111 Guszkowska1.qxp

Transkrypt

111 Guszkowska1.qxp
Medycyna Sportowa
© MEDSPORTPRESS, 2009; 2(6); Vol. 25, 95-105
Monika Guszkowska
Zaanga¿owanie Autorów
A – Przygotowanie projektu
badawczego
B – Zbieranie danych
C – Analiza statystyczna
D – Interpretacja danych
E – Przygotowanie manuskryptu
F – Opracowanie piœmiennictwa
G – Pozyskanie funduszy
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Zak³ad Psychologii, Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego Józefa Pi³sudskiego, Warszawa
Faculty of Psychology, The Józef Pi³sudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw
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WP£YW JEDNORAZOWYCH ÆWICZEÑ
FIZYCZNYCH NA POZIOM STANU LÊKU
W ZALE¯NOŒCI OD RODZAJU WYSI£KU
I DOŒWIADCZENIA
Author’s Contribution
A – Study Design
B – Data Collection
C – Statistical Analysis
D – Data Interpretation
E – Manuscript Preparation
F – Literature Search
G – Funds Collection
THE IMPACT OF A SINGLE PHYSICAL EXERCISE ON STATE
ANXIETY LEVEL RELATED TO THE TYPE OF PHYSICAL
EXERCISE AND TRAINING EXPERIENCE
S³owa kluczowe: æwiczenia fizyczne, stan lêku, rodzaj wysi³ku, doœwiadczenie, kobiety
Key words: exercise, state anxiety, exertion type, experience, women
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ARTYKU£ ORYGINALNY / ORIGINAL ARTICLE
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Background. The impact of a single aerobic exercise on anxiety level is well documented
in the literature. However, the findings concerning the anxiolytic effect of strength exercise are
rather ambiguous. Also personal experience in exercise performance as a determinant of this
effect seems controversial. The aim of the research was to evaluate the changes in anxiety level following a single physical exercise, and to study the relationship between the types of exercise applied (aerobic, strength, mixed) and training experience of the participants.
Material and methods. 163 women aged 16-56 participated in the study. All of them were
involved in recreational physical training in fitness clubs in Warsaw. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form (STAI) and the author's own questionnaire were used for the study. Anxiety level
was measured immediately before and 10 to 12 minutes after physical exercise.
Results. The results indicate that anxiety level decreases to a different extent due to a single
physical exercise, depending on the type of exercise applied. The decrease turned out most substantial in the subjects who performed mixed exercises such as (such as ABT and TBS), while in
the women performing strength exercise no such decline was observed. Similarly, no decline of
anxiety was observed in the subjects who did exercise for less than a month and conversely, the
highest values for the decline were noted in those with training record of 2-3 months.
Conclusions. Physical exercise may be an effective method of reducing anxiety level. With
regard to anxiety level, results of one-time physical exercise vary and depend on type of physical effort and training experience of individuals. The responses to a single exercise vary depending on the type of exercise performed and the subjects' training record.
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Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence
Monika Guszkowska
01-464 Warszawa, ul. A. Bo¿ka 8 m. 39
tel.: 0-606 39-21-61, e-mail: [email protected]
Otrzymano / Received
Zaakceptowano / Accepted
29.09.2008 r.
17.12.2008 r.
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Summary
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Wstêp. Wp³yw jednorazowych æwiczeñ tlenowych na stan lêku jest dobrze udokumentowany. Wyniki dotycz¹ce antylêkowych efektów æwiczeñ si³owych s¹ mniej jednoznaczne. Istniej¹
tak¿e kontrowersje dotycz¹ce roli doœwiadczenia jako determinanty wielkoœci efektu. Celem badañ by³o okreœlenie zmian w poziomie stanu lêku po jednorazowych æwiczeniach fizycznych
w zale¿noœci od rodzaju æwiczeñ (tlenowe, si³owe, mieszane) oraz sta¿u treningowego.
Materia³ i metody. Badaniami objêto 163 kobiety w wieku 16-56 lat, æwicz¹ce w klubach
fitness. Wykorzystano Inwentarz Stanu i Cechy Lêku Spielbergera i wsp. oraz ankietê w³asn¹.
Pomiar stanu lêku dokonywany by³ tu¿ przed wysi³kiem oraz 10-12 minut po jego zakoñczeniu.
Wyniki. Wyniki wskazuj¹, ¿e jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne powoduj¹ spadek poziomu
lêku, który jest zró¿nicowany w zale¿noœci od rodzaju æwiczeñ. By³ on najwiêkszy u osób podejmuj¹cych æwiczenia mieszane (ABT, TBC), nie wyst¹pi³ u kobiet wykonuj¹cych æwiczenia si³owe. Spadek poziomu stanu lêku nie wyst¹pi³ u kobiet æwicz¹cych nie d³u¿ej ni¿ miesi¹c; by³
najwiêkszy u osób æwicz¹cych od 2-3 miesiêcy.
Wnioski. Æwiczenia fizyczne mog¹ byæ skutecznym sposobem obni¿ania poziomu stanu
lêku. Reakcje na jednorazowe æwiczenia s¹ zró¿nicowane w zale¿noœci od rodzaju wysi³ku i doœwiadczenia æwicz¹cych.
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Background
Pozytywny wp³yw jednorazowego wysi³ku fizycznego o charakterze tlenowym na poziom stanu lêku
jest od d³u¿szego czasu dobrze udokumentowany
[1,2,3,4]. Po jednorazowych æwiczeniach obserwowano spadek poziomu lêku-stanu, utrzymuj¹cy siê
do 4-6 godzin po ich zaprzestaniu [2,3,5]. Pozytywne
zmiany obserwowano w grupach osób zdrowych, jak
i pacjentów cierpi¹cych na zaburzenia lêkowe [6].
Æwiczenia fizyczne oddzia³uj¹ g³ównie na lêk somatyczny, czyli subiektywnie odbierane zmiany cielesne takie jak: odczucie napiêcia, nerwowoœæ, nudnoœci, bóle g³owy, przyspieszenie têtna. Efekty w sferze
lêku poznawczego (wyobra¿anie sobie negatywnych
okolicznoœci i zdarzeñ, martwienie siê o przysz³oœæ,
trudnoœci w koncentracji uwagi) s¹ mniej wyraŸne
[por. 2,7,8].
Wielkoœæ efektu antylêkowego zazwyczaj okazuje
siê niezale¿na od wieku i stanu zdrowia osób badanych oraz zbli¿ona do innych sposobów redukcji stanu lêku jak trening autogenny [9,10] czy medytacja
[11]. Porównywano tak¿e efekty æwiczeñ tlenowych
ze spokojnym odpoczynkiem. Raglin i Morgan [12]
wykazali, ¿e poziom stanu lêku spada zarówno po
tlenowych æwiczeniach fizycznych, jak i spokojnym
odpoczynku w grupie mê¿czyzn o umiarkowanej
sk³onnoœci do reagowania lêkiem. Zmiany utrzymywa³y siê do 2-3 godzin po æwiczeniach fizycznych,
ale po odpoczynku poziom lêku wraca³ do poziomu
wyjœciowego po 20 minutach, co sugeruje, ¿e æwiczenia fizyczne prowadz¹ do d³u¿ej utrzymuj¹cych
siê efektów. Podobne efekty przeciwlêkowe zaobserwowano po æwiczeniach fizycznych, medytacji i pozostawaniu w spokoju [11].
We wczeœniejszych badaniach w³asnych stwierdzono, ¿e po æwiczeniach rekreacyjnych o charakterze tlenowym (aerobic) nastêpuje u kobiet istotny
spadek poziomu lêku-stanu. Wielkoœæ zmian wykazuje niewielkie zró¿nicowanie w zale¿noœci od nasilenia cechy lêku, typu p³ci psychologicznej, aktywnoœci zawodowej i klubu, w którym odbywaj¹ siê æwiczenia, ale nie ró¿ni siê w zale¿noœci od czêstotliwoœci æwiczeñ i wieku badanych kobiet [13].
Porównuj¹c efekty ró¿nych programów æwiczeñ,
badacze doszli do wniosku, ¿e najwiêkszy spadek
poziomu lêku nastêpuje po æwiczeniach rytmicznych,
anga¿uj¹cych du¿e grupy miêœni, realizowanych co
najmniej przez 20 minut, nie mniej ni¿ 3 razy w tygodniu oraz pozbawionych elementów wspó³zawodnictwa [3,5].
Kolejn¹ kwesti¹ jest to, czy korzyœci psychiczne
pojawiaj¹ siê jedynie po æwiczeniach o charakterze
tlenowym czy tak¿e si³owym. Wyniki badañ s¹ w tej
kwestii zdecydowanie mniej jednoznaczne. I tak, po
jednorazowych 50-minutowych æwiczeniach rekreacyjnego treningu podnoszenia ciê¿arów [14] stwierdzono brak zmian stanu lêku, u æwicz¹cych wzros³a
natomiast œwiadomoœæ cia³a. W innych badaniach
[15] porównywano skutecznoœæ æwiczeñ tlenowych
(jazda na rowerze) oraz si³owych (trening podnoszenia ciê¿arów) o podobnej intensywnoœci, realizowanych przez 30 minut. Pomiar lêku odbywa³ siê bezpoœrednio przed æwiczeniami, bezpoœrednio po nich
oraz w 20 i 60 minut po zakoñczeniu. Poziom lêku
wzrós³ bezpoœrednio po æwiczeniach si³owych, ale
wróci³ do poziomu wyjœciowego w kolejnych pomia-
Evidence suggests that a single aerobic physical
exercise favourably affects anxiety level [1,2,3,4].
Anxiety level is reported to decline after a single physical exercise and to last from 4 to 6 hours after following exertion [2,3,5]. This favourable effect was
observed both in healthy individuals and in patients
suffering anxiety disorders [6].
Physical exercise mainly affects somatic anxiety,
namely the subjectively perceived physical reactions
of the body, such as tenseness sensation, dizziness,
nervousness, headaches and heart palpitation. The
impact of physical exercise is reported to be smaller
in case of cognitive anxiety (manifested by negative
visions of the future as well as concentration difficulties [compare to 2,7,8].
Anxiolytic effect level does not usually depend on
the subject's age or health status. and is similar to
that obtained using other methods of treatment, such
as autogenic training [9,10] or meditation [11]. The
results of aerobic exercise were also compared to
those obtained for relaxed resting. Raglin and Morgan [12] found out that anxiety level declined, both
after aerobic exercise and after relaxed resting in men
moderately prone to anxiety reactions. Anxiety reduction effect lasted from 2 to 3 hours following physical
exercise, while after relaxed resting it diminished
after 20 minutes, when anxiety reached its baseline
level. These results suggest that the decline of anxiety due to physical exercise is maintained for a longer
period of time. Similar anxiolytic effects were noticed
for physical exercise, meditation and relaxation [11].
The existing research evidence indicates that recreational aerobic exercise results in significant decline of anxiety level in women. The scope of this decline depends on the state anxiety level, gender, the
extent of professional involvement and the fitness
centre the exercise is performed at, while it does not
depend on the frequency of training sessions and
age of the studied females [13].
When comparing the anxiolytic effects of various
types of exercise, it was found that the highest decline of anxiety level was observed in case of rhythmical non-competitive workout involving bigger muscle groups, performed for at least 20 minutes no less
than 3 times weekly [3,5].
Another issue is whether psychological benefits are
due to aerobic exercises alone, or are caused by
strength exercises as well. The study results concerning this issue are still ambiguous. For example, after
a single 50 minutes long recreational weightlifting session [14] no change in anxiety level was observed, while
the increase in body-self-consciousness was noticed.
Another research [15] compared the effectiveness of
aerobic exercise (exercise bike test) and strength exercise (weightlifting) of similar intensity and duration (30
minutes). Anxiety was measured directly before the
exercise, immediately afterwards and after 20 and 60
minutes following the exercise. State anxiety level
increased immediately after executing strength exercise, returned to its default value in subsequent measurements and declined one hour after the exercise.
Some other research indicates that in case of
strength exercises, the decline of anxiety level is
delayed and occurs after 30 to180 minutes following
exercise [16,17,18].
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Wstêp
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Guszkowska M., Jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne a stan lêku
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Hale and Raglin [19] compared acute anxiolytic
effects of 50-minute long strength exercises and aerobic exercises (using a step) of similar moderate
intensity. Anxiety measurement was applied directly
before and 5 minutes after exercises during the first,
fourth and eighth week of 16-week long training program. The results show that anxiety decreases both
after strength and aerobic exercises. For both types
of physical effort, a similar rate of decline was observed and this similarity remained steady between
the first and the eighth week of the measurement.
The baseline anxiety level of the trainees was a mediating variable in this experiment. In the subjects
with high anxiety level prior to the exercise, this level
was reduced after strength and aerobic exercise. In
case of low baseline anxiety level, the decline was
observed only for aerobic exercise.
In our research [20], acute anxiolytic effects of 60minute long relaxing exercise (yoga), aerobic exercise (step) and body shaping TBC exercise involving
higher volume of strength training elements was
investigated. Anxiety declined after relaxing exercise
and TBC training and did not decrease after aerobic
exercise.
The changes in anxiety level were also analysed
for 60-minute long exercises including both aerobic
(exercise biking) and strength exercises (gym training) of high intensity, performed in a changing sequence [21]. Anxiety was measured 5 minutes
before, directly after the exercise, and 10 and 60 minutes following it. The sequence of exercises did not
anxiety level. A significant decline of anxiety was recorded after 10 and 60 minutes following the exercise. No decline was observed immediately after the
exercises.
The research results are ambiguous, also with
regard to the question whether positive effects of
physical effort can occur during the first training or
whether certain practice and several training sessions are required to obtain a decline of anxiety [10,
22,23,24]. Hale and Raglin [19] in their research
revealed anxiolytic effect of aerobic exercise already
after the first week of a four-month training program
and the consecutive measurements did not show any
changes in the decline rate (during the fourth and
eighth week). Boucher and Landers [22] observed
a significant decline of anxiety after a treadmill test,
only for the sample of males who were regular runners, while in physically inactive males this effect
turned out insignificant.
In case of strength exercises, training experience
did not impact the effect of physical effort on anxiety
level and moods. The favourable changes were
noticed only for the subjects exercising with moderate-intensity [17].
Another important issue concerns the mechanisms
responsible for the decreasing in anxiety after physical exercise. Several explanatory hypotheses are
offered by specialists. The first hypothesis (thermal
hypothesis) refers to the fact that physical exercise
causes an increase in body temperature (even to
40°C), which leads to reduction of muscle tension
and hence to mental relaxation [2,3,25,26]. Similar
effects were observed after therapeutic sessions in
saunas, hot bath and physical effort [8]. Also some
correlations were found between body temperature
and changes in anxiety level, yet various additional
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rach; natomiast spad³ w godzinê po æwiczeniach tlenowych.
W innych badaniach spadek poziomu lêku po æwiczeniach si³owych tak¿e pojawia³ siê dopiero po pewnym czasie od ich zakoñczenia (30-180 minut)
[16,17,18].
Hale i Raglin [19] porównali ostre efekty 50-minutowych æwiczeñ si³owych (podstawowy poziom treningu si³owego) i tlenowych (æwiczenia na stepie)
o podobnej, umiarkowanej intensywnoœci. Pomiaru
lêku dokonywano bezpoœrednio przed oraz 5 minut
po æwiczeniach w pierwszym, czwartym i ósmym tygodniu trwaj¹cego 16 tygodni programu. Wyniki wskazuj¹, ¿e poziom lêku spada zarówno po æwiczeniach
si³owych, jak i tlenowych. Wielkoœæ spadku jest podobna i nie zmienia siê miêdzy pierwszym a ósmym
tygodniem. Zmienn¹ poœrednicz¹c¹ by³ wyjœciowy
poziom lêku. U osób o wysokim wskaŸniku lêku przed
æwiczeniami jego spadek nast¹pi³ zarówno po æwiczeniach tlenowych, jak i si³owych, natomiast przy niskim – jedynie po tlenowych.
W badaniach w³asnych [20] porównywano efekty
ostre 60-minutowych æwiczeñ relaksacyjnych (joga),
tlenowych (step) oraz wzmacniaj¹cych i kszta³tuj¹cych sylwetkê, ze znacznym udzia³em æwiczeñ si³owych (TBC). Spadek lêku nast¹pi³ po zajêciach jogi
i TBC, ale nie mia³ miejsca po æwiczeniach tlenowych.
Dokonywano tak¿e analiz zmian zachodz¹cych
po 60-minutowych æwiczeniach obejmuj¹cych zarówno æwiczenia tlenowe (jazda na rowerze), jak i si³owe
(æwiczenia na si³owni przy u¿yciu przyrz¹dów),
w zmienianej kolejnoœci o du¿ej intensywnoœci [21].
Poziom stanu lêku mierzono 5 minut przed, a tak¿e
bezpoœrednio po æwiczeniach i 10 minut oraz godzinê po ich zakoñczeniu. Kolejnoœæ æwiczeñ nie odegra³a roli. Istotny spadek poziomu lêku notowano
po 10 minutach i po godzinie od zakoñczenia æwiczeñ, ale nie bezpoœrednio po æwiczeniach.
Wyniki badañ nie s¹ tak¿e jednoznaczne w kwestii tego czy pozytywne efekty pojawiaj¹ siê ju¿ u nowicjuszy, czy te¿ konieczny jest pewien sta¿ treningowy [10,22,23,24]. W badaniach Hale'a i Raglina
[19], antylêkowy efekt æwiczeñ tlenowych pojawi³ siê
ju¿ w pierwszym tygodniu czteromiesiêcznego programu i nie ulega³ zmianie w kolejnych pomiarach
(w czwartym i ósmym tygodniu). W badaniach Bouchera i Landersa [22], znacz¹cy spadek poziomu lêku po biegu na bie¿ni nast¹pi³ jedynie u mê¿czyzn
biegaj¹cych regularnie; nie osi¹gn¹³ poziomu istotnoœci u mê¿czyzn, którzy nie podejmowali aktywnoœci
fizycznej.
W przypadku æwiczeñ si³owych doœwiadczenie
nie ró¿nicowa³o wielkoœci wp³ywu wysi³ku fizycznego
na poziom lêku i nastrój. Korzystne zmiany wyst¹pi³y
jedynie u osób æwicz¹cych z umiarkowan¹ intensywnoœci¹ [17].
Odrêbn¹ kwesti¹ s¹ mechanizmy odpowiedzialne
za obni¿enie poziomu lêku po wysi³ku fizycznym. Badacze proponuj¹ kilka hipotez. Hipoteza termiczna
odwo³uje siê do faktu, ¿e podczas æwiczeñ fizycznych nastêpuje podwy¿szenie temperatury cia³a nawet do 40°C, które prowadzi do spadku napiêcia miêœni, a w efekcie – do relaksacji psychicznej [2,3,25,
26]. W badaniach stwierdzono w tym zakresie podobn¹ efektywnoœæ takich zabiegów jak sauna, gor¹ca k¹piel i wysi³ek fizyczny [8]. Ustalano tak¿e istotne korelacje miêdzy zmianami w temperaturze cia³a
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Guszkowska M., Acute bouts of exercise and state anxiety
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procedures aimed at body temperature increase
(external temperature increase, extra clothing) did
not increase the anxiolytic effect and even decreased
it [27]. Researchers suggest that more important that
body temperature may be the temperature of the
brain is more important than body temperature [5],
and the increase in hypothalamic temperature results
in tension reduction [2,25,26].
Other researchers emphasise the fact that participation in sports and physical activities results in
a temporary mood improvement [3]. Bahrke and Morgan [11] in their paper prove that physical exercise,
meditation and peaceful rest have a similar anxiolytic
effects. Their common feature is breaking daily routine and elimination of stresogenic factors. Breus and
O'Connor [28] reported that the anxiolytic effect
observed after physical exercise in women with a high
baseline anxiety level was not present during repeated experimental procedures when the female subjects were asked to continue thinking about their worries. Some study results show that rest and elimination of disturbing thoughts alone result in decrease of
general tension and blood pressure [3,5].
There are interesting predictions concerning a decline of anxiety following physical exercise, derived
from the opponent-process theory of Solomon [29].
According to this theory, emotional states act as opposing processes and strong negative emotions are
followed by positive emotions. Whenever the emotions perceived deviate from their baseline levels,
opponent process is started in order to restore a normal level of emotions. This process is relatively slow
and unorganized. Before the baseline emotional level
is restored, one perceives emotions contrary to these
initiating the opponent process. This process is intensified when it is frequently activated while the primary
emotional state duration is reduced and the following
emotional reaction is intensified.
Physical exercise is usually an unpleasant experience for the individuals who are used to a passive
and sedentary lifestyle. Based on the opponent process rule, negative emotions emerging during the
exercise are then transformed into a positive state of
mind and become a new main stimulus to remain
involved in physical exercise training. A repeated
exposure to primary stimuli causes reduction of a primary emotional reaction (habituation or emotional tolerance) and increases the opponent effect. Therefore,
repeating physical exercise results in the increase of
a positive post-exercise emotional reaction.
Based on this theory we may claim that:
• affective reactions following physical exercise
(most often positive, less frequently negative)
should vary from the emotional states observed
during the exercise (less positive, more negative);
• the individuals, who do not practice on a regular
basis, shall experience more intense negative
emotions during the exercise and less positive
emotions afterwards.
The aim of our research was to determine the
impact of a single physical exercise and the importance of different types of physical exercise and training experience. The following research questions
were posed:
1. Does a single aerobic, strength and mixed physical exercise result in a significant decline of anxiety level in females?
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a zmianami poziomu lêku, jednak ró¿ne dodatkowe
zabiegi s³u¿¹ce podwy¿szeniu temperatury cia³a
(odzie¿, temperatura otoczenia) nie zwiêksza³y antylêkowego efektu æwiczeñ, a nawet go zmniejsza³y
[27]. Badacze sugeruj¹, ¿e istotna mo¿e byæ nie tyle
temperatura wnêtrza cia³a, co mózgu [5]; wzrost temperatury podwzgórza powoduje spadek napiêcia
[2,25,26].
Inni badacze akcentuj¹ fakt, ¿e osoba æwicz¹ca
uwalnia siê podczas æwiczeñ od zmartwieñ i trosk [3].
Badania Bahrke'a i Morgana [11] dowodz¹, ¿e podobne efekty przeciwlêkowe daj¹ æwiczenia fizyczne,
medytacja i pozostawanie w spokoju. Ich wspólnym
elementem jest wy³amanie siê z codziennej rutyny,
oderwanie od Ÿróde³ stresu. W badaniach Breusa
i O'Connora [28] obserwowany wczeœniej u kobiet
o wysokim poziomie lêku antylêkowy efekt æwiczeñ
fizycznych znikn¹³, gdy powtórzono procedurê eksperymentaln¹, prosz¹c osoby badane, aby w trakcie
æwiczeñ nie przestawa³y myœleæ o codziennych k³opotach. Wyniki badañ wskazuj¹, ¿e sam odpoczynek
i uwolnienie siê od przykrych myœli powoduje spadek
napiêcia i ciœnienia krwi [3,5].
Ciekawe predykcje dotycz¹ce spadku poziomu
lêku po æwiczeniach fizycznych wynikaj¹ z teorii procesu opozycyjnego Solomona [29]. Zgodnie z t¹ koncepcj¹, stany emocjonalne funkcjonuj¹ na zasadzie
procesów przeciwstawnych – po silnych emocjach
negatywnych pojawiaj¹ siê pozytywne. Ilekroæ odczuwane emocje odbiegaj¹ od poziomu wyjœciowego, zostaje uruchomiony proces opozycyjny, którego
zadaniem jest przywrócenie normalnoœci. Proces ten
jest jednak doœæ powolny i bezw³adny. Zanim zostanie przywrócony poziom wyjœciowy, odczuwamy
emocje przeciwne do tych, które uruchomi³y proces
opozycyjny. Proces opozycyjny nasila siê, gdy jest
czêsto uaktywniany, pierwotny stan emocjonalny siê
skraca, a zostaje spotêgowana emocja reaktywna.
Æwiczenia fizyczne s¹ nieprzyjemnym doœwiadczeniem dla osób prowadz¹cych siedz¹cy tryb ¿ycia.
Podczas æwiczeñ powstaj¹ negatywne emocje, natomiast po ich zakoñczeniu, na zasadzie procesu opozycyjnego – pozytywne i one staj¹ siê g³ównym (nabytym) motywem kontynuowania æwiczeñ. Powtarzaj¹ca siê ekspozycja na bodŸce pierwotne powoduje
zmniejszenie pierwotnej reakcji emocjonalnej (habituacja czy tolerancja emocjonalna) i nasila reakcjê
opozycyjn¹. Powtarzanie æwiczeñ powoduje wiêc nasilanie pozytywnej reakcji emocjonalnej po æwiczeniach.
Przewidywania dotycz¹ce aktywnoœci fizycznej,
wywiedzione z tej koncepcji, s¹ nastêpuj¹ce:
• reakcje afektywne po æwiczeniach (bardziej pozytywne, mniej negatywne) powinny byæ ró¿ne od
tych wystêpuj¹cych w ich trakcie (mniej pozytywne, bardziej negatywne);
• jednostki, które nie æwicz¹ regularnie, powinny doœwiadczaæ bardziej negatywnego afektu w trakcie
æwiczeñ i mniej pozytywnego po ich zakoñczeniu.
Celem podjêtych badañ by³o okreœlenie wp³ywu
jednorazowych æwiczeñ fizycznych i jego zró¿nicowania w zale¿noœci od rodzaju æwiczeñ i sta¿u æwiczeñ. Poszukiwano odpowiedzi na nastêpuj¹ce pytania badawcze:
1. Czy po jednorazowych æwiczeniach fizycznych
o charakterze tlenowym, si³owym i mieszanym
zachodzi u kobiet istotny spadek poziomu lêku?
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2. Does the decline in anxiety level vary for different
types of physical effort?
3. Does regular recreational physical training experience influence the relationship between physical
exercise and anxiety decline?
Materia³ i metody
Material and methods
Badania realizowane by³y w warunkach naturalnych. Objêto nimi ³¹cznie 163 kobiety w wieku 16-56
lat (M=29,28; SD=8,782), uczestnicz¹ce w ró¿nych
formach zajêæ fizycznych w warszawskich klubach
fitness. By³y to osoby, które po przyjœciu do klubu zadeklarowa³y gotowoœæ wziêcia udzia³u w badaniach.
Bezpoœrednio przed podjêciem æwiczeñ badane wype³nia³y skalê stanu lêku Inwentarza Stanu i Lêku
Spielbergera i wsp [30]. Nastêpnie 5 minut po ich zakoñczeniu udziela³y odpowiedzi na pytania ankiety
dotycz¹cej zwyczajowej aktywnoœci fizycznej oraz
æwiczeñ objêtych pomiarem, wype³nia³y skalê cechy
lêku ISCL, a nastêpnie powtórnie skalê lêku-stanu.
Tym samym drugi pomiar stanu lêku nastêpowa³
w 10-12 minut po zakoñczeniu æwiczeñ.
Na podstawie odpowiedzi na pytania ankiety wydzielono trzy grupy badanych w zale¿noœci od rodzaju wysi³ku:
• æwiczenia o charakterze tlenowym (indywidualne
æwiczenia na bie¿ni, rowerze, steperze, grupowe
æwiczenia tlenowe – aerobic, step, fat burning)
(n=46);
• æwiczenia o charakterze si³owym (indywidualne
æwiczenia si³owe z u¿yciem przyrz¹dów) (n=21);
• æwiczenia o charakterze mieszanym (wzmacniaj¹ce i kszta³tuj¹ce sylwetkê – ABT, TBC) (n=96).
Ponadto okreœlono od jakiego czasu osoby badane systematycznie uczestnicz¹ w zajêciach fizycznych i w oparciu o to stworzono piêæ grup:
• æwicz¹cych systematycznie nie d³u¿ej ni¿ od trzech
tygodni (n=20);
• oko³o jednego miesi¹ca (n=33);
• od 2-3 miesiêcy (n=37);
• od 4 miesiêcy do jednego roku (n=47);
• od ponad roku (n=26).
Natural field research was carried out. The
research sample consisted of 163 women aged 1656 (M=29.28; SD=8.782), who participated in various
forms of recreational physical training in Warsaw fitness clubs. All women agreed to participate in the
exercise at the moment of joining the club. Right
before the exercise, the participants answered the
questions included in the State Anxiety Inventory by
Spielberger's and colleagues [30]. Five minutes after
the exercise they were asked about their daily physical activities and research exercise (questionnaire),
filled in STAI trait anxiety scale and next again state
anxiety scale. As a result of this procedure, second
measurement of state anxiety took place 10 to12
minutes after finishing the research exercise.
Based on their answers questionnaire the participants were allotted to three research groups with different types of physical effort:
• aerobic exercises (individual fitness treadmill running exercise, exercise bike and stepping exercise, group aerobic exercise such as aerobic,
step, fat burning) (n=46);
• strength exercise (individual exercise on strength
stations) (n=21);
• mixed exercise (reinforcing and body shaping –
ABT, TBC) (n=96).
After determining how long the studied females
had been participating in regular physical training,
five additional groups were formed:
• individuals practicing regularly no longer that 3
weeks (n=20);
• individuals practicing regularly for approximately
one month (n=33);
• individuals practicing regularly for 2-3 month
(n=37);
• individuals practicing regularly from 4 month to 1
year (n=47);
• individuals practicing regularly for over a year
(n=26).
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2. Czy spadek ten jest zró¿nicowany w zale¿noœci
od rodzaju wysi³ku?
3. Czy sta¿ w systematycznym podejmowaniu æwiczeñ fizycznych o charakterze rekreacyjnym ró¿nicuje ich wp³yw na stan lêku?
Wyniki
Results
Anxiety level decline and type of physical effort
Figure 1 shows the results of anxiety level measurement before and after exercise in the research
groups, formed according to specific types of physical effort. The significance differences in measurement results was determined using a non-parametric
Wilcoxon's signed-rank test. Additionally, effect size
was calculated for significant differences according to
the following formula:
ES=(Mprzed – Mpo)/SDprzed
ES=(Mbefore – Mafter)/SDbefore
WskaŸnik o wartoœci poni¿ej 0,39 nale¿y uznaæ
za ma³y (tzn. œwiadcz¹cy o niewielkim efekcie æwiczeñ), w granicach 0,40-0,69 za umiarkowany, zaœ
powy¿ej 0,70 – za du¿y. Ponadto w ka¿dej grupie ob-
The values below 0.39 were considered low (i.e.
indicating a small effect of exercise), value 0.40 to
0.69 was considered moderate, while rates exceeding 0.70 was considered high. Moreover, the change
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Spadek poziomu stanu lêku a rodzaj wysi³ku
Na Rycinie 1 przedstawiono wyniki pomiaru stanu
lêku przed i po æwiczeniach fizycznych w grupach wyró¿nionych na podstawie charakteru wysi³ku fizycznego. Istotnoœæ ró¿nic w pomiarach okreœlano za pomoc¹ nieparametrycznego testu znaków rangowanych Wilcoxona. W przypadku istotnych zmian okreœlono tak¿e tzw. wielkoœæ efektu (effect size) wed³ug
wzoru:
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Guszkowska M., Acute bouts of exercise and state anxiety
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liczono wielkoœæ wspó³czynnika zmiany, odejmuj¹c
od wyniku pomiaru przed zajêciami wynik pomiaru
po zajêciach. Tym samym dodatnia wartoœæ wskaŸnika œwiadczy o spadku poziomu lêku.
Okreœlono tak¿e zró¿nicowanie miêdzygrupowe
poziomu stanu lêku przed i po zajêciach oraz wskaŸnika zmiany za pomoc¹ testu Kruskala-Wallisa.
W grupie kobiet podejmuj¹cych æwiczenia o charakterze tlenowym stwierdzono spadek poziomu lêku
po æwiczeniach, utrzymuj¹cy siê na poziomie tendencji (Z=1,746; p=0,081). WskaŸnik ES ma wartoœæ
0,21.
W grupie kobiet realizuj¹cych æwiczenia si³owe
nie stwierdzono istotnej zmiany w poziomie stanu lêku (Z=0,768; p=0,443; SE=0,06).
Wykonywanie æwiczeñ o charakterze tlenowo-si³owym prowadzi do istotnego obni¿enia poziomu stanu lêku (Z=5,825; p<0,001; ES=0,69).
Porównania miêdzygrupowe wskazuj¹ na istotne
zró¿nicowanie poziomu lêku przed zajêciami (Chi2=
8,944; p=0,011) oraz wskaŸnika spadku poziomu lê-
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Ryc. 2. Poziom stanu lêku przed i po æwiczeniach w zale¿noœci od doœwiadczenia
Fig. 2. State anxiety pre- and post-exercise according to experience
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Ryc. 1. Poziom stanu lêku przed i po æwiczeniach w zale¿noœci od rodzaju wysi³ku
Fig. 1. State anxiety pre- and post-exercise according to exertion type
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Guszkowska M., Jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne a stan lêku
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coefficient value was calculated for each group by
deduction of the post-exercise measurement result
from the pre-exercise measurement result. Hence,
a positive coefficient value is indicative of anxiety
level decline.
The between-group differences of the pre- and
post-exercise anxiety level and change coefficient
were also determined using the Kruskal-Wallis test.
For the aerobic group the decline of anxiety level
was observed after the exercise, which remained on
the bias level (Z=1.746; p=0.081). The value of ES
rate was 0.21.
No significant change of anxiety was observed for
the strength exercise group (Z=0.768; p=0.443; SE=
0.06).
For the mixed exercise group (aerobic and strength),
a significant decline of anxiety level was observed
(Z=5.825; p<0.001; ES=0.69).
The results of between-group comparisons reveal
significant variability of anxiety level before exercise
(Chi2=8.944; p=0.011) and anxiety decline rate (Chi2
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Discussion
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Dyskusja
=13.325; p=0.01). Anxiety level after exercise did not
significantly differ for the analysed groups. The highest pre-exercise anxiety level was observed in the
mixed exercise group and the lowest one – in the females involved in strength exercise. Anxiety decline
rate was the lowest in the females performing
strength exercise, and the highest one – in the females
involved in reinforcing and body shaping exercise.
The next stage of the analysis consisted in defining
the changes in anxiety level after exercise, depending
on the subjects' training experience (Fig. 2).
For the group who reported less than a month of
training experience no significant decline of anxiety
level was observed following the exercise (Z=0.829;
p=0.407). Similar results were recorded for a group
of a month-long training experience, while the mean
rate of anxiety decline was a negative value. The participants regularly training for 2-3 months experienced a significant decline of anxiety level (5.020;
p<0.001; ES=1.03). Only a little lower decline was
recorded for a group with several month to one year
training experience (Z=4.134; p<0.001; ES=0.67).
A slightly lower decrease in anxiety level was noted
in the group with training experience from several
month up to one year (Z=2.303; p=0.021; ES=0.55).
The between-group comparisons revealed significant differences in post exercise anxiety level (Chi2
=17.397; p=0.002); it was the highest in the subjects
with the shortest training record and the lowest in
those training from 2 to 3 months. Baseline anxiety
levels were similar for all groups. Training experience
significantly influenced anxiety level decline rate
(Chi2 =16.986; p=0.002). It was the highest for 2 to 3
month practitioners and the lowest for the women
who practiced for a month.
eo
ku (Chi2=13,325; p=0,01). Poziom stanu lêku po zajêciach nie ró¿ni siê istotnie. Najwy¿szy poziom stanu lêku przed zajêciami obserwujemy u badanych
podejmuj¹cych æwiczenia mieszane, najni¿szy – u osób
podejmuj¹cych æwiczenie si³owe. WskaŸnik spadku
poziomu lêku przyjmuje najni¿sz¹ wartoœæ u osób podejmuj¹cych æwiczenia si³owe, najwy¿sz¹ – u kobiet
realizuj¹cych æwiczenia wzmacniaj¹ce i kszta³tuj¹ce
sylwetkê.
W dalszym etapie analiz okreœlono zmiany w poziomie stanu lêku po zajêciach w zale¿noœci od sta¿u treningowego (Ryc. 2).
U kobiet æwicz¹cych krócej ni¿ miesi¹c nie nast¹pi³ istotny spadek poziomu lêku po zajêciach ruchowych (Z=0,829; p=0,407). W grupie æwicz¹cych od
oko³o miesi¹ca tak¿e nie zanotowano istotnych zmian
w poziomie lêku, a œredni wskaŸnik jego spadku ma
nawet wartoœæ ujemn¹. Badane æwicz¹ce systematycznie od 2-3 miesiêcy doœwiadczy³y znacz¹cego
spadku poziomu lêku (5,020; p<0,001; ES=1,03). Nieco mniejszy spadek poziomu lêku zanotowano w grupie æwicz¹cych od kilku miesiêcy do roku (Z=4,134;
p<0,001; ES=0,67). W grupie o najd³u¿szym sta¿u
efekt, choæ istotny statystycznie, jest ju¿ s³abszy (Z=
2,303; p=0,021; ES=0,55).
Porównania miêdzygrupowe wskazuj¹ na istotne
zró¿nicowanie stanu lêku po æwiczeniach (Chi2=
17,397; p=0,002); jest on najwy¿szy u kobiet o najkrótszym sta¿u, najni¿szy – u kobiet æwicz¹cych od
2-3 miesiêcy. Wyjœciowy poziom lêku we wszystkich
grupach jest wyrównany. Sta¿ treningowy istotnie
ró¿nicuje natomiast wskaŸnik spadku poziomu lêku
(Chi2=16,986; p=0,002). Uzyskuje on najwy¿sz¹ wartoœæ w grupie kobiet æwicz¹cych od 2-3 miesiêcy, najni¿sz¹ – u æwicz¹cych od miesi¹ca.
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Wyniki badañ dowodz¹, ¿e æwiczenia fizyczne
mog¹ powodowaæ spadek poziomu lêku-stanu. Pozostaj¹ wiêc w zgodzie z rezultatami uzyskiwanymi
w wielu wczeœniejszych badaniach. Równoczeœnie
wskazuj¹, ¿e antylêkowy ostry efekt wysi³ku fizycznego mo¿e byæ zró¿nicowany w zale¿noœci od jego
charakteru. By³ on najsilniejszy w przypadku æwiczeñ
wzmacniaj¹cych i kszta³tuj¹cych sylwetkê, które ³¹cz¹ w sobie wysi³ek o charakterze tlenowym i beztlenowym. TBC (total body conditionning) to rodzaj treningu si³owego, który zmierza do kszta³towania miêœni ca³ego cia³a poprzez odpowiednio dobrane æwiczenia z wykorzystaniem ciê¿arków, hantli, pasów
gumowych, dr¹¿ków. Æwiczenia maj¹ g³ównie charakter anaerobowy i umiarkowane tempo. Podczas zajêæ
ABT (abdominal, buttocks, thighs) wykonywane s¹
æwiczenia kszta³tuj¹ce g³ównie miêœnie bioder, ud i poœladków. Zajêcia te maj¹ charakter grupowy, wykonywane s¹ przy muzyce pod kierunkiem instruktora.
WskaŸnik wielkoœci efektu pozwala uznaæ, ¿e po
tych æwiczeniach nast¹pi³ znaczny spadek poziomu
lêku.
Zmian takich nie zaobserwowano po æwiczeniach
o charakterze stricte si³owym. By³y to æwiczenia realizowane indywidualnie na si³owni przy u¿yciu ró¿nych
przyrz¹dów. Uzyskane rezultaty zgodne s¹ wiêc
z wynikami tych badañ, w których nie potwierdzano
antylêkowego efektu æwiczeñ anaerobowych. Stwierdzono na przyk³ad brak zmian stanu lêku po jednora-
The study results show that physical exercise
may cause a decline of state anxiety. They comply
with the results from the previous research. Based on
our research, we may also claim that the acute anxiolytic effect of physical effort varies depending on the
type of effort. It was the strongest for the reinforcing
and body shaping exercises, being a mixture of both
aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Total Body Conditioning (TBC) is a strength training aimed at shaping whole-body muscles through sets of specific
strength exercises with dumbbells, rubber bands and
sticks. TBC is primarily an anaerobic and moderate
pace workout. ABT (Abdominal, Buttocks, Thighs)
training involves mainly exercises shaping specific
muscle groups of the hips, thighs and buttocks.
These are group and music accompanied workouts.
The result scope rate enables to claim that these
forms of training cause a significant decline of
trainees' anxiety.
Such changes were not observed after pure
strength training including individual gym machine
exercises. Our results are therefore consistent with
the results of these investigations which do not confirm anxiolytic effects of anaerobic exercises. This
was observed for example in case of single 50 minute long recreational dumbbells training [14]. In comparative research [15], anxiety level increased immediately after strength exercises, returned to its baseline values during subsequent measurements and
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declined after one hour following aerobic exercises.
Various results were observed depending on the
baseline anxiety level – for the individuals with a high
pre-exercise anxiety level, the decline in anxiety
occurred both after aerobic and anaerobic exercises.
For the individuals with a low baseline anxiety level,
the decline was observed only following aerobic
exercises [19].
The time of the second measurement may also
be an important factor. Post-exercise anxiety decline
in case of strength workouts was noticeable only
after some time following the exercise – from 30 to
180 minutes [17,18]. In our research, the second
measurement was carried out already after 10 to 12
minutes following the exercise and it is possible that
this rest period was too short for anxiolytic effect to
be revealed.
Yet, more intriguing is the fact that no significant
improvement of the trainees' state of mind was
observed following the aerobic exercise group (the
difference reached bias level only). This might have
been due to a small sample, however the result rate
value was low (0.21). How could we explain the fact
that aerobic exercise, usually considered to have the
most beneficial emotional effect, caused no significant decline of anxiety level?
First, we should underscore that not all results of
previous research confirm the anxiolytic effects of
aerobic exercises. Sometimes the anxiolytic effects
of mixed exercises proved to be stronger [20]. Secondly, the time of measurement taking may be significant. Sometimes no decline of anxiety was observed immediately after aerobic exercises of moderate
and high intensity, while the anxiolytic effect occurred
30 and 60 minutes after finishing the workout [31].
A similar pattern was observed by Raglin, Turner,
Eksten [15], Raglin and Wilson [32]. The decline of
anxiety level after biking workout occurred within an
hour after finishing it [10]. On the other hand, beneficial mental changes were sometimes observed
already after 10 minutes, but not immediately after
ceasing the exercise [21]. Hale and Raglin [19]
noticed a significant decline of anxiety level already 5
minutes after completing exercises.
Another key factor that should be taken into
account with regard to anxiety decline is the duration
of exercise sessions. Most frequently, it is suggested
that physical exercise should last at least 20 minutes
to bring about any beneficial result [2]. The studied
female subjects reported the duration of their workout
sessions. Over half of them were involved in individual anaerobic exercise, performed no longer than 30
minutes per session, while almost 90% of ABT and
TBC trainees exercised 45-60 minutes per session
(i.e. the time of fitness class). As for aerobic exercises, two thirds of trainees did them for about an hour
and one fifth – for over an hour. We shall underscore
that in case of natural field research, a complete
standardisation of research conditions is not possible, hence the differences in training sessions times.
Another variable that could impact our results (and
was not controlled in the research) was exercise
intensity. We may assume that it depended on the
trainees' personal engagement and their preferences
concerning effort intensity. This does not exclude
group workouts where trainees may also get more or
less involved in the session. The results concerning
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zowych 50-minutowych æwiczeniach rekreacyjnego
treningu ciê¿arów [14].
W badaniach porównawczych [15] poziom lêku
wzrós³ bezpoœrednio po æwiczeniach si³owych, ale
wróci³ do poziomu wyjœciowego w kolejnych pomiarach; natomiast spad³ w godzinê po æwiczeniach tlenowych. Notowano tak¿e zró¿nicowane wyniki w zale¿noœci od wyjœciowego poziomu lêku – u osób
o wysokim wskaŸniku lêku przed æwiczeniami jego
spadek nast¹pi³ zarówno po æwiczeniach tlenowych,
jak i si³owych, natomiast przy niskim – jedynie po tlenowych [19].
Czynnikiem, który móg³ odegraæ pewn¹ rolê jest
czas dokonywania drugiego pomiaru. Spadek poziomu lêku po æwiczeniach si³owych czêsto nastêpowa³
dopiero po pewnym czasie od ich zakoñczenia (30180 minut) [17,18]. W obecnych badaniach pomiar
by³ przeprowadzany w 10-12 minut po zakoñczeniu
æwiczeñ, wiêc efekt antylêkowy móg³ siê jeszcze nie
ujawniæ.
Bardziej intryguj¹ce jest jednak to, ¿e nie stwierdzono wyraŸnej poprawy samopoczucia po æwiczeniach o charakterze tlenowym; ró¿nica osi¹gnê³a jedynie poziom tendencji. Mo¿na oczywiœcie wzi¹æ pod
uwagê niewielk¹ liczebnoœæ grupy, jednak wskaŸnik
efektu osi¹gn¹³ nisk¹ wartoœæ (0,21). Jak mo¿na wyjaœniæ fakt, ¿e po æwiczeniach o charakterze tlenowym, które zazwyczaj s¹ wskazywane jako przynosz¹ce najwiêksze korzyœci w sferze emocjonalnej,
nie nast¹pi³ istotny spadek poziomu lêku?
Po pierwsze, nie wszystkie wyniki wczeœniejszych
badañ jednoznacznie dowodz¹ antylêkowego efektu
æwiczeñ tlenowych; niekiedy jest on s³abszy ni¿
w przypadku æwiczeñ o charakterze mieszanym [20].
Po drugie, istotny mo¿e byæ czas dokonywania pomiaru. Bezpoœrednio po æwiczeniach tlenowych o umiarkowanej i du¿ej intensywnoœci nie stwierdzano niekiedy
redukcji lêku, efekt ujawni³ siê natomiast 30 i 60 minut po zakoñczeniu æwiczeñ [31]. Podobny efekt zaobserwowali Raglin, Turner, Eksten [15] oraz Raglin
i Wilson [32]. Spadek poziomu lêku po sesji jazdy
na rowerze pojawi³ siê po godzinie od zaprzestania
æwiczeñ [10]. Z drugiej strony w innych badaniach korzystne zmiany zaobserwowano ju¿ po 10 minutach,
ale nie bezpoœrednio po zaprzestaniu æwiczeñ [21].
Hale i Raglin [19] stwierdzili istotny spadek poziomu
lêku ju¿ 5 minut po zakoñczeniu æwiczeñ.
Czynnikiem, który nale¿y braæ pod uwagê, jest
te¿ czas trwania æwiczeñ. Najczêœciej uwa¿a siê, ¿e
powinny one trwaæ co najmniej 20 minut [2]. Badani
okreœlali, jak d³ugo æwiczyli. Ponad po³owa kobiet podejmuj¹cych indywidualnie wysi³ek o charakterze
anaerobowym æwiczy³a nie d³u¿ej ni¿ 30 minut, podczas gdy niemal 90% osób uczestnicz¹cych w zajêciach ABT i TBC æwiczy³o 45-60 minut, gdy¿ tyle
trwaj¹ zazwyczaj te zajêcia. W przypadku æwiczeñ
tlenowych czas by³ najbardziej zró¿nicowany: dwie
trzecie osób æwiczy³o oko³o godziny, jedna pi¹ta powy¿ej godziny. W przypadku badañ realizowanych
w warunkach naturalnych, ujednolicenie warunków
nie jest mo¿liwe.
Kolejn¹ zmienn¹, która mog³a zawa¿yæ na uzyskanych rezultatach, a nie by³a w tych badaniach kontrolowana, jest intensywnoœæ æwiczeñ. Mo¿na uznaæ,
¿e by³a ona zmienna indywidualnie i prawdopodobnie zgodna z preferencjami æwicz¹cych. Nawet podczas zajêæ grupowych ich uczestniczki mog¹ æwiczyæ
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Guszkowska M., Jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne a stan lêku
102
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aerobic exercise are ambiguous with regard to this
issue. Research results indicate both beneficial
effects regardless to exercise intensity [33], and lack
of beneficial changes after high intensity exercises
[34]. In most cases it is recommended that one should
apply moderate intensity exercise [2] adjusted to the
physical capacity and preferences of the trainee. On
the other hand, Focht [35] claims significant decline
of anxiety regardless to the intensity level of strength
exercise (preferred and proscribed intensity) and
time of measurement (5, 20, 60, 120 minutes after
the exercise), but only for high default anxiety level
trainees.
As for the issue of how training experience impacts anxiety decline, the research results show that
the highest decline was observed in the females who
had been training for 2-3 month. In case of those with
longer training record, the results were still significant, but remained at a moderate level. No anxiety
decline was observed for the trainees exercising less
than a month. These results partially confirm Solomon's opponent-process theory [29], which assumes
that the longer the training record, the better the
results of exercise are. Boucher and Landers [22]
also found a significant decline of anxiety level following treadmill run only in regular male runners,
while for non-runners this decline was insignificant.
This result is not supported by the research of
Petruzzello, Jones and Tate [36]. In their study a similar decline was noticed following 24-minutes exercise bike ride both for the regular runners and nontraining individuals. The favourable mood changes
process met the researchers' expectations. A slight
decline of negative mood during the exercise was
observed for active males, while a significant mood
improvement was noticed after the exercise. For the
non-training males, physical exercise caused significant mood deterioration (during the exercise), and
the values returned to their baseline levels on completing the workout [36].
On the other hand, Hale and Raglin [19] observed
anxiolytic effect of aerobic exercise already during
the first week of a four – month training program, and
this effect did not change during the fourth and eighth
week of the program.
The decline of anxiolytic effect for women with the
longest training record could probably be explained
by expiration of the opponent-process, but this issue
obviously requires further research. It is worth mentioning that training experience of female trainees
from different experimental groups was similar. The
groups formed according to various training records
were also similar as for the baseline values of anxiety level and anxiety traits. Both of these variables
were considered to have a potential to impact anxiolytic effect.
Attention should be paid to the duration of the
research workout as a factor responsible for the level
of anxiety decline. The proportion of female trainees
exercising no longer than 30 minutes was the biggest
in the group with the shortest training record (one
fourth). The highest proportion of those who participated in training sessions lasting over an hour was
present in the group with the longest training record.
If the correlation between the time of exercise and
anxiety decline values is non-linear, which is suggested by some research results [3], the above mention-
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mniej lub bardziej intensywnie. Wyniki dotycz¹ce wysi³ków tlenowych w tej kwestii nie s¹ jednoznaczne.
Rezultaty badañ wskazuj¹ zarówno na korzystne
efekty, bez wzglêdu na intensywnoœæ æwiczeñ [33],
jak i brak korzystnych zmian po æwiczeniach o du¿ej
intensywnoœci [34]. Najczêœciej zaleca siê, by æwiczenia mia³y intensywnoœæ umiarkowan¹ [2] i dostosowan¹ do wydolnoœci fizycznej i preferencji æwicz¹cego. Z kolei w badaniach Fochta [35], stwierdzono
istotny spadek poziomu lêku niezale¿nie od intensywnoœci æwiczeñ si³owych (intensywnoœæ preferowana i narzucona) i czasu pomiaru (5, 20, 60, 120
minut po æwiczeniach), ale tylko u osób z wyjœciowym
wysokim poziomem stanu lêku.
Wyniki dotycz¹ce zró¿nicowania efektu w zale¿noœci od sta¿u treningowego wskazuj¹, ¿e najwiêksze korzyœci pojawi³y siê u kobiet æwicz¹cych od 2-3
miesiêcy. Przy d³u¿szym okresie æwiczeñ by³y istotne, ale utrzymywa³y siê na poziomie umiarkowanym,
natomiast nie wyst¹pi³y u badanych æwicz¹cych systematycznie nie d³u¿ej ni¿ miesi¹c. Takie rezultaty
czêœciowo potwierdzaj¹ teoriê procesu opozycyjnego
Solomona [29], która pozwala przypuszczaæ, ¿e wraz
ze wzrostem sta¿u nasilaæ siê bêd¹ pozytywne efekty æwiczeñ. Podobnie w badaniach Bouchera i Landersa [22], znacz¹cy spadek poziomu lêku po biegu
na bie¿ni nast¹pi³ jedynie u mê¿czyzn biegaj¹cych
regularnie; nie osi¹gn¹³ poziomu istotnoœci u osób,
które nie biegaj¹. Takiego potwierdzenia w zakresie
zmian lêku nie uzyskali natomiast Petruzzello, Jones
i Tate [36] – spadek lêku po 24-minutowej jeŸdzie
na rowerze by³ podobny w grupie mê¿czyzn systematycznie biegaj¹cych i tych, którzy nie æwicz¹.
Zmiany nastroju przebiega³y natomiast zgodnie
z przewidywaniami. U mê¿czyzn aktywnych obserwowano niewielki spadek efektu negatywnego w trakcie æwiczeñ, natomiast po æwiczeniach – wyraŸn¹ poprawê nastroju. W grupie mê¿czyzn, którzy nie podejmowali aktywnoœci fizycznej, podczas æwiczeñ nast¹pi³o wyraŸne pogorszenie nastroju, który po wysi³ku wróci³ do poziomu wyjœciowego [36].
Z kolei Hale i Raglin [19] obserwowali antylêkowy
efekt æwiczeñ tlenowych ju¿ w pierwszym tygodniu
czteromiesiêcznego programu i nie ulega³ on zmianie
w czwartym i ósmym tygodniu.
Zmniejszenie efektu u kobiet z najd³u¿szym sta¿em treningowym mo¿na prawdopodobnie wyjaœniæ
stopniowym wygasaniem procesu opozycyjnego,
choæ kwestie te wymagaj¹ oczywiœcie dalszych badañ. Warto podkreœliæ, ¿e w grupach kobiet podejmuj¹cych æwiczenia fizyczne o ró¿nym charakterze, sta¿
treningowy by³ podobny. Grupy wydzielone na podstawie sta¿u nie ró¿ni³y siê te¿ pod wzglêdem wyjœciowego poziomu lêku i cechy lêku, które to zmienne mog³yby byæ brane pod uwagê jako ewentualne
moderatory efektu antylêkowego.
Nie mo¿na natomiast wykluczyæ wp³ywu czasu æwiczeñ. Odsetek pañ æwicz¹cych nie d³u¿ej ni¿ 30 minut
by³ najwy¿szy w grupie o najkrótszym sta¿u (jedna
czwarta). Z kolei w grupie badanych o najd³u¿szym
sta¿u obserwujemy najwiêkszy odsetek æwicz¹cych
powy¿ej godziny. Jeœli zale¿noœæ miêdzy czasem æwiczeñ a spadkiem poziom lêku jest krzywoliniowa, co
sugeruj¹ wyniki niektórych badañ [3], powy¿sze ró¿nice mog³y czêœciowo wp³yn¹æ na wielkoœæ efektu.
Wiele kwestii pozostaje wiêc nierozstrzygniêtych.
Czêœciowo wynika to z faktu, ¿e badania by³y prowa-
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Guszkowska M., Acute bouts of exercise and state anxiety
103
ed differences might have partially impacted the level
of anxiolytic effect.
As we see, many issues are still not fully explained. One of the reasons is the fact that our research
was carried out as a natural field study, Mills' inductive method of agreement could not be applied and
not all the confounding variables (such as workout
intensity, exact duration) could be controlled. On the
other hand, the important advantage of these type of
research is the measurement carried out under real
conditions, not in the artificial laboratory environment. The study participants joined training classes
and they could decide about the workout intensity.
They were neither randomly selected, nor allotted to
certain groups according to the researcher's decision. We shall remember that they come to the club
not to take part in the research, but to exercise and
relax. The results prove that under real conditions the
workout intensity is usually lower compared to that
applied in fully controlled experiments [23,35]. Under
natural conditions, a lower methodological precision is
accepted in order to gain ecological accuracy [37,35].
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dzone w warunkach naturalnych, w których nie jest
mo¿liwe realizowanie eksperymentu zgodnie z kanonem jedynej ró¿nicy i kontrolowanie wszystkich potencjalnych zmiennych moderuj¹cych czy zak³ócaj¹cych (intensywnoœæ æwiczeñ, czas trwania itp.). Istotn¹ zalet¹ takich badañ jest jednak to, ¿e dokonuje siê
pomiaru efektu w rzeczywistym œwiecie, nie zaœ w laboratorium. Badani (tak jak w ¿yciu) uczestnicz¹
w wybranych osobiœcie, a nie narzuconych losowym
podzia³em na grupy, formach æwiczeñ o preferowanej, a nie ustalonej z góry przez badacza, intensywnoœci. Przychodz¹ do klubu, ¿eby poæwiczyæ, a nie
wzi¹æ udzia³ w badaniach naukowych. Wyniki badañ
wskazuj¹, ¿e w warunkach naturalnych intensywnoœæ
æwiczeñ jest zazwyczaj mniejsza ni¿ w badaniach
eksperymentalnych [23,35]. W badaniach realizowanych w warunkach naturalnych kosztem metodologicznej precyzji zyskuje siê wiêc trafnoœæ ekologiczn¹ [37,35].
Wnioski
Conclusions
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The research results enable to draw the following
conclusions:
1. A single physical exercise causes a decline of
anxiety level; the result depends on the type of
physical effort: the impact was significant in case
of body reinforcing and shaping exercise (mixed
physical effort) and it was not observed for
strength exercises.
2. Training experience impacts the rate of post-exercise anxiety decline.The decline was not observed in the females who practised regularly for
less than a month, while the highest anxiety reduction was observed for the trainees with 2-3
month training experience.
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Wyniki przeprowadzonych badañ prowadz¹ do
nastêpuj¹cych wniosków:
1. Jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne powoduj¹ spadek poziomu stanu lêku; efekt jest jednak zró¿nicowany w zale¿noœci od rodzaju wysi³ku: najwiêkszy w przypadku æwiczeñ wzmacniaj¹cych i modeluj¹cych sylwetkê (wysi³ek mieszany), nie wystêpuje po wysi³ku o charakterze si³owym.
2. Doœwiadczenie modyfikuje wielkoœæ spadku poziomu lêku po æwiczeniach. Nie pojawia siê on
u kobiet æwicz¹cych systematycznie nie d³u¿ej ni¿
od miesi¹ca; jest najsilniejszy przy sta¿u 2-3 miesiêcy.
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This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
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Guszkowska M., Jednorazowe æwiczenia fizyczne a stan lêku
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Badania realizowane w ramach tematu statutowego AWF Ds. 99 „Aktywnoœæ ruchowa m³odych kobiet a ich samopoczucie psychiczne i radzenie sobie ze stresem”, finansowanego przez Ministerstwo Nauki i Szkolnictwa Wy¿szego.
The study conducted within the framework of the research “Physical activity of young women and their psychological
well-being and stress management” – statutory project of the Jozef Pilsudski University of Physical Education, Warsaw, Poland (DS 99) financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
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Guszkowska M., Acute bouts of exercise and state anxiety
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