. USA (8.828)
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta (3.287)
Proc. Sot. Exp. Biol.
Med. (1.964)
Brit. J. Haematol.
(2.179)
J. Lab. Clin. Med. (1.742)
J. Pediatrics
(1.459)
Ann.
New York
Acad.
Sci. (1.815)
Medicine
(5.217)
J. Heredity
(0.600)
Clin. Res. (0.262)
J. Immunology
(4.305)
Brit. Heart J. (1.697)
Fed. Proc. (0.568)
RadioloRy
(1.533)
Am. I. Vet. Res. (0.831)
Bloc&m.
J. (3.193)
Cancer
Res. (3.084)
Arch.
Blochem.
Blophys.
(3.519)
Arch.
Pathology
(1.509)
Biochemistry
(5.906)
Diabetes
(2.039)
Amer.
J. Dis. Children
(1.257)
Amer.
J. Med. Sci. (0.582)
Amer.
J. Clin. Pathol.
(0.623)
Q.J. Med. (4.238)
Acta Med. Stand.
(1.534)
Amer.
J. Pathology
(1.9 16)
by
publications
New England Journal of Medicine.
181
links to the other 13, as either the object or source of citations, to be very weak. An
examination of the two journals showed that Child Development dealt with
psychology and education and Growth was concerned mainly with biochemistry and
physiology.
The next step was a compilation of the 100 journals most frequently cited by the
13 core journals (Figure 9.30). While one would expect that all 13 of the original
journals would rank high on such a list (on the strength of self- citation if nothing
else), only seven of them appeared among the top 25. When self- citations were excluded from the counts, only nine of the original 13 remained among the top 100
journals they had cited. Of the four that dropped off the list, one was French, ohe
was German, and two dealt with the subspecialty areas of pediatric surgery and
neonatal physiology. When all 13 of the original core journals were excluded from
the list to examine the tail of the pediatrics literature, it was found that the journals
remaining were the same ones that were cited most frequently by the Journal of the
American Medical Association, the New England Journal of Medicine, and the
Journal of Clinical
Investigation-another
demonstration
of the law of
bibliographic concentration.
On the other hand, the list of journals most cited by the 13 included three journals
that were not among the 1000 most cited journals of science but, nevertheless,
seemed to play an important role in pediatrics: Clinical Pediatrics, Pediatric, and
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Times
Cited
1969
Impact
Factor
1256
4508
2376
452
372
372
556
392
4916
524
808
5528
492
0.678
1.257
1.383
0.162
0.884
0.236
1.128
0.539
1.459
0.548
0.680
1.417
0.480
Journal
Title
Acta Paediat.
Stand.
Arch. Dis. Childhood
Arch. Franc. Pediat.
Biol. Neonat.
Dev. Med. & Child Neur.
Helv.PaediatActa
J. Pediat. Surg.
J. Pediatrics
Pediat. Clin. N. Amer.
Pediatric
Res.
Pediatrics
Zschr. Kinderheilk
Figure 9.29 Pedatric journals among the 1000 most highly cited journals.
Rank
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
Times
Cited
1969
2088
1768
1616
1412
1412
1172
1164
1080
872
776
716
604
428
412
396
380
364
324
304
300
272
260
256
244
224
204
200
192
180
180
176
172
172
172
168
164
164
156
156
152
148
144
132
132
124
120
120
112
112
112
112
112
108
108
108
108
104
Journal
Title
Pediatrics
J. Pediatrics
Pediatrics
Lancet
New Engl. J. Med.
J. Pediatrics
Brit. Med. J.
J. Clin. Invest.
J. Biol. Chem.
J. Clin. Endocrin.
& Metab.
Acta Paediat. Stand.
J. Urology
Science
Surgery
Nature
Acta Paediat. Scand
Amer. J. Med.
Ann. Surgery
Amer. J. Obst. Gyn.
Pediatric Res.
J. Lab. Clin. Med.
Ann. Internal
Med.
Circulation
J. Pediat. Surg.
Arch. Surgery
J. Immunology
Radiology
J. Thor. Cardiovasc.
Surg.
Surg. Gynecol.
Obst.
Biochem. J.
Arch. Pathology
Amer. J. Pathology
J. Cell Biol.
Biol. Neonat.
J. Exp. Med.
Amer. J. Surgery
Proc. Nat. Acad. SCI. US
Arch. Internal Med.
Amer. J. Med. Sci.
Amer. Rev. Resp. Dis.
Amer. J. Cardiology
Arch. Franc. Pediat.
Canad. Med. Assoc. J.
Ann. New York Acad. Sci.
Deut. Med. Wschr.
Dev. Med. Child Neural.
J. Physiol. (London)
Develop.
Biology
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
100
100
100
100
92
92
92
92
88
84
84
84
80
80
76
76
76
76
72
72
72
72
64
64
64
64
60
60
56
56
56
56
56
52
52
52
52
52
52
52
48
48
48
48
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
-
48
48
48
48
44
44
44
44
40
36
32
12
Amer. Heart J.
J. Appl. Physiol.
Med. J. Australia
Neurology
Acta Endocrin.
Amer. J. Physiol.
Blood
Helv. Pediat. Acta
Zschr. Kinderheilk
Arch. Neurology
Clin. Pediat.
J. Exp. Zoology
Brit. J. Surgery
J. Med. Microbial.
Amer. J. Clin. Pathol.
Cancer
J. Neuropath.
Exp. Neur.
Pedia tic Res.
Brit. Heart J.
Dew. Med. Child Neural.
Federation
Proc.
J. Endocrinology
Amer. J. Human Genet.
Brain
Brtt. J. Urology
Pediatrie
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta
Helv. Paedio t. A c ta
Chest
Lab. Invest.
Medicine
Monatschr.
Kmderheilk.
Proc. Roy. Sot. Med.
Amer. J. Mental De&.
Clin. Sci.
Exp. Cell Res.
Gastroenterology
J. Clrn. Pathology
J. Neurosurg.
Presse Med.
Amer. J. Pub. Health
Anat. Record
Brit. J. Prev. Sot. Med.
Electroencephal.
Clan. Nc ‘uro
phys.
Endocrinology
Klin. Wschr.
Metabolism
Surg. Clin. N. Amer.
Arch. Cen. Psychiat.
Biochemistry
Birth Defects Origin
South. Med. J.
Arch. f:ranc. Pediat.
Biol. Neonat.
J. Pediat. Surg.
Zschr. Kinderheilk.
Figure 9.30
by the highly cited pediatric journals.
The journals
from
which the study data base was compiled appear twice: once in bold type and once in italic. The bold-type
entry shows the total citation count. The italic entry shows the total citation count minus self-citations;
its
position on the list indicates its ranking by this measure.
182
Citation
Analysis
of Scientific
Journals
183
Monatschrift fur Kinderheilkunde.
One-third to half of all the citations received by
these three came from four of the core group of pediatric journals.
The high ranking of Lancet among the top 100 pediatric journals (Figure 9.30)
probably can be attributed, in part, to its heavy interest in human genetics. If that is
true, however, it is surprising that the Amer. J. Human Genet. ranked only seventysecond on the list, and that the purely genetics journals were completely absent.
Geology and Geophysics
(16)
Another way of using JCR to define the literature of a particular field was tested
with the subject of geology and geophysics. The choice of field was a response to a
letter to the editor of Science, where the development of JCR was first reported, by
N. C. Janke of the Department of Geology of the California State University of
Sacramento (17). He warned against the use of citation data in journal evaluations
and implied that citation data understated the importance of journals in small fields,
among which he included his own.
The study began with the assumption that the person doing the analysis would be
aware of the existence of the Journal of Geology. If so, JCR showed that it cited the
following journals most frequently:
l
J. Geology (self-citations).
l
B. Geol. Sot. Amer.
l
Science
l
Amer. J. Science
l
J. Sediment. Petrol.
l
B. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.
l
Nature
l
J. Geophys. Res.
l
Geol. Sot. London Quart.
l
Amer. Mineralogist
The next stop was to develop a list of the journals most frequently cited by those
10. The result was the list of 132 journals shown in Figure 9.31, where they are
ranked by the number of times they were cited by the core group of 10 geology journals.
A separate analysis of the Amer. J. Science was conducted to determine whether it
was a general-science journal that is important to the field or a hard-core specialty
journal of the field. Its title, of course, implies that it is a general-science journal.
The title, however, turned out to be deceptive. When the number of times the Amer.
J. Science was cited by the core group of geology journals was calculated as a
percentage of the total number of times it was cited by all journals (936/1940), 48%
of its citations were found to come from the former. In contrast, only 4% of the
citations to Science (1616/39,000) came from the geology journals.
An interesting finding in the list of 132 journals most frequently cited by the core
group of geology journals (Figure 9.31)is that the twentieth position is held by
“Theses,” which are a form of scientific literature that seldom plays a very prominent role in the communications
of a field. Sixty-eight of the references to these
theses cited ones .written at Oregon State University.
Times
Cited
-y
Journal
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
:;:
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
2
Figure
9.31
184
:;;i8032
1704
1616
1608
1452
1292
1184
1164
1164
1120
1040
1004
936
908
772
748
584
580
580
552
528
524
508
460
432
428
420
416
416
396
368
360
336
328
324
320
308
288
280
272
268
268
244
236
236
220
208
208
192
188
184
184
180
180
176
176
176
172
172
168
164
164
160
148
144
140
Highly
-r
z
Title
ez
I. Geophys.
Res.
Seochim. Cosmochim.
Acta
Science
Astrophysical
J
Nature
6. Geol. Sot. Amer.
Economic
Geology
8. Seismo!. Sot. Amer.
Planet. Space Sci.
J. Atmos. Sci.
J. Sediment.
Petrol.
J. Geology
Amer. J. Science
Amer. Mineralogist
J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.
Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Un lion
Soil Sci. Sot. Amer. Proc.
Deep-Sea Res.
Earth Planet. Sci. Lett.
Theses
B. Amer. Assoc. Petrol. Geol.
Geophys.
J. Roy. Astr. SOC.
Izv. Akad. Nauk SSSR FAO
Canad. J. Phys.
J. Chem. Phys.
Proc. Roy. Sot. Lond.
Phys. Rev.
Ann. Geophysique
Icarus
J. Petrology
Soil Sci.
Tellus
Space Res.
Geophysics
Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol.
Sot.
Astron. Zh.
J. Fluid Mech.
New Zealand J. Geol. Geophys.
Canad. J. Earth Sci.
J. Marine Res.
Mineralogical
Mag.
Rev. Geophys.
Space Phys.
Hydrocarbon
Processing
Dokladv
Akad. Nauk SSSR
Geoma&etizm
Aeronomiya
Astronomical
J.
Contr. Miner. Petrol.
Space Sci. Rev.
Quart. J. Geol. Sot. London
Appl. Optics
Mon. Not. Roy. Astr. Sot.
Radioscience
J. Appl. Phys.
J. Opt. Sot. Amer.
Marine Geology
Phil. Trans. Rov. Sot. Land.
Phys. Fluids
’
Sov. Soil Sci.
J. Soil Sci.
Izv. Akad. Nauk. SSSR
Mon. Weather Rev.
Phys. Rev. Lett.
1. Phvs. Chem.
ka&gie
Inst. Yb.
Geol. Mag.
B. Earthquake
Res. I.T.
cited journals
in geology
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
99.
100.
101.
102.
103.
104.
105.
106.
107.
108.
109.
110.
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124.
125.
126.
127.
128.
129.
130.
131.
132.
and geophysics.
Times
Cited
19611972
132
120
116
112
112
100
100
82
92
92
84
t:
;:
76
76
72
72
72
::
64
64
64
:i
60
60
22
56
:z
22
56
52
52
48
d”4
1:
44
4:
4:
2
36
:4
32
:z
;i
::
28
28
Journal
Title
J. Appl. Meteorol.
Acra CrystaIIogr.
J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
philosophical
Mag.
Zschr. Kristallogr.
Geokhimiya
US GeoI. Surv.
J. Palaeontology
Metallurg.
J.
J. Amer. Ceramic Sot.
Smithsonian
Contr. Astl
J. Meteor.
Sot. Japan
Comptes
Rendus etc.
Agronomy
J.
Ind. Eng. Chem.
J. Physics
Sedimentology
Trans. Roy. SDc. New Zealand
J. Geomagn.
Geoelect.
Meteorologiya
Gidrologiya
New Zealand I. Sci. Techn.
Radiocarbon
*
Rev. Mod. Phys.
B. Amer. Meteorol.
Sot.
Geochem.
Int.
1. Geol. Sot. Australia
Astronomy
& Astrophysics
Proc. IEEE
Tectonophysics
Zschr. Naturforsch.
Agrokhimiya
B. New Zealand GeoI. Surv.
Dev. Sediment.
Petrol.
Limnol. Oceanogr.
Norsk Geol. Tskr.
Opt. Spectrosc.
USSR
Rep. Ionosph.
Space Res.
Sot. Petrol. Eng. J.
Clays Clay Minerals
Mining Mag.
Z. Petrol. Technol.
Trans. Faraday
Sot.
J. Acoust. Sot. Airier.
Philippine
Geologist
Publ. Astron. Sot. Pacific
Rev. Mod. Phys.
Australian
J. Physics
B. Marine Sci.
Fuel
Geol. Assoc. Proc.
Mineralium
Deposita
B. VolcanoI.
Comm. Lunar Planet.
Res. Geochem.
Chem. Geol.
J. @ant. Spectrosc.
Meteor.
Z.
Plant & Soil
Australian
J. Soil Res.
B. Can. Petrol. Geol.
Geol. J.
Int. Geol. Rev.
J. Mol. Spectroscopy
Meteor. Monogr.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
PubI. Astron. Sot. Japan
186
Citation Indexing
references to other publications. In all, it cited 323 other publications, though some
of them were books, reports, theses, and other nonjournal material. Interestingly
enough, the number of references that cited its own material amounted to only 14%
of the number it published; so its self-citing rate was considerably lower than its selfcited rate.
The importance of Science and Nature in the research continuum that stretches
from geology to astrogeophysics was demonstrated by the fact that both of them
ranked among the top five journals cited by JGR and among the top seven sources
of citations to JGR. The latter point shows the strong geophysical orientation of the
two multidisciplinary
journals. Undoubtedly, the review quality of many of the articles published in Science and Nature account, to a significant extent, for the frequency with which JGR cited them.
Times
Cited
1. 3636
2.
380
3.
356
4.
284
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
276
268
232
212
184
172
168
140
128
124
116
112
104
104
100
96
92
76
Journal
Title
J. Geophys.
Res
Science
Planet.
Space Sci.
Trans. Amer. Geophys.
Union
Nature
Bull. Seismol.
Sot. Amer.
Geochim.
Cosmochim.
Acta
Canad. J. Physics
Astrophys.
J.
Phys. Rev.
J. Atmosph.
Terr. Phys.
Proc. Roy. Sot. London
Geol. Sot. Amer. Bull.
Phys. Fluids
J. Atmosph.
Sci.
Rev. Geophys.
Space Phys.
Geophys.
J. Roy. Astr. Sot.
Tellus
J. Chem. Phys.
J. Appl.
Phys.
Ann. Geophysique
Quart. J. Roy. Meteoroi.
sot.
Bull. Earthquake
Res. I. T.
72
72 Deep-Sea Rer.
72 Phys. Rev. Lett.
17468
All Other (298 Jour~~als)
25044
Total
(continued)
Figure 9.33 Journals
cited
most
Acta Crystallographica
frequently
by
Journal of Geophysical Research.
(19)
A letter from Professor Werner Baur, of the University of Illinois at Chicago, led to
a study of Acta Crystallographica (Acta Crystallogr.). The letter pointed out that a
Citation Indexing
187
1972 list published by IS1 of the 100 most cited chemical papers included 19 on the
subject of crystallography, and that 15 of the 19 had been published in (Acta
Crystallogr.), led to a study of that journal.
The 25 journals most often cited by Acta Crystallogr. are shown in Figure 9.34,
while the 25 that cited Acta Crystalfogr. most often are shown in Figure 9.35.
The top 25 journals cited by Acta Crystallogr. accounted for about 64% of its
references. Significantly, the top six journals, by themselves, accounted for 50% of
its references. This narrow citing pattern is dominated by a high degree of self-citation, with Acta Crystallogr. showing a self-citing rate of 36%. Overall, Acta
Crystallogr. ‘s 7752 references in 1969 cited 440 different publications, mainly journals, but also books, theses, reports, and other nonjournal material.
The list of the 25 journals that cited Acta Crystallogr. most often showed that it
was cited half again as often as it cited other publications: 11,588 versus 7751. The
11,588 citations came from approximately 280 journals, with the top seven journals
accounting for half the total. Nature ranks only twenty-second as a source of citations, just below Sov. Phys. Crystallogr. USSR. Science, which ranked fourteenth
R
A
N
K
Timer
cited
1969.’
Cumulative
I
1. 2788
36.0
320
316
236
140
112
108
96
96
96
92
56
56
52
44
40
36
36
32
32
32
32
28
28
28
4932
2820
7752
40.1
44.2
47.2
49.0
50.5
51.9
53.1
54.3
55.6
56.8
57.5
58.2
58.9
59.4
60.0
60.4
60.9
61.3
61.7
62.1
62.5
62.9
63.3
63.5
63.6
36.4
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
l
*Fjures
100.0
Percent
J-d
*Acta
Crysta11ogr.
*J. Chem.
Sot.
*J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
*J. them.
Phys.
‘NatWe
*Z. Kristallogr.
‘Acta
Chem. Sand.
*horg.
them.
Ricerca
Scientifica
*J. M&c.
Biol.
*Phys.
Rev.
Comp. Meth. Phys.
Science
l B. Chem. Sot. Japan
Ark. Kemi
J. Phys. Chem. Solids
J. Phys. Chem.
J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem.
‘Phys.
Stat. Solidi
‘J. Phys. Sot. Japan
Tetrahedron
*J. Appl.
Phys.
Angew.
Chem.
Physica
Total of above 25 journals
Citations
to 416 other items
Total citations
are m annual
Figure 9.34
also are major sources of references to Acta
of Citations
extrapolation
from
a quarterly
sample.
Acta Crystallographica. Those marked
Crystallographica.
by
with an asterisk
188
Citation Indexing
among the journals cited by Actu Crystallogr., did not rank at all among the top 25
sources of citations to Acta Crystallogr., which indicates that its role in the literature
of crystallography is minimal.
Fourteen journals are common to the two lists, with the J. Chem. Sot., Znorg.
Chem., Acta Chem. &and., J. Amer. Chem. Sot., J. Chem. Phys., Z. Kristallogr.,
and J. Molec. Biol. being especially noteworthy because of their high rankings on
both lists. To anyone unfamiliar with molecular biology, the prominence of J.
Molec. Biol. in the literature of crystallography would be totally unexpected.
K
*
lims
N Citing
K 1969”
1. 2788
2. 756
3. 596
4. 532
5. 388
6. 372
7. 364
8. 260
9.
192
10.
180
11.
172
12.
164
13.
144
14.
140
15.
120
16.
120
17. 116
18. 112
19.
96
20.
96
21.
96
22.
92
23.
84
24.
76
25.
76
8132
3456
11588
l *P+cs
Cumulative Percent of Ciutions
1
JOWd
24.1 *ActaCtystagc.gr.
30.6 *J. Chem. Sot.
35.7 *lnorg. Chem.
40.3 *ActaChem.
&and.
43.7 *J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
46.9
Annu. Rep. Progr. Chem. B
50.0 *J. Chem. Phys.
52.3 *Z. Kristilllogr.
53.9
Z. Naturforsch.
B.
55.5 ‘J. M&c.
Biol.
57.0 l J. Appl. Phys.
58.4 *Phys. Stat. Solidi
59.6
B. Sot. Chim. France
60.8
Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem.
61.9
Helv. chim.Acta
62.9 ‘Phys. Rev.
63.9
Canad. J. Chem.
64.9
J. LessCommon
Met.
65.7 *J. Phyr. Sot. Japan
66.5
67.3
SW. Phys. Crystal+.
USSR
68.1 ‘Nature
68.9 ‘B. Chem. Sot. Japan
69.5
J. Appl. Crystabogr.
70.2
Rec. Trav. Chim.
70.2
Total of above 25 journals
29.8
Citations from 264 other items
100.0
Totd citations
NC an annual extnpolation
from 1 quarterly sample.
Figure 9.35
Major sources of references to Acta Crystallographica.
are among those cited most frequently
by Acta Crystallographica.
Those marked
with an asterisk
also
Physics (20)
A study of the physics literature, inspired by Inhaber’s ranking of the 24 top physics
journals by citation rate, impact factor, and immediacy index (21), showed that the
physics journals that are most frequently cited by physicists are considerably different from those most frequently cited by the scientific community at large.
Two types of analysis were used in the study. The first consisted of compiling the
r..,.IL..
CiUtions
JOUmd
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
*14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
*24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
* 36.
37.
"38.
39.
**40.
+41.
* 42.
* 43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Phys. Rev.
J. Chem.
Phys.
Phys. Rev. Lett.
Nucl.
Phys.
Sov.Phys.JETP
Phys. Lat.
J. AppLPhys.
SOV. Phys. Sol. St.
Nuovo
Cimento
P. Roy. Sot. Lond.
J. Physrcs
Zschr.
Physlk
J. Phys. Sot. Japan
J. Amer.
Chem.
Sot.
Acta Cryst.
Phdosophlcal
Mag.
Rev. Mod. Phys.
J. Phys. Chem.
Sol.
Phys. Stat. Sol.
Comptes
Rendus
Phys.
Fluids
Ann Physics
Canad.
J. Phys.
J. Phys. Chem.
Opt. Spectr.
USSR
Appl.
Phys.
Lett
J. Math.
Phys.
B. Amer.
Phys. Sot.
Phywa
Prog. Thcor.
Phys.
T. Faraday
Sot.
Nucl.
Instr. Mcth.
JETP Lett.
SW. Phys. Tech. Phys
Sov. J. Nucl.
Phys.
J. Chem.
Sot.
J. Opt. Sot. Amer.
Nature
Zschr.
Naturforsch.
Astrophys.
J.
Dokl.
Akad.
Nauk
USSR
Rev. SCl. Instr.
Acra Metallurg.
Nucl.
SC). Eng.
Sov.Phys.Usp.
J. Flutd
Mech.
J. Polym.
SC!.
Sov.Phys.Sem~ond.
Izv. Akad Nauk
Flz.
J. Inorg.
Nucl.
Chem.
A
74224
27256
23792
15544
15196
14320
12828
9612
8692
7228
7196
5556
5236
5044
4748
4616
4232
4092
4056
3928
3556
3368
3312
3240
3096
3092
3056
3016
3016
2956
2908
2752
2748
2728
2712
2516
2464
2452
2452
2260
2068
1928
1804
1784
1716
1612
1528
1436
1404
1380
B
D
17808
14396
2432
6012
4564
1568
3364
4456
1848
412
1532
760
1308
24.0
52.8
10.2
38.7
30.0
10.9
26.2
46.4
21.3
5.7
21.2
13.7
25.0
2788
644
20
276
1960
1752
1224
144
596
58.7
14.0
0.5
6.7
48.3
44.6
34.4
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576
876
324
552
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-
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1.039
1.741
0.807
1.535
Figure 9.36 Fifty journals cited most frequently by 188 physics journals. Those not marked with an
asterisk are one of the 188.
189
190
Citation Indexing
50 journals cited most often by the 188 journals listed in the 1969 SC1 in the
categories of physics and nuclear science and technology. The results are shown in
Figure 9.36. Except for the big three of Physical Review, Journal of Chemical
Physics, and Physical Review Letters, the ranking of the journals on this list differed
considerably from the lists developed by Inhaber from a data base of
multidisciplinary
sources. The list also includes eight journals not categorized as
physics journals in the SCI.
The second analytical approach used was to rank the top 50 physics journals by
the percent of total citations accounted for by references from the 188 physics journals used as the source data base. The results of that analysis are shown in Figure
9.37. One of the interesting features of this list was the identification of a number of
journals that do not contain the words “physics” or “nuclear” in their title, and
that probably would not be classified as physics journals in one or another of the
compendiums of scientific journals but that were an important part of the physics
literature to the extent that more than 50% of the citations they received came from
physics journals.
An interesting feature of both lists is that Soviet physics journals ranked high on
them. Another characteristic of both lists demonstrates the danger of treating citation data as an absolute measure of quality. Chen reported (22) that Physics Today,
Science, and Nature ranked among the 13 journals most “important”
to physicists.
Neither list contained Physics Today. Nature did appear on the first list (Figure
9.36), but ranked only thirty-eighth, compared with Chen’s ranking of thirteenth. It
did not appear on the second list (Figure 9.37) at all. Science did not show up on
either list, though it would have ranked among the second 50 most cited journals if
we had extended the first list to the top 100. The words “importance”
and “quality” are multifaceted words, and citation data measures only one of their facets.
Cancer Research (23)
A study of 16 cancer journals provided hard data to support the position that applied research in the area of cancer depends heavily on basic, noncancer research.
The data came from a citation analysis of a list of core cancer journals suggested by
the National Cancer Institute:
l
Bulletin du Cancer
l
British Journal of Cancer
l
British Journal of Experimental Pathology
l
Cancer Chemotherapy Reports
l
Cancer
l
Cancer Research
l
European Journal of Cancer
l
Gann
l
International Journal of Cancer
l
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
l
National Cancer Institute Monograph
l
Neoplasma
‘Fhyr,e.l’
CI‘.LIO.S
A
Nucl. Phys (4)
15544
SW. Phys. Semtcond.
(48)
1436
T. Amer. Nucl. Sac. (56)
1168
2712
SW. J. Nucl. Phys. (35)
SW. Phys. Sol. St. (8)
9612
Nucl. SCI. Eng. (44)
1784
14320
Phys. Lett. (6)
23792
Phys. Rev. Lctt. (3)
2748
JETP Lrtt. (33)
SW. Phys. JETP (5)
15196
Phys. Rev. (1)
74224
Nuovo Cimcnto
(9)
8692
Prog. Theor. Phys. (30)
2956
B. Amer. Phys. Sot. (28)
3016
Nucl. Instr. Meth. (32)
2752
J. Math. Phys. (27)
3056
Phys. Kondcns.
Mater. (101)
348
Sol. St. Comm. (55)
1168
Physica (29)
3016
Zschr. Physik (12)
5556
Rev. Mod. Phys. (17)
4232
Izv. Akad. Nauk. Fiz (49)
1404
Ann. Rev. Nucl. Sci. (91)
480
Phys. Stat. Sol. (19)
4056
Ann. Physics (22)
3368
Hrlv. Phys. Acta (65)
932
J. Phys. Sot. Japan (13)
5236
Sov. Phys. Tech. Phys. (34) 2728
Opt. Spcctr USSR (25)
3096
IEEE T. Nucl. Sci. (73)
736
J. Phys. Chem. Sol. (18)
4092
Sol. St. Phys. (64)
992
Ark. Fiz. (53)
1172
Surface Sci. (61)
1104
J. Nucl. Mater. (66)
908
Phys. Fluids (21)
3556
Sov. Phys. USP (45)
1716
Adv. Phys. (70)
786
Phys. Metal. Met. USSR (51)1236
Canad. J. Phys. (23)
3312
J. Appl. Phys. (7)
12828
Comm. Math. Phys. (97)
448
PhIlosophical
Msg. (16)
4616
Sov. Phys. Cryst. (60)
1108
Appt. Phys. Lett (26)
3092
J. Physics (11)
7196
Zschr. Angcw. Phys. (75)
716
Amer. J. Phys. (96)
452
IEEE J. Quant. Elect. (80)
664
J. Physique (74)
724
JOUIlld
I.
1..
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
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18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Figure 9.37
Fifty journals
ranked
received from all sources. Numbers
9.36.
B
6012
1012
884
1852
4456
660
1568
2432
920
4564
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0.298
1.303
0.391
by ratio of citations
received from 188 physics journals
to citations
in parentheses
following
the journal
titles show ranking
in Figure
191
192
Citation Indexing
Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research
l
Progress in Experimental Tumor Research
l
Tumori
l
Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung
The analysis consisted of compiling lists of the 50 journals cited most frequently
by this core group (Figure 9.38), and the 50 journals that are the major sources of
citations to the core group (Figure 9.39). The lists show the following for each journal:
1. Total citations to or from all scientific journals.
2. Citations to or from the core group of cancer journals (“Cancer Citations”).
3. Cancer citations as a percent of total citations.
4. Impact factor based on total citations.
5. Impact factor based only on cancer citations (“Cancer Impact”).
6. Ratio between total impact and cancer impact.
This last figure is a particularly revealing one because it is a measure of the strength
of a journal’s cancer orientation. For example, Neoplasma in Figure 9.38 was cited
only 192 times, which gave it a total impact factor of 0.638. However, 124 of the
references that cited it came from the core cancer journals, so its cancer impact was
0.555. The ratio of the two impact figures is 87.0, which is an indication of a very
strong cancer orientation.
In contrast, the British Journal of Experimental
Pathology was cited a total of 2420 times, but only 184 times by the cancer journals.
While its general impact was 1.476, its cancer impact was only 0.134, and the ratio
between the two was only 9.1. When compared with the impact ratios of the other
core journals or even some of the journals outside the core (the Journal of Znvertebrate Pathology, for example, had an impact ratio of 21. l), it is hard to see why
it was included on the list of core cancer journals.
The listing of journals that cited the cancer journals (Figure 9.39) shows the core
group bunched near the top, indicating a lot of interaction between them. The listing
of journals cited by the core group (Figure 9.38), however, shows quite a different
story. The core group was cited no more frequently than the basic research journals.
As a matter of fact, the citation statistics show they were cited less frequently. Fiftyeight percent of the references in the core group cited basic-research journals.
Another fact underlined by the two lists is that the cancer literature is dominated
by three journals: Cancer, Cancer Research, and the Journal of the National Cancer
Institute.
l
Botany (24)
A study of the botany literature produced the lists shown in Figures 9.40 and 9.41 of
the journals that cited and were cited by a core group of botany journals most often.
The core group that formed the data base for the analysis was somewhat arbitrary,
consisting of the journals categorized as botany journals in the 1969 SCZ, but not the
journals in related subject categories, such as agriculture, agronomy, and ecology.
Figure 9.40 shows the journals that cited the core group most frequently. Of the
approximately 14,500 citations received by the core group, 68% came from these 50
journals. Annual Review of Phytopathology,
and Botanical Review ranked second
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Figure 9.38 Jou.maIs cited most frequent11fby16cal leer journals. Italicized titles identify the 16 cancer
journa 1s. Asterisk G identify journals that are: also majc )r sources of refferencesto the 16 cancer journals.
193
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Figure 9.39 Major sources of references to 16 cancer journals. Italicized titles identify most of the 16
cancer journals. Asterisks identify journals that are also frequently cited by the 16 cancer journals.
194
195
and seventh, respectively, despite very low self-citation rates. The appearance of
only one genetics journal-Theoretical
and Applied Genetics, #33-seemed somewhat surprising.
The journals cited most frequently by the core group are shown in Figure 9.41. Of
the approximately 17,700 references published by the core group, 59% of them cited
J0llrnal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
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17.
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21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Phytopathology
Annu.
Rev. Phytopath
Planta
Plant Physiology
Plant Cell Physiol.
Canad. J. Botany
Botan.
Rev.
Phytochemlstry
J. Am. Sot. Hart. Sci.
Weed Sci.
Amer. J. Botany
Comptes
Rendus
D
Ecology
Mycopath.
Mycol.
Appl.
T. Brit. Mycol.
Sot.
New Phytologlst
Agron. J.
J. Exp. Botany
Physml.
Plantarum
Proto~lasma
Plant soil
Soil Sci. Sot. Am. P.
Mycologica
Weed Res.
Soil Sci.
Forest Chron
Indian J. Agr. Sci.
Zeit. Pflanzenphysiol.
Phyton
Ann. Am&or.
Plant.
Oesterr.
Bot. Zschr.
Ann. Botany
Theor. Appl.
Gen.
Ber. Deut.
Bat. Ges.
Acta Bot. Neetl.
Austr. J. Botany
Bull. Tortey
Bot. Club
Dokl.
Akad.
Nauk SSSR
Crop sci
J. Soil Sci.
Acta Biol. Crac. Bot.
Austt. J. Biol. Sci.
Ann. Appl.
Biol.
Bioch.
Bioph.
Acta
Arch. Mikrobiol.
Naturwissenschaften
Zschr. Pflanzenzucht.
Qual. Plant. Mat. Veg.
Biol. Plant.
Holz. Roh. Werkst.
A
2830
2181
1085
960
820
768
772
1473
755
564
590
3784
991
2831
549
579
1008
434
486
965
820
608
444
467
405
485
959
414
364
323
370
242
776
669
372
266
366
7647
620
302
378
1245
431
10269
1318
1574
418
726
299
244
B
1399
740
460
369
318
312
260
258
256
255
226
220
215
214
212
210
196
191
185
184
177
177
163
155
141
137
129
124
115
110
110
100
100
99
98
98
98
94
93
89
88
88
87
87
83
82
80
74
73
72
C
822
30
123
200
75
62
6
153
175
171
73
118
80
73
54
63
52
60
52
112
51
28
61
29
24
12
11
55
30
20
22
24
13
27
27
67
21
25
29
51
D
49.4
33.9
42.4
38.4
38.8
40.6
33.7
17.5
33.9
45.2
38.3
5.8
21.6
7.6
38.6
36.3
19.4
44.0
38.1
19.1
21.6
29.1
36.7
33.2
34.8
28.3
13.5
30.0
31.6
34.1
29.7
41.3
12.9
14.8
26.3
36.8
26.8
1.2
15.0
29.5
23.3
7.1
20.2
0.9
6.3
5.2
19.1
10.2
24.4
29.5
E
29.1
1.4
11.3
20.8
9.2
8.1
0.8
10.4
23.2
30.3
12.4
11.9
2.8
13.3
9.3
14.5
10.7
6.2
6.3
18.4
11.5
6.0
15.1
6.0
5.8
3.3
3.4
14.9
12.4
2.9
5.9
9.0
3.6
8.9
7.1
15.5
5.0
3.4
9.7
20.9
F
G
58.8
4.1
26.7
54.2
23.6
19.9
2.3
59.3
68.4
67.1
32.3
55.3
37.4
34.4
25.7
33.0
28.1
32.6
29.4
63.3
31.3
18.1
43.3
21.2
19.4
10.4
10.0
50.0
30.0
20.2
22.4
24.5
13.3
30.3
30.7
77.0
26.3
33.8
39.7
70.8
1.078
4.914
2.944
1.683
1.785
1.217
3.818
1.907
0.392
1.568
0.956
0.780
1.256
0.346
0.830
1.382
0.947
2.400
1.796
2.183
0.988
0.867
0.901
0.837
0.923
0.334
1.048
0.103
0.428
1.443
0.519
0.535
0.297
0.623
0.572
0.712
0.861
1.411
1.957
1.386
3.287
2.120
0.920
0.271
0.115
0.396
Figure 9.40 Major sources of references to botany journals. A = references to all journals. B =
references to botany journals. C = references to self. D = ration of botany references to all references.
E = ration of self-citations to all references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to botany
references. G = overall impact.
1%
Citation
Indexing
material in these 50 journals. Many of the highly cited journals are the same ones
that appeared on lists generated in analyses of other fields. Nature and Science
ranked fourth and sixth, respectively. Virology ranked twenty-ninth. An unexpected, but interesting, entry was American Review of Respiratory Diseases. It owes
its place on the list solely to Mycopathologia
et Mycologia Applicata, which cited it
Journal
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
I.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Phytopathology
Plant Physiology
Amer. J. Botany
Nature
Planta
Science
J. Biol. Chem.
Canad. J. Botany
Bioch.
Bioph. Acta
Physiol.
Plnntarum
J. Am. Sot. Hort. SCI.
Phytochemistry
Biochem.
J.
Weed SC].
Ann. Botany
Plant Dis. Rep.
J. Exp. Botany
Ecology
Bot Gaz.
P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
New Phytologist
Annu. Rev. PI. Phys.
Mycologia
J. Bacteriology
J. Cell Biol.
Agron. J.
Sod SCI.
Arch. Btoch. Bioph.
Virology
Ausu.
J. Biol. Sci.
Ann. Appl. Biol.
Comptes
Rendus
Plant Cell Physiol.
J. Agr. Res.
T. Brlt. Mycol.
Sot.
Amer. Rev. Rap. Dis.
Crop. Ser.
1. Chem. Sot.
Protoplasma
J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
Mycopath.
Mycol.
Appl
Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges.
Annu.
Rev. Phytopath.
Bioch.
Biophys.
Res.
Plant soil
J. Ecology
J. Forestry
J. Gen. Microbial.
Holz. Rob. Werkst.
Botan.
Rev.
A
1713
1639
1171
15310
707
9739
17103
548
482
357
588
7625
311
424
286
337
577
312
8206
295
290
302
4138
4769
727
629
3647
2373
583
453
5472
203
267
263
874
353
13978
299
26307
120
175
108
3404
202
156
150
1438
123
160
B
CD
1305
961
647
578
384
319
315
292
284
269
247
247
231
223
215
205
200
193
186
164
159
154
148
146
145
143
136
135
124
116
113
110
108
101
97
93
88
85
85
82
80
76
74
70
68
67
66
65
65
64
822
200
73
123
62
52
175
153
171
30
63
118
9
54
0
51
61
67
75
73
60
80
20
30
52
35
51
6
EF
76.2
58.6
55.3
3.9
54.3
3.3
1.8
53.3
3.0
55.8
69.2
42.0
3.0
71.7
50.7
71.7
59.4
33.5
59.6
2.0
53.9
53.1
49.0
3.5
3.0
19.7
21.6
3.7
5.2
19.9
24.9
2.0
53.2
37.8
36.9
10.6
24.9
0.6
28.4
0.3
66.7
43.4
68.5
2.1
33.7
43.0
44.0
4.5
53.0
40.0
48.0
12.2
6.2
17.4
11.3
10.8
49.0
26.0
55.0
7.1
18.7
20.5
2.9
18.3
0.0
16.9
9.7
14.8
37.0
27.8
20.1
66.7
11.4
27.8
25.7
23.3
41.5
3.8
G
63.0
20.8
11.3
32.0
21.2
19.3
70.9
61.9
76.7
14.0
31.5
61.1
4.8
34.0
0.u
34.5
44.9
59.3
69.4
75.3
JO.6
100.0
26.3
40.5
76.5
53.0
78.5
9.4
1.078
1.683
0.956
2.244
2.944
2.894
6.371
1.217
3.287
1.796
0.392
1.907
3.193
1.568
1.443
0.268
2.400
1.256
0.658
8.828
1.382
7.u47
0.901
3.594
3.484
0.947
0.923
3.519
4.720
1.957
1.386
0.780
1.785
0.830
0.834
0.712
3.123
2.183
5.859
0.346
0.519
4.914
4.468
0.988
0.421
0.197
2.337
0.437
3.818
Figure 9.41
Journals cited most frequently by botany journals. A = citations from all journals. B =
citations from botany journals. C = self-citation+ D = ratio of botany citations to citations from all
journals. E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio of self- citations to botany citations. G = overall impact.
Citaiion
Analysis
of Scientific
Journals
197
frequently. Despite the availability of an English translation of the botanical section
of the Dokludy Akademii Nuuk USSR,that journal was not cited frequently enough
to appear on the list. It would have ranked in about one hundred thirtieth on an extended list.
Figure 9.42 shows the journals that are common to both lists. They are ranked by
botanical impact, which is the citation rate of the average article when only citations
from the core journals are considered. The important journal Botanical Gazettedid
not appear on this list only because it did not cite the core journals frequently
enough to be included in Figure 9.40.
Journal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
Figure
9.42
Journals
common
Annu. Rev. Phytopath.
Botan. Rev.
Planta
J. Exp. Botany
Weed Sci.
Physiol. Plantarum
Plant Cell Physiol.
Plant Physiology
Phytopathology
New Phytologist
Canad. J. Botany
Phytochemistry
Ann. Botany
Protoplasma
Amer. J. Botany
Ecology
Mycologia
Austr. J. Biol. Sci.
J. Am. Sot. Hort. Sci.
Ann. Appl. Biol.
Soil Sci.
Plant Soil
T. Brit. Mycol. Sot.
Holz. Roh. Werkst.
Agron. J.
Ber. Deut. Bot. Ges
Mycopath.
Mycol.
Appl.
Crop Sci.
Bioch. Bioph. Acta
Comptes Rendus
to both Figure
9.40 and Figure
251.6
182.0
182.0
122.8
105.6
98.4
97.6
96.4
86.8
85.2
72.4
70.4
63.2
62.0
53.6
52.8
43.6
40.4
39.2
31.6
28.0
27.6
27.2
26.0
24.0
20.4
16.8
13.2
10.8
1.2
0,” ISI
9.41. ranked
by “botanical
impact.”
Psychology and Behavioral Science (25)
A study of the literature of psychology and behavioral science produced the results
shown in Figures 9.43,9.44, and 9.45. The data base used for this study consisted of
the 77 core journals that are listed in the 1969 SCZ as belonging to the overlapping
subject areas but that did not include in their titles the word “psychiatry” or other
clinical terms.
198
Citation
Indexing
Figure 9.43 shows the top 50 sources of citations to the core journals. These journals accounted for 89% of all the citations received by the core journals. Forty-two
of these source journals were members of the core group. The eight that were not,
but that cited the core group heavily, are identified by italics. One of them was
Science, which ranked thirty-seventh. Another was the Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences, which ranked seventh. Its appearance probably was an accident of the small data sample used (only a quarter of a year). It frequently devotes
an entire issue to a single topic, and the citations from such an issue would loom
large enough in a small data sample to exaggerate the relationship between the Annals and the subject. Unlike Science, Nature did not show up on the top 50, but
would have ranked about sixty-fifth on a longer list of major citation sources.
The self-citing rate of the core-group journals in Figure 9.43 is interesting when
compared to the botany journals in the earlier study. The average self-citing rate for
the botany journals was 34070, whereas the average for the psychology journals was
only 11%. However, the situation was reversed when each group of journals was
treated in aggregate. When the self-citations of all the psychology journals were
added together and divided by the total references published by all of them, the selfciting rate of psychology journals soared to 27%. In contrast, the comparable figure
for the botany journals dropped to 11%. The most likely explanation for this turnabout is that the high average self-citing rate of the botany journals reflected the existence of a number of subspecialties served by narrowly focused journals. Either
psychology did not have a comparable set of subspecialties or, if it did, they had not
yet spawned as many highly specialized journals.
Another interesting feature of Figure 9.43 was the absence of psychiatric journals.
The only near exception was the Archives of General Psychiatry, whose 41 citations
to the core group put it just outside the top 50. No other psychiatric journal cited the
core group even that many times; four, in fact, was the highest citation rate. Even
journals in audiology and acoustics showed a closer relationship to psychology than
that. Though the functional distance between psychology and psychiatry may not be
news to those in the field, it is certainly not what people outside the field would expect.
Figure 9.44 shows the journals that were most frequently cited by the core group.
Most of them (35 of the 50) appeared on the list of major citation sources as well.
Those unique to the highly cited list were either psychology journals or journals concerned with subjects related to psychology. Again, Science and Nature showed up as
important sources of psychology material. The 50 journals in this figure accounted
for 77% of all the material cited by the core group during the period studied.
Figure 9.45 shows the 50 journals that had the highest psychology impact ratings,
which are based only on citations received from the core group of psychology journals. The interesting thing about this list is that the ranking of the journals was quite
close to the way they would be ranked if the total impact factors shown for them in
Figures 9.43 and 9.44 had been used. This suggests to me that psychology is
characterized by a high degree of parochialism. I would not go so far as to say that
psychologists and behavioral scientists are not very open to outside influences, but
they do not seem to have much to do with the rest of the research world. If they do,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Journal
l J. Exp. Psychol.
l Psychonomic
Science
*J. Comp. Phys. Psych.
*PsychoI.
Reports
*Pert. Motor
Skills
*J. Exp. Anal. Behav.
Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
l J. Pers. Sot. Psych.
*PsychoI.
Bull.
l Physiol. Behav.
*J. Cons. Clin. Psych.
l Psychol. Rev.
Annee Psychologique
l J. General Psych.
*Psychophysiology
l Behav. Res. Ther.
l J. Personality
*Pert. Psychophys.
l J. Verb. Learn. Beh.
*J. Abnormal
Psych.
Acta Psychologica
Brit. J. S&C Psych.
l J. Sot. Psychol.
l J. Couns. Psychol.
‘J. Educ. Psychol.
J. Clin. Psychol.
l J. Genetic Psychol.
I. Exp. Child Psych.
*Amer.
Psychologist
l J. Nerv. Merit. Dis.
l Behaviour
*Educ. Psych. Meas.
J. Math. Psychol.
1. Res. Music. Educ.
Amer. J. Merit. Detic.
*Animal
Behavior
l Science
Pets. Psychophysiol.
l J. Appl. Psychology
*Amer. J. Psychology
Psychophanmacologii
Canad. Psychologist
*Canad. J. Psychology
Jap. Psychol. Res.
l J. Exp. Sot. Psych.
‘Psychometrika
l Brit. J. Psychology
Int. J. Cl. Exp. Hyp.
J. Exp. Educ.
*J. Psychology
A
B
1482
1497
1208
1252
1247
594
10461
701
672
1032
718
438
573
421
451
386
389
333
265
423
369
381
376
328
339
294
313
237
395
561
419
256
219
411
560
395
5699
189
149
196
435
151
100
98
-127
102
159
236
283
188
907
616
591
510
404
376
370
347
305
273
266
241
232
184
180
174
168
166
165
164
163
151
125
124
117
115
106
94
94
90
90
90
88
86
84
72
68
63
62
62
58
55
55
52
51
50
49
46
45
C
400
154
298
81
108
255
163
21
48
61
15
11
5
63
68
32
41
45
28
8
25
57
39
40
15
13
38
39
19
17
41
18
28
17
24
4
6
37
8
5
D
67.8
60.6
51.0
46.3
40.9
68.0
3.6
52.8
51.6
30.0
38.0
60.7
42.1
55.1
40.8
46.6
44.1
50.5
62.6
39.0
44.4
42.8
40.2
38.1
36.6
39.8
30.8
44.1
40.4
16.8
21.5
35.2
41.1
21.4
15.4
21.3
1.3
36.0
42.3
31.6
14.3
38.4
55.0
56.1
40.9
50.0
31.5
20.8
16.3
23.9
E
27.0
10.3
24.7
6.5
8.7
42.9
23.3
3.1
4.7
8.5
3.4
1.9
1.2
4.0
17.6
8.2
12.3
17.0
6.6
2.1
6.7
17.4
11.5
13.6
4.0
5.5
9.6
9.3
7.4
7.8
10.4
9.5
18.8
8.7
15.9
4.0
4.7
36.3
5.0
2.7
F
39.8
17.0
48.4
14.0
21.2
63.1
44.1
6.1
15.7
22.3
5.6
4.6
2.2
34.2
31.8
18.4
24.4
27.1
17.0
14.9
16.6
45.6
31.5
34.2
13.0
12.3
40.4
43.3
21.1
18.9
48.8
26.5
44.4
27.4
41.4
7.3
11.5
72.6
16.0
11.1
G
1.867
0.616
1.938
0.409
0.438
2.395
1.815
1.698
3.081
1.496
1.217
4.433
0.065
0.259
0.723
1.504
0.761
0.99 I
1.374
1.586
1.345
0.433
1.044
0.367
0.148
0.403
0.331
0.707
1.294
0.279
1.224
0.43 1
1.518
2.894
0.804
0.464
2.409
0.170
1.291
1.904
0.983
0.776
0.258
0.468
Figure 9.43
Major sources of references to psychology
journals. Those marked by asterisks also are frequently cited by psychology
journals.
A = references to all journals.
B = references to psychology
journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of psychology
references to all references.
E = ratio of self- citations to all references (self-citing
rate). F = ratio of self-citations
to psychology
references.
G = overall
impact.
199
Journal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Il.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
2 3.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
4 1.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
l J. Exp. Psychology
l J. Comp. Phys. Psych.
l J. Pers. !Scc. Psych.
l Psychonomic
Science
l J. Exp. Anal. Behav.
*PsychoI.
Review
‘Psychol.
Bull.
*Science
l J. Cons. Clin. Psych.
*PsychoI.
Reports
l J. Verb. Learn. Beh.
*Amer.
J. Psychology
*Pert. Motor
Skills
*Amer.
Psychologist
J. Clin. Psychol.
l J. Personality
l Anim. Behavior
l J. Appl. Psychol.
*Canad. J. Psychol.
l J. Psychology
l J. Couns. Psychol.
l Behav. Res. Ther.
Psychol. Monogr.
*Pert. Psychophys.
l Brit. J. Psychol.
l Psychometrika
Q. J. Exp. Psychol.
l Fduc. Psych. Meas.
l J. Abnormal
Psych.
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l Physiol. Behav.
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EEG Clin. Neurophys.
l J. Social Psychol.
Amer. J. Physiology
Nature
Arch. Gen. Psychiat.
l J. Educ. Psychology
l Behaviour
1. Acoust. Sot. Amer.
Aerospace
Medicine
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*J. Exp. Sot. Psychol.
*J. General Psvchol.
l J. Nerv. Men;. Dis.
1. Neurophysiology
Amer. 1. Psychiatry
Amer. Social. Review
Endocrinology
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Figure 9.44
by psychology
journals.
Those marked by asterisks also are
major sources of references to psychology
journals.
A = citations from all journals.
B = citations from
psychology
journals.
C = self-citations.
D = ratio of citations
from psychology
journals
to citations
from all journals.
E = ratio of self-citations
to citations from all journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio of
self-citations
to citations from psychology
journals.
G = overall impact.
200
Journal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1 I.
12.
13.
14.
IS.
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23.
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48.
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50.
Figure
9.45
Journals
PI
Psychol. Review
Psychol. Bull.
J. Exp. Anal. Behav.
J. Exp. Psychology
J. Exp. Sot. Psychol.
J. Pep. Sot. Psych.
J. Comp. Phys. Psych.
J. Verb. Learn. Beh.
Behav. Res. Ther.
Canad. J. Psychol.
J. Abnormal
Psych.
J. Cons. Chn. Psych.
Physiol. Behav.
Pert. Psychophys.
J. Educ. Psychology
Anim. Behavior
J. Personality
J. Couns. Psychol.
J. Appl. Psychol.
Psychometrika
Behaviour
Brit. J. Psychol.
Psychonomic
Science
Psychophysiology
Psychol. Reports
Pert. Motor
Skills
J. Psychology
Child Development
Amer. J. Psychology
J. Social Psychol.
Amer. Psychologist
J. Clin. Psychol.
J. General -Psychol.
Educ. Psvch. Meas
Q. J. Exp. Psychol.
Aerospace
Medicine
Nature
Science
.I. Nerv. Men t. Dis.
Human
Relations
J. Nemophysiology
J. Genetic Psychol.
EEG Clin. Neurophys.
Endocrinology
Amer. J. Physiology
J. Acoust. Sot. Amer.
Amer. J. Psychiatry
Arch. Gen. Psychiat.
Psychol. Monogr.
Amer. Social. Review
by psychology
journals,
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ranked
by “psychology
impact.”
201
202
Citation
Indexing
the literature indicates that they have not found much outside their world that is
helpful, or that if they have, they are not admitting it in their references.
Agriculture
(26)
One of the things that makes life complicated for librarians and information scientists attempting to define the nature and bounds of a journal collection for a given
subject is the difference between the literature of the field and the literature of interest to the researchers working in the field. A study of the journal literature of
agriculture demonstrated that the difference can be considerable and that citation
analysis can define it.
The data base used for this study was all the journals listed in the 1969 SCZ for
subjects that are obviously agricultural in nature, such as agriculture, food technology, botany, entomology, ecology, fisheries, forestry, horticulture, parasitology,
and soil science. From this group, we removed any journals that dealt primarily with
genetics or microbiology because we did not want the close relationship of these subjects to other areas of basic reseach to distort the picture of agriculture as a more applied science. We did add to the core group a few journals that we thought appropriate, such as Pesticides Biochemistry and the Journal of the Association of Official Chemists, but none of the major multidisciplinary
journals in which
agricultural scientists like to publish. By the time we finished, the core group contained 347 journals.
Figure 9.46 shows the journals most frequently cited by the agricultural core
group. Figure 9.47 shows the ones that cited the core group most frequently. The
difference between them illustrates the difference between the agricultural literature
and the literature that agricultural scientists use.
The list of the major sources of citations to the core group consisted, primarily, of
the journals usually thought of as being agricultural-what
is considered the
literature of the field. In contrast, the list of journals most frequently cited by the
core group was dominated by journals that very few people would think of as
agricultural, yet they are the journals that agricultural scientists use-the literature
of interest to the research scientists working in the field.
A more general view of the difference between the literature of agriculture and the
literature of interest to agricultural scientists is shown by the statistics. The core
group was shown to have cited 1650 publications, plus innumerable theses. Most of
the 1650 publications consisted of journals. The number of journals that cited the
core group, however, amounted to only 395.
These results make it obvious that an agricultural library or information service
must cover considerably more than the agricultural journals in order to serve its constituency.
Engineering (27)
A citation study of the 240 journals listed by SCZ in the various categories of
engineering (general, chemical, civil, electrical and electronic, mechanical) produced
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Figure 9.46
Journals cited most frequently by agricultural journals. A = citations from all journals.
B = citations from agricultural journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from agricultural
journals to citations from all journals. E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all journals (self-cited
rate). F = ratio of self-citations to citations from agricultural journals. G = overall impact.
203
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Figure 9.47 Major sources of references to agricultural journals. A = references to all journals. B =
references to agricultural journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of agricultural references to all
references. E = ratio of self-citations to all references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to
agricultural references. G = overall impact.
205
the view of the journal literature of engineering that is shown in Figure 9.48 and
9.49. It is important to realize that the role played by the journal literature is not the
same in engineering as it is in most of the disciplines of science. The work most
heavily cited in the engineering journals tends to be books rather than journal articles. In an unpublished IS1 study, we found that books accounted for two-thirds of
the items cited nine or more times by engineering journals in 1973. This means that
an analysis of the journal literature of engineering leaves undefined a major part of
the formal communication
system of that particular group of disciplines. Nevertheless, the results of such an analysis still produce some interesting insights.
For example, Figure 9.48 shows that the journal most frequently cited by the core
group of engineering journals was the Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers. Two aspects of its performance were particularly noteworthy.
One was that self-citations contributed very little to its top ranking. Its self-cited rate
as a percent of citations originating in references from engineering journals was only
20%, which is unusually low for a high-ranking journal. In contrast, the comparable
self-citation rate for Thermal Engineering USSR (Toploenergetika),
which ranked
seventeenth, was 93%. The second noteworthy characteristic was that engineering
journals accounted for only a little more than 50% of Proc. IEEE’s citation rate.
The other half of the citations received originated in basic physics journals. This
finding says that Proc. ZEEE was as much a basic physics journal as an engineering
journal.
Figure 9.48 also demonstrated the dependence of engineering on basic research.
The ubiquitous Science and Nature were among the 50 journals most frequently
cited by the core group, as were Physical Review, Proceedings of the Royal Society
(London), Journal of the American Chemical Society, Journal of Chemical Physics,
and Journal of Physical Chemistry. Figure 9.49 shows that the dependence was not
mutual. The list of journals that were the major sources of references that cited the
core group would have had to be extended to include the top several hundred before
Nature and Science would have been picked up. Only 37 of Nature’s references cited
the core group, and Science did it only 33 times.
The most surprising finding in Figure 9.49 is that Dokfady Akademii Nauk USSR
was the top source of citations to the core group. This reflected the heavy
technological orientation of the leading journal of the Soviet Academy of Science,
and of Soviet research in general. No fewer than nine Russian journals appeared
among the top 50 sources of citations to the core group, whereas only three appeared
among the top 50 journals cited by the group.
One more important point made by this study of the journal literature of
engineering is worth mentioning, not because it is surprising in any way, but because
it provides additional confirming evidence of an important general characteristic of
the journal literature. Despite the diversity of engineering subjects, the journal
literature that supports all of them exhibited the same bibliographic law of concentration that is seen in the literature of the more tightly focused disciplines and
specialties of basic research. The 50 journals in Figure 9.48 accounted for 52% of all
the references published by the core group. The 50 journals in Figure 9.49 accounted
for 56% of all the citations received by it. And, with just three or four exceptions,
JOURNAL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
16.
17.
18.
19.
20
21.
22.
23.
24.
25
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
* Proc. IEEE
Indust.
& Eng. Chem.
Trans. ASME
t J. Geophys.
Res.
* J. Appl.
Phys.
* Radlotekhmka
i
Elektrontka
* IEEE Tr. Power
App.
& Syst.
IEEE Tr.
* Bell Syst. Tech. J.
J. Am. Chem. Sot.
+ Tr. Met. Sot. AIME
I J. FtuldMech.
* AICHE
J.
Phys. Rev.
* Proc. IEE
f AIAA
J.
* Therm.
Eng. USSR
* Chem.
Eng. SCI.
* IEEE Tr. Ant. Propag
J. Chem.
Phys.
* Radio
Saence
Appl.
Phys. Lett.
J. Electrochem.
Sot.
* IEEE Tr. Microwave
Theory
& Techn.
* IEEE Tr. Inform.
Theory
J. Phys. Chem.
Nature
J. Chem. Sot.
* IEEE Tr. Autom.
Contr.
* IEEE Tr. Electr.
Dev.
* Nucl. Sci. Eng.
J. Cry%. Growth
* IEEE Tr. Cwt. Th.
Textile
Res. J.
* J. Acoust.
Sot Amer.
J. Atmos.
Terr. Phvs.
Chem.
Eng. Progr.
Solid-State
Electr.
Planet.
Sp. SCI.
J. Phys. Chem.
Solids
* J. Catalvws
Phvs. FluIds
* Electronics
Lett.
* J. Spacecraft
& Rockets
Chem.
Eng.
Phys. Rev. Lett.
Tr. Faraday
Sot.
Science
Vest. Mashmow.
A
0
C
0
F
G
1601
1582
409
3556
5274
575
870
659
631
520
493
475
175
101
54.3
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380
14.6
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451
434
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96 2
0.631
763
690
26307
1348
962
554
-
51.9
57.3
1.5
28.5
38.5
65.4
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68.2
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1.9
66.9
16.3
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21 6
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489
1247
336
425
335
13687
363
1318
1371
273
396
395
384
384
370
362
334
312
301
295
290
287
255
243
215
204
203
26.6
41.7
81.9
15.5
40.3
93.2
22.8
47.0
53.4
79.8
50.6
68.0
263
4789
4678
15310
13978
222
298
485
232
265
446
1203
482
229
348
496
1419
428
1294
311
166
251
6544
2911
9739
134
199
192
183
181
180
175
172
172
171
166
158
152
152
145
139
138
137
131
126
125
117
112
110
109
105
105
36.1
47.7
50.5
31.5
34.0
64.0
54.7
95.9
34.3
33.4
54.8
94.3
1.3
9.5
16.7
2.1
23.7
60 1
25.9
84.7
68.1
16.3
96.6
36.6
0
-
149
292
243
71
130
275
66
135
194
138
95
112
94
165
91
149
3
33
83
111
113
41
-
75.7
40
3.9
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1.3
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57.7
35.5
73.7
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126
31 5
63.3
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27.8
9.7
30.6
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44.6
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3.7
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1 990
5.859
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1.559
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0.797
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0.792
1.290
2.277
1.344
0.882
0.563
1.642
0.162
1.993
2 753
2.073
2 448
1.581
0.810
0.448
5.114
2.149
2.894
0.557
Figure 9.48 Journals cited most frequently by engineering journals. Those marked by asterisks also are
major sources of references to engineering journals. A = citations from all journals. B = citations from
engineering journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from engineering journals to citations
from all journals. E = all ratio of self-citations to citations from ail journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio
of self-citations to citations from engineering journals. G = overall impact.
206
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
*
f
*
*
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
f
I
*
15.
16.
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+
18.
19.
20.
*
*
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21.
22.
23.
24.
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28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37
38.
39.
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41.
42.
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48.
49.
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JOURNAL
DAN SSSR
Radio
Science
AIAA
J.
IEEE Tr. Power
App. & Syst.
Instr. Exp. Techn.
Ind. Eng. Chem.
Radiotekhmka
i
Elektronika
J. Acoust.
Sot. Amer
J. Aool.
Phvs.
Pr&.‘lEEE’
Vysokomol.
Soed. A
Electronics
Lett.
Proc. IEE
Telecomm.
Radioeng
USSR
J. Fluid
Mech.
J. Appl.
Mach
J. Spacecraft
81
Rockets
Tr. Met Sot. AIME
IEEE Tr. Electr.
Dev.
IEEE Tr. Microwave
Theory
5 Techn
Therm.
Eng. USSR
IEEE Tr. Macnetics
IEEE Tr. Ant. Propag.
Internat.
J Electronics
Electr. Comm.
Japan
IEEE Tr. Autom.
Contr.
J. Basic Eng.
Chim.
Ind. (Milan)
Annu.
Rev. FI. Mach.
Bell Syst. Techn.
J.
Tr. Amer.
Nucl. Sot.
Chem.
Eng. Sci.
Meas. Techn.
USSR
Ind. Eng. Chem.
F.
IEEE Tr. Inform.
Theory
IEEE Tr. Computers
Nucl. So. Eng.
Phys. Stat. Sol.
Ind. Eng. Chem.
Proc. D&D
J. Geophys
Res
Tr. lnst Chem.
Eng.
IEEE Tr Circ. Th.
Autom.
Rem. Contr
USSR
J. Catalysis
AICHE
J.
Eur. Polvm.
J.
Nachrichttech.
Z.
Russ. J. Phys. Chem
USSR
IEEE Tr. Nucl. SCI.
Nucl.
Instr. Meth.
A
B
C
D
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F
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562
538
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101
380
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1702
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411
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14.5
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319
313
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312
311
306
292
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299
274
260
247
245
243
233
229
215
211
200
199
187
181
172
168
166
162
275
162
135
43
39
112
24
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66
186
67
95
94
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33.2
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22.9
37.5
35.2
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3.3
46.3
15.5
35.4
8.2
19.7
19.2
20.3
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35.8
52.5
54.7
98.2
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0.388
1.514
-
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-
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-
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-
787
381
437
161
158
153
152
30
91
138
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0.340
610
351
1308
512
2527
148
137
131
128
127
111
71
-
24.3
39.0
10.0
25.0
5.0
18.2
20.2
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1.559
0.838
652
1656
121
119
64
18.6
7.2
9.8
52.9
0.722
1.016
9.49 Major sources of references to engineering journals. Those marked by asterisks also are
among those journals cited most frequently by engineering journals. A = references to all journals. B =
references to engineering journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of engineering references to all
engineering references. G = overall impact.
Figure
207
208
Citation Indexing
the journals on both lists that have titles that indicate a high degree of specialization
were all found among the 500 journals most frequently cited by the full range of
scientific and technical journals. In fact, almost half of the journals on the two lists
were among the 152 most cited journals of 1969.
Russian Journal Literature (28)
An analysis of the literature of Russian science was the first of a series of studies
aimed at testing the ability of citation analysis to characterize national literatures in
some useful ways. The tools of the analysis were the same ones used for the previous
studies: a selected group of core journals, a list of the journals most cited by the core
group, and a second list of the journals that were the major sources of references
that cited the core group. In this particular study, two sets of such lists were produced, one set based on the citation data of 1972 (Figures 9.50 and 9.51) and the
other based on the data of 1974 (Figures 9.52 and 9.53). The reason for the two sets
was to see if any changes in characteristics could be identified.
The core group on which the study was based consisted of all Russian journals
covered as reference sources by SCZ during 1972 and 1974. Categorized as Russian
are the journals published within the Soviet Union, the translation journals published outside of the Soviet Union to make Soviet science more accessible, and a few
Slavic journals. In 1972, 83 source journals (accounting for 3.4% of SCZ’s journal
coverage and 7% of its source-item coverage) fit into that category. By 1974, the
number had increased to 102 (accounting for 4.2% of SCZ’s journal coverage and
about 6.5% of its source-item coverage). If the core groups appear to be too small to
be representative of the Russian literature, it should be noted that all the journals on
the two lists of those most cited by the Russian literature (Figures 9.51 and 9.53) are
part of SCZ’s source coverage. In other words, none of the Russian journals not
covered by SCZ were cited frequently enough to rank among the 75 journals cited
most frequently by the Russian scientists publishing in the core groups. This indicates that though the core groups used certainly do not cover the entire Russian
literature, they do cover the journals that probably are used most by Russian scientists.
There are, however, two important qualifications that must be made about the
study. One is that it does not necessarily reflect the total bibliographic impact of all
Soviet science and technology. Because the analysis was limited to core groups of
Russian journals, the many highly cited articles published by Soviet scientists in
“outside” journals were not reflected in the statistics. The other point of qualification is that the citation practices of the translation journals tend to inflate the citation rates of Russian journals through duplicate references. Rather than go into a
detailed explanation about how these practices distort the citation picture (28), I will
simply say that all possible care was taken to eliminate the effect and to make the
counts as accurate as possible.
The main purpose of this study was to measure the amount of cross citation between the Russian literature and other ones, and to determine whether there was any
significant change between 1972 and 1974. One such measure was provided by
Jam
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR
Proc Acad Sci USSR
Zh Fiz Khim
Russ J Phys Chem
Zh Neorg Khim
J Inorg Chem
Zh Obshchei Khim
J General Chem USSR
Fiz Tekh Polupr Vodn
Sov Phys Semiconduct
IAN SSSR Ser Khim
B Acad Sci USSR
Chem Sci
Vysokomolek Soed
High Mol Cpds
Zh Org Khim
J Org Chem USSR
Zh Eksp Teor Fiz
Sov Phys JETP
Fiz Tverdogo Tela
Sov Phys Solid State
Zh Prikl Khim
J Appl Chem USSR
Optika Spektroskopiya
Opt Spectrosc USSR
Zh Analit Khim
J Analyt Chem USSR
Yadernaya Fiz
Sov J Nucl Phys
Usp Khim
Adv Chem
Phys Rev B Solid State
Zh Eksp Teor Fiz P
JETP Letters
Zh Tekh Fiz
Sov Phys Tech Phys
IAN SSSR Ser Fiz
B #l Acad Sci USSR Phys Sci
Analytical Chemistry
Fiz Met Metaloved
Phys Met Metallogr USSR
IVUZ Fizika
B Inst Higher Educ Phys
Khim Geterotsikl Soed
Chem Het Cpds USSR
Uspekhi Fiz Nauk
Soviet Physics, Uspekhi
Teplofiz Vysok Temp
High Temp USSR
Radiotekh Elektronika
Radio Eng Electr Phys USSR
Kristallografiya
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Ukrainskii Khim Zh
Ukrainian Chem J
A
B
C
D
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1.1
1.1
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1.003
4.970
FIgwe 9.50 Major sources of references to Russian journals in 1972. A = references to all journals. B =
references to Russian journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of Russian references to all references.
E = ratio of self-citations to all references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to Russian
references. G = overall impact.
209
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
31.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
41.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
51.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
Tsitologiya
CytologY
Zh Mikrob Epidem Immun
J Microb Epidem Immun USSR
Zh Strukt Khim
J Struct Chem USSR
Izmertel Tekh
Meas Tech USSR
J Chem Phys
Biull Eksp Biol Med
B Exp Biol USSR
Antibiotiki
Antibiotics
Phys Rev A Gen Phys
Zh Vys Nev Deyatel Pavlov
Pavlov J Higher Nerv Act
Kolloidnyi Zh
Colloid Journal USSR
Phys St Sol B
Avtomat Telemekh
Automat Rem, Contr USSR
Phys St Sol A
Physical Review Letters
Genetika
Genetics USSR
Svar Proiz
Welding Production USSR
Biofizika
Biophysics USSR
Geokhimiya
Geochemistry International USSR
Biokhimiya
Biochemistry USSR
Teploenergetika
Therm Eng USSR
J Organomet Chem
Mikrobiologiya
Microbiology USSR
IAN Fiz Atmos Okeana
BAS USSR, Atmos Oceanic Phys
Japan Analyst
Prib Tekh Eksp
Instr Exp Techn USSR
Zavod Lab
Industr Lab USSR
Ukr Biokhim Zh
Ukrainian Biochem J
J Appl Physics
Nuclear Physics A
Vestn Mosk Univ Khim
Astronom Zh
Sov Astronomy J
Phys Rev D Part Field
Atomnaya Energiya
Sov Atomic Energy
Nuclear Fusion
4231
946
413
22.3
11.2
50.0
0.383
5524
946
649
17.1
11.8
68.6
0.247
2670
834
414
31.2
15.5
49.6
0.790
2236
831
737
31.2
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88.7
0.109
42071
829
-
2.0
-
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313
15.8
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3041
820
550
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16036
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119
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2213
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4.5
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3198
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18.1
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2651
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306
24.8
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2503
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313
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2829
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308
22.3
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1564
630
535
40.3
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0.507
14458
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4.2
-
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571
293
26.8
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1763
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531
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2554
3001
524
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2409
512
249
21.3
10.3
14923
480
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3.2
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1.645
23538
480
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28.4
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71.2
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0.311
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48.6
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475
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2370
472
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19.9
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1732
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212
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1760
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25.1
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-
1.515
63. Molekulyarnaya Biol
Molecular Biology USSR
64. Khim Prirod Soed
Chem Natural Prod USSR
65. Physics Letters A
66. Sov Med
Soviet Medicine
67. J Electroanalyt Chem
68. Radiotekhnika
Telecomm Radio Eng USSR 2
69. Bull Sot Chim Fr
70. IAN SSSR Ser Biol
BAS USSR, Biology
71. Vopr Virusologii
Probl Virology
72. Okeanologiya
Oceanology USSR
73. Fiz Goreniya i Vzryva
Comb Expl Shock Waves
74. Phys Rev C Nucl Phys
75. Avtomat Svarka
Automatic Welding, USSR
2303
1. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR
Proc Acad Sci USSR
2. J Amer Chem Sot
3. Zh Eksp Teor Fiz
Sov Phys JETP
4. J Chem Phys
5. Zh Fiz Khim
Russ J Phys Chem
6. Zh Eksp Teor Fiz P
JETP Letters
7. Zh Org Khim
J Org Chem USSR
8. Fiz Tverdogo Tela
9. J Appl Phys
10. IAN SSSR Ser Khim
BAS USSR Chem Sci
11. Zh Neorg Khim
J Inorg Chem
12. Physical Review Letters
13. Nature
172
19.1
1.5
39.1
1.070
433
274
21.6
13.7
63.3
0.460
7733
5656
427
422
149
5.5
7.5
2.6
35.31
1.034
0.043
2190
400
400
297
18.3
13.6
74.3
1.349
0.129
17009
3163
395
391
-
2.3
12.4
-
-
1.139
-
2522
391
256
15.5
10.2
65.5
0.438
1671
385
195
23.0
11.7
50.7
-
1207
382
99
31.7
18.2
25.9
-
11481
976
367
363
343
3.2
37.2
35.1
94.5
2.657
0.285
C
D
E
F
G
Figure
Journals
440
9.50 (continued)
A
B
12260
6420
1218
52.4
9.9
19.0
0.372
104344
13791
5427
5419
1284
5.2
39.3
9.3
23.7
4.745
2.808
9744
7039
3435
3421
1302
35.25
48.6
18.5
38.1
1.591
0.534
4896
3303
578
67.5
11.8
17.5
1.299
3614
3137
1434
86.8
39.7
45.7
0.807
9744
3028
1426
31.08
14.6
47.1
1.591
21168
3484
2502
2417
1250
11.8
69.4
35.9
51.7
1.645
0.799
3701
2343
1591
63.3
43.0
67.9
0.482
27909
64211
2233
2028
-
8.0
3.2
-
-
4.962
4.228
Figure 9.51 Journals cited most frequently by Russian journals in 1972. A = citations from all
journals. B = citations from Russian journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from
Russian journals to citations from all journals. E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all
journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio of self-citations to citations from Russian journals. G = overall
impact.
211
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
Opt Spectrosc USSR
J Biol Chem
Zh Obshchei Khim
J General Chem USSR
Fix Tekh Pop1 Vodn
Sov Phys Semicond
Fiz Met Metalloved
Phys Met Metallogr
USSR
Zh Tekh Fiz
Sov Phys Tech Phys
IAN SSSR Ser Fiz
B Acad Sci USSR Phys Sci
Dokl Akad Nauk Arm SSR
P Acad Sci Arm SSR
Biochim Biophys Acta
J Phys Chem
J Org Chem
Vysokomol
Soed
High Mol Cpds
Chem Berichte
Zh Analit Khim
J Analyt Chem USSR
Yadernaya
Fiz
Sov J Nucl Phys
Phys Status Solidi
Kristallografiya
Sov Phys Crystallogr
Biokhimiya
Biochemistry
USSR
Radiotekh
Elektronika
Zh Strukt Khim
J Struct Chem USSR
Uspekhi Fiz Nauk
Sov Phys Uspekhi
Uspekhi Khimii
Adv Chemistry
Astrophys
J
Proc Nat Acad Sci USA
J Phys Sot Japan
J Roy Sot London A
Analyt Chemistry
Science
Zh Prikl Khim
J Appl Chem USSR
Zh Mikrob
Epidem Immun
J Microb Epidem Immun USSR
Izmertel Tekh
Meas Tech USSR
Biochemical
J
J Phys Chem Solids
Ukrain Khim Zh
Ukr Chem J
Teplofiz Vysok Temp
High Temp USSR
212
3376
1817
822
53.8
24.4
45.2
0.649
75415
3434
1700
1685
975
2.3
49.1
28.4
57.9
5.565
0.538
3463
1676
1402
48.4
40.5
83.6
1.530
3383
1506
516
44.5
15.3
34.3
1.003
3731
1499
691
40.2
18.5
46.1
1.170
2039
1496
517
73.4
25.4
34.6
0.499
1442
1415
-
98.1
-
-
0.202
46413
20479
21202
3113
1372
1344
1276
I269
840
3.0
6.6
6.0
40.8
27.0
66.2
2.869
2.320
1.569
0.544
13385
2405
1266
1134
813
9.5
47.2
33.8
71.7
1.652
1.008
1873
1082
919
57.8
49.1
85.0
0.916
5537
2318
1081
1053
449
19.5
45.4
19.4
42.6
1.896
2.320
1608
1025
308
63.7
19.2
30.1
0.874
1199
1004
585
83.7
48.8
58.3
0.299
1584
919
414
58.0
26.1
45.0
0.790
2499
904
70
36.2
2.8
7.7
4.970
1456
892
144
61.3
9.9
16.1
I.747
17250
37917
6752
12254
18471
43107
1433
890
868
866
851
847
845
830
494
5.2
2.3
12.8
6.9
4.6
2.0
57.9
34.5
59.5
3.876
8.288
0.945
1.870
5.187
4.399
0.151
942
818
649
86.8
68.9
79.3
0.247
863
789
737
91.4
85.4
93.4
0.109
32537
6134
1059
778
774
773
310
2.4
12.6
73.0
29.3
78.4
4.386
1.646
0.287
922
727
570
78.9
61.8
78.4
0.773
49. Trans Faraday Sot
50. Tsitologiya
CPologY
51. Zschr Physik
52. Acta Crystallogr
53. Antibiotiki
Antibiotics
54. Appl Phys Letters
55. J Molec Biol.
56. Biofizika
Biophysics USSR
57. Kolloidnyi Zh
Colloid J USSR
58. Philosophical Mag
59. Astronom Zh
Sov Astronom J.
60. IVUZ Fizika
B Inst Higher Educ Phys
61. Teploenergetika
Therm Eng USSR
62. Bull Sot Chim Fr
63. Genetika
Genetics USSR
64. Bitt11Eksp Biol Med
B Exp Biol USSR
65. Tetrahedron Letters
66. J Bacteriology
67. Phys Rev A Gen Phys
68. Inorganic Chemistry
69. Zschr Anorg Allg Chem
70. Acta Metallurgica
71. Tetrahedron
72. Geokhimiya
73. Zh Vys Nerv Deyatel Pavlov
Pavlov J Higher Nerv Act
74. Canad J Chem
75. Bull Chem Sot Janan
Figure
-
-
11591
846
719
719
466
6.2
85.0
55.1
64.8
2.132
0.383
6959
9753
-
716
713
701
550
10.3
7.3
-
-
78.5
1.309
2.464
-
7164
21939
1086
697
693
692
306
9.7
3.2
63.7
28.2
44.2
3.479
7.647
0.852
1334
674
347
50.5
26.0
51.5
0.550
7344
1452
663
641
167
9.0
44.2
11.5
26.1
2.226
1.079
654
622
390
95.1
59.6
62.7
0.270
996
613
535
61.6
53.7
87.3
0.507
9549
1092
599
585
458
6.3
53.6
41.9
78.3
1.139
0.509
1379
584
313
42.4
22.7
53.6
0.294
16655
16635
7238
12707
4795
5158
9202
-
581
578
551
547
547
541
539
535
529
373
480
3.5
3.4
7.6
4.3
11.4
10.5
5.9
-
-
69.7
90.7
2.084
2.647
2.864
2.842
0.986
2.033
1.832
0.049
-
9657
7906
524
514 -
-
5.4
6.5
-
-
1.530
1.086
9.51
(continued)
213
A
B
c
0
E
F
13013
3.317
1424
25.5
10.9
42.9
0.353
7115
2836
1809
39.9
25.4
63.8
0.460
7554
2768
1267
36.6
16.8
45.8
0.538
6290
258,
1411
41.1
2z.4
54.5
0.763
582,
2554
1671
43.8
28.7
65.4
0.49,
6043
2194
145,
36.3
24.1
66.4
1.195
6026
2083
1091
34.6
18.1
52.4
0.649
5423
202,
1082
37.4
20.0
53.4
0.333
7174
200,
943
28.0
13.1
47.0
0.488
12319
1831
113
14.9
0.9
6.2
1.079
4467
1691
9*3
37.9
20.7
54.6
0.496
3366
1445
731
42.9
21.7
50.6
0.375
4026
1421
777
35.3
19.3
54.7
0.454
*so7
1266
509
45.1
18.1
40.2
0.549
5667
1250
611
22.1
10.8
48.9
0.549
3678
1216
613
33.1
16.7
50.4
0.473
2956
1209
551
40.9
18.6
45.6
".595
595,
1185
148
19.9
2.5
12.5
1.514
26699
115E
__
4.3
.-
__
2.392
4871
1115
517
22.9
10.6
46.4
0.440
2929
1002
292
34.2
10.0
29.1
0.163
27280
928
-.
3.4
__
--
2.864
27658
908
--
3.3
--
3.291
2288
884
245
38.6
27.7
0.204
4724
86,
683
18.4
78.8
0.271
2311
822
362
35.6
44.0
0.518
2425
807
412
33.3
51.1
0.324
3955
789
456
19,s
57.8
0.395
2209
784
560
35.5
71.4
0.244
2286
762
590
33.3
77.4
0.451
4834
740
539
15.3
72.8
0.474
9465
725
.-
7.7
_.
__
1.113
1976
725
281
36.7
14.z
38.8
0.106
2166
693
448
32.0
20.7
64.7
0.221
1732
649
330
37.5
19.1
50.9
0.933
1722
619
463
35.9
26.9
74.8
0.414
1981
590
335
29.7
16.9
56.8
0.717
1409
58,
_.
41.7
-_
-_
__
2.550
562
4et
22.0
19.1
86.5
0.373
9410
515
-.
5.5
__
.-
0.935
Figure 9.52 Major sources of reference to Russian journals in 1974. A = references to all journals.
B = references to Russian journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of Russian references to all
Russian references. G = overall impact.
214
G
3.8
20.1
9.4
20.6
15.0
3.3
__
26.8
IS.5
41.2
20.9
14.8
7.2
1.2
--
2.0
_.
3.2
-.
42.9
19.7
18.0
13.8
26.9
15.4
33.7
11.4
1.8
62.
oapov
63.
Zh Obshchel
Akad Nalk
64.
A
.-
15.8
4.4
8.2
--
8.9
__
12.2
4.0
0.5
_.
24.6
is.0
22.5
Biologii
__
6.8
12.2
5.8
MO1 Biologiya
23.2
9.1
zz.9
7.8
I.6
__
65.
Oak1 Akad Nauk Brsr
66.
Phys Rev c
67.
B Eks Biol
68.
.J. Org them
69.
Phys Flu&
70.
Biokhimiya
Med
uec
14.9
0.9
Eng
7.1
_-
3.9
._
17.3
9.5
71.
P I EkC
72.
.l Chromatogr
I.6
__
'(.
B Sot Chim Fr
1.6
_-
74.
J. Electroanal
75.
Synthesis
3.7
Ch Inf
Figure
2.6
--
3.8
_I_
9.52 (continued)
21s
B
c
0
E
F
5635
1424
55.9
14.1
25.3
4847
-.
4670
145,
21.
Zh
Fii
Tekhn
--
5041
126,
67.6
2835
1411
2545
1671
2431
me2
272,
_-
2203
1809
1794
1476
1792
-_
6.1
1703
--
8.8
23.
Bmchim
24.
Yademaya
25.
Izv
26.
J
2,.
Chem
28.
Usp
29.
.I
30.
Prib
Techn
51.
Khim
32.
Phys
33.
Zh
34.
P Hat
55.
Usp
Sssr
organ
__
-.
41.7
0.538
61.4
30.6
40.8
0.763
71.9
47.2
65.7
0.49,
67.4
30.0
44.5
0.533
-.
__
2.918
72.3
59.4
82.1
Q.460
85.4
70.3
82.3
0.731
__
__
5.059
4.4
1.558
76.0
0.649
87.4
1.001
67.9
0.496
55.6
1572
551
1500
--
2.5
_.
-.
148,
--
7.5
--
__
-.
1388
--
1.7
_-
--
5.843
Fir
Be*
3.636
75.0
44.1
58.7
0.375
777
74.3
47.1
63.4
0.454
.-
3.120
2.4
913
65.4
77.3
0.818
51,
67.8
44.2
0.440
_-
5.6
-.
--
1.495
--
9.0
--
__
1.493
10.5
14.9
1.514
.-
--
2.031
148
Nauk
0.595
731
--
them
Fiz
.28.2
923
Acta
Ser
31.2
522
Fizika
An
--
18.9
162,
Metalioved
Biophys
8.0
_-
1643
Fiz
Metal
60.2
4054
1674
22.
4.9
G
70.7
931
_-
899
448
85.1
42.4
49.8
0.221
Getemfsikl
894
613
81.6
56.0
68.6
0.473
Rev
B
87,
_.
.-
2.864
Khin
864
330
13.5
38.2
0.933
854
_-
._
._
8.989
Khim
829
115
75.8
10.3
15.6
1.079
36.
Kristallografiya
820
362
69.8
30.8
44.1
0.518
37.
Zh
793
683
84.5
72.7
86.1
cl.271
38.
2avcdskaya
77,
412
53.3
28.5
53.0
0.324
39.
Radiotekh
Elektron
769
560
85.6
62.4
72.8
0.244
40.
N”Cl
A
714
__
2.425
Phys
Chem--0s
Anal
Eksp
*cad
Mikrob
Sci
Usa
Bpid
Laborator
lhys
Imm
__
__
5.1
5.4
35.4
1.8
5.9
__
9.53 Journals cited most frequently by Russian journals in 1974. A = citations from all journals.
B = citations from Russian journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from Russian journals
to citations from all journals.
E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all journals (self-cited rate).
F = ratio of self-citations to citations from Russian journals. G = overall impact.
Figure
216
14.5
__
79.1
-__
89.3
-__
20.9
__
__
__
73.9
.-.
-.
50.3
__
44.5
.-
87.2
__
92.6
64.8
__
-__
86.6
-__
.31.9
.--
Figure
9.53 (continued)
217
Journals
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR
Proc Acad Sci USSR
2. Fiz Tverdogo Tela
3. Zh Eksp Teor Fiz
Sov Phys JETP
4. Zh Fiz Khim
Russ J Phys Chem
5. Yadernaya Fiz
Sov J Nucl Phys
6. Usp Fiz Nauk
Sov Phys Uspekhi
7. Physical Review
8. Fiz Tekh Pop1 Vodn
Sov Phys Semicond
9. Vysomolek Soed A
High Mol Cpds A
10. Zh Eksp Teor Fiz P
JETP Letters
11. Zh Tekh Fiz
Sov Phys Tech Phys
12. Radiotekh Elektronika
13. Zavod Lab
Indust Lab USSR
14. Phys Status Solidi
15. Astronom Zh
Sov Astronomy Journal
16. IAN USSR Ser Fiz
B Acad Sci USSR Phys Ser
17. IVUZ Fizika
B Inst Higher Ed Phys
18. Teploenergetika
Therm Eng USSR
19. Fiz Met Metaloved
Phys Met Metallogr USSR
20. Optika Spektroskopiya
Opt Spectrosc USSR
21. Indust Eng Chem
22. IAN Fiz Atmos Okeana
BAS USSR, Atmos Oceanic Phys
23. Svar Proiz
Weld Prod USSR
24. Kristallografiya
25. Stal
Stal in Engl USSR
26. Teplofiz Vysok Temp
High Temp USSR
27. Izmeritel Tekh
Meas Tech USSR
28. Nuclear Physics A
29. Atomnaya Energiya
Sov Atomic Energy
7647
2106
837
27.5
11.0
39.7
0.572
3704
1853
1114
50.0
30.1
60.1
2.046
3170
1769
1141
55.8
36.0
64.5
3.944
2527
1112
796
44.0
31.5
71.6
0.838
2225
868
463
39.0
20.8
53.3
2.054
2140
802
103
37.5
4.9
12.8
4.930
144%
1278
701
634
253
4.8
49.6
19.8
39.9
3.679
1.741
1750
585
289
33.4
16.5
49.4
0.559
1070
560
230
52.3
21.5
41.7
2.240
1032
546
381
52.9
36.9
69.8
1.322
1451
518
380
35.7
26.2
73.4
0.756
1217
402
301
33.0
24.7
74.9
0.178
4973
1106
382
380
291
7.7
34.4
26.3
76.6
1.578
1.635
1568
339
140
21.6
8.9
41.3
0.807
1285
330
67
25.7
5.2
20.3
770
326
275
42.3
35.7
84.4
0.572
764
272
160
35.6
20.9
58.8
0.872
1561
247
-
15.8
-
-
1.331
2952
747
219
216
117
7.4
28.9
15.7
54.2
1.123
0.961
498
216
209
43.4
42.0
96.8
-
490
213
147
43.5
30.0
69.0
1.339
502
192
177
38.2
35.3
92.2
0.124
994
189
139
19.0
14.0
73.5
0.423
525
189
186
36.0
35.4
98.4
0.163
5011
1133
174
171
65
3.4
15.1
5.7
38.0
0.858
0.479
-
9.54 Major sources of references to Russian journals in 1969. A = references to all journals. B
= references to Russian journals. C = references to self. D = ratio of Russian references to all
references. E = ratio of self-citations to all references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to Russian references. G = overall impact.
Figure
218
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
31.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
Avtomat Telemekh
Automat Rem Contr USSR
J Apllied Physics
Okeanologiya
Oceanology
Fiz Goreniya Vzryva
Comb Expl Shock Waves
Organometal Chem Rev B 1961
Zh Prikl Mekh
J Appl Mech Tech Phys
Biofizika
Biophysics USSR
Kolloidnyi Zh
Prib Tekh Eksp
Akust Zh
Sov Phys Acoustics
Radiotekhnika
Telecomm Radio Eng USSR
J Chem Phys
Zh Nauch Prikl Foto
J Sci Appl Photogr
Vestn Mashinostroeniya
Russ Eng J
Eur Polymer J
Bull Sot Chim Fr
Geokhimiya
Geochemistry Internat
IAN SSSR Metally
Russian Metallurgy (Metally)
Dokl Soil Sci
Nauchno-tekhn Inf 1
Sci Techn Inf
Novo Cimento
Chemical Reviews
Ann Rev Nucl Sci
Physics of Fluids
J Org Chem
Koks Khim
Coke and Chemistry USSR
Biull Eksp Biol Med
B Exp Biol USSR
Annu Rep Progr Chem B
J Phys Sot Japan
J Am Chem Sot
Progr Theoret Phys
J Phys Chem
Naturwissenschaften
Physics Letters
Annu Rev Fluid Mech
J Electrochem Sot
Appl Spectrosc Rev
437
5811
138
38.2
82.6
0.340
174
-
160
92
25.8
345
152
33
44.1
1961
151
149
-
7.7
-
-
-
451
119
33.0
26.4
79.9
0.491
607
145
72
23.9
11.9
49.1
0.414
364
144
86
39.6
23.6
59.7
0.574
1513
144
9
9.5
0.6
6.3
0.357
3230
144
144
-
4.5
-
-
5.114
351
123
41.0
35.0
85.4
1.017
738
140
48
19.0
6.5
34.3
-
137
135
-
-
-
3.180
418
76
32.2
18.2
56.3
0.400
382
131
131
34.3
34.3
100.0
0.557
1308
-
9.6
-
1.8
1356
125
112
105
19
7.7
1.4
18.1
1.147
-
446
101
-
502
loo
loo
60
19.9
12.0
60.0
0.099
418
72
23.9
17.2
72.0
3834
loo
-
2.6
-
-
0.527
2591
94
-
3.7
-
-
8.680
1891
95
-
5.0
-
-
5.629
1512
92
-
6.1
-
-
1.581
6848
328
91
86
66
1.3
26.2
20.12
16.7
2.407
0.239
430
84
57
19.5
13.2
67.9
0.094
5091
83
-
1.6
-
-
-
2119
75
-
3.5
-
-
1.045
10135
70
-
0.7
-
-
5.859
1924
70
-
3.6
-
-
1.513
4873
68
-
1.4
-
-
2.429
1574
65
-
4.1
-
-
0.920
1702
65
-
3.8
-
-
943
64
-
6.8
61
-
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-
1.654
-
1514
-
593
60
-
10.1
-
-
6283
2.9
31.6
620
10710
Figure
167
1.3
-
-
1.936
14.8
51.5
0.577
9.6
21.7
-
22.7
0.797
-
9.54 (continued)
219
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
-
Tekhn Kibernetika
Space Sci Rev
J Inorg Nucl Chem
J Electroanalyt Chem
J Polymer Sci Al
Inorg Chem
J Chem Sot
Astrophysical J
267
1192
1839
-
60
60
55
7.0
1.3
1.0
-
C
D
E
F
G
2619
1141
62.2
27.1
43.6
3.944
2019
1066
1761
54
3353
51
3802
49
3799
48
Journal
A
1. Zh Eksp Teor Fiz
Sov Phys JETP
2.
Physical Review
3.
Fiz Tverdoga Tela
4.
Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR
Proc Acad Sci USSR
5. Zh Fiz Khim
Russ J Phys Chem
6.
Zh Tekh Fiz
Sov Phys Tech Phys
7.
Opt Spectrosc USSR
8.
Zh Eksp Teor Fiz P
JETP Letters
9.
Yadernaya Fiz
Sov J Nucl Phys
10. Radiotekh Elektronika
11. Prib Tekh Eksp
12.
13.
J Appl Phys
14.
J Chem Phys
15.
Usp Fiz Nauk
Sov Phys Uspekhi
16.
Nuclear Physics
17.
Vysokomolek Soed
Polymer Sci USSR
18.
Zavod Lab
lndust Lab USSR
19
Astronom Zh
Sov Astronomy Journal
20. J Amer Chem Sot
21.
Fiz Tekh Poluprovod
Sov Phys Semiconduct USSR
22.
IAN SSSR Ser Fiz
B Acad Sci USSR Phys Ser
23.
Geokhimiya
Geochemistry lnternat USSR
4213
52
B
-
22.4
5.0
3.0
5.1
3.0
1.5
1.3
-
2.492
1.535
1.124
1.039
3.296
3.123
4.972
-
-
3.619
1876
1114
9.8
2605
72.0
42.8
59.4
2.046
3103
1723
837
55.5
27.0
48.6
0.572
1385
985
796
71.1
57.5
80.8
0.838
912
645
381
70.7
41.8
59.1
1.322
641
458
61.1
43.6
71.5
1.331
756
595
230
18.7
30.4
38.7
2.240
734
592
463
80.7
63.1
78.2
2.054
515
535
380
93.0
66.1
71.0
0.756
559
528
469
94.5
83.9
88.8
0.357
6544
500
483
13687
482
-
-
-
5.114
5214
16.3
25.7
4.930
20666
1050
634
401
103
7.6
9.2
3.5
63.3
1.936
3.180
370
-
14.6
-
344
289
60.9
51.2
84.0
0.858
565
414
336
301
10.9
63.5
89.6
0.178
541
332
291
61.4
53.8
87.7
1.635
2539
0.559
327
-
-
-
5.859
387
326
253
84.2
65.4
77.6
1.741
450
323
140
71.8
31.1
43.3
0.807
342
300
262
81.7
76.6
87.3
-
26307
1.2
Figure 9.55 Journals cited most frequently by Russian journals in 1%9. A = citations from all journals.
B = citations from Russian journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from Russian journals to
citations from all journals. E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all journals (self- cited rate). F =
ratio of self-citations to citations from Russian journals. G = overall impact.
220
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3 1.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
5 1.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
Fiz Met Metaloved
Phys Met Metallogr
USSR
Teploenergetika
Therm Eng USSR
Physics Letters
Kristallografiya
Nature
J Polymer Sci
Avtomat
Telemekh
Automat
Rem CONTR
USSR
Izmertel Tekh
Meas Tech USSR
Nuovo Cimento
J Phys Chem
Proc Roy Sot London
IEEE Trans
J Phys Chem Solids
Zschr Physik
Philosophical
Magazine
J Phys Sot Japan
Teplofiz Vysok Temp
High Temp USSR
Kolloidnyi
Zh
Phys Status Solidi
Astrophysical
J
J Physics
Pro IEEE
Prikl Mat Mekh
PMM J Appl Math Mech
J Chem Sot
IAN Fiz Atmos Okeana
B Acad Sci USSR
Atmos Oceanic Phys.
Okeanologiya
Appl Phys Letters
Avtomat
Svarka
Automatic
Welding USSR
Vestn Mashinostroeniya
Russ Eng J
Biofizika
Biophysics
USSR
IAN USSR Ser Khim.
B Acad Sci USSR Chem Ser
IAN USSR
B. Acad Sci USSR
Atomnaya
Energiya
Sov Atomic Energy
Akust Zh
Sov Phys Acoustics
TransFaradaySoc
Zh Nauch Prikl Fotogr
J Sci Appl Photogr Cin
Rev Modern
Physics
Canad J Physics
Figure
478
294
160
61.5
33.5
54.4
0.872
336
281
275
83.6
81.9
97.9
0.572
3295
468
280
278
147
8.5
59.4
31.4
52.9
1.654
1.339
15310
2893
277
225
198
193
138
1.5
6.8
69.7
48.9
71.5
2.244
1.039
0.340
207
193
186
93.2
89.9
96.4
0.163
2442
4678
4693
763
1419
1759
1924
1733
162
188
176
171
167
163
162
157
142
142
-
7.7
3.8
-
-
0.527
2.429
135
3.6
21.9
11.5
9.2
8.2
8.2
87.7
-
-
2.998
-
83.3
95.1
2.073
1.536
2.251
1.045
0.423
165
140
86
84.9
52.1
61.4
0.574
1313
4258
3181
1601
194
139
136
136
136
126
119
10.6
3.2
4.3
8.5
65.0
61.3
94.4
1.578
4.972
1.405
1.372
0.491
13978
127
122
117
117
0.9
92.3
92.3
100.0
3.123
0.961
114
1318
217
107
105
105
89
105
93.9
8.0
48.4
78.1
48.4
83.2
100.0
0.577
3.688
0.315
134
105
105
78.4
78.4
100.0
0.557
157
101
72
64.3
45.9
71.3
0.414
362
97
-
26.8
-
-
0.547
70
93
-
33.2
-
-
0.155
249
92
42
37.0
16.9
45.7
0.479
213
90
74
42.3
34.7
82.2
-
2911
96
88
85
76
3.0
88.5
79.2
89.4
2.149
0.400
1353
1323
81
77
-
64
5.8
-
-
4.508
2.186
9.55 (continued)
-
-
221
222
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
61.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
Citation
Indexing
Rev Sci Instr
Acta Metallurgica
Ann Physics
Analyt Chem
Biochim Biophys Acta
Zh Org Chim
J Org Chem. USSR
IVUZ Fizika
B Inst Higher Ed Phys
Science
Comptes Rendus
IAN SSSR Metally
Russian Metallurgy (Metally)
J Geophys Res
Bitt11Eksp Biol Med
B Exp Biol USSR
Electrosvyaz
J Opt Sot Amer
1223
1304
1096
4219
9500
151
77
76
72
69
68
68
-
6.3
5.9
6.6
1.6
0.7
45.0
-
-
0.868
2.278
3.188
1.661
3.287
0.185
61
61
12.8
72.8
100.0
-
67
66
66
-
-
2.894
-
0.7
1.2
51.9
-
5472
114
-
0.780
0.429
3556
87
65
64
44
1.8
73.6
65.5
89.1
3.665
0.094
72
1597
61
60
41
-
84.7
3.8
56.9
-
67.2
-
0.962
92
9139
-
-
-
-
-
Figures 9.50 and 9.52, the lists of journals that were the major sources of references
that cited the core group during the two years studied. Figure 9.50 shows that 17 of
the top 75 sources in 1972 were non-Russian. Figure 9.52 shows that in 1974 the
number of major non-Russian sources rose slightly to 21 out of 75. However, if you
look at the number of citations received from non-Russian journals (rather than the
number of journals) as a percentage of total citations received, you find that the
utility of Russian journals by non-Russian scientists held about steady. In 1972, the
non-Russian journals accounted for 15% of the source group’s citations to the Russian journals. In 1974, the figure was still only 14070, which is a negligible decrease.
Looking at it the other way, the Russian core journals also accounted for the same
percentage of the total citations originating in the non-Russian journals in the two
years studied. In 1972, the non-Russian journals published 265,221 references, of
which 4070cited the Russian core journals. In 1974, the total number of references
published rose to 323,189, of which 3% cited the Russian core journals.
The analysis of the journals cited most by the core group showed the same story.
Figure 9.51 shows that 35 of the 75 journals cited most by the Russian core group in
1972 were non-Russian. Figure 9.53 shows that the figure remained substantially the
same, 36, in 1974. The core-group percentage of total citations to the non-Russian
journals accounted for 5% of the total citations received by the non-Russian journals; the figure for 1974 was 4%.
Although the analysis of the 1972 and 1974 lists didn’t show any significant
change in the degree of interaction between the Russian literature and the literature
of other countries, an extension of the analysis back to 1969 did suggest that the
orientation of the Russian literature has changed. The lists of journals that were the
main sources and targets of the core-group citations in 1969 (Figures 9.54 and 9.55)
showed a heavy orientation toward physics, chemistry, and their technologies. The
223
lists for 1972 (Figures 9.52 and 9.53), particularly the most frequently cited list
(Figure 9.53), showed a moderation of the orientation, manifested by the increasing
prominence of biomedical journals. For example, Nature improved its ranking on
the most frequently cited list from twenty-eighth in 1969 (Figure 9.55) to thirteenth
in 1972 (Figure 9.53). The Journal of Biological Chemistry, which didn’t even rank
among the 75 journals cited most often in 1969, showed up in the fifteenth position
in 1972. The evidence points in the direction of a definite shift in the emphasis of
Soviet research.
French Journal Literature
(29)
A similar study of French journals was conducted with the 1974 data from a core
group of 129 journals published in France. Again, it should be remembered that the
study did not include data on material published by French scientists in “outside”
journals, and to that extent it cannot be considered definitive. Nevertheless, the major journals published in France certainly publish a large-enough percentage of the
work of French scientists to be roughly representative of French science.
First, some statistics to put the French journal literature into a worldwide perspective. The 129 French journals used as a core group in the study represented about
5.3% of the journals indexed by SCZ in 1974 and accounted for 3.8% of the source
items indexed and 2.6% of the references contained in those items. Although the
average source item contained 13 references, the average French source item contained only 8.8.
If the French literature conformed to the international pattern of scientific and
technical literature, the list of journals it cited most frequently (Figure 9.56) would
have corresponded roughly to the list of journals cited most frequently by all the
scientific and technical literatures in 1974. For example, the journal most highly
cited by an aggregation of all the literatures in 1974 was the Journal of the American
Chemical Society. All things being equal, it should also have been the journal most
highly cited by the French core group; and, in fact, it did rank first in Figure 9.56.
Since the core group contributed 2.6% of the references processed for SCZin 1974, it
should have accounted for roughly the same percentage of the citations received by
JACS in that year. And again, it did, accounting for 2.555% of the references that
cited JACS material.
With the second item on the list, however, the picture changes radically. The journal second most frequently cited by the core group was Bulletin de la Societe Chemique de France, which was cited by all the journals covered by SCZ a total of 6671
times. If the French average of accounting for 2.6% of all references held true, 173
of the citations received by the Bulletin de la Societe Chemique de France would
have originated in references published by the core group. The analysis showed,
however, that the core group accounted for 2471 of the citations, or 37% of the total
citation count. Column D in Figure 9.56, which shows the references by the core
group as a percentage of the total citation rate of each journal, makes it easy to see
224
Citation Indexing
where the core group’s reference rate varied from its average 2.6% contribution.
Obviously, some variation is to be expected, but contributions of 10% or more certainly seem to be a variation of consequence. Interestingly enough, variations of this
magnitude occurred in 12 cases, and 11 of them were French journals. Also interesting is the fact that all 11 of these French journals were characterized by a high
self-cited rate and a low impact factor.
It would be reasonable to conclude that the 11 journals owed their position on the
list to an understandable preference of French scientists for the French language.
But if that is so, why are there not more French journals, and why are the impact
factors of the journals that are there so low? Even the combination of high self-cited
rates and above average reference rates from the core group did not succeed in raising the impact factors to a more respectable level. The language-preference explanation is further weakened by comparing the ranking of the journals on this list with
their ranking on an international list. The latter ranking is shown in Figure 9.56 in
parenthesis after the journal-title abbreviation. If the language factor is responsible
for raising (Nouvelle) Press Medicale from three hundred sixty-fifth on the intkrnational list to sixth on the French list, why does Lancet rank fifth on the French list?
Figure 9.57 shows that most of the references that cited the core group came from
French journals and that the self-citing rate of these journals was unusually high. In
addition, the list differed significantly from SCZ’s international list. Only four or
five of the major sources of citations to the French journals could be considered
physics journals, whereas double that number appeared on the 1974 international
list of major reference sources. The same discrepancy showed up on the most cited
list.
Overall, the analysis showed the French literature as having relatively little impact
on the international community-and
even on the French community. The core
group cited foreign literature much more than its own, even though its own
literature is cited mainly by itself. The mathematics section (A) of the Comptes Rendus of the French Academy illustrated both sides of the coin. The entry for it in
Figure 9.57 shows that only 30.6% of its references cited journals in the French core
group and that most of them (80.6%) were self-citations. Figure 9.56, where it ranks
twenty-fifth, shows that 71.3% of the citations it received originated in the core
group; and, again, most of them were a function of self-citation.
Although the low impact that the French literature had upon the international
community could be attributed to language, the high citation rates enjoyed by older
French literature makes it seem unlikely. An additional analysis of core-group
material that was cited more than 150 times between 1961 and 1974 turned up 13
items. The most significant characteristic of these itmes is that 11 were published
before 1965. And it turned out that several of the articles, though published in
French journals, were not written by French scientists.
JOURNAL
J. Amer. Chem. SW. (I)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
a.
9.
10.
B. Sot. Chim. France (95)
C. Rend. Acad. Sci.
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. D Nat.
Lancet (9)
Now. Presse Medicale (365)
Nature (4)
J. Biol. Chemistry
(2)
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta (5)
New England J. Med. (13)
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. C Chim
Circulation
(38)
J. Chemical Physics (3)
Science (a)
P. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA (7)
J. Organic Chemistry
(21)
Brit. Med. J. (la)
J. Amer. Med. Assoc. (30)
J. Chemical Society (22)
C. Rend. Sot. Biol. (283)
J. Chim. Physique (306)
Amer. J. Medicine
(56)
Physical Review (6)
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. A Math
Tetrahedron
Letters (31)
Biochemical
Journal (10)
Arch. Maladies Cwur (711)
Amer. J. Cardiology
(93)
J. Urology
(135)
Semaine Hopitaux
(645)
Annals Surgery (84)
Radiology
(99)
Annals Internal Med. (50)
Gastroenterology
(70)
P. Sot. Exp. Biol. Med. (28)
J. Cell Biology (24)
Amer. J. Roentg. (133)
Amer. Heart J. (102)
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. B Phys.
J. Molecular
Biology (15)
J. Physical Chemistry
(29)
Cancer (60)
Amer. J. Physiology
(17)
Bioch. Bioph. Res. Comm.
Biochemistry
(12)
Phys. Rev. Letters
(11)
J. Exp. Medicmc
(19)
J. Bacteriology
(26)
Amer. J. Obst. Gyn. (66)
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
ia.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Figure
A
98995
6671
8634
(206)
3603
37047
2908
59206
81354
51487
(272)
(705)
(456)
(16)
26726
2857
14461
62040
24768
46488
46916
20539
20700
17211
19955
2742
2532
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a44
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5031
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59Q4
1522
24209
18086
9498
21519
23136
27080
29229
20699
18369
8866
B
2555
2471
2106
1758
1451
145 0
1403
1341
112.5
1125
1082
lo81
1029
920
a87
836
799
798
748
748
698
657
633
631
602
589
585
569
554
542
541
512
492
489
487
477
474
469
456
451
446
445
440
424
422
421
401
400
391
389
C
1700
626
1317
323
573
232
367
474
221
125
302
-
-D
E
2.6
37.0
24.4
48.8
3.9
49.9
2.4
1.6
2.2
4.2
37.9
7.5
1.7
3.7
1.9
1.8
3.9
3.9
4.3
3.7
25.5
25.9
6.5
1.2
71.3
3.6
1.9
68.1
a.1
10.8
55.5
6.9
7.8
4.8
5.6
2.6
2.5
9.3
7.6
29.6
1.8
2.5
4.6
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.9
2.1
4.4
25.5
7.3
36.6
11.1
20.1
-8.5
14.5
56.2
26.5
12.8
19.8
-
F
G
4.38
68.8
0.77
29.7
74.9
0.51
6.67
22.3
0.60
3.63
5.84
3.11
8.36
53.0
0.51
6.83
2.9 1
6.99
5.25
8.98
1.49
3.54
3.06
33.3
0.30
55.9
0.88
4.41
78.7
0.20
1.77
3.62
38.8
0.64
3.70
0.72
23.1
0.29
2.12
1.19
4.82
5.39
1.46
6.77
1 .oo
1.79
67.0
0.44
7.50
2.03
2.36
2.41
3.73
4.71
5.05
11.87
2.72
2.99
Journals cited most frequently by French journals. A = citations from all journals. B =
from French journals. C = self-citations. D = ratio of citations from French journals to
from all journals. E = ratio of self-citations to citations from all journals (self-cited rate). F =
self-citations to citations from French journals. G = overall impact. Figures in parentheses
the names of the journals show their ranks on ISI’s international list of most highly cited
9.56
citations
citations
ratio of
following
journals.
225
JOURNAL
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. D Nat.
B. Sot. Chim. France
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. C Chim.
Semaine Hopitaux
Now. Presse Medicale
J. Organomet.
Chem.
C. Rend. Acad SCI. A Math.
J. Chim. Physique
C. Rend. Acad. Sci. B Phys.
Analytical
Chemistry
Tetrahedron
Ann. Chirurgie
C. Rend. Sot. Biol.
Lyon Medical
Arch. Maladies Coeur
J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
J. Chem. Sot. Perkin
J. Organic Chemistry
Revue Rhumatisme
Tetrahedron
Letters
Pathologie
Biologie
Lille Medicale
Canad. J. Chemistry
Biochimie
Neuro-Chirurgie
J. Radiol. Electrol.
Arch. Fr. Pediatrie
J. Chirurgie
J. Microscopic
(Paris)
Eur. J. Med. Chem.
Brain Research
Ann. Cardiol. Angeiol.
Deut. Med. Wschr.
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta
Coeur Med. Interne
Physical Review B
Ann. Radiologie
J. Urologic Nephrol.
Cell Tissue Research
J. Physique
Arch. Fr. Mal. App. Dig.
J. Chemical Physics
Uspekhi Khimii
Now. Revue Fr. Hemat.
Gen. Comp. Endocrinol.
Humangenetik
Revue Chir. Orthop.
Theraple
B. Sot. 2001. France
J. Electroanal.
Chem.
A
11129
11102
4762
5603
4900
22699
1924
4489
2243
27658
13059
1916
1926
2771
2466
46267
20327
21976
1543
11178
2866
1842
12685
4677
1363
1264
1642
1265
1634
1541
19626
1132
45366
1308
27280
1122
1171
1749
1556
33404
12319
1675
3715
3820
688
1352
6769
B
C
D
E
F
G
1952
1379
1151
882
801
655
588
556
466
435
404
394
367
365
358
343
342
326
315
269
252
249
240
236
230
223
215
215
212
207
198
192
187
185
184
181
180
180
177
177
172
172
172
170
169
165
157
148
147
147
1317
869
573
125
323
474
367
302
79
232
49
221
103
49
41
154
66
65
72
14
129
112
13
-
17.5
12.4
24.2
15.7
16.3
2.9
30.6
12.4
20.8
1.6
3.1
20.6
19.1
13.2
14.5
0.7
1.7
1.5
20.4
2.4
8.9
13.5
1.9
5.0
16.9
17.6
13.1
17.0
13.0
13.4
1.0
17.0
11.8
7.8
12.0
2.2
6.6
24.6
8.2
13.5
4.1
12.0
1.8
9.0
6.7
1.7
2.2
3.3
4.8
5.1
4.4
1.1
7.9
7.3
1.1
67.5
63.0
49.8
14.2
40.3
80.6
66.0
64.8
20.0
63.2
13.4
6-1.7
32.7
19.4
16.5
65.3
28.7
29.1
33.5
6.5
60.8
54.1
6.8
0.51
0.77
0.51
0.29
0.60
2.38
0.20
0.88
0.44
3.29
1.57
0.16
0.30
0.24
0.64
4.38
1.34
1.49
0.48
1.77
0.56
0.13
1.39
1.63
0.36
0.21
1.01
0.15
1.60
3.10
0.35
24
107
-
0.4
14.1
0.7
16.0
15.4
-
2.3
2.1
9.1
-
16.3
13.3
59.4
3.11
0.53
2.86
0.39
0.18
110
58
98
70
32
30
-
10.1
11.1
0.5
1.4
10.1
4.5
4.3
22.8
10.9
2.2
6.3
3.7
5.9
10.2
2.4
-
62.1
33.7
57.6
44.6
21.6
20.4
-
1.84
0.72
2.91
1.07
0.94
2.03
1.70
0.17
0.40
1.56
30
-
Fiiurc
9.57
Major
sources of references
to French journals.
A = references
to all journals.
B =
references to French journals.
C = references to self. D = ratio of French references to all references.
E
= ratio of self-citations
to all references (self-citing
rate). F = ratio of self-citations
to French references.
G = overall impact.
Citation
Analysis
of Scientific
Journals
227
Japanese Journal Literature (30)
A study of the 79 Japanese journals covered by the 1974 SCZ produced the results
shown in Figures 9.58 and 9.59. As in all these studies of selected national
literatures, only the journals published in the subject country, and only the work
that the country’s scientists published in those journals, were included. In this particular case, the coverage of the core group of journals was a bit less than complete
in terms in citations. Because of the language problem, citations written in Japanese
were not included. What effect this limitation had on the accuracy of the citation
counts is unknown. All we know for sure on this subject is that very few of the coregroup journals were published in only the Japanese language, and the average
number of references per published item in the core-group journals matched the international average just on the strength of the references we did pick up.
The statistics on the relationship of the core group to the international literature
are as follows: the group represented 3.2% of the international literature covered by
SCZ in 1974, published 2.7% of the source itmes processed, and produced 2.6% of
the references picked up from those source items.
The first finding of the study was that the bibliographic law of concentration applies as much to the Japanese literature as it does to all the others. Though the core
group cited 9600 different publications, the 50 cited most frequently (1% of the
target group) accounted for 42% of the cited material. Conversely, the 50 major
sources of references that cited the core group accounted for 43% of the citations
received from 1576 different journals.
Using the core group’s proportionate share of the international reference pool as a
measure, we found (Figure 9.58) that the group cited the top-ranking Journal of the
American Chemical Society somewhat more frequently than would be expected in a
statistically ideal world: they accounted for 5.2% of its citations compared to their
2.6% share of the reference pool. Figure 9.59 shows that JACS did not return the
compliment; only 0.8% of its 1974 references cited the 79 Japanese journals. In fact,
about the only non-Japanese journal that cited the core group at a rate consistent
with the group’s 2.7% share of the international
pool of source items was
Phytochemistry.
Probably the most important finding (in terms of characterizing Japanese science)
in the analysis of the journals most frequently cited by the core group (Figure 9.58)
was the high rankings of the American Chemical Society journals, particularly those
dealing with biochemistry. In contrast, Nature, Science, and the Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences USA received notably less attention. This suggests a
preponderance of chemical research in Japanese science. Another aspect of that
characteristic is suggested by Analytical Chemistry, which not only ranked twelfth
but also owed no less than 8% of its total citation rate to the Japanese core group.
This is indicative of an intense interest in analytical methods, which could be considered a reflection of a strong orientation toward industrial development.
An interesting feature of the major sources of references that cite the core group
(Figure 9.59) is the strong representation of occidental journals. Although the five
major sources are Japanese journals, non-Japanese journals appear in substantial
numbers, beginning with the triad of Biochimica Biophysics Acta, Tetrahedron Letters, and Journal of Biological Chemistry, throughout the remainder of the list.
Journal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
SO.
31.
32.
53.
34.
35.
36.
37.
98.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
J. Amer. Chctn.
Sot
J. Biol. Chem.
Bull. Chcm. Sm. Japan
J. Chem. Physics
Biochim.
Biophys.
Acta
Chem. Phannaceut.
Bull.
Amlyt.
Chemistry
J. Php.
Sm. Jufmn .
J. Biochemistry
Japan
Tetrahedron
Letters
J. Organic
Chcm.
Rogr.
Theoret.
Phys.
Physical
Review
J. Chem. Sot. (London)
AB”c.
Bd.
Chrm.
Nature
B&hem
J.
Phys. Rev. Letten
J. Chromatography
J. Appl.
Physics
Biochemistry
B&hem.
Biophys.
Res. Comm.
J. Phys. Chemistry
J. Bacteriology
Science
Arch. Biochem.
Biophys.
Chem. Berichtc
Tetrahedron
Surface
Science
Chem. Comm.
Amlyt.
Chim.
Acta
J. Antibiotics
Tokyo
/afarm. J. A#
Phy.
Helv. Chim.
Acta
J. Pharmacol.
Exp. Thu.
Analyt.
B&hem.
Phys. Rev. B.
A
Proc. Sot. Exp. B&l. Med.
J. Pharmacrut.
Sot. Ja@zn
J. Molecular Biol.
ChrmictTy
Letters
Angew. Chcm.
lnt. Ed.
J. lnorg. Nucl. Chcm.
Amer. J. Physiol.
Acta Chem. Sand.
Inorganic
Chat.
Licbigs
Ann. khcmie
Physics Lcttcrs
B
A
98995
81554
7936
62040
51487
3477
18190
7607
4765
16478
20539
3860
40815
14604
2522
59206
31563
39229
7928
19277
27080
23136
46916
18086
18369
46488
15072
9569
8905
4600
8457
1161
1847
7117
13753
10206
16094
12211
18167
1301
24209
718
10579
5761
21519
8627
14310
6171
9958
B
5115
3192
2375
1764
1720
1617
1515
1500
1361
1343
1308
1301
1281
1209
1171
1137
1071
937
950
921
890
828
779
749
729
679
672
577
574
552
525
523
479
475
472
468
457
437
410
390
388
387
385
584
384
980
373
373
361
359
C
-1386
-1076
1239
874
-1271
796
D
5.2
3.9
29.9
2.8
3.3
46.5
8.3
19.7
28.6
8.2
6.4
33.7
3.1
8.3
46.4
1.9
3.4
3.2
11.7
4.8
3.3,
3.6
1.7
4.1
4.0
1.5
4.5
6.0
6.4
12.0
6.2
17.5
F
G
58.4
4.38
5.84
0.93
--
41.3
25.7
6.6
3.4
4.5
2.7
3.4
2.1
29.8
1.6
53.6
3.6
6.7
1.8
4.3
2.6
5.8
3.6
2.91
3.11
0.93
3.29
30.9
--
66.5
16.3
18.3
82.6
64.2
1.1s
1.71
1.77
1.49
1.41
68.0
0.96
3.63
3.62
5.05
2.17
1.55
4.71
3.73
8.98
2.03
2.72
5.25
2.95
1.46
1.57
3.34
--
32.9
31.6
---
--
-339
400
E
29.2
21.7
70.8
84.2
-
---1.3
37.7
--
0.10
2.04
0.66
1.64
3.57
2.37
2.86
2.20
1.46
0.35
7.50
0.86
4.10
0.96
2.41
1 .os
2.45
1.02
3.42
Figure 9.58
Journals cited most frequently by Japanese journals. Those that are Japanese are identified
by italicized titles. A = citations from all journals. B = citations from Japanese journals. C = selfcitations. D = ratio of citations from Japanese journals to citations from all journals. E = ratio of selfcitations to citations from all journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio of self-citations to citations from
Japanese journals. G = overall impact.
228
Journal
1.
2.
3
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
30.
39.
40.
41.
42
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Bull
Chem
Sot Japan
Chem
Pharmaceut
Bull
J Brochemtstry
Aogr
Theoret.
Php
Agric. Brol Chem
B&him.
Biophys.
Acta.
Chemistry
Letters
/a~. J. AMI.
Phys
J Antibiotics
Tokyo
J. Organic
Chem.
J. Amer. Chem. Sot.
Analyt
Chem.
Japan
Analyst
J. Chem. Sot. Pcrkin
Tetrahedron
Letters
J Synth
Org. Chem
J. Biol. Chemistry
J. Ferment
Technol.
Physical
Review B.
Uspekhi
Khimii
J. Chcm. Sot. Japan
Plant and Cell Phystol.
J. Pharmaceut
Sot Japan
Phytochcmirtry
Tetrahedron
Biochcm.
Biophys
Res. Comm
Biochemistry
J. Chem.
Physics
J. Phatmaccut.
Sci.
/op. J Pharmacology
Gmn
J. Organomctal.
Chem.
J. Php
Earth
Bull. Jap Sot Mech
Eng
Bull. Jap. Sot Set Fish
Physical
Review D
FEBS Letters
TohohuJ
Exp. Med.
Eur. J. Biochemistry
Rot. Japan
Acad.
Polymer J. Japan
J Agr Chem. Sot Japan
J. Bacteriology
Arch. B&hem.
Biophys
Jap. J Exp. Mcd
Nuclear
Physics A
Inorganic
Chem
B&hem.
J.
Cancer
Research
J. lnorg. Nucl. Chcm.
12204
7163
9204
7107
6194
53872
3502
4816
2253
23962
51763
27535
12695
23011
12646
3900
36942
1190
34284
14839
4194
1852
2449
9347
15832
2507 1
43528
9986
2204
1552
27075
1623
1456
18660
ii840
1807
18447
1530
1389
982
14219
12573
1331
20623
16965
16318
14284
10465
B
c
D
F
c
1710
1682
1293
1263
1138
596
469
459
418
395
394
388
365
343
332
329
320
303
299
281
278
274
274
269
269
244
242
218
217
217
212
211
204
201
198
197
171
166
163
163
159
158
156
155
155
155
152
145
144
143
1386
1076
a74
1271
796
14.0
23.5
14.0
18.1
18.4
1.1
13.4
9.5
18.6
1.6
0.8
1.4
2.9
1.5
2.6
8.4
0.9
25.5
0.9
1.9
6.6
14.8
11.2
2.9
1.6
1.5
1.0
0.5
2.2
9.8
13.7
0.8
11.4
15.0
9.5
17.9
12.9
~4.1
0.3
15.0
---~-~
--- 12.9
-~
~~-~
11.4
0.2
----~
~-~
5.4
8.8
--
81.1
64.0
67.6
99.1
69.9
-30.9
87.1
87.1
~~
~~-~
~~
--- 50.8
~~
-~
~~
77 4
1.6
-----~55.3
64.2
--
0.93
0.93
1.71
1.41
0.96
3.11
0 86
0.66
2.04
1 49
4.38
3.29
0.07
1.35
1.77
0.17
5.84
0.36
2.86
1.08
0.20
1.16
0.35
1.10
1.57
3.73
4.71
2.91
1.62
0.66
1 .oo
2.38
12 4
136
1.1
1.0
9.2
0.9
10.7
11.4
16.1
1.1
1.2
11.6
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.4
12.0
---6.9
-7.1
7.1
-~
~~
-~
8.0
~~
-----
97 .o
---74.7
-66.3
62.3
~~
~~~
69.0
~--~~
~-
0.35
0.22
2.72
3.05
0.46
3.87
0.35
1.30
0.29
2.72
2.95
0.78
2.42
2.45
3.62
3.39
0.96
145
400
339
-
154
212
5
120
136
~
195
-
124
108
99
-
107
~
-
E
Figure 9.59 Major sources of references to Japanese journals. Those that are Japanese journals are
identified by italicized titles. A a= references to all journals. B = references to Japanese journals. C =
references to self. D = ratio of Japanese references to all references. E = ratio of self-citations to all
references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to Japanese references. G = overall impact.
229
230
Citation
Indexing
German Journal Literature
(31)
A study of a core group of German journals showed a literature quite different from
those of Japan, France, and Russia. The core group consisted of 288 journals,
published in East and West Germany, that were covered by SC1 in 1974. Germanlanguage journals of Austria and Switzerland were not included. The core group accounted for almost 10% of the material in the 1974 XI: 9.3% of the journals
covered, 8.2% of the source articles processed, and 9.9% of the references compiled.
The list of journals cited most frequently by the core group (Figure 9.60) is interesting in two respects. One is that when the 16 German journals on this list are
removed, the composition and ranking of the list roughly matched an international
list of the most frequently cited journals.
The other interesting feature of Figure 9.60 is the German share of the total citation rate (column D) of the journals. Since the German share of the international
pool of references was 9.9%, the core group should have accounted for roughly the
same percentage of the citation rates of the 50 most cited journals. Except for the
German journals on the list, the percentage tended to stay within the range of 6.5 to
9, which is quite close to the statistical ideal. It rarely dropped below 6%. In the case
of the 16 German journals on the list, the percentage soared far above the share of
the international reference pool, as it did with the Japanese and French literature;
but, unlike those literatures, only one of the German journals ranked among the top
12.
More than half of the major sources of citations to the core group (Figure 9.61)
came from the group itself. With few exceptions-Nature,
Brain Research, Cell
Tissue Research-all
the non-German
sources were journals of physics and
chemistry. Again, as in the case of the French and Japanese literatures, the core
group was cited by the German source journals at a rate that exceeded its share of
the international pool of source articles processed. Its share of that pool was roughly
8%, while it accounted for two and three times that percentage of the references
published by the German source journals. Its shares of the references published by
the non-German source journals, however, rarely reached the 8% level. Nevertheless, on a relative basis, the German literature did better in this respect than either
the Japanese or French literature.
APPLICATION
SCOPE
This series of studies, which is a continuing one (32-37), clearly demonstrates that
journal citation data contains much useful information.
The nature and quantity of
the information, of course, depends, to an important degree, on the types of questions that are posed. But even answers to the most obvious and basic questions are
useful, as demonstrated by the fact that they are now being sought by people in
policy-making positions (38-40). Knowing the citation rate of a journal, the sources
Jounlal
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
J. Amer. Chcm. Sot. (1)
J. Biol. Chem. (2)
Nature
(4)
B&him.
Biophys.
Acta (5)
Physical
Review (6)
98995
81354
59206
51487
40815
6337
5979
4350
3976
3580
- -- ~~
- -
6.4
7.3
7.3
7.7
8.8
-- --~~
------
4.383
5.043
3.636
3.170
--
6. J. Chcm
Physics (3)
Angem
Ch.
WInf.
E&(136)
8. P Nat Acad. Sci. USA (8)
9. Science (7)
10. Lancer (9)
Il.
Biochemical
J. (10)
12. Asrrophyswal
J. (18)
13. Lkur.
Med. WJCh.
(192)
14. Chem.
Bmichte(44)
15. J. Molecular
Bml. (15)
16. Eur. /. Eiochemirrry
(49)
17. J Clin
Invest. (14)
18. New Engl. J. Med. (13)
I 9. Anneimifrclfonchung
(2 17)
20. Biochemistry
(12)
21. Amer. J Physml
(19)
62040
10756
46916
46488
37407
31563
20543
3878
9569
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11367
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26726
3534
27080
215:9
3578
3281
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22.
23.
24
25
26.
27.
28.
B&h.
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Rcs Co. (16)
J. Physmlogy
(17)
J Cell Biology(25)
J. Organic
Chcm. (22)
Klin.
Wsrhr.
(235)
Bnr Mcd J. (20)
J Chcmlcal
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23136
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14604
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--
29.
30.
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32.
33.
34.
35
36
37.
38.
Tcrrahcdron
Letters (31)
J. Amer. Med. Arrow. (30)
P. SCK. Exp. Biol
Med. (28)
Zrchr.
Anorg.
Allg.
Chms. (145)
J Pharmacol
Exp Thcr. (42)
Physlcal
Rcwcw
B (57)
Zrchr.
Physih
(98)
J. Appl
Physics (24)
J. Bacteriology
(26)
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Arch./
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(I 72)
H~Seykr
Zschr.
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(I 90)
Arch
B&hem
Biophys
(36)
Phystcal Rev Letters (11)
Clrcularion
(3.3)
Annals
New York Acad. Sci. (37)
Nsurydchmiedcberg
(291)
2. Naturforschung
A (183)
Fschr. Gcb. Romtgmf.
(495)
FEBS Lrrtrrs
(64)
J. Exp Mrd
(21)
PLIr(l70)
16478
17211
18167
4698
13753
16104
6662
I”277
I a369
1464
1410
1387
1371
1304
1281
1233
1232
1223
~
~- 806
~~
1.777
3.068
1.471
1.019
3 576
2.864
1.340
1.558
2.727
4196
1217
I
3586
3638
15072
29229
14461
14648
2685
4034
1452
9094
20699
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1089
1084
1076
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7.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46
47
48.
49.
50.
~~
- 216
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9.60 Journals cited most frequently by German journals. Those that are German are identified
by italicized titles. A = citations from all journals. B = citations from German journals. C = selfcitations. D = ratio of citations from German journals to citations from all journals. E = ratio of selfcitations to citations from all journals (self-cited rate). F = ratio of self-citations to citations from
German journals. G = overall impact.Figures in parentheses following the names of the journals show
their ranks on ISI’s international list of most highly cited journals.
Figure
231
JtWrlIal
1
2.
3.
4
5.
6
7.
8
9.
10.
11.
12
13
14
15.
16
17
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23
24.
25
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35
36
37
36.
39
40.
41
42.
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Chenticheitmichte
J. Amer. Chcm. Sot.
Eur. J. Biochemistry
Lb&.
Med. Wschr.
J. Organomct.
Chcm
B&h.
Biophy.
Actn
Angew.
them. (& Int. Ed.)
Anneimittelfonchung
Cell Tissue Res.
Zschr. Anorg.
Allg. Chen.
J Organic
Chem.
Ast nmomy Astn+.hysics
Brain Rcs.
Phys. Stat. Sol. A
J. Chcm
Physics
Php. Stat. Sol. It.
Analytical
Chemistry
Zschr. Naturfomhung
A
FEBS Lcrccr~
J. Biol. Chemistry
Tetrahedron
Letters
Hoppr-Seylrr
Zschr.
Physiol.
Chem.
Astrophysical
J.
Naunyn-Schmkdeberg
Biochemistry
Makrondkk.
Chmk
Tetrahedron
PIychophanmcobgio
J. Liebigs
Ann. Chenk
Fschr. Ccb. Roenrgenf.
Pha-ic
J Chem. Sot Perkin
Klin. Mbl. Augmheilk.
&chr.
Chmnk
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Plant5
Physical Review B
Pflugm
Arch./Eur.
J. Physical.
Ch-m
Acta Bid. Med. Germ.
Uspckhi Khimii
Nature
Klin.
Wschr.
Prcc Nat Acad. Sci US
Brr. Bunsenges.
Phys. Chem.
Zlchr. Naturfmchung
B
Biochemical
J.
Bioch Bmph. Rn. Comm.
Mokc.
General
Gmrics
HumangmetU
A
B
9220
51763
16447
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27075
53872
8157
9869
8759
4975
23962
8907
23~35
10851
43528
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973
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953
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16318
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4313
938
923
890
a29
837
831
823
815
800
800
782
780
772
769
768
766
755
739
731
721
718
697
697
695
676
665
659
650
618
C
1208
1404
661
1153
835
806
1133
589
610
504
534
628
673
450
285
669
264
653
591
597
642
301
-
216
318
171
516
373
D
E
F
G
27.9
4.0
10.5
13.4
6.5
3.2
21.0
16.8
17.7
28.4
5.3
13.0
5.0
9.3
2.3
8.4
3.6
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5.5
2.6
75
13.1
-7.6
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12.7
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72.6
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50.5
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- 97.9
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-61.1
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-~~
~-
1.493
4.303
3.874
1.017
2.392
3.170
4.140
0.876
--
17.2
4.3
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3.3
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5.1
15.2
225
20.8
13.7
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19.8
10.8
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0.935
2.916
1.113
3.291
1.121
3.049
5.843
1.777
Figure 9.61 Major sources of references to German journals. Those that are German journals are
identified by italicized titles. A = references to all journals. B = references to German journals. C =
references to self. D = ratio of German references to all references. E = ratio of self-citations to all
references (self-citing rate). F = ratio of self-citations to German references. G = overall impact.
232
233
of the references that cite it, and the journals it cites makes it possible to measure its
utility as a source of research information, characterize its editorial orientation with
a high degree of subtlety, and, depending upon the journal, define the core literature
of a specialty or discipline. When these same questions are asked about a core
literature, the answers provide insights into the research performance, orientation,
and relationships of the discipline, specialty, or nation represented by the literature.
And all these characteristics can be quantified well enough to make valid comparisons: time periods can be compared to detect significant changes, journals can
be compared to determine relative merits, and core literatures can be compared to
define in more detail the nature of the relationships between different research communities .
There is, however, even more useful information to be extracted from journal
citation data. The extraction will require a more sophisticated set of questions from
those who are concerned with the history, sociology, evaluation, and planning of
science. These questions are just starting to be formulated, but I think that they will
soon come flying thick and fast. By making the answers to the simpler questions
more accessible, JCR should stimulate the formulation of the more sophisticated
ones. The selected bibliography at the end of this chapter provides some idea of how
far we had come in this application of journal citation data by the time the first formal edition of JCR was published in 1975. I think the studies it identifies represent
only the beginning of what will be done with journal citation data to increase both
our understanding of how science works and our ability to make it work better.
REFERENCES
2.
3.
4.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Garfield, E. “Journal Citation Studies 17. Journal Self-Citation Rates-There’s a Difference.”
Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 192-194.
Garfield, E. “Introducing Journal Citation Reports. ” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2
(Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 556-571.
Garfield, E. “Citation Analysis as a Tool in Journal Evaluation.” Science, 178:471-479, 1972.
Garfield, E. “The Mystery of the Transposed Journal Lists-Wherein Bradford’s Law of Scattering
is Generalized According to Garfield’s Law of Concentration.” Essays of an Information Scientist,
Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 222-223.
Garfield, E. “The Significant Journals of Science.” Nature, X4609-615, 1976.
Garfield, E. “What is the Core Literature of Biochemistry as Compared to the Core of Chemistry?”
Essaysof an Information Scientist, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 262-265.
Garfield, E. “What is the Core Literature of Chemical Physics?” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 274-277.
Garfield, E. “Journal Citation Studies 3. Journal of Experimental Medicine Compared With Journal of Immunology; or, How Much of a Clinician is the Immunologist?” Essays of an Information
Scientist, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 326-329.
Garfield, E. “Journal Citation Studies 4. The Literature Cited in Rheumatology is not Much Different From That of Other Specialties.” &says of an Information Scientist,Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: ISI
Press, 1977). Pp. 338-341.
Thorpe, P. “An Evaluation of the Rheumatology Periodical Literature Used in Britain and the
USA.” Methods of Information in Medicine, 11:119-121, 1972.
Garfield, E. “Citation Analysis of Pathology Journals Reveals Need for a Journal of Applied
Virology.” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 1 (Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 400-403.
Garfield, E. “Most Frequently Cited Phytopathology Journals.” Phytopathology News, 6:4, 1972.
Garfield, E. “Journal Citation Studies 6. Journal of Clinical Investigation. How Much ‘Clinical’
and How Much ‘Investigation’?” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: ISI
Press, 1977). Pp. 13-16.
234
Citation Indexing
E. “Journal Citation Studies 7. Journal of American Medical Association vs. New
England Journal of Medicine.” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press,
1977). Pp. 17-20.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 9. Highly Cited Pediatric Journals and Articles.” Essays of
an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: ISI Press, 1977). Pp. 97-101.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 10. Geology and Geophysics.” Essays of an Information
Scien%Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 102-106.
Janke, N.C. “Journal Evaluation.” Science, 189:1197-l 198, 1973.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 11. Journal of Geophysical
Research.
” Esmys
of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 114-l 17.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 13. Acta Crystallographica.”
Essays of an Information
Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 128-133.~
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 14. Wherein We Observe That Physicists Cite Different
Physics Journals Than Other People.” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1
Press, 1977). Pp. 154-157.
Inhaber, H. “Is There a Pecking Order in Physics Journals?” Physics Today, 27:39-43, 1974.
Chen, C.C. “How Do Scientists Meet Their Information Needs?” Special Libraries, 65:272-280,
1974.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 15. Cancer Journals and Articles.” Essays of an Information
Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 160-167.
Garfield,
E, “Journal Citation Studies 18. Highly Cited Botany Journals.” “Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 205-209.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 19. Psychology and Behavior Journals.” Eksays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 231-235.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 20. Agriculture Journals and the Agricultural Literature.”
Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977), Pp. 272-278.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 21. Engineering Journals.” Essays of an Information Scientist,Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 304-309.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 22. Russian Journal References and Citations in the Science
Citation Index Data Bank.” Paper presented at the US/USSR Symposium on Forecasting Information Requirements and Services. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University, October 20-23, 1975).
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 23. French Journals-What
They Cite and What Cites
Them.” Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 409-414.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 24. Japanese Journals-What
They Cite and What Cites
Them.” Essaysof an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 430-435.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 25. German Journals-What
They Cite and Vice Versa.”
Essays of an Information Scientist, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 467-473.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 26. Latin-American Journals.” Essays of an Information
Scientisr,Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 577-583.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 27. Australian and New Zealand Citers and Citees.” Essays
of an Information Scientisr, Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 584-589.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 28. Scandinavian Journals.” Essays of an Information Scientist,Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 599-605.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 29. East European Journals.” Essays of an Information
Scienrist,Vol. 2 (Philadelphia: IS1 Press, 1977). Pp. 623-630.
Garfield,
E. “Journal Citation Studies 30. Italian Journals.” Current Contents, No. 4, 5-9, January
24, 1977.
Garfield,
E. “La science francais est-elle trop provinciale?)&a
Recherche,7:757-760, 1976.
Bishop,
C.T. “Canadian Science Journals are Better Than Some Think.” Science Forum,
10(3):20-2,1977.
Iahaber, H. “Canadian Scientific Journals: Part 1, Coverage.” Journal of the American Society for
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lnhaber,
H. “Canadian Scientific Journals: Part II, Interaction.” Journal of the American Society
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15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
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26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
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Citation Analysis
of Scientific
Journals
235
Selected Bibliography
on
Journal Citation Analysis and Its Applications
This bibliography
is by no means exhaustive.
The author has endeavored,
however,
to include what he
believes to be valuable background
and useful examples of the application
of citation analysis to the study
of the sociology of science. Many of the items listed are the author’s own work. Their number reflects no
exclusive scope or merit of activity,
but rather the author’s interest and his access to ISIB’s unique data
bank.
Allen
E S. Periodicals
for
Science 70592-94,
1929.
mathematicians.
American
Institute of Biological
Seieneea. “Citation of Russian literature
in 25 selected U.S.
biological
sciences journals for the years 1959,
1960. and 1961.”
Biological
Sciences Communication
Project Communique
S-62. American Institute
of Biological
Sciences, Washington, July 1962.
Burton R E. Citations
in American
engineering
journals.
3. Metallurgical
engineering.
Amer.
Documentation
10:209-13,
1959.
Bosh W C, Hamehnan
P W & Staaf R J. A
quality
index
for economic
journals.
Rev.
Economics
Statistics 56:123-25,
1974.
Carponter M P & Narin F. Clustering
tific journals.
425-36.
J. Amer.
Sot.
Inform.
of scienSci. 24:
1973.
Atanasia D P. Citatele ca instrument
de evaluare
a-publicatillor
primare
(Citation
as a tool for
the evaluation
of primary
publications).
Studii
si Cercetari
de Documentare
(4):443-56,
1968.
Casey A E. Influence of individual
North American and British journals on medical progress
in the United States and Britain. Bull. Med. Library Assoc. 30:464-66.
1942.
Barnard
C C. The selection
of periodicals
for
medical and scientific
libraries.
Library
Association Record, Series 4 5549-57,
1938.
Chambers
G R & Iieaiey J S. Journal citations
in masters
theses; one measurement
of a
journal collection.
J. Amer. Sot. Inform.
Sci.
24:397-401.
1973.
Barrett R L & Barrett M A. Journals
by chemists and chemical engineers.
Education
34:35-38,
1957.
most cited
J. Chem.
Bath U&err&y
Library.
“Clustering
of journal
titles according
to citation
data: report
on
preparatory
work, design, data collection,
and
preliminary
analyses.”
Working
Paper Number 11, April 1973.
Boarne C P & Gregor D. Planning
serials cancellations
and cooperative
collection
development in the health sciences; methodology
and
background
information.
Bull. Med. Library
Assoc. 64~366-77, Oct. 1975.
Bradman
E. Choosing
Med. Library Assoc.
physiology
32~479-83,
journals.
1944.
Bull.
Burton R E. Citations
in American
engineering
journals.
1, Chemical
engineering.
Amer.
Documentation
10:70-3, 1959.
----Citations
in American
engineering
journals.
2. Mechanical
engineering.
Amer.
Documentation
10:135-37,
1959.
Coats A W. The role of scholarly
journals
in
the history of economics:
an essay. J. Econ.
Lit. 13:29-44, 1971.
Computer
Horizons,
Inc. “Analysis
of research
journals
and related
research
structure
in
special education”.
Final Report for the U.S.
Department
of Health, Education and Welfare,
Oftice of Education,
Contract
No. OEC S-700047
(509).
1965.
----------“The
Collection
and
analysis of health
services
research
journal
literature
19651969.”
Final Report for the National Center for Health Services R&D. Contract No. HSM 110-70-290.
April, 1971.
----“Exploration
of the possibility
of
generating
importance
and utilization
measures by citation indexing of approximately
250
journals in the physical sciences.”
First Annual Report,
Contract
No. NSF-C
627, AUgust 1971.
236
Citation
Indexing
Computer
Horizons,
Inc. “Development
of U.S.
and international
indicators of the quantity
and
quality of scientific literature.”
Phase 1 Report
Amendment
No. 2, Contract
No. NSF-C 627,
December
1971.
Garfield
E. What
is a journal?
Current
Contents@
(Cc” 1 No. 36, 8 September
1964,
p. 3-4.
-----What
is a significant
journal? CC No.
18. 6 May 1970. p. 4-5.
----“Annotated
bibliography
of international publication
and citation
comparisons.”
Supplement
to Second Annual
Report,
Contract No. NSF-C 627, August,
1972.
-------As
publication
tantamount
to burial?
ber 1970, p. 4-5.
-----
“Evaluation
of research in the physical sciences based on publications
and citations.”
Third Annual
Report, Contract
No.
NSF-C 627, November,
1973.
----“Exploration
of the possibility
of
generating
importance
and utilization
measures by citation
indexing
of approximately
500 journals in the physical sciences.”
Second
Annual
Report,
Contract
No. NSF-C
627,
Second Printing,
December,
1973.
----weights
Report,
1975.
“Subject
classification
for 2,300 journals.”
Contract
No. NSF-C
and influence
Final
Task
627, June 30,
Dalziel C F. Evaluation
of periodicals
trical engineers.
Library
QuarterIy
372, 1937.
-----Journals
Electrical
for
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CC
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CC
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CC
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CC No.
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Current
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CC No. 26, 30 June 1975.
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