Wzor A,B

Editor-in-chief of the publications of the Institute of Archaeology UW:
Kazimierz Lewartowski
Światowit
Annual of the Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw
Editor: Franciszek M. Stępniowski ([email protected])
Managing editor: Andrzej Maciałowicz ([email protected])
Editorial Council:
Wojciech Nowakowski (Chairman)
Elżbieta Jastrzębowska
Kazimierz Lewartowski
Tadeusz Sarnowski
Tomasz Scholl
Karol Szymczak
All rights reserved
© 2011 Institute of Archaeology UW
ISSN 0082-044X
ISBN 978-83-61376-927
Cover design: Joanna Kalita
English language consultant: Grzegorz Żabiński
Typesetting: Jan Żabko-Potopowicz
Printed by: Janusz Bieszczad, Warszawa, ul. Moszczenicka 2
Editorial address: Institute of Archaeology of the University of Warsaw,
Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, 00-927 Warsaw
Contents
Spis treści
Fascicle A
MEdITErrANEAN ANd NoN-EUroPEAN ArChAEoLoGy
Fascykuł A
ArChEoLoGIA ŚrÓdZIEMNoMorSKA I PoZAEUroPEJSKA
EdITorIAL ....................................................................................................................................................................................7
Studies and Materials
Jerzy Żelazowski, Monika Rekowska-Ruszkowska,
Zofia Kowarska, Szymon Lenarczyk, Krzysztof Chmielewski,
Elżbieta Rosłaniec, Piotr Jaworski, Krzysztof Misiewicz,
Kazimierz Lewartowski, George Yacoub, Miron Bogacki,
Wiesław Małkowski, Zbigniew Polak
PoLISh ArChAEoLoGICAL rESEArCh IN PToLEMAIS (LIByA) IN 2007–2009.
PrELIMINAry rEPorT (PLS. 1–33) ....................................................................................................................................9
Polskie badania archeologiczne w Ptolemais (Libia) 2007–2009. raport wstępny ......................................................28
Krzysztof Misiewicz
NoN-INvASIvE SUrvEy oF ChrISTIAN BASILICAS AT PToLEMAIS
– GEoPhySICAL ProSPECTIoN (PLS. 34–51)............................................................................................................31
Nieinwazyjne badania chrześcijańskich bazylik w Ptolemais – prospekcja geofizyczna ................................................37
Jakub Kaniszewski
NoN-INvASIvE INvESTIGATIoN oF ThE WESTErN BASILICA
AT PToLEMAIS (PLS. 52–57) ................................................................................................................................................41
Nieinwazyjne badania Bazyliki Zachodniej w Ptolemais ......................................................................................................44
Miron Bogacki, Wiesław Małkowski
ToPoGrAPhICAL SUrvEy IN ThE ArEA oF TWo ChrISTIAN BUILdINGS
oUTSIdE ThE CITy WALLS oF PToLEMAIS (CyrENAICA, LIByA) (PLS. 58–59) ..................................45
Badania topograficzne w obrębie dwóch budowli chrześcijańskich
położonych poza murami Ptolemais (Cyrenajka, Libia) ........................................................................................................50
Ewa Wipszycka
ThE BASILICAS AT PToLEMAIS: A hISTorIAN’S CoMMENTAry
oN ThE rESULTS oF ArChAEoLoGICAL EXPLorATIoN............................................................................51
Kościoły w Ptolemais: komentarz historyka do wyników badań archeologicznych ........................................................67
Тaтяна М. Арсеньева, Томаш Шолль, Марцин Матера,
Светлана А. Науменко, Александра Ровиньскa
ИсследованИя в Западном городском районе ТанаИса в 2008 г.
(раскоп XXv) (PLS. 60–115)..............................................................................................................................................69
Badania w zachodnim, miejskim rejonie Tanais w 2008 roku (wykop XXv) ..................................................................85
Тaтяна М. Арсеньева, Томаш Шолль, Марцин Матера,
Светлана А. Науменко, Александра Ровиньскa
ИсследованИя в Западном городском районе ТанаИса в 2009 г.
(раскоп XXv) (PLS. 116–164)............................................................................................................................................87
Badania w zachodnim, miejskim rejonie Tanais w 2009 roku (wykop XXv)................................................................106
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
ShorT INTrodUCTIoN To ThE BIoArChAEoLoGICAL STUdIES
AT TELL BArrI (PL. 165) ......................................................................................................................................................107
Krótkie wprowadzenie do badań bioarcheologicznych na Tell Barri................................................................................112
Dariusz Szeląg
TWo ovENS FroM ThE FIrST hALF oF ThE 3rd MILLENNIUM BC AT TELL ArBId.
EvIdENCE For GrAIN ProCESSING? (PLS. 166–172) ........................................................................................113
dwa piece z pierwszej połowy III tys. p.n.e. z Tell Arbid.
Instalacje do prażenia ziarna? ....................................................................................................................................................120
Nazar Buławka
dECorATIvE MoTIFS oF ThE EArLy IroN AGE (yAZ I) PoTTEry
IN SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN..................................................................................................................................121
Motywy dekoracyjne ceramiki wczesnej epoki żelaza (yaz I)
w południowym Turkmenistanie ..............................................................................................................................................131
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak
ThE GATES oF dUr-ŠArrUKIN....................................................................................................................................133
Bramy dur-Szarrukin ..................................................................................................................................................................137
Agnieszka Tomas
rEAdING GENdEr ANd SoCIAL LIFE IN MILITAry SPACES (PLS. 173–175) ........................................139
odczytywanie płci i życia społecznego w przestrzeni wojskowej ......................................................................................152
Elżbieta Jastrzębowska
NEW TESTAMENT ANGELS IN EArLy ChrISTIAN ArT :
orIGIN ANd SoUrCES (PLS. 176–185) ........................................................................................................................153
Anioły z Nowego Testamentu w sztuce wczesnochrześcijańskiej: pochodzenie i źródła..............................................164
Arkadiusz Sołtysiak, Arnold Lebeuf
PohUALLI 1.01. A CoMPUTEr SIMULATIoN oF MESoAMErICAN
CALENdAr SySTEMS ..........................................................................................................................................................165
Pohualli 1.01. Komputerowa symulacja mezoamerykańskich kalendarzy ......................................................................167
Chronicle of Excavations
Roksana Chowaniec
PALAZZoLo ACrEIdE, ANCIENT ACRAE, SICILy, ITALy, 2009–2010 (PLS. 186–187) ..........................169
Palazzolo Acreide, starożytne Acrae, Sycylia, Włochy, 2009–2010 ..................................................................................171
Radosław Karasiewicz-Szczypiorski, Oleg Â. Savelâ
IN ThE hEArT oF A roMAN ForT IN CrIMEA. EXCAvATIoNS IN BALAKLAvA
(SEvASToPoL, UKrAINE). SEASoN 2009–2010 (PLS. 188–189) ........................................................................173
Wykopaliska fortu rzymskiego w Bałakławie-Kadykovce (Sewastopol, Ukraina).
Sezon 2009–2010 ........................................................................................................................................................................175
Тадеуш Сарновски, Людмила А. Ковалевская
сельская округа Херсонеса ТаврИческого (крым).
усадьба 343 (PLS. 190–192) ..............................................................................................................................................177
Wiejskie terytorium Chersonezu Taurydzkiego (Krym). Farma Nr 343 ........................................................................179
Людмила А. Ковалевская, Тадеуш Сарновски
сельская округа Херсонеса ТаврИческого (крым).
усадьба 363 (PLS. 193–194) ..............................................................................................................................................181
Wiejskie terytorium Chersonezu Taurydzkiego (Krym). Farma Nr 363 ........................................................................183
Tadeusz Sarnowski, Agnieszka Tomas
NovAE. ThE roMAN LEGIoNAry dEFENCES.
EXCAvATIoNS oF 2009 ANd 2010 (PLS. 195–196) ..................................................................................................185
Novae. Fortyfikacje obozu. Wykopaliska 2009 i 2010 r. ....................................................................................................186
Tadeusz Sarnowski, Ludmiła A. Kovalevskaja
NovAE. hEAdqUArTErS BUILdING oF ThE roMAN LEGIoNAry BASE.
EXCAvATIoNS oF 2010 (PLS. 197–198) ........................................................................................................................187
Novae. Budowla komendantury w obozie rzymskiego legionu. Wykopaliska 2010 r. ..................................................189
Martin Lemke
FIELdWorK AT NovAE (BULGArIA) IN 2009 ANd 2010 (PLS. 199–201)....................................................191
Badania wykopaliskowe w Novae (Bułgaria) w latach 2009–2010 ..................................................................................194
Zofia Kowarska, Szymon Lenarczyk,
Kazimierz Lewartowski, Krzysztof Misiewicz
PToLEMAIS, LIByA, 2010 (PLS. 202–203) ......................................................................................................................195
Ptolemais, Libia, 2010 ................................................................................................................................................................197
Tomasz Kowal
FIELdWorK AT rISAN, SEASoN 2009–2010 (PLS. 204–207) ..............................................................................199
Badania w risan, sezon 2009–2010 ........................................................................................................................................202
Tomasz Scholl
TANAIS – EXCAvATIoNS IN 2010 (PLS. 208–209) ....................................................................................................203
Tanais – wykopaliska sezonu 2010 ..........................................................................................................................................204
Andrzej Niwiński
INForMATIoN ABoUT ThE CLIFF MISSIoN AT dEIr EL-BAhArI,
EGyPT, IN 2009 (PLS. 210–212)............................................................................................................................................205
Informacja o pracach Misji Skalnej w deir el-Bahari, Egipt, w 2009 r. ............................................................................206
Barbara Kaim
ThE FIrST SEASoN oF EXCAvATIoN AT GUrUKLy dEPE,
SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN, 2010 (PLS. 213–215) ..............................................................................................207
Pierwszy sezon wykopalisk na Gurukly depe w południowym Turkmenistanie, 2010 r.............................................208
Marcin Wagner
ThE FIrST SEASoN oF EXCAvATIoNS AT ToPAZ GALA dEPE IN ThE SArAKhS oASIS,
SoUThErN TUrKMENISTAN (PLS. 216–218) ..........................................................................................................209
Pierwszy sezon wykopalisk na Topaz Gala depe w oazie Sarakhs
w południowym Turkmenistanie ..............................................................................................................................................210
PLATES..........................................................................................................................................................................................211
ŚWIAToWIT • vIII (XLIX)/A • 2009–2010
TAdEUSZ SArNoWSKI, LUdMIłA A. KovALEvSKAJA
NOvAE. HEADquARTERS BuiLDiNG OF THE ROMAN LEGiONARY BASE.
ExCAvATiONS OF 2010
(PLS. 197–198)
Site: Svištov, district of veliko Târnovo, Bulgaria
Excavation director: Tadeusz Sarnowski
Excavation team: L.A. Kovalevskaja, P. Zakrzewski
Financial assistance: Institute of Archaeology
of the University of Warsaw
Fieldwork: 30 July – 26 August 2010
The excavation campaigns of 2006–2008 carried
out in the central part of the site revealed small sections of
the outer walls of two successive headquarters buildings,1
that of the legio VIII Augusta dated to the Neronian period
and that of the I Italica. They functioned as a boundary wall
of the Flavian principia until the mid-5th c. Ad (Figs. 1, 2).
other details of the ground plan were also detected. In
2009 and 2010 further work was done on the project aiming to take precise measurements of the visible architectural remains excavated by Polish and Bulgarian teams since
1960 and to create a digital elevation model of the whole
archaeological site of the legionary fortress.
In 2009 the excavations carried out within the rear
(southern) part of the headquarters building with some
interruptions for more than 30 years came to an end. With
a financial support from the European Commission the
Bulgarian architects and restorers are supposed to start in
2010 or 2011 a conservation and restoration project in
the exposed, rear part of the principia, necessary for the
protection of the site. The professionals involved in
heritage conservation want the whole complex to get the
care and attention it deserves as one of the best preserved
monuments of the roman military architecture in the
frontier provinces of the European part of the roman
Empire. The central and the front (northern) parts of the
area (c. 4500 m2) occupied once by the building were
recognised mostly by a system of restricted trenching and
only at the main gate hall (groma) and in the north-western corner by open area excavations.2 All these trenches and
areas were backfilled with earth. The via principalis
frontage is overlaid by the modern road Svištov-vardim
and thus not available for excavation.
In order to trace some new elements of the north-eastern part of the headquarters building the Bulgarian
architects opened two trial trenches in July 2010, using
a heavy excavator machine. The one was located in the
eastern (Fig. 3) and the other in the northern portico
of the courtyard (forum militare). In August 2010 both
trenches were cleaned and recorded by our team. The
northern trench revealed a 15 m long section of the
1
For earlier work (2003–2008) within the headquarters building
see: T. SArNoWSKI, L. KovALEvSKAJA, J. KANISZEWSKI, Novae –
Castra legionis, 2003–2005, “Archeologia” (Warsaw) LvI (2005),
2006, 141–152; T. SArNoWSKI, L. KovALEvSKAJA, A. ToMAS,
Novae – Castra legionis, 2006–2009, “Archeologia” (Warsaw)
LIX (2008), 2010, 153–172. See also: T. SArNoWSKI, Intra fines
Imperii, “Światowit” Iv (XLv)/A (2002), 2003, 161– 166; idem,
Novae. Headquarters Building and Rear Division of the Roman
Legionary Fortress. Excavations of 2003, “Światowit” v (XLvI)/A,
(2003), 2004, 119–121; idem, The Headquarters Building of the
Legionary Fortress at Novae (Lower Moesia), (in:) v.A. Maxfield,
M.J. dobson (eds.), Proceedings of the XVth International Congress
of Roman Frontier Studies, roman Frontier Studies 1989, Exeter
1991, 303–307; idem, Die Principia von Novae im späten 4. und
frühen 5. Jh., (in:) G. von Bülow, A. Milčeva (eds.), Der Limes an
der unteren Donau von Diokletian bis Heraklios. Vorträge der internationalen Konferenz Svištov, Bulgarien (1.–5. September 1998),
Sofia 1999, 56–63.
2
For the excavation in the northern half of the headquarters
building see: “Archeologia” (Warsaw) XL, 1989, 144–150; XLII,
1991, 133–134; XLIv, 1993, 85–87; XLIX, 1998, 83; LI (2000),
2001, 87.
187
TAdEUSZ SArNoWSKI, LUdMIłA A. KovALEvSKAJA
portico rear wall and the easternmost pillar (No. 63) of the
gate hall (Fig. 3).3 To the north of the pillar a large statue
base with two inscriptions was found: a Tetrarchic dedication to Liber Pater and a consular date of Ad 241 with an
otherwise unknown expression accepta pariatoria. The area
excavated in the eastern portico (Square XvII 60) has
produced two large loess pits which are probably to be
connected with an action of preparing the site for the
construction of the Flavian building. dirty rubbish fillings
of the pits (Fig. 4) which could not have been entirely
investigated contained a bronze coin struck in Ad 37–41,4
daub lumps bearing wattle impressions, many amphora
sherds, fragments of clay lamps, fishing weights, scrap
bone-, bronze-, lead- and ironwork, an iron strigilla, fragments of Italian, South Gaulish and Eastern Sigillata B,
Pompeian red Ware and South Pannonian thin walled
pottery, pieces of glass and bronze vessels, and a set of
43 beads. The contents of the pits correspond to those of
the early pits in the cross hall, the western portico of the
courtyard and under rooms Cw, dw and Cz. Most of the
finds from all these pits should probably be related to the
legio VIII Augusta which left Novae in Ad 69.
The last excavation campaigns brought a precious
complement to our knowledge about the earliest phase
(c. Ad 50 – c. 90) of the headquarters building. Later phases of this building which cover the period from the late
Flavian times to about the mid-5th c. were investigated in
the previous years. The site of the principia of the legio VIII
Augusta which stationed at Novae in the Neronian period
Legion
Length
vIII Augusta
> 55 m
I Italica
106 m
corresponds approximately to that of its successor (legio I
Italica). The sections within the courtyard and porticoes
show no distinct traces of a humic turf-line on light yellow
or brown loess beneath the earliest flooring which means
that we have to do with the removal of topsoil and extensive preliminary levelling of the ground. The primary subsoil was found not to be interrupted by tree- or shrub-holes, and so is indicative of grassland before the initial occupation of the site. The remains of the first headquarters
building consisting merely of shallow foundations made
of loess bonded stones came to light only within the courtyard and porticoes of the stone principia of the legio I
Italica. A warn as of Nero5 found among the stones in the
western external wall of the earliest principia (legio VIII
Augusta) suggests that they were erected before the late 50s
of the 1st c. Ad. We still do not know what the walls and
roofs looked like and what technique was applied to make
them. Nowhere have yet been found any tiles bearing
stamps of the 8th Legion. It is possible that the walls were
made of mud bricks or of timber and wattle and daub in a
technique resembling the Fachwerk which left no traces in
the stratigraphy of the site.
The first principia were much smaller than their
Flavian/Trajanic successor and probably occupied an area
and site comparable to those of the temporary headquarters building at Pinnata (Inchtuthil) in Scotland.6 The
measurements of the two successive headquarters buildings
at Novae are as follows:
Width
rear range of
rooms. Width
Courtyard
Portico.
Inner width
>7m
43,5*×? m
3,9 m**
10 m
42,5×47,50 m
c. 54 m
58,75 m
6,4 m
* or less, if the foundation trench (Square XvII 220) was made not for the sleeper wall (stylobate) but for the front wall of the row of
lateral rooms (armamentaria ?).
** It is possible however, that this size is to be connected with a row of lateral rooms.
Ludmiła A. Kovalevskaja MA
Institute of Archaeology
National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
[email protected]
Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Sarnowski
Institute of Archaeology
University of Warsaw
[email protected]
3
T. SArNoWSKI, Another Legionary Groma Gate Hall? The Case
of Novae in Lower Moesia, Novae. Studies and Materials I, Poznań
1995, 37–40.
4
Inv. No 7/10wIA.
188
5
Inv. No 122/87w.
See: L.F. PITTS, J.K.ST. JoSEPh, Inchtuthil. The Roman Legionary
Fortress, London 1985, 124 f.
6
NovAE. hEAdqUArTErS BUILdING oF ThE roMAN LEGIoNAry BASE. EXCAvATIoNS oF 2010
TAdEUSZ SArNoWSKI, LUdMIłA A. KovALEvSKAJA
N OVAE. BUDOWLA KOMENDANTURY W OBOZIE RZYMSKIEGO LEGIONU. WYKOPALISKA 2010 R .
W
2008 i 2009 r. dobiegły końca prace wykopaliskowe w obrębie komendantury (principia) obozu w Novae,
które z kilku przerwami prowadzone były przez ponad
30 lat, przede wszystkim w tylnym, południowym skrzydle
obiektu, mieszczącym kaplicę sztandarów, archiwum,
skarbce i pomieszczenia biurowe. Środkowa i północna
część budowli została rozpoznana systemem sondaży a szerokopłaszczyznowe badania miały miejsce tylko w pobliżu
głównej bramy (groma).
Cały teren, zajęty niegdyś przez komendanturę,
wraz z odsłoniętymi ruinami został zgodnie z umową przekazany stronie bułgarskiej do konserwacji. Gospodarze terenu zamierzają podjąć wkrótce prace restauratorskie w całej centralnej części stanowiska, w tym także w obrębie łaźni
legionowych, wczesnochrześcijańskiej bazyliki i rezydencji
biskupiej, badanych w pobliżu principia przez ekspedycję
poznańską. Celem lokalizacji nowych elementów zabudowy w północno-wschodniej części komendantury bułgarscy
architekci otworzyli z użyciem koparki, w lipcu 2010 r., dwa
sondaże, które niewiele później zostały poddane pracom do-
kumentacyjnym przez naszą ekspedycję. Zadokumentowaliśmy tylny mur portyku dziedzińca wraz z jednym filarem
bramy oraz przebadaliśmy częściowo duże jamy w portyku
wschodnim, o śmietniskowych wypełniskach, obfitujących
w zabytki (amfory, lampy, ceramika cienkościenna i terra
sigillata, ciężarki rybackie, fragmenty przedmiotów z brązu, żelaza, kości i szkła, przęśliki, paciorki itp.).
Stratygrafia i moneta emitowana w latach 37–41 n.e.
datują materiał zabytkowy na połowę I w. i pozwalają łączyć
go ze stacjonującym w Novae do 69 r. legionem VIII
Augusta. Materiał ten trafił do jam najprawdopodobniej
w okresie flawijskim, kiedy teren obozu był przygotowywany do podjęcia prac budowlanych przez świeżo przybyłą
legio I Italica. Bardzo ważnym, wyjątkowym wręcz znaleziskiem, jest odkryta koło filaru bramy baza posągu. Nosi ona
dwa napisy, jeden z dedykacją z okresu tetrarchii dla Liber
Pater, drugi – z konsularną datą (241 r.) i nie poświadczonym dotąd nigdzie w epigrafice wyrażeniem accepta
pariatoria.
189
TAdEUSZ SArNoWSKI, LUdMIłA KovALEvSKAJA
PLATE 197
Fig. 1. Novae. headquarters building of the legio I Italica in the early 3rd c. An outline plan: a – detail known; b – detail
presumed (by T. Sarnowski, L. Kovalevskaja).
ryc. 1. Novae. Komendantura legionu I Italica w początkach III w. Plan ogólny: a – elementy uchwycone; b – elementy
uzupełnione.
TAdEUSZ SArNoWSKI, LUdMIłA KovALEvSKAJA
PLATE 198
Fig. 2. Novae. headquarters building in the early 3rd c.
reconstruction (by J. Kaniszewski).
ryc. 2. Novae. Budynek komendantury w początkach
III w. – rekonstrukcja.
Fig. 3. Novae. headquarters building. The rear wall of
the portico in the northern part of the courtyard (Photo
T. Sarnowski).
ryc. 3. Novae. Budynek komendantury. Tylny mur portyku
w północnej części dziedzińca.
Fig. 4. Novae. headquarters building. one of the pits in the
eastern portico of the courtyard (Photo T. Sarnowski).
ryc. 4. Novae. Budynek komendantury. Jedna z jam we wschodnim portyku dziedzińca.