pobierz

320
M. Kistowski (red.), Studia ekologiczno-krajobrazowe
w programowaniu rozwoju zrównoważonego.
Przegląd polskich doświadczeń u progu integracji
z Unią Europejską, 2004, Gdańsk, s. 321–328.
Wojciech Oleś, Sławomir Pytel,
Ojmahmad Rahmonov
Social-ecological development of the Euroregion
“Śląsk Cieszyński” on the verge of integration
within European Union structures
Introduction
The Polish part of the Euroregion „Śląsk Cieszyński” covers area of the following physical- geographical region: Beskid Śląski, Pogórze Śląskie, Kotlina Ostrawska i Oświęcimska
and Płaskowyż Rybnicki (Kondracki, 2000). From administrative point of view this area is
formed by two administrative districts – Cieszyński i Bielski and town Jastrzębie Zdrój.
An aim of activity of the Euroregion “Śląsk Cieszyński” is supporting development in
border areas, especially in such domains as:
co-operation in spatial planning,
solving the common problems within transport, communication and citizens’ safety,
solving the common problems of ecology and natural environment,
co-operation in preventing and liquidation of natural disasters,
co-operation within economic and trade domain, tourism’s development, passengers’
movement including further rationalisation of border motion.
There is no doubt that the Euroregion area in its depression-mountainous part determines one of the most valuable natural areas. Also very important industrial centres have
developed here. In the mountainous part (expect Tatry, Pieniny) it is one of the most attractive terrains both for forestry and tourism including an active rest (Denisiuk, 1985).
The values are known in the whole country, so that is why, it is not strange that this region
has been intensively used in tourism – recreation purposes.
This causes, that from some time one can observe a following biological degradation
of natural environment and also becoming impoverished of flora as an accumulated
effect of landscape anthropogenical transformations. It is binding not only for local authorities to pay more attention on matters connected with environment protection in this
part of country, but also for international community because of its specific location.
Thanks to it, achieving of financial help used on environmental protection and biological
diversity from the European Union would be possible. The aim of the following study is
an attempt of presenting the anthropopression influence on ecosystems functioning in
the Polish Euroregion „Śląsk Cieszyński”, describing the dynamics of environment changes occurring under influence of business activity and man’s migration both in the 90’
years and trials of making a prognosis on the following years.
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Wojciech Oleś, Sławomir Pytel, Ojmahmad Rahmonov
Condition of living nature and its functioning
Euroregion „Śląsk Cieszyński” is characterized by varied terrain’s relief. The southern
part of the Euroregion consists of units belonging to the Carpathian Foothills and the Beskidy. In the Beskid Śląski the following communes are located: Istebna, Wisła, Ustroń i
Brenna, which are great tourism importance. A varied landscape of the Beskid Śląski is
characterized by big forests’ complexes, meadows and arable areas. The borders strip
Czantoria, Stożek, Równica, Błatnia and Barania Góra belong to the most viewing. The
Beskid is also the area having extremely rich and diverse natural region (Denisiuk, 1993).
The participation of forests’ complex at the area of the Euroregion „Śląsk Cieszyński” is
presented on the Table 1.
Interesting rocks formations i.e. rock funguses at the route from Stożek to Kiczora, the
highest waterfall Rodła in Biała Wisełka and rocks at Kobyła at the route from Wisła Dziechcinka to Stożek belong to nature peculiarities.
At the area of the Euroregion one can observe a very interesting system of hydrographical network. Here the longest river in Poland – Wisła – has a start. Also the Czadeczka
river flowing to the south to the river basin Danube has its start here (next to the watershed Wisła–Odra, also a European water part runs between basins of the Baltic and the
Black Sea. The eastern part of Cieszyn administrative unit (about 2/3 area) belongs to the
basin of the Wisła, meanwhile the western and southern parts are drainaged by Olza to
Odra rivers. A little terrain at the south provides water to the Danube river. At the area of
the administrative unit, a section of the Upper Wisła is located from its sources to the basin Goczałkowice. The second biggest river flowing via discussed area is the Olza, being at
considerable section a border river between Poland and the Czech Republic
Table 1. Distribution of forest areas in “Śląsk Cieszyński” Euroregion
Tabela 1. Rozmieszczenie obszarów leśnych w Euroregionie „Śląsk Cieszyński”
Name of places
Cieszyn
Jastrzębie Zdrój
Ustroń
Wisła
Skoczów
Strumień
Brenna
Chybie
Dębowiec
Goleszów
Haźlach
Istebna
Jasienica
Jaworze
Zebrzydowice
Total
Forests [ha]
206
624
2633
8206
950
864
6069
873
520
1166
794
4730
1348
1103
983
31069
Participation in the Euroregion areas [%]
0.7
2.0
8.5
26.4
3.0
2.8
19.5
2.8
1.7
3.8
2.5
15.2
4.3
3.6
3.2
100.0
Source: Rocznik Statystyczny..., 2000
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Interesting landscape complexes have preserved in a two separated geomorphologic
types- hollow and convex. The hollow forms cover different area’s depressions such as
river valleys, deep ravines with steep slopes and water-course, natural hollow with fertile
inflowing grounds or old, utilised quarries.
The natural convex forms – valleys and ravines at vertical section V-shaped – have arisen as a result of water erosion. Their history reaches the beginnings of holocen and has
lasted till nowadays. Through-like holes at flat U-shaped and dry bottoms, had formed
much earlier, because at least in the last phases of Pleistocene – before phase of the oldest
Trias (Kondracki, 2000).
Chosen protected areas of the different Euroregion “Śląsk Cieszyński”
There are diverse forms of nature conservation – reserves, landscape parks, nature
monuments, ecological arable lands and nature-landscape sets. Examples of reserves are
presented in Table 2. The forest reserve „Kopce”, formed as an aim to maintain rare species of plants: Arum orientale and others. It is situated in Markowice–Cieszyn quarter, at
area about 15 ha. One can observe that at this area all natural deciduous floras are protected. At this area the natural deciduous stand (Tilio-Carpinetum submontanum and
Dentario glandulosae-Fagetum allietosum ursini) including spruce being in a great part artificial. Good maintained forests ensure development and durability of rare plants – Hacquetia epipactis and Arum orientale. The main danger for the reserve is its treading by locals and also neighbor of motocross racecourse. Moreover a free passage through reserve,
threats to blooming plants during spring and in a particularly Hacquetia epipactis and
Convallaria majalis. Also a lack of boards consisting of information about legal protection of
this area has a negative influence on its protection (Celiński, Czylok, 1994 and actually).
Table 2. The nature reserve in the area of “Śląsk Cieszyński” Euroregion
Tabela 2. Rezerwaty przyrody Euroregionu „Śląsk Cieszyński”
No
1*
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Góra Tuł
floral
The year of
Localization (commune)
establish
1948
Goleszów
Barania Góra
Kopce
Zadni Gaj
Wisła
landscape
forest
forest
water
1953
1953
1957
1959
Wisła
Cieszyn
Goleszów
Wisła
Lasek Miejski nad Puńcówką
Lasek Miejski nad Olzą
Rotuz
Czantoria
Skarpa Wiślicka
Morzyk
Dolina Łańskiego Potoku
floral
floral
peat
forest
forest
forest
forest
1961
1961
1966
1996
1996
1996
1999
Cieszyn
Dolina Olzy
Chybie i Czechowice-Dziedzice
Ustroń
Skoczów
Jasienica
Jasienica
Name of nature reserve
Type of reserve
*number in table referred to Fig. 1
Source: Wika (1999)
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The next protected area being a reserve is “Zadni Gaj” also having forests character.
One has been protecting Taxus baccata at the area of 6 ha. One can observe also here forests – degraded Carpathian beech wood with a clear average of spruce coming from artificial planting. A little fragment of beech wood has lasted only in the south-eastern part of
the reserve. A threat for population Taxus baccata is an artificial spruce forest stand causing big changes especially in the species’ composition of undergrowth. Hundred-year
spruce forest producing big amounts of litter of conifer needles, causes ground acidification (pH decreasing 1–2 units) however Taxus baccata is a calciphylous species and in
such site are not reconditioned (Rostański, Sendek, Jędrzejko, 1980).
A reserve “Lasek Miejski nad Puńcówką” is a floristic reserve and its main purpose is
protecting of very rare plant Hacquetia epipactis. It is located in Cieszyn town – the Upper
Suburb by Puńcówka and Młynówka – at area approximately 10 ha. The protection
covers the natural forest stand of dry-ground forest and riverside carr being similar to Ficario-Ulmetum campestris. In its ground cover the forest includes many places of Hacquetia
epipactis and also other rare species such as Arum orientale. Similarly, as it occurs in the
“Kopce” reserve also here one can notice a strong reserve’s devastation by treading. It is
strictly connected with reserve’s location in town. Many wide 8 m paths intensively used
cause a neofitysation phenomenon consisting of foreign origin species penetrating into
natural flora, such plants are: Robinia pseudoacacia, Chelidonium majus or Solidago serotina. Another very negative phenomenon is reserve’s littering (Celiński, Czylok, 1994).
An aim of creating a reserve “Lasek Miejski nad Olzą” is protecting of rare plant Hacquetia epipactis – being a background of deciduous forest. The natural stand of dry-ground forest and fragmentary Ficario-Ulmetum campestris is covered by protection. In this
forest one can also find units of Hacquetia epipactis and Arum orientale. Similarly to the
reserve „Lasek Miejski nad Puńcówką” one can meet here intense littering and treading.
The landscape park of the Beskid Śląski with the landscape park in Żywiec and the
landscape park of the Beskid Mały create complex of the Zachodniobeskidzkie landscape parks.
Forests which cover 31 069 ha i.e. 33.5% of the general area of the Euroregion, determine of floristic values. Their placement at the area of the Euroregion is not even. The
most forests can be met in the Beskid Śląski (Wisła, Brenna, Istebna, Ustroń), and least in
the Pogórze Śląskie (in Cieszyn and Dębowiec) and also on the Płaskowyż Rybnicki in Jastrzębie Zdrój (tab. 1).
A big part of the area is covered by mountain forests which fulfill vary functions. The
main functions of forests at the area of the Śląsk Cieszyński are: protection of soil cover,
climatic, water protection, recreation – health and landscape (Białas, Tomiczek, 1992).
Influence of economic development on ecosystems’ functioning
Social-economic condition has had a big influence on gradual people’s influx at this
area. In ecological sphere this influx has been conditioned by unpolluted air, purity class
water, and different flora’s occurring. Considering the economic sphere the inflow is connected with high level of infrastructure, good communication, good transit site, progressing
economic development manifesting itself in forms of little and middle enterprises.
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Fig. 1. Distribution of nature reserve in the area of “Śląsk Cieszynski” Euroregion in background of
Silesian Province
Ryc. 1. Rozmieszczenie rezerwatów przyrody w Euroregionie „Śląsk Cieszyński” na tle podziału administracyjnego województwa śląskiego
The influence of social-economic factor mentioned above is highly expressed by systematically increasing people’s influx in the Polish part of the Euroregion “Śląsk Cieszyński”.
In year 2000, at analysed area almost 300000 of inhabitants dwelled and comparing it
to year 1995, an increase of population’s level at 3000 people has been noticed, which is
presented at Fig. 2.
The real area’s increment is shaped by natural growth and migration balance. Comparing these two components, one can observe that the crucial role in creating a demographi-
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Wojciech Oleś, Sławomir Pytel, Ojmahmad Rahmonov
Fig. 2. The number of population in Polish part of Euroregion
Ryc. 2. Liczba mieszkańców polskiej części Euroregionu
cal balance of Euro region’s communes since 1997 has had a migration balance. The
80-ties were characterized by negative migration balance. The reasons of departure shall
be seen in industry development in the Upper Silesia. The economy changes in 90-ties can
be observed by increasing people’s outflow from conurbation areas to areas which are characterized by favourable natural conditions. Such trend was observed by Rakowski (1995),
who mentions that Bielsko province will be under strong people’s migration pressure coming from the Katowice province, for which the area of the Bielsko province is an attractive
place to decant. There are several reasons of such acting, for example: natural environment, development’s dynamics, site’s nearness, and social connections. Analysing the components of people’s migration one can notice the fact that the outflow to towns has a significant average, meanwhile the influx structure is characterized by inflow from towns.
The permanently increasing number of little and middle enterprises has a negative influence on environment for example: pollution. To the main sources of air pollution existing on the describing area, that except of activity of industrial plants, one should include
public transport, domestic coal-fired, transborder emission (Mleczko, Węgierek, 1999).
The sources of emission mentioned above are electric power stations in Trzyniec and Stonawa (Hławiczka at al., 1994). They cause the air pollution with such chemical compounds SOx, NOx, carbon monoxide, metals which have direct influence on biocenosis systems and their health conditions. Most of the Polish plants emitting pollution to air are
placed in Cieszyn, Skoczów and Jastrzębie.
Conclusions
The Euroregion “Śląsk Cieszyński” is characterised by high natural value’s occurring,
which have a positive influence on development of tourist and recreation function. From
the tourist point of view, the highest participation falls to areas with general recreation values, which areas are characterised by mountain resorts and mountain valley villages. The
biggest forest complexes in Euroregion are placed in commune Ustroń, Wisła, Brenna,
Istebna. They make up seventy percent of forest areas of the whole Euroregion. The ana-
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327
lysed Euroregion communes are characterised by occurring of the less amount of industrial plants. However big number of tourists resorts is connected with the attractivity of
naturals – landscape values.
The other communes determine (Table 1) only thirty percent of forests’ complexes. A
tourist attraction is a permanent phenomenon in Beskidy and higher parts of Pogórze.
Going to the south the attractivity clearly decreases (Warszyńska, 1984). The Beskidy’s localisation in the near of Upper Silesian Conurbation causes increased people’s influx not
only because of sanitary conditions such as: clear air but also region’s position in the border area is conductive to little and middle entrepreneurships. As Żmuda (1981) claims
that next to industry, agriculture, transport, communicative, municipal economy the
main source of threat is deteriorative influence tourist movement and especially it is the
most massive form of weekend and holiday rest.
In most cases the protected areas being part of Euroregion require an active protection, for example, there is lack of information boards making people aware of natural values of these terrains, at the areas of described reserves. Due to entering Poland to the
structures of European Union, boards including information in foreign languages (for
example Czech, English) and photographs of rare and protected plants, Hacquetia epipactis being example of Cieszyn, should be brought into effect. The lack of an active protection in the city reserves and in near towns can cause total extinction of some species.
Due to entering Poland to the structures of European Union, all the areas require additional nature researches and their including into net Natura 2000. Presently this net is
the most complex and the best legislative and politically European ecological net aiming
to provide permanent existence of ecosystems.
Rozwój społeczno-ekologiczny obszaru Euroregionu Śląsk Cieszyński
u progu integracji ze strukturami Unii Europejskiej
Streszczenie
Euroregion Śląsk Cieszyński należy do najatrakcyjniejszych obszarów południowej Polski pod
względem osobliwości przyrodniczych. Na obszarze tym występują kompleksy lasów iglastych i liściastych o charakterze zbliżonym do naturalnego. Są to najczęściej naturalne fragmenty lasu bukowego z domieszką jawora, świerka i jodły, położone w granicy regla dolnego i górnego. Większość
kompleksów leśnych w tym regionie podlega ochronie prawnej w postaci rezerwatów przyrody. Są
to rezerwaty leśne, florystyczne oraz faunistyczne. W rezerwacie florystycznym „Kopce” i „Lasek
Miejski nad Olzą” chroni się cieszyniankę wiosenną w naturalnym lesie grądowym i lipowo-dębowym. W związku z przystąpieniem Polski do Unii Europejskiej obszary te wymagają dodatkowych
badań przyrodniczych i ich włączenia do sieci Natura 2000. Jest ona obecnie najbardziej kompleksową i najlepiej legislacyjnie i politycznie przygotowaną europejską siecią ekologiczną służącą zapewnieniu trwałej egzystencji ekosystemów.
Celem niniejszego opracowania jest próba ukazania wpływu antropopresji na funkcjonowanie
ekosystemów polskiej części Euroregionu Śląsk Cieszyński, określenie dynamiki zmian zachodzących w środowisku przyrodniczym pod wpływem działalności gospodarczej i migracji
człowieka w latach 90., jak i dokonanie próby prognozy na kolejne lata.
Warunki społeczno-ekologiczne przyczyniły się do stopniowego napływu ludności na ten teren.
W sferze ekologicznej napływ ten warunkowany jest dobrym stanem sanitarnym powietrza,
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Wojciech Oleś, Sławomir Pytel, Ojmahmad Rahmonov
pierwszą klasą czystości wód oraz występowaniem zróżnicowanej szaty roślinnej. Z kolei w sferze
ekonomicznej wiąże się to przede wszystkim z wysokim poziomem infrastruktury, dostępnością
komunikacyjną, położeniem tranzytowym, postępującym rozwojem gospodarczym przejawiającym się w postaci rozwoju małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. Wpływ wspomnianych czynników społeczno-ekologicznych wyraźnie uwidacznia się w systematycznie zwiększającej się liczbie
ludności polskiej części Euroregionu Śląsk Cieszyński. W latach 1995–2001 liczba ludności zwiększyła się prawie o 1,5%. Niski przyrost naturalny powoduje, iż znaczącą rolę w tworzeniu bilansu
demograficznego odgrywają migracje ludności. Odpływ ludności utrzymywany jest na stałym poziomie 6,5 ‰, a napływ na poziomie 10‰. W analizowanych latach dwukrotnie zwiększyła się
liczba małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw. W związku z tym stale wzrastająca liczba ludności negatywnie wpływa na stan środowiska przyrodniczego, np. na zanieczyszczenie powietrza. Do głównych źródeł zanieczyszczenia powietrza atmosferycznego występujących na omawianym terenie
należy zaliczyć transport drogowy, działalność zakładów przemysłowych, przydomowe piece węglowe oraz emisję transgraniczną. Źródłem wspomnianej emisji są elektrownie w Trzyńcu i Stonawie. Powodują one zanieczyszczenie powietrza związkami SO2, NO2, tlenkami węgla, metalami
ciężkimi, które bezpośrednio wpływają na układy biocenotyczne. Większość zakładów emitujących substancje zanieczyszczające powietrze po stronie polskiej zlokalizowana jest w Cieszynie, Skoczowie i Jastrzębiu. Jednak w ciągu ostatnich kilku lat można zauważyć spadek emisji
zanieczyszczeń do atmosfery przez zakłady produkcyjne.
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