badania elektromagnesów nadprzewodnikowych w procesie ich

INSTYTUT
ELEKTROTECHNIKI
Janusz KOZAK
BADANIA ELEKTROMAGNESÓW
NADPRZEWODNIKOWYCH
W PROCESIE ICH WYTWARZANIA
I EKSPLOATACJI
Prace Instytutu
Elektrotechniki
zeszyt 265, 2014
SPIS TREĝCI
STRESZCZENIE……………………………………………………………................................... 9
WYKAZ OZNACZEē I SKRÓTÓW........................................................................................ 10
1. WPROWADZENIE ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Cel i teza pracy ...................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Zakres pracy .......................................................................................................... 14
1.3 Podstawowe pojĊcia nadprzewodnictwa ............................................................... 15
2. NADPRZEWODNIKOWE PRZEWODY NAWOJOWE .................................................. 18
2.1 Przewody nadprzewodnikowe LTS ........................................................................ 18
2.2 TaĞmy nadprzewodnikowe HTS ............................................................................ 23
3. CHàODZENIE ELEKTROMAGNESÓW NADPRZEWODNIKOWYCH ......................... 31
3.1 Ciecze kriogeniczne ............................................................................................... 31
3.2 Cháodzenie bezpoĞrednie cieczami kriogenicznymi ............................................... 32
3.3 Cháodzenie w kąpieli ciekáego azotu ...................................................................... 33
3.4 Cháodzenie kontaktowe .......................................................................................... 34
4. BUDOWA ELEKTROMAGNESÓW NADPRZEWODNIKOWYCH ................................ 37
4.1 Przepusty prądowe ................................................................................................ 37
4.2 Kriostat ................................................................................................................... 41
4.3 Uzwojenia nadprzewodnikowe ............................................................................... 43
4.4 Nagrzewanie uzwojeĔ wskutek quenchu ............................................................... 52
4.5 Detekcja quenchu elektromagnesu i ukáady wyprowadzania energii ..................... 55
4.6 Zabezpieczenie elektromagnesów poáączonych szeregowo ................................. 56
5. ZASTOSOWANIE ELEKTROMAGNESÓW NADPRZEWODNIKOWYCH .................... 58
5.1 Elektromagnes nadprzewodnikowy z ciepáym otworem ......................................... 60
5.2 Elektromagnesy nadprzewodnikowe do separacji magnetycznej .......................... 61
5.3 Elektromagnesy nadprzewodnikowe do magazynowania energii SMES............... 62
5.4 Elektromagnesy nadprzewodnikowe akceleratorów .............................................. 63
5.5 Elektromagnesy nadprzewodnikowe do grzania indukcyjnego .............................. 66
5.6 Elektromagnesy nadprzewodnikowe w NMR i MRI ............................................... 67
6. POMIARY I TESTY ELEKTROMAGNESÓW ZBUDOWANYCH
Z NADPRZEWODNIKA NISKOTEMPERATUROWEGO .............................................. 69
6.1 Urządzenia i aparatura do przeprowadzenia testów .............................................. 70
6.2 Pomiary obwodów w elektromagnesie ................................................................... 72
6.3 Pomiary izolacji uzwojeĔ elektromagnesów ........................................................... 73
6.4 Metody i procedury testowania elektromagnesów ................................................. 73
6.5 Test zabezpieczeĔ elektromagnesu ...................................................................... 75
6.6 Test i trening elektromagnesu ................................................................................ 79
6.7 Analiza sygnaáów podczas quenchu ...................................................................... 80
6.8 Lokalizacja zwarü w elektromagnesie nadprzewodnikowym ................................. 83
6.9 Pomiary rezystancji kontaktów diod zabezpieczających ........................................ 84
6.10Test koĔcowy obwodów elektromagnesu przed instalacją w tunelu LHC .............. 85
7. BADANIA I MONITOROWANIE PRACY ZAINSTALOWANYCH
ELEKTROMAGNESÓW ................................................................................................ 89
7.1 Pomiary ciągáoĞci obwodów i zabezpieczeĔ zainstalowanych
elektromagnesów ................................................................................................... 92
7.2 Pomiary izolacji uzwojeĔ zainstalowanych elektromagnesów ............................... 93
7.3 Pomiary przepustów prądowych ............................................................................ 93
8.
ELEKTROMAGNES ZBUDOWANY Z NADPRZEWODNIKA
WYSOKOTEMPERATUROWEGO BSCCO 2223 ......................................................... 94
8.1 Projekt elektromagnesu nadprzewodnikowego z taĞmy HTS ................................ 95
8.2 Budowa elektromagnesu nadprzewodnikowego z taĞmy HTS .............................. 97
8.3 Model elektromagnesu w programie FLUX 3D ...................................................... 97
8.4 Rozkáad indukcji magnetycznej w elektromagnesie ............................................... 99
8.5 Wyznaczenie parametrów pracy elektromagnesu ............................................... 100
9. METODA TESTOWANIA ELEKTROMAGNESU ......................................................... 101
9.1 Pomiary elektryczne elektromagnesu .................................................................. 101
9.2 Test elektromagnesu w temperaturze kriogenicznej ............................................ 102
10. PROGRAM STERUJĄCY URZĄDZENIAMI WCHODZĄCYMI W SKàAD
STANOWISKA TESTOWEGO .................................................................................... 105
10.1Komunikacja z miernikami ................................................................................... 105
10.2Sterowanie zasilaczem ........................................................................................ 108
10.3Rejestracja danych kartą pomiarową ................................................................... 109
10.4Detekcja quenchu i rejestracja danych ................................................................ 113
11. TESTY ELEKTROMAGNESU HTS ............................................................................. 117
11.1Pomiar rezystancji izolacji .................................................................................... 117
11.2Pomiar rezystancji uzwojeĔ i wyprowadzeĔ napiĊciowych .................................. 118
11.3Pomiar ciągáoĞci obwodu elektromagnesu ........................................................... 120
11.4Zabezpieczenie elektromagnesu nadprzewodnikowego ..................................... 123
11.5Zabezpieczenie urządzeĔ pomiarowych .............................................................. 124
11.6Stanowisko pomiarowe ........................................................................................ 126
11.7Cháodzenie elektromagnesu ................................................................................ 126
11.8Test elektromagnesu w zakresie temperatur kriogenicznych .............................. 132
12. PODSUMOWANIE....................................................................................................... 138
LITERATURA ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 140
CONTENTS
ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................................. 9
LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ACRONYMS ................................................................................ 10
1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 11
1.1 Aim and thesis ....................................................................................................... 14
1.2 Scope of work ........................................................................................................ 14
1.3 Basic concepts of superconductivity ...................................................................... 15
2. SUPERCONDUCTING WIRES ..................................................................................... 18
2.1 LTS wires ............................................................................................................... 18
2.2 HTS tapes .............................................................................................................. 23
3. COOLING OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS ........................................................ 31
3.1 Cryogenic liquids .................................................................................................... 31
3.2 Direct cooling ......................................................................................................... 32
3.3 Liquid nitrogen bath cooling ................................................................................... 33
3.4 Contact cooling ...................................................................................................... 34
4. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS ............................................................................... 37
4.1 Curent Leads ......................................................................................................... 37
4.2 Cryostat .................................................................................................................. 41
4.3 Superconducting windings ..................................................................................... 43
4.4 Heating of the coil after a quench .......................................................................... 52
4.5 Quench detection and external safety circuits ....................................................... 55
4.6 Protection of a string of magnets. .......................................................................... 56
5. APPLICATIONS OF SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETS .............................................. 58
5.1 A warm bore superconducting magnet .................................................................. 60
5.2 Superconducting magnets for magnetic separation ............................................... 61
5.3 Superconducting magnetic energy storage SMES ................................................ 62
5.4 Superconducting magnets in accelerators ............................................................. 63
5.5 Superconducting magnets for inductive heating .................................................... 66
5.6 NMR and MRI superconducting magnets .............................................................. 67
6. TESTS OF SUPERCONDUCTING HTS MAGNETS MADE OF A LOW
TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR ...................................................................... 69
6.1 Testing devices and measurements equipment .................................................... 70
6.2 Measurements of magnet circuits .......................................................................... 72
6.3 Insulation measurements of magnets windings ..................................................... 73
6.4 Testing methods and procedures for superconducting magnets ........................... 73
6.5 Test of magnet protection system .......................................................................... 75
6.6 Test and training of superconducting magnets ...................................................... 79
6.7 Quench analysis .................................................................................................... 80
6.8 Faults localization in superconducting magnets .................................................... 83
6.9 Measurements of protection diodes contact resistances ....................................... 84
6.10 The final magnet circuits test prior to installation ................................................... 85
7. TESTING AND MONITORING OF INSTALLED SUPERCONDUCTING
MAGNETS ..................................................................................................................... 89
7.1 Continuity test of magnet and protection circuits of installed magnets ................. 92
7.2 Measurements of insulation on installed superconducting magnets windings ....... 93
7.3 Measurements of current leads ............................................................................. 93
8.
THE HTS SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNET MADE OF BSCCO 2223 ......................... 94
8.1 Desing of the HTS superconducting magnet ......................................................... 95
8.2 HTS superconducting magnet ............................................................................... 97
8.3 FLUX 3D model of the HTS superconducting magnet ........................................... 97
8.4 Magnetic flux distribution in the HTS superconducting magnet ............................. 99
8.5 Determination of parameters of the HTS magnet ................................................ 100
9. TESTING METHOD FOR THE HTS MAGNET ........................................................... 101
9.1 Electrical measurement of the HTS magnet ........................................................ 101
9.2 A HTS magnet test at a cryogenics temperature ................................................. 102
10. SOFTWARE TO CONTROL DEVICES ON THE TEST STAND ................................. 105
10.1 Communication with the measurements equipment ............................................ 105
10.2 Power supply control ............................................................................................ 108
10.3 Data acquisition card .......................................................................................... 109
10.4 Quench detection and data acquisition ................................................................ 113
11. THE HTS MAGNET TEST ........................................................................................... 117
11.1 Insulation measurements ..................................................................................... 117
11.2 Measurements of windings resistances and voltage taps .................................... 118
11.3 Continuity test of the HTS magnet ....................................................................... 120
11.4 Protection system of the HTS magnet ................................................................. 123
11.5 Protection of measurement equipment ................................................................ 124
11.6 Test stand ............................................................................................................ 126
11.7 Cooling of the HTS magnet .................................................................................. 126
11.8 Test of the HTS magnet over a wide range of cryogenic temperatures ............... 132
12. CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................... 138
REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 140