Krzysztof Korzeniewski, Janina Korzeniewska

OCEANOLOGIA Nr 11 (1979)
113
KRZYSZTOF KORZENIEWSKI
D epartm ent of ChemistryPedagogical College — Słupsk
JANINA KORZENIEWSKA
D epartm ent of Ecology and E nvironm ental Protection
Pedagogical College — Słupsk
INVESTIGATION OF THE SEWAGE POLLUTION ZONE IN THE
MARINE COASTAL WATERS BY CHEMICAL AND
BACTERIOLOGICAL INDICES
C o n t e n t s : 1. Introduction, 2. T heoretical assum ptions, 3. M easurem ent method,
4. Results and discussion, 5. Conclusions; Streszczenie; References.
1. INTRODUCTION
T he high costs of fu ll sew age p u rific a tio n a re th e reaso n fo r th e
grow ing ten d e n c y to design discharges of p a rtia lly -p u rifie d sew age into
m arin e coastal w a te rs. W ith th e s ta n d a rd of know ledge a t its p re se n t
level, it is tec h n ica lly a n d technologically possible to in tro d u ce alm ost
e v e ry e n te rp rise in th e u n iv e rsa l u tiliz a tio n of sea w a te r. T he basic
condition fo r execution how ever, is to le a rn th e law s of th e processes
occurring in th e sea. A region a b o u t w hich little is k n o w n is th e su rf zone
an d th e a d ja c e n t shallow tra n s ie n t area.
In v estig a tio n s con d u cted b y m a n y co u n tries h av e h elp ed to e x p la in
m an y im p o rta n t elem ents, b u t h av e n o t fa c ilita te d th e fo rm u la tio n of
th e p ro p e r m odel d efining th e m echanism of processes a n d en abling th e
fo recastin g of in te n s ity a n d c h a ra c te r fo r d iffe re n t p ra c tic a l purposes.
T h eo retical problem s connected w ith m ath e m a tic a l m odels describing th e
processes of dispersion of sew age and self-p u rificatio n of sea w a te r are
being w orked out a t p re se n t, b u t th e re is a lack of ex am p les of ap p li­
cation to e x p e rim e n ta l d a ta [2, 8, 14, 18, 22].
T h eo retical a n d em p irical in v estig atio n s of sea tu rb u le n c e a re poorly
developed in P o la n d as y e t a n d it is im possible to o b tain a n overall
opinion on conditions a n d th e degree of dispersion of pollution.
T he firs t c o n te m p o ra ry P olish p a p e r on ran d o m h y d ro d y n am ic p ro ­
cesses w as pu b lish ed in 1975 by Z eidler, w ho analy zed th e facto rs in -
flu en cin g th e tra n sp o rta tio n , d ilu tio n an d decay of sew age a n d h e a te d
w a te r in th e n e a r-sh o re zone of th e sea.
I t is p lan n e d to b u ild sev eral larg e collective sew age tre a tm e n t p la n ts
disposing sew age to th e n e a r-sh o re zone on th e c e n tra l P olish coast, by
1990. T his h as n ecessitated th e p re se n ta tio n of th e ex istin g back g ro u n d
of po llu tio n of n e a rsh o re w a te rs, a d ja c e n t to inflow s from th e lan d and
em piric inv estig atio n s of th e ra n g e of dispersion in th e n e a r-sh o re zone
on th e c e n tra l coastal area. B ased on fie ld -la b o ra to ry observations in
1960— 1975 a n d on an aly sis of w ind conditions, it w as a tte m p te d to link
th e occurrence a n d ran g e of p a rtic u la r levels of po llu tio n of n e a r-sh o re
w a te rs w ith th a t of riv e rs a n d p o rt channels, as w ell as su b m arin e dis­
charge of sew age. The re s u lts a re im p o rta n t for rec re a tio n a l a n d th a la s ­
so th erap eu tic purposes, as w ell as economic and in v estm en t prognoses.
2. THEORETICAL ASSUM PTIONS
2.1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCES OF POLLUTION OF THE SOUTHERN BALTIC
A bout 140 m illion people in h ab it th e B altic basin, w hich is th e source
of ab o u t 15% of th e w o rld ’s in d u stria l p ro d u ctio n a n d in w hich in tensive
lan d c u ltiv a tio n tak es place. It re su lts fro m th e an aly sis of th e source of
po llu tio n in th e B altic given in th e ICES W orking G roup R ep o rt [12]
th a t of th e to ta l q u a n tity of m u n icip al w astes d ischarged in to th e B altic
as BOD5 (biochem ical oxygen dem and) in to n s/y e a r d ire c tly (298,300) and
in d ire c tly (94,500), P o la n d ’s sh a re is 6,200 a n d 3,600 to n s BOD5/y ear.
T he p u rity of P o la n d ’s n e a r-sh o re w a te rs in th e so u th e rn B altic
depends m ain ly on th e discharge of im p u ritie s from th e O dra a n d V istula
a n d to a lesser e x te n t th e riv e rs of th e w e ste rn coastal region. As com pa­
re d w ith th e im p u ritie s c a rrie d b y th e V istula a n d O dra, am o u n tin g to
414,977 kg BOD5/d, th e riv e rs of w e ste rn P rzy m o rze a re [21].
P a rsę ta
W ieprza
S łupia
35,736 m 3/d sew age w ith 13,983 kg BOD5/d
15,132 m 3/d sew age w ith 4,050 kg BOD5/d
45,739 m 3/d sew age w ith 15,341 kg BODs/d.
2.2. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE SPREAD OF RIVER WATERS INTO THE SEA
AND THE SEWAGE POLLUTION ZONES IN THE MARINE COASTAL WATERS
The hydrological in flu en ce of riv e r w a te rs on th e n e a rsh o re zone
of th s sea depends m ain ly on th e q u a n tity of in flu x , d e p th of shelf a n d
m eteorological conditions existing.
To fac ilita te th e assessm ent of th e in flu en ce riv e r w a te rs have on
n e a r shore w aters, th e sp atial v a lu e of th e coastal zone w hich th e riv e r
w a te rs alone w ould occupy over th e p eriod of a y e a r is defined, assum ing
th a t these w a te rs b ra n c h out ra d ia lly to th e e stu a ry . A ccording to Mi­
ku lsk i [23] th is space is defined by th e volum e of a section of a c y lin d er
w ith a ra d iu s eq u al to th e rea c h of th e riv e r w a te rs a n d b ottom slope
angle:
2
2
V = — h r 2 = — r a tan a
(1 )
hence th e ra d iu s can be calcu lated
r =
,3 / 3
V~
r ~2~ * tan~a
<2>
Giver: th e m ost fre q u e n t b o tto m in clin atio n of 1% in our n e a rsh o re zone
(ta n a = 0.01) we obtain
3 /
Q
V
3 r ________
r = l/
2 • ( m = |/ l 5 0 - v
'
<3>
T he rad iu s for vario u s capacities of riv e r in flu x can be calcu lated from
th e above fo rm u la
V k m 3 0.5
r km 4.2
1.0
5.3
5.0
9.1
10
30
11.4 16.5
^
I t seem s th ere fo re , th a t a p a rt fro m th e V istula a n d O dra, th e ran g e of
P o lan d 's o th er riv e rs in to th e sea is a b a re several k ilo m etre section of th e
n e a r-sh o re zone.
To give an a p p ro x im ate im age o f th e spread of in lan d w a te rs in th e
sea, M ajew ski [20] proposes to ta k e th e low er s a lin ity of w a te r rela tiv e to
th e av erage ex istin g in th e given region o f th e Baltic. A pplying a 7%
isohaline he m ark ed o ut an a p p ro x im a te b e lt of th e n e a r-sh o re zone su b ject
to th e in flu en ce of riv e r w aters. F rom this it resu lts th a t th e riv e r w a te rs
h a v e th e g re a te st effect on th e G ulf of G dansk, w h e re th ey reach as fa r
w est as Leba. A su b sta n tia l p a rt of th e B ay od P o m eran ia is also affected
b y riv e r w a te rs inflow ing from th e Szczecin Lagoon, b u t th e reach of riv e r
w a te rs in th e s tre tc h of th e c e n tra l coast is n ot v e ry g reat.
D ue to th e dynam ics of sea w a te r in th e n e a r-sh o re zone, a n d also
fo r m ea su rem e n t-te c h n ic a l reasons, th e sa lin ity is not such a good index
of th e su rface rea c h of in la n d w a te rs into th e Baltic.
T he hydrological sp re a d of riv e r w a te rs into th e sea, defined by
v ario u s m ethods, is not e q u iv a le n t w ith th a t of th e im p u ritie s an d
p o llu tio n c a rrie d by them . T he discharge of sew age into th e sea or riv e rs
flow ing into it, re su lts — depending upon local conditions — in th e
occurrence of p o llu ted n e a r-sh o re zone of v ary in g reach.
T he se lf-p u rifica tio n processes of sea w a te rs a re m ore com plicated
a n d less u n d e rsto o d th a n analogous processes tak in g place in in lan d w a­
te rs. S ev eral a u th o rs a re of th e opinion th a t th e a b ility of sea -w ater to
p u rify itse lf is m uch less, due to th e low er (by a b o u t 20%) oxygen c o n te n t
a s com pared w ith fre sh w a te r of th e sam e te m p e ra tu re [6, 23],
T he n itrific a tio n processes in th e biochem ical o x y d atio n cycle are
delayed an d slow er. In view of th e g re a te r am o u n t of dissolved substances,
sea w a te r is less able to absorb com ponents orig in atin g from sew age th a n
is fre sh w a te r. T he su rv iv al, in sea w a te r, for long periods, of b a c te ria
fro m th e coli a n d Salm onella group [7], is stre sse d a n d th e m echanism s
of bionecrosis of b a c te ria l flo ra a re not y e t w ell und ersto o d . M itchel an d
M orris's [24] studies in d icate th a t th e speed of necrosis of sew age organ­
ism s increases w ith th e increase in population of indigenous m arin e
m icroflora. A t least tw o groups of b a c te ria re la te d to th e necrosis of
E scherichia coli have b een found. T he firs t group, P seudom onas causes
d e a th b y en zym atic decom position, th e second — B dellovibrio — is a
p a ra site of th e coli group organism s, utilizin g th e w hole cell as a source
of carbon.
In in v estig atio n s of th e phen o m en a of th e m ixing a n d re te n tio n of
sew age in coastal w aters, it is recom m ended th a t such tra c e elem ents as
rad io activ e m a rk e rs 82B r [4], 131J a n d flu o re sc e n t stain s as rh o d am in e B
or its d e riv ativ es [3], be used. Iw ai [13] proposed a m a th e m a tic a l m odel of
p o llu tio n dispersion based on in v estig atio n s u sin g flu o re sc e n t stains.
C om parison of a e ria l pho to g rap h s of th e pro p ag atio n of sta in clouds,
w ith th e re su lts of an analysis of its con cen tratio n in w a te r established
th e re lia b ility of both m ethods. T he use of fluorescein in such in v esti­
gations is criticised, how ever, in view of th e ra p id b rea k -d o w n as th e
effect of insolation (50% in 3 hours). A itsam [1] u sed stochastic m odels to
fo recast th e q u a lity of sea w a te r p o llu ted by sewage.
M ost re se a rc h e rs, how ever, define th e sp re a d of sew age pollution
tra n s p o rte d by sea c u rre n ts or th e m ixing of w a te r lay e rs by th e occur­
ren c e of c e rta in chem ical m icro elem en ts or bacteriological indices of
in te stin a l organism s — m ain ly E scherichia coli. T h ere is no doubt th a t
E. coli as fecal m icro-organism s isolated in sea w a te r, a re b ro u g h t th e re
w ith riv e r w a te rs o r sewage; th ey are th u s allochtonic, invasive, w ith
sh o rt-te rm developm ent possibilities.
Coli bacterio p h ag es [17], b a c te ria of th e S alm onella group [5] and
viru ses of th e a lim e n ta ry duct [10] a re detected to in v estig ate th e ran g e
of tra n s p o rta tio n of im p u ritie s o th er th a n E. coli. T he te s t for th e p re ­
sence of B. coli of th e fecal ty p e is one of th e m ost a c cu ra te of to -d a y ’s
te sts for th e detectio n of fecal pollu tio n of w ater.
T he firs t to d e te rm in e th e rea c h of n e a r-sh o re sew age p o llution zones
from the coli index on P o la n d ’s c e n tra l coast, w ere K orzeniew ski a n d K o­
rzeniew ska [15, 16], w ho in d icated a co rre la tio n b e tw e en th e presence
of sew age a n d th e p rev ailin g w ind directions.
3. MEASUREMENT METHOD
B acteriological an aly ses a n d chem ical an aly ses of tra c e substances
w ere ap p lied to d e te rm in e th e ran g e of pro p ag atio n of sew age p o llution
in coastal w aters. T he chem ical an aly ses consisted in th e d etection of
specific substances p rese n t in in d u stria l sew age of low biodégradation
(phenols, d eterg en ts), as co m p ared w ith th e to ta l organic su b sta n c e s
expressed by th e BOD5 index. A nion activ e d e te rg en ts (D) w e re d e te r­
m ined by colorim etric m ethod in th e p resen ce of m eth y le n e blue, p h enols
(Ph) c o lo rim etrically w ith 4 -a m in o -a n tip y rin e a fte r in tro d u cin g coloured
com pounds to th e chloroform lay er. S tandard M ethods [29] w e re ap p lied
fo r all d eterm in atio n s.
T he bacteriological an aly sis of w a te r consisted in d e te rm in in g th e
to ta l q u a n tity of p sy ch ro p h y llic a n d m esophyllic b a c te ria in 1 cbcm of
w a te r a n d th e detectio n of coli-group b a c te ria [31]. E x am in atio n of th e
to ta l n u m b er of b a c te ria w as b y p la te m eth o d on s ta n d a rd a g a r a t a
te m p e ra tu re of 20°C fo r 72 ho u rs, (psychrophylls) an d 37°C for 24 h o u rs
(mesophyUs).
T he coli group b a c te ria w ere d e te c te d b y te s t-tu b e fe rm e n ta tio n
m eth o d in fo u r stages:
1. p re lim in a ry in v estig atio n s on a m odified E ijk m an m edium fo r 24
or 48 hours;
2. c o rro b o ratio n te sts follow ing positive or d o u b tfu l p re lim in a ry in­
vestigations, on an Endo m edium a t a te m p e ra tu re of 37°C fo r 24 h o u rs,
on a m edium w ith b rillia n t g ree n a t 44°C a n d on pep to n e w a te r;
3. s u p p le m e n ta ry tests, a d o p ted in cases w h e n u n ty p ic a l b a c te ria
suspected of belonging to th e coli group ap p e ar on th e Endo m edium
(oblique agar, m icroscope p re p a ra tio n , m edium w ith lactose and A n d ra d e
rea g e n t, te s t fo r cytochrom e oxydase);
4. fin a l te s t consisting in estab lish in g w h e th e r or n o t th e b a c te ria
w hich do n ot indicate th e a b ility fo r gas fe rm e n ta tio n of lactose belong
to th e coli group.
T he re s u lts a re given in coli titre s. A ll w a te r sam ples ta k e n d ire c t
fro m th e su b -su rfa c e to a ste rile b o ttle w ith a g ro u n d in stopper, w e re
d ilu ted to 0.0001 cbcm s a n d c u ltiv a te d in tw o p a ra lle l volum es.
T he rese a rc h group h a d th e ,,K o n tro ler-2 5 ” p a tro l boat belonging
to th e M aritim e O ffice in S lupsk a t its disposal a n d b earin g statio n s
ashore d irectin g th e vessel to p e rm a n e n t sam pling stations. The m eas­
u re m e n t points w ere d istrib u te d in th e co rn ers of g rid sq u ares w ith
1 m ile sides (1,52 m etres), also a t co n tact po in ts b etw een w a te r a n d lan d .
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Of th e q u a n tity of in v estig atio n s ch ara c te riz in g th e process of
p ropagation of po llu tio n in th e 150 km b elt of n earsh o re w a te rs
analyzed, th re e sets of d a ta h av e been chosen, th ese re fe rrin g to th e
p ro p ag atio n of sew age:
1. in d u stria l — from th e F ib reb o ard and C hipboard F acto ry a t
K a rlin o , discharged in to th e sea by an 800-m etre long su b m arin e sew age
d rain ag e ch an n el u n d e r U stronie M orskie — ab o u t 4,200 cbm /day;
2. m u n icip al — ab o u t 8,00 cbm /day discharged into th e sea dow n an
8 0 -m etre long su b m arin e sew age d ra in a t G rzybow o to th e w est of K o­
łobrzeg;
3. discharged w ith th e w a te rs of th e R iver P a rsę ta .
As no system atic m ea su rem e n ts of w ave elem ents or c u rre n t c h a r­
a c te ristic s a re conducted in th e region investigated, th e resu lts of
research w ere com piled w ith th e sy stem and velocity of w inds and th e ir
re c u rre n c e over periods of se v era l y ears. The data from T ables 1— 2 give
som e idea as to th e fre q u e n c y w ith w hich w inds from p a rtic u la r directions
occur d u rin g th e y ear, se p a ra te ly for each of th e fo u r seasons (A d m iralty
sailin g directions for th e B altic 1969). D uring th e sum m er, fo r instance,
42.6% of th e w inds in th e K ołobrzeg region w ere N -N W an d W a n d a t
U stk a — 48.7%. T able 3 gives th e w inds on th e c e n tra l coast according
to th e ir speeds.
In th e region of th e su b m arin e discharge of sew age fro m th e
F ib re b o a rd an d C hipboard F acto ry , th e pro p ag atio n of po llu tio n in th e
n e a r-sh o re w a te rs w as in v estig a ted b y bacteriological m ethods (the to ta l
n u m b er of p sy ch ro p h y ll a n d m esophyll b a c te ria as w ell as coli titre ),
also chem ical m ethods (BOD5, phenols). C hem ical m ethods could be
applied in view of th e hom ogeneous, av erag e com position of th e sewage.
T h e c h a ra c te ristic s of th e w aste d ischarged by th e facto ry , to th e sea,
w ere: BOD5 + 8,700 kg/02/d, oxygen consum ption + 9,100 kg/02/d, sus­
p e n d e d m a tte r + 2,600 kg/d, phenols + 5.8 kg/d.
Table
Tabela
1
1
Winds on the central coast (A dm iralty sailing directions for the Baltic) [19]
Percentage (mean) according to direction of winds in Kołobrzeg
W iatry przy wybrzeżu środkowym (Locja B ałtyku) [19]
Podział procentow y (średni) w edług kierunków w ystępow ania w Kołobrzegu
Wind directions
K ierunki w ystępow ania w iatrów
Months
Miesiące
N
December — F ebruary
G rudzień — Luty
M arch — May
Marzec — Maj
June — A ugust
Czerwiec — Sierpień
Septem ber — November
W rzesień — Listopad
NE
E
SE
S
sw
W
NW
cisza
3,9
7,2
9,0
12,7
15,6
26,8
13,4
7,2
4,2
13,6
19,4
8,5
8,5
6,0
10,5
17,7
9,0
6,8
9,6
14,8
5,9
4,1
'7,3
16,8
24,2
8,8
8,5
5,6
7,5
9,3
11,4
14,8
23,2
13,5
8,1
6,6
Table
2
Tabela
2
Winds on the central coast (A dm iralty sailing directions for the Baltic) [19]
P ercentage (mean) according to direction of winds at U stka
W iatry przy w ybrzeżu środkowym (Locja B ałtyku) [19]
Podział procentow y (średni) w edług kierunków w ystępow ania w Ustce
Wind directions
K ierunek w ystępow ania wiatrów
Months
Miesiące
N
December — F ebruary
G rudzień — L uty
M arch — May
Marzec — Maj
June — A ugust
Czerwiec — Sierpień
Septem ber — November
W rzesień — Listopad
SE
E
SE
S
SW
W
NW
cisza
\
60
5,0
8,4
12,5
19,3
23,4
13,7
9,1
2,6
9,8
18,8
9,8
9,3
8,3
9,5
19,7
10,2
4,6
7,5
14,3
6,4
5,5
7,8
12,1
26,5
14,7
5,2
7,1
5,3
8,3
10,4
18,5
21,9
13,6
10,6
4,3
Table
3
Tabela
3
Winds on the central coast (A dm iralty sailing directions for the Baltic) [19]
Percentage according to wind velocities at U stka (U) and Kołobrzeg (K)
W iatry przy wybrzeżu środkowym (Locja B ałtyku) [19]
Podział procentow y wg prędkości w iatru w Ustce (U) i Kołobrzegu (K)
Wind velocity in m/sec.
Prędkość w iatru w m/sek
Months
Miesiące
i
5 - -10
10--15
15
U
K
U
K
2,7 4,1 19,9 23,7
11,1
39,2
31,6
28,5
3,9 3,6
4,6 6,8 23,7 26,0
46,5
40,0
23,8
25,4
1,1
5,2 8,5 29,6 33,0
43,8
41,4
19,9
16,4
1,2 0,7
0,3
—
6,4 26,5 29,5
42,4
39,7
23,3
21,5
2,9 2,6
0,8
0,3
U
December — F ebruary
G rudzień — Luty
M arch — May
M arzec — Maj
June — August
Czerwiec — Sierpień
Septem ber — Novem ber
Wrzesień — Listopad
2--5
0--2
4,1
K
U
K
TJ
K
U
K
0,8
0,9
1,7 0,3 0,1
Fig. 1 illu s tra te s th e level of BOD 5 p e r m g0 2/d m 3 in th e B altic in th e
region of th e F ib re b o a rd a n d C hipboard F a c to ry su b m a rin e sew age dis­
ch arg e a t K arlino. T ests a t fo u r statio n s s itu a te d a t each side of th e
sew age o u tfa ll a t a distance of ab o u t 200 m., did n o t in d icate a n y subs­
ta n tia l pollution. A rith m e tic m eans fro m 10 m e a su re m e n t series con­
d u cted in th e y e a rs 1974— 1976 in th e region of sew age discharge, in d ica­
te d a v alu e of 6.2 m g 0 2/d m 3, b u t th is d ropped to 2.0 m g 02/d m 3 0.25 m iles
from each side of th e outfall. A t statio n 1, 2 m iles to th e w est, and
sta tio n 6 , 5 m iles to th e east, sim ilar BOD5 v a lu e s w ere n o ted w ith an
av erage of 1.8 m g 02/d m 3. T h ere w as a rap id drop in th e BOD 5 to th e
Fig. 1. Level of biochemical oxygen dem and — BOE5, phenols — F anion active
detergents — D in m g/dm 3 in the Baltic, in the region of the subm arine sewage
outfall at U stronie Morskie
Legend:
contents
1 m easurem ent stations, 2 — contents established experim entally, 3 — probable
Ryc. 1. Poziom biochemicznego zapotrzebow ania tlenu — B Z T ,5 fenoli — F, d e ter­
gentów anionoaktyw nych — D w m g/dm 3 w Bałtyku, w rejonie pomorskiego upustu
ścieków pod U stroniem Morskim
L e g e n d a : 1 — stanow iska pom iarowe, 2 — zawartość stwierdzona doświadczalnie, 3 — za­
wartość przypuszczalna
n o rth a n d th is a m o u n te d to 1.6 m g 02/d m 3 a t sta tio n 9, 1 m ile d ista n t from
th e o utfall. E x cep tio n ally low BODs v alu es w ere fo u n d a t s ta tio n 8 —
1.4 m g 02/d m 3 on av erag e — as w ell as o th er po llu tio n factors, pro b ab ly
due to th e in flu x of less c o n ta m in a ted w a te rs fro m th e R iver C zerw ona.
T he co n ten ts of anion activ e d e te rg e n ts in d icated a sim ilar b a n d ­
like c h a ra c te r of p o llu tio n p ropagation (Fig. 1). W hen th e w inds are
N.NW or W, th e c o n c en tra tio n of anion activ e d e te rg e n ts (0.012 m g /d m 3)
is sim ilar a t statio n 2, 0.25 m iles to th e w est, as a t sta tio n 6 — 5 m iles to
th e east. T he m ea n fro m 10 m ea su rem e n t series a t th e o u tfa ll of th e
sew age, indicated a d e te rg e n t con cen tratio n of 0.033 m g/dm 3. T he q u a n ­
tity of d e te rg en ts w as low — 0.008 m g/dm 3 on average, a t statio n 1 — 2
m iles to th e w est, sta tio n 9 — 1 m ile to th e n o rth , a n d 200 m e tre s from
th e shore.
T he m ean co n c en tra tio n of phenol a t th e o u tfa ll w as 0.023 m g /d m 3,
a t sta tio n s 2 a n d 4 less th a n 0.010 m g/dm 3, fro m 0 to 0.005 m g /d m 3 a t
th e rem a in in g (Fig. 1).
These re s u lts of chem ical inv estig atio n s indicate th a t over a n a re a
of ab o u t 1 sq. m ile in th e im m ediate v icin ity of th e sew age o u tfa ll a n d
a t c e rta in statio n s — 2, 3, 4 and 7 (Fig. 1), th e B altic w a te rs reach th e
lim it of class II p u rity (C ouncil of M in iste rs’ D ecree of 9 VI 1970). O utside
th is zone th e B altic w a te rs come w ith in th e u p p e r lim its of class I p u rity .
Fig. 2. Propagation of pollution in the region of the subm arine sewage outfall at
Ustronie Morskie, based on bacteriological investigations
L e g e n d : 1 — m easurem ent stations, 2 — very highly polluted w ater (E. coli titre of the cir­
cular type 0.0004), 3 — highly polluted w ater (E. coli titre of the circular type 0.004), 4 — polluted
w ater (circular type E. coli titre 0.04), 5 — II class purity w ater (circular type E. coli titre 0.1);
In the upper corner — a wind rose for Kołobrzeg, based on data from periods of m any years,
denoting the w ind direction during w ater testing. Total num ber of bacteria
psychrophyllic
----------------------in 1 cm 5 water
m esophyllic
Rye. 2. R ozprzestrzenianie się zanieczyszczeń w rejonie podmorskiego upustu ścieków
pod U stroniem Morskim na podstaw ie b adań bakteriologicznych
L e g e n d a : 1 — stanow iska pom iarowe, 2 — woda bardzo siln ie zanieczyszczona (miano E.
coli typu kałow ego 0,0004), 3 — woda silnie zanieczyszczona (miano E. coli typu kałowego 0,004),
4 — woda zanieczyszczona (miano E. coli typu kałow ego 0,04), 5 — woda zgodna z normami II kla­
sy czystości (miano E. coli typu kaow ego 0,1); U góry, w rogu, róża w iatrów dla Kołobrzegu na
podstawie danych z w ielolecia, z zaznaczeniem kierunków wiatrów , przy których dokonywano
psychofilnych
badań w ody. Ogólna ilość b a k te r ii--------------------- w 1 cm* wody
m ezofilnych
B acteriological analyses of w a te r sam ples from th e sam e 10 m ea su re ­
m e n t series show ed a m uch w orse situ a tio n of th e p ro m u lg atio n of
p o llu tio n fro m th e s a n ita ry p o in t of view . The high p o llu tio n zone (coli
titre 0.004— 0.00004) w as also of a b an d -lik e c h a ra c te r along th e line of
statio n s 3— 6 a n d rea c h e d out 5 m iles to th e e ast (Fig. 2). T he q u a n tity
of p sy c h ro p h y ll b a c te ria w hich flu c tu a te d b etw een 3,560 an d 6,300 a t
th e o u tfa ll site (statio n 3), fell to 160— 550 a t sta tio n 6, 5 m iles to th e
east. The to tal n u m b er of m esophyll b a c te ria a t statio n ' 3 w as b etw een
2,380 a n d 3,400, dropping to 38— 100 p er cb. cm. a t sta tio n 6.
Studies on th e bacteriological p o llu tio n of sea w a te r in th e su b m arin e
region of sew age discharge in 1974— 1975, e stab lish ed th a t:
— th e re is a d istin ct effect of sew age on th e co n c en tra tio n of psychrophyllic a n d m esophyllic b a c te ria in w a te r, m ain ly on th e E. coli
titre ,
— th e rea c h of excessive p o llution of sea w a te r depends u p o n th e
q u a n tity a n d q u a lity of sew age or w aste d ischarged into th e sea an d
also th e m eteorological conditions.
As th e in te n s ity of p h enom ena e stab lish ed w as not to be ex p lain ed
by th e technology ap p lied in th e F ib re b o a rd a n d C hipboard fa c to ry a t
K arlino, a series of in v estig atio n s on th e m etabolism of th e m icroflora in
th e sew age from th e point of origin to th e o u tfa ll in th e sea, w as con­
du cted in 1976. P re lim in a ry findings (investigations are being continued)
show ed th a t:
— th e fa c to ry tak e s in technological w a te r h ig h ly c o n ta m in a ted by
bacteria from th e R iver P a rsę ta , below th e in flu x of o th er m unicipal
and in d u stria l sew age. T he to ta l q u a n tity of psy ch ro p h y llic b a c te ria in
th is w a te r re a c h e d 80,000, th a t of m esophyllic — 30,000 p e r cm 3 of
w a te r w ith a coli titre of 0.001;
— th e re ta in in g of w a te r in th e technological a n d fire fig h tin g tan k s
fo r 5— 6 h o u rs increases th e to ta l n u m b er of b a c te ria a n d coli titre
tenfold,
— technological w aste is a n e x c elle n t m edium for th e g ro w th of
E. coli in view of th e p resen ce of c a rb o h y d ra te c o n stitu e n ts of wood. The
acidifying of th e m edium fac ilita te s th e cleavage of hem icellulose into
n u m ero u s carb o h y d rates. P rio r to discharge in to th e pipes, th e w aste is
m ixed w ith s a n ita ry sew age w hich has ty p ical m icroflora (to tal n u m b er
of p sy ch ro p h y lls a n d m esophylls + 2— 2.5 m illion p e r cm 3 a n d coli titre
of 1 • 10-8,
— th e re a re sim pler m ethods of ra d ic a lly im proving th e m icroflora
com position of sew age discharged into th e sea a n d th u s dim inish th e zone
of p o llu ted sea w aters.
In th e reg io n of th e su b m arin e o u tfa ll of m u n icip al sew age from K o­
łobrzeg a t G rzybow o, th e p ropagation of p u llu tio n in th e n ear-sh o re
w a te rs w as in v estig a ted b y bacteriological m ethods. T he ch a ra c te ristic s
of th e po llu tio n tra n s p o rte d to th e sea w as BOD5 + 2,000 kg02/d, oxygen
consum ption + 1,000 kg 02/d, susp en d ed m a tte r + 1,800 kg/d, p h enols
80 kg/d, fa ts 380 kg/d.
T he zone of h ig h ly p o llu ted w a te rs (coli titre of over 0.0004) w as
bound by statio n s 2, 3, 4, 12, 13 fro m th e o u tfall to th e n o rth -e a st, to 2
m iles fro m th e coast (Fig. 3). T he rea c h out to sea w as not v e ry deep
and 1 m ile to th e n o rth , th e coli titre dropped to 17. T he n u m b er of
p sy clirophyll b a c te ria in th e h ig h ly p o llu ted w a te r zone flu c tu a te d b e t­
w een 1100— 2100 a n d m esophylls 220— 900 b a c te ria l/c m 3 of w a te r. T he
n u m b er of psychrophyllic and m esophyllic b a c te ria decreased slow ly
w ith th e d istance from th e sew age ou tfall in a n o rth e a s te rly directio n
a n d 3 m iles aw ay flu c tu a te d co rresp o n d in g ly b e tw e en 320— 360 a n d
65— 75. T he above can be e x p la in ed by th e sh o rt distance of su b m a rin e
discharge a n d th e high co n ten ts of biogenous su b stan ces in th e sew age.
T he p ropagation of p o llution in th e e stu a ry of th e R iv er P a rsę ta
w as also in v estig a ted b y bacteriological m ethods. T he R iver P a rsę ta has
a flow of 23.5 m 3/sec., w hich m eans a b o u t 0.8 k m 3/ y ear. M ajew ski (1972),
w ho conducted d etailed research in th is e stu a ry in 1962— 1970, estab lish ­
e d , on th e b asis of w a te r salinity, th a t th e riv e r w a te rs did not u su a lly
rea c h f u rth e r out to sea th a n 1— 2 m iles from th e coast. T he effe c t of
sea w a te r in th e a re a of th e P a rsę ta e s tu a ry w as v e ry strong, how ever.
80 m w m o rze
s u b m a rin e sew ag e o utfall ■
.
80 m o ut to s e a .
Fig. 3. Propagation of pollution in the region of the subm arine outfall of sewage
from Kołobrzeg at Grzybowo, based on bacteriological investigations. Explanations
as in Fig. 2
Rye. 3. Rozprzestrzenianie się zanieczyszczeń w rejonie podmorskiego upustu ścieków
z Kołobrzegu w Grzybowie na podstaw ie badań bakteriologicznych. Objaśnienia jak
przy ryc. 2
th a n k s to th e v icin ity of th e deep B ornholm B asin w a te rs. T he sa lin ity of
w a te r along th e shore o ften exceeded 10%. A w edge of sa lty w a te r also
reach es up riv e r to th e p o rt area, acceleratin g m ixing. T he in te rac tio n
of fre s h a n d sa lt w a te rs p re se n te d h e re in sim plified form , m u st have a
fav o u rab le effect on th e d ilu tio n of th e im p u ritie s discharged to th e sea
b y th e R iver P a rsę ta [25],
Fig. 4. Propagation of pollution discharged by the River P arsęta in Kołobrzeg,
based on bacteriological investigations. Explanations as in Fig. 2
R.yc. 4. R ozprzestrzenianie się zanieczyszczeń wprow adzanych rzeką P arsętą w Koło­
brzegu, na podstaw ie badań bakteriologicznych. O bjaśnienia jak przy ryc. 2
In th e P a rsę ta e stu a ry , th e zone of h ig h ly p o llu ted w a te rs (coli titre
0.04) w as bound b y statio n s 14, 11, 9, 18 reach in g 3— 4 m iles to th e n o rth
a n d e a st a n d covered an a re a of ab o u t 9 sq. m iles (Fig. 4). T he n u m b e r of
psy ch ro p h y llic b a c te ria dropped from 1,500 in th e riv e r e stu a ry , to 700
a n d 450, 3 a n d 5 m iles fro m th e shore resp ectiv ely . T he n u m b er of
m esophyllic b a c te ria flu c tu a te d b e tw e en 500 in th e P a rsę ta e stu a ry , to
50/cm 3 5 m iles to th e n o rth .
5. CONCLUSIONS
The sy stem atic increase in ou tfalls of v ario u s kinds of im p u ritie s
an d po llu tio n to riv e rs an d th e B altic as th e re s u lt of th e in ten siv e deve­
lo p m en t of all fields of econom y a n d th e grow ing p o p u latio n of B altic
co u n tries, is c re a tin g a grow ing th re a t — d ire c tly to th e m arin e e n v iro n ­
m ent, an d in d ire c tly to m an exploiting this. T he B altic is p a rtic u la rly
susceptible to th is ty p e of e x te rn a l in te rfe re n c e in view of its specific
hydrological sy stem w hich disqualifies it as a discharging a re a for
im p u ritie s a n d sew age.
The re su lts of em piric investigations on th e propagation of pollution
discharged into th e sea from th e lan d p re se n te d in th is w ork, indicate
th e g re a te r su ita b ility of bacteriological m ethods. Most of th e chem ical
com ponents ra te d as im p u rities, occur in th e m arin e e n v iro n m en t in
infin itesim al q u an tities, d iffic u lt to detect a n a ly tic a lly , b u t often noxious
due to th e ir bioaccum ulation capacities.
T he te st for fecal ty p e B. coli com m only applied in m an y countries,
is one of th e m ost a c cu ra te of those a t p re se n t available to d etect fecal
co n tam in atio n of w a te r a n d can be applied w ith a scale of g rades sim ilar
fo r b o th in lan d a n d sea w a te r [9, 11, 28].
The d istrib u tio n of w a te r m ea su rem e n t statio n s in a g rid w ith sides
1 m ile in le n g th fa c ilita te d th e accu m u latio n of data to w ork out m a th e ­
m atic a l m odels for th e p red ic tio n of n e a r-sh o re w a te r q u a lity (purity).
The re s u lts obtain ed en ab led th e d e te rm in a tio n of th e pollu tio n zone
of sea w a te r n e a r-sh o re an d re la te th is to th e q u a n tity of im p u ritie s
discharged by riv e rs a n d su b m a rin e sew age outfalls.
9 — Oceanologia Nr 11
126
OCEANOLOGIA Nr 11 (1979)
I
KRZYSZTOF KORZENIEWSKI
JANINA KORZENIEWSKA
Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna -— Słupsk
B A D A N IA STR EF ZA N IEC ZY SZC ZEN IA ŚCIEK OW EG O
PR Z Y B R Z E Ż N E J W ODY M O R SK IE J ZA PO M O CĄ W SK A ŹN IK Ó W
CH EM ICZNY CH I BA K TERIO LO G ICZN Y C H
Streszczenie
Przedstaw iono istniejące tło zanieczyszczeń przybrzeżnej wody m orskiej na pol­
skim wybrzeżu środkowym , w sąsiedztwie dopływów z lądu, określono ładunek za­
nieczyszczeń dopływ ających podm orskim i upustam i ścieków i ujściam i rzek. Wyniki
badań nad zasięgiem rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń z lądu zestawiono z k ie­
runkam i i siłą dom inujących w tym rejonie w iatrów . Róże w iatrów z wielolecia po­
zw alają stwierdzić, ja k często w poszczególnych porach roku w ystępują analogiczne
w arunki przem ieszczania się zanieczyszczeń w przybrzeżnej wodzie m orskiej.
Spośród różnych sposobów badania zasięgu rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń
w m orzu stw ierdzono najw iększą przydatność metod bakteriologicznych, a szczególnie
testu na obecność B acterium coli typu kałowego.
Próby pobierano ze statk u badawczego naprowadzanego stacjam i nam iarow ym i
z lądu na stałe punkty pom iarowe, rozmieszczone w narożnikach siatki kw adratów
0 boku 1 Mm, oraz z lądu, na styku w ody i plaży.
W pracy stosowano analizę chemiczną substancji śladowych w prow adzanych ze
ściekam i (fenole, detergenty) na tle ogólnej zaw artości substancji organicznych, w y­
rażonych biochemicznym zapotrzebow aniem tlenu (BZTr,), oraz analizę bakteriologicz­
ną, obejm ującą oznaczenie ogólnej ilości bakterii psychrofilnych i m ezofilnych w
1 cm3 w ody i m iano coli typu kałowego.
Przedstaw iono trzy zbiory danych odnoszące się do rozchodzenia się ścieków:
a) przem ysłowych, w prow adzanych do m orza długim podm orskim upustem ścieków
(800 m w morzu), b) kom unalnych, w prow adzanych do m orza krótkim upustem
ścieków (80 m w morzu) i c) w prow adzanych razem z wodami rzeki Parsęta.
Rozmieszczenie stanow isk w narożach sieci kw adratów o boku 1 Mm przy n a ­
prow adzaniu z lądu na stałe punkty stw arza możliwość grom adzenia danych do
opracow ania modeli m atem atycznych prognozowania jakości wód przybrzeżnych.
Stwierdzono, że test na obecność B acterium coli typu kałowego stanow i najbardziej
dokładny z dostępnych dziś testów w ykryw ania zanieczyszczenia kałowego wody.
Miano coli daje się stosować przy jednakow ej skali liczbowych ocen porównawczych
jako w skaźnik zanieczyszczenia zarówno do wód śródlądowych, estuariów , jak i przy­
brzeżnych wód m orskich.
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