The Institute of Geodesy and Cartography — its

The Institute of Geodesy and Cartography — its

P R O C E E D IN G S
OF
THE
IN S T IT U T E
OF
G EO D ESY
AND
CARTOGRAPHY
Vo l u me X X I X , No. 1, ł982
B O G D A N N EY
The Institute of Geodesy and Cartography — its scientific
outline, cartographic investigations and International activity
A b s t r a c t . The ai m of this p ap e r is to intro d u ce th e In stitu te of G eodesy
an d C arto g rap h y (IGiK) to th e p a rtic ip a n ts of the l l t h In te rn a tio n a l C arto g rap h ic
ICA C onference. This In stitu te rep rese n ts P o lan d in th e In te rn a tio n a l C arto g rap h ic
A ssociation. T h e pap er p resents: th e o utline of th e In s titu te ’s history, directions
of scientific investigations carried out a t th e In stitu te, . resu lts an d c u rre n t
directions of carto g rap h ic investigations, organ izatio n an d activ ities of th e In stitu te
an d its activ ity in th e field of In tern atio n al scientific and scien tific-tech n ical
cooperation.
Introduction
The In stitu te of Geodesy and C artography, w hich rep resen ts Poland
in the In tern atio n al C artographic Association, cordially welcom es th e
p articipants of the l l t h In tern atio n al ICA Conference. C artographers
and other scientists from the In stitu te are tru ły glad th a t cartographers
from all over the w orld can be th eir guests and th a t it w ill be possible
to exchange experiences and opinions w ith them , to discuss recen t results
of w orld cartography, to consolidate the existing and to establish new
frien d ly relations.
We welcome you, our H onourable Colleagues, on the Polish land, in
our capital. We w ish you a successful and p lea sa n t stay.
W ith reg ard we greet all rep resen tativ es w ith R espectable Professor
O rm eling, the P resident, and w ith H onourable M r. Hedbom , the Secretary -T reasu rer.
Ladies and G entlem en, as D irector please let m e, introduce our In ­
stitu te to you. I w ould like to characterize its scientific outline in this
paper, as well as the w ays and m ethods of its activities and its In te r­
national activity. Selected cartographic problem s w ill be discussed by
m y colleagues from IGiK in fu rth e r elaborations of this volum e.
1. O utline of the In stitu te’s history
The In stitu te of Geodesy and C artography has been active for over
37 years. It was founded on M arch 30, 1945 and nam ed Scientific-and5
-R esearch In stitu te of Geodesy. It belongs to the oldest in stitutes of this
type in Poland. It has been w orking w ithin the fram ew ork of the S tate
G eodetic-and-C artographic Service.
On its founding, our In stitu te was the second scientific in stitu tio n
of geodetic services in the socialist countries a fter the C entral Scientific-and-R esearch In stitute of Geodesy, P hotogram m etry and C artography
in Moscow, w hich has existed sińce 1928.
Professor Edw ard W archałow ski (1885— 1963), a well know n Polish
scientist — surveyor, rector of the W arsaw Technical U niversity and
la te r the P resident of the Head Office of the C ountry’s M easurem ents,
was the organizer and the first director of the Institute.
In the first period of its existence, 1945— 1951, the activities of the
In stitu te w ere directed on elaborating new m ethods and techniąues of
geodetic com putations, as well as on rules and designs of basie netw orks.
Investigations of geodetic m ethods for m easurem ents of ground and
construction deform ations w ere also sta rte d in this period.
Professor Stanisław K ryński becam e the director of the In stitu te in
M arch, 1952 and he held this post for 22 years, th at is till mid-1974.
The Institute, w ell developed from the personnel point of view and
eąuipped w ith necessary devices and laboratories, becam e active in
realization of basie tasks of the geodetic-and-cartographic service. The
rangę of investigations carried out at the Institute was system atically
expanded, including successive directions of- elaborations, connected w ith
needs of the national economy. The In stitu te reactivated and developed
the astronom ical-and-geodetic observatory at Borowa Góra, undertook
preservation of the u n it of length and drecking out th e precision of
geodetic gaugos, took-up and developed generał technical activities in
the field of scientific-technical inform ation. A m echanical-and-design
centre was organized, w hich aim ed a t designing and m aking p a rticu la r
geodetic and cartographic devices.
Since 1955, the In stitu te has been active under the c u rre n t nam e.
D uring the last period (sińce 1974) a fu rth e r developm ent of the ran g ę
of scientific. tasks of IGiK took place. Instrum ental-and-designing direction has been m odernized, new m easurem ent m ethods and techniąues
have been introduced, among others, in the field of interference and
diffraction. Investigations concerning applications of special airborne and
spaceborne photographs for the needs of various scientific, economic and
st.ate adm inistrative branches, carried out from scientific and practical
points of view have been started . Since J a n u a ry lst, 1976, th e Polish
C entre of R em ote Sensing (OPOLiS) has been active, w hich perform s
the function of the c o u try ’s rem ote sensing centre. The C entre is eąuipped
w ith m odern devices for processing and in terp retatio n of satellite and
airborne images, reg istered on photographs or on m agnetic tapes.
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2. D irections of scien tific investigation s of IGiK
The scientific elaborations of the In stitu te of Geodesy and C arto­
g rap h y are very vast. They can be divided into th e five following
directions: geodesy, photogram m etry, cartography, rem ote sensing, designing and construction of new devices for geodesy and cartography.
A b rief characteristic of problem s rep resen ted by th e p a rtic u la r directions
is presented below.
Geodesy:
— studies on installation and m odernization of horizontal and vertical
geodetic netw orks,
— investigations of c u rre n t m ovem ents of the E a rth ’s cru st and elabo­
ration of m aps of these m ovem ents,
— new m ethods and technologies for determ ining astronom ical coordinates and azim uths w ithin geodetic netw orks,
— gravim etric m easurem ents and elaboration of gravim etric m aps
for geodetic purposes,
— m easurem ents of the E a rth ’s m agnetism and elaboration of component m aps of the m agnetic field,
— perm anent preserv atio n of the u n it of length, com paration of w ire
and tape gauges, new m ethods and technologies of m easurem ents of
standard length bases and other problem s concerning geodetic m etrology.
— m ethodology and technologies of a tte sta tio n of electrom agnetic
distance m eters and th eir application for basie and detailed m easurem ents
ef geodetic netw orks,
— m ethods and specialistic devices for engineering m easurem entsdeform ation and dislocation m easurem ents of engineering stru c tu re s,
w ater dam s and of sim ilar objects, m easurem ents for assem blying large
stru c tu re s, m achines and devices, m easurem ents for settin g out large
s tru c tu re designs.
Photogrammetry
Investigations in the field of aerial p h otogram m etry carried out a t
IGiK concern m ainly elaboration and im provem ent of m ethods and
technologies of the following tasks:
— elaboration of large-scale m aps,
— application of o rthophotogram m etry for elaboration of linear ele­
m ents of the topographic m aps as w ell as, for elaboration of photo­
graphic m aps,
— determ ination of deform ations in m m ing areas,
— aerotriangulation,
— photogram m etric digital elaborations,
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— testing of new types and series of photogram m etric in stru m ents,
— elaborątion of them atić m aps by m eans of photogram m etric m ethods.
In the field of te rre stria ł and close rangę photogram m etry, research
problem s of activities of the In stitu te include m ethods, techniąues and
technologies of m easurem ents and elaborations of:
— engineering sites,
— deform ations of stru c tu re s and constructions,
— fast changing biological processes,
— m icrophotogram m etry,
— photographs for m edical needs,
— photographs for various fields of science,
— digital ęlaboration of results of photogram m etric m easurem ents.
Cartography
Investigations in the field of m ethodology of cartographic elaborations
as w ell as rules and m ethods of them atić m ap editing m ainly concentrate
on:
— drafting m ethods of varied form s of th e te rra in relief,
— rules of generałization of contents of large-scale and m edium -scale topographic maps,
— m ethods and w ays of cartographic projection of them atić m ap
content elaborated for physical planning, rational ru ra l land u tility ,
aerial traffic control, sea radiocom m unication, etc.
Problem s of the cartographic technologies m ainly concern:
— updating of maps,
— Iow reproduction edition of them atić maps,
— reproduction of orthophotom aps,
— printing of tone images w ithout rasters.
D irections of car-tographic elaborations of the In stitu te will be discussed in m ore detail separately.
Remote Sensing
Investigations and applications in this field include th ree basie types
(groups) of problem s, nam ely:
— determ ination of relations betw een features of airborne and spaceborne images and photographs as well as n a tu ra l objects, represented
by these features,
— m ethods, techniąues. and technologies of basie and p relim inary
Processing of source rem ote sensing data, w hich is usually follow ed by
branch data interp retatio n ,
— m ethods and technologies of applications of rem ote sensing im a­
ges — satellite, aerial and te rre stria ł, for d iffe re n t practical purposes.
These aims are m ainly connected w ith ag ricu ltu re, fórestry, physical
p lanning and protection of the environm ent. In the field of agri8
cu ltu re rem ote sensing application is connected w ith such problem s
as: recognition and d eterm inatión of crop stru c tu re , investigation of
m atu rity of crops and yield forecasting, investigation of h e a lth state of
vegetation and determ inatión of dam ages caused by biotic and abiotic
factors, investigations of w ater. relations in soil. F o re stry is firs t of all
in terested in m aps on the stan d of trees and dam age inventory w ithin
stands, caused by biotic and aboitic factors.
For the needs of physical planning and protection of the environm ent,
rem ote sensing deals w ith . such problem s as: elaboration of land use
m aps, elaboration of physiographic m aps, investigation and m apping of
pollution of w ater reservoirs, atm osphere and other com ponents of the
geographic en v iro rm en t.
C o n s t r u c t i o n of e ą u i p m e n t
F rom the following, alread y realized, designs can be m entioned:
— system s and devices for determ ining deform ation and dislocations
of engineering stru ctu res, such as feeler gauges, devices for m easurem ents
of distances changes, recorders of foundation slopes, attach m en ts for
slope m easurem ents, etc.,
— devices for cartographic elaborations.
A t present opto-electronics as w ell as m e a s u rin g , electronics are
applied a t the In stitu te for the construction of m easurem ent eąuipm ent.
It enables to rep resen t m easured linear and an g u lar values in a digital
form . Techniąues connected w ith laser light, and am ong o thers in te r­
ferom etry, are also applied. The In stitu te has p a te n t rig h ts for several
tens of original construction solutions in the field of m easuring e ą u ip ­
m ent.
3. IGiK scien tific cartographic elaborations
C artographic problem s w ere included in the activity of th e In stitu te
in 1956. They included d iffe re n t tasks, from conceptional and editing to
technologies of m ap elaboration and publishing. They w ere connected
w ith various scales of m aps, from engineering and economic large-scale
m aps, to generał, sm all-scale geographical m aps.
In the period betw een 1958 and 1975 the follow ing elaborations can
be m entioned as the m ost im p o rtan t achievem ents of IG iK in the field
of cartography: atlas of d raftin g of th e Polish te rra in relief (elaborated
and published in cooperation w ith the form er D ep artm en t of C artography
of th e W arsaw Technical U niversity), technology of elaborating relief
m aps (applied in m ap production by the S tate C artographical P ublishing
House), a m ethod of layer engraving for d raftin g m aps, elaboration and
perform ance (by the M echanical-and-C onstructional D ep artm en t of
IGiK) of a se t of engraving tools, a m ethod of strip p ed la y e r used in
th e process of m ap reproduction, various special m aps, am ong th em th e
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geom orphological m ap of Poland at 1 : 500 000 scalę, published by th e
S tate C artographical P ublishing House (PPW K), the u se r’s need analysis
connected w ith the content and accuracy of the basie m ap a t 1 : 5 000,
1 : 2 000, 1 : 1 000 and 1 : 500 scales, m ethods of editing d ifferen t problem atic m aps (them atic maps) for the needs of local physical planning.
The scientific investigations and the developm ent elaborations in th e
field of cartography, carried out at IGiK (sińce 1975), from the point
of view of aim s and resu lts can be divided into the following types:
1) coneepts of new m aps, th eir system s and subsystem s, directed on
the needs of p articu lar users,
2) developm ent and utilization of new sources and m ethods of in ­
form ation acąuisition for cartographic needs,
3) im provem ent of already existing and elaboration of new m ethods
and technologies for m ap elaboration, publishing and updating,
4) standardization of contents and form s of m aps, elaborated for th e
needs of m ass users.
The m ajority of scientific cartographic problem s which are solved
a t the In stitu te serves, of course, sim ultaneously m ore th a n one of the
above m entioned aims. T herefore, fu rth e r characteristics of this type of
elaborations should be understood as a classification w hich is carried
out according to leading aim s (motives) of work.
N ew s y s t e m s
and subsystems
of m a p s
A classification of them atic m aps for economic needs has been ela­
borated a t IGiK; an open system has been proposed, enabling its flexible
revision due to changing needs and conditions. The system of them atic
m aps considers needs of different branches of the national economy,
adm inistration and m anagem ent as w ell as needs of d ifferent environm ental planning levels. This system is being utilized for program m ing
of cartographic activity in the field of them atic m aps, w hich are coordinated in Poland by the Head Office of Geodesy and C artography.
Jo in tly w ith the In stitu te of E nvironm ental Design IGiK, has ela­
borated and initiated in practice the subsystem of them atic m aps (16
problem atic m aps) for the needs of terrain (local) physical planning.
The subsystem is the subject of a separate elaboration by J. Ciesielski,
included iii this publication. Sim ilarly, the subsystem of socio-economic
m aps, elaborated a t IG iK for the needs of ratio n al utilization of ag ricu ltu ral productive land, is p resented in a separate paper by. K. Podlacha.
Elaborations on m ethodology of state m aps and estim ation of biological environm ent resources should be m entioned am ong fu rth e r investigations concerning the system of them atic m aps, carried out a t our
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In stitu te. It is of p articu lar im portance and an u p -to -d ate problem due
to the high social ran k of geographical environm ent protection in Poland.
N ew s o u r c e s a n d m e t h o d s of i n f o r m a t i o n
a c ąi s i t i o n for map e l a b o r a t i o n
In this direction m uch a tten tio n should be paid to rem ote sensing.
The introduction of m ethods on rem ote recording of objects and phenom ena on and under the E a rth ’s surface, and in the atm osphere, by m eans
of utilizing a special scanner and photographic techniąues from airplanes
and satellites, considerably enriched the existing sources of cartographic
d ata acąuisition. A part from essential expansion of the rangę of in fo r­
m ation content, rem ote sensing brought about the acceleration and
shortening of the process of inform ation acąuisition. It has, in tu rn ,
a su b stan tial influence on m ap up-dateness, p a rticu larly for those w hich
contents include changing processes.
A m ore detailed discussion of this direction of cartographie elabo­
rations is presented in a separate paper by A. Ciołkosz included in th is
publieation.
I m p r o v e m e n t of m e t h o d s a n d t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r
m a p e l a b o r a t i o n , e d i t i n g a n d u p d a t i n g of m a p s
In the psriod betw een 1976— 1980 an im p o rtan t achievem ent of IG iK
was the elaboration and productive im plem entation of technology for
preparing orthophotom aps. An orthophotom ap includes m o re te rr& in in­
form ation th an a conventional dashed m ap, and due to this fact, it has
a w ider rangę of application. It is p articu la rly useful for the elaboration
of new type of background m aps for environm ental planning, technical
designing and for elaboration and up -d atin g of th e co u n try ’s basie m ap.
O rthophotom aps are im p o rtan t for them atic cartography, for exam ple
for m apping of te rra in deform ations caused by m ining exploitation. The
orthophotom ap technology, including its elaboration and reproduction,
has been elaborated in cooperation w ith the S tate Geodetic and C arto­
graphic E nterprise. This technology has been su b seąu en tly m odified and
im proved. P a rtic u la r fea tu re s of m apped areas (for exam ple high m ountainous areas), and fu rth e r technical possibilities (stereoorthophoto) are
considered for this reason.
The system of spatial references, elaborated a t IGiK in th e form of
a uniform country grid of the so-called, m arked areas, is v ery im portant
for cartography. The size of the basie side is e ąu al 5° of lattitu d e and
10° of longitude. The area of Poland is divided into 72 strip s and 61
colum ns and the origin of the coordinate system is located in the point
w ith coordinates eąu al <p = 55° and A = 14°. S m aller u n its a re th e
fields a t 1 : 100 000, 1 : 50 000 and 1 : 25 000 scales; the size of each is
approx. 1 cm X 1 cm and th e area, accordingly, approx. 100 ha, 25 h a
and 6.25 ha. Each field has a n explicit coding designation, th a t resu lts
from adaptation of the system to th e com puterized and auto m ated ela11
boration of m aps. The m arked areas allow to record the m ap content
in a m atrix form . The system has been applied under th e nam e PROM EL
to process the data concerning resources and estim ation of biological-and-soil and soil-and-land m elioration environm ent. The alread y elabo­
ra te d m aps concern such problem s as: soils, needs of m elioration of arab ie
land, reten tio n ability of arabie land, agricu ltu ral usefulness of arabie
land and needs of agrom elioration. The Office for Studies and D esign
of W ater M elioration and C ountry W ater Supply BIPROM EL is a p a rtn e r
of the In stitu te in the developm ent and practical im plem entation of this
system .
Among the problem s included in the discussion and elaborated a t
p resent at th e Institu te, the following m atters should be also m entioned:
— technological ensurance of realizatipn of the video-and-cartographic system w ith the utilization of photochronic lay ers as w ell as w ith
the utilization of a ru b y or dye laser for them atic m ap eomposition
according to the principle of adding p a rticu la r images of elem en tary
m atrixes of m ap content,
— technology of up-dating a basie m ap at differen t scales,
— technology of up-dating m aps of areas w ith technogenic m otions
(mining areas),
— technology of elaboration of a basie m ap at 1 : 5 000 scalę by
m eans of photogram m etric m ethods,
— up-dating of topographic m aps w ith the utilization of satellite
photographs (small-scales),
— digital technalogies for them atic m ap elaboration on the base ot
satellite images.
D evelopm ental tren d s in the field of autom ation of cartographic
processes (H. Kowalski), digital processing of satellite photographs for
them atic cartography (J. D om ański and K. L ady D rużycka), as w ell as
principles a n d technologies of large-scale m ap up-dating (J. Zw ierzyński)
are subjects of separate papers presented in this publication.
Standardization
of m a p s ’ c o n t e n t
and form
Elaborations in this field have been directed on the basie m ap
(large-scale) and on them atic m aps. Basic m ap u sers’ needs, concerning
the m ap’s contents, have been thoroughly exam ined. It form ed the base
fo r form ing conclusions concerning norm s, w hich have been applied to
elaborate the technical instru ctio n K -l, „The basie m ap” , issued by the
H ead Office of Geodesy and C artography. This instruction included the
d eterm in atio n of the basie m ap, principles of sheet division, perform ing
its im print, accuracy p aram eters of the m ap and detail description of
m ap content in the form of catalogue of conventional sym bols. M ap
stan d ard s at all four scales, and th e sta n d a rd of a fram e description a re
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appended to this instruction. The K -l in struction has been obligatory
sińce 1979. Technical principles K - l.2, elaborated a t our In stitu te and
concerning the up-dating an d m odernization of the basie m ap, are a n
appendix to this instruction.
The instruction K-3 concerns them atic m aps and includes: principles
of m ap classification, projection, division into sections and te rrito ria l
units, m ethods for m ap designation w ith em blem s, ru les of m ap editing,
elaboration of th e original sketch edition and a clean copy, rep ro d u ctiv e
principles, elaboration of im p rin t and auth o rizatio n of m aps. The diagram
of m ap classification and the m odel of im p rin t are appended to the
instruction. S u p plem entary to the in struction K -3 are technical p rin ­
ciples: „Principles for editing them atic m aps” and „E laboration of engineering-and-econom ic m aps of in d u strial plants by m eans of photogram m etric m ethods” , elaborated a t the In stitu te.
W orks in the field of them atic m ap standardization are continued,
even though the K-3 in struction has been published, sińce th ey concern
an open set of m aps, and life m akes it necessary to introduce new types
of cartographic elaborations.
4. Form s of w ork and activities of the In stitu te
O ur In stitu te is a scientific, of a d ep artam en tal ch aracter in stitu te
and th u s it does not carry out train in g activity suitable for h ig h er
schoois. The principal task of IGiK is to develop m ethods, techniąues
and technologies of geodetic and cartographic elaborations for p ractical
needs. This principal task is mainly* realized th ro u g h the solution of
scientific problem s w hich create practical new m ethods, devices and
technologies.
The In stitu te w orks on a system of an economic account, w hich
m eans, th a t the basie costs of m aintenance arę covered by financial
m eans obtained from paym ents for elaborating resu lts of research p u rchased by custom ers. A bout h alf of all research w orks are carried out
a t the order of the Head Office of Geodesy and C artography, the U nion
of G eodetic-and-C artographic E nterprises „GEO KA RT” and p a rtic u la r
enterprises subordinated to GUGiK. The rem aining subjects (the second
half of the whole) are ordered by d ifferen t scientific institutions, adm in istrativ e and productive enterprises, w hich do not belong to the S tate
G eodetic-and-C artographic Service. Am ong th em are the economic dep artm en ts and belonging to them scientific in stitu tes of ag ricu ltu re,
forestry, geology, m ining, pow er energy, tran sp o rtatio n , building ind u stry ; the Polish A cadem y of Sciences and its scientific in stitu tes, th e
d e p a rtm e n t of science, higher education and technology, including higher
schoois, and finally, d ifferen t economic organizations as w ell as local
country state adm inistrative organs. A t the sam e tim e, p a rt of th e
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accepted w orks are ordered by IGiK a t other, specialized scientific
centres. The participation of other centres in elaborations carried out and
conducted by IGiK differ in particu lar years, but the average is approxim ately 30% for the last period. H igher schools, and p a rticu la rly — b u t
not exclusively — th eir departm ents (institutes w orks and chairs) of
geodesy, cartography and geography are the m ain perform ers of investigations elaborated a t the order of our Institute. The In stitu te acts as
the generał coordinator in the field of scientific investigations carried
out in Poland for the needs of geodetic-and-cartographic practice. Since
1980, the In stitu te financed by the state (through the Polish Academ y
of Sciences) has also been conducting investigations in the field of rem ote
sensing in the fram ew ork of the so called, crucial problem of space
research and th eir peaceful application.
It should be underlined th a t in the rangę of all u tility problem s and
w hich a t the sam e tim e dom inate a t IGiK, the In stitu te is coresponsible
for practical application of the results. D uring practical introduction of
resu lts, the In stitu te is help fu l for the introducing units (m stitutions)
m ainly for the geodetic-and-cartographic enterprises). -Forms of this help
are: education of engineers and technicians in the sphere of practicing
new m ethods and techniąues, consultations for introducing units (institutions) and publishing detailed directions, instructions, descriptions etc.,
for the need of practicians.
A p art from basie activity, concerning scientific investigations, th e
In stitu te perform s the so called generał technical activity, w hich is
conducive to technical developm ent and inerease of professional level
of geodetic-and-cartographic personnel in Poland. The generał technical
activ ity of IGiK includes:
— scientific-and-technical inform ation,
— norm alization,
— p aten t protection,
— publishing,
— exhibitions.
The m ain dep artam en tal lib rary is active a t the In stitu te for read ers
from all over the country. It consits of the largest collection of geodetic
books in Poland and it subscribes over 100 foreign m agazines.
The In stitu te issues the foliowing publications:
— the Proceedings of IGiK, w hich include original scientific ela­
borations,
— A stronom ical A nnual,
— B u lletin of IGiK, as the supplem ent to the m onthly Geodetic
R eview , published by the Polish S urveyors Association,
— Inform ation B ulletin,
— D ocum entational Review (bibliography, patents),
— Express inform ation for the m anaging staff.
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A Scientific Council consisting of rep resen tativ es fro m various Polish
scientific institutions (among others — cartographic) is active a t th e
Institu te. Professors and assistant professors em ployed a t IG iK are also
m em bers of this Council. The Scientific Council is helpful to the IG iK
a dm inistration in planning and estim ating research activity, and also
opinionates scientific titles and appointm ent of th e scientific staff. The
In stitu te has the rig h t to confer technical Ph.D . titles in th e field of
specializations perform ed at IGiK, in carto g rap h y as well. Ph.D . theses
are conducted by the Scientific Council.
O ther collegiate bodies are active a t the In stitu te; th ey consist of
specialists from outside th e In stitu te and of IGiK staff. They are: th e
N orm alization C om m ittee, the In v en to ry Com m ittee and the P ublishing
Council.
Specialists of the following professional categories are em ployed a t
the Institute: scientific (professors, assistant professors, tu to rs, senior
assistants and assistants), engineering and technical, librarians, w orkers
(m ainly a t the M echanical-and-C onstructive D epartm ent), adm in istrativ e
and o’thers. Am ong specialists of basie activities, besides geodesists of
d ifferen t specializations and cartographers, th e In stitu te also em ploys
geographers, m athem aticians, specialists in Computer science and electronics, hydrologists, photographers, specialists in fo re stry and a g riculture, etc.
The In stitu te is organized in the form of scientific and scientific-and-productive d epartm ents, b ran ch centres and functional dep artm en ts and
units.
C artographic problem s are elaborated at the D ep artm en t of C arto­
grap h y (a leading d e p a rtm e n t in this field), a t the C entre for R em ote
Sensing (OPOLiS) and also a t the D epartm ent of P ho to g ram m etry , and
p a rtially also a t th e rem aining units of basie activities. G roups of spe­
cialists belonging to d ifferen t d ep artm en ts are flexibly established for
perform ing num erous elaborations. Each problem has an individual
m anager. R elated subjects, u sually rep resen tin g p a rticu la r specializations,
are form ed in problem or them atic groups, conducted by coordinators.
5. International cooperation and activity of th e In stitu te
The In stitu te and its scientific staff are v ery active in th e In tern a­
tional scientific-technical cooperation in th e field of geodesy and carto­
graphy. The m ain form s of this activity area:
— particip atio n in w orks perform ed by in tern atio n al scientific and
scientific-technical organizations;
—• particip atio n in in te rn atio n a l cooperation th ro u g h governm ental
organizations and agencies;
— p articipation in special m u ltila te ral research program m es;
15
— m u ltila te ral scientific technical coog>eration of geodetic services
of th e socialistic countries;
— direct scientific cooperation w ith foreign scientific in stitu tes and
w ith institutions of a d ifferent character;
— ścentifie and designing ex port w orks, elaborated m ainly for developing countries.
Since 1964 the In stitu te of Geodesy and C artography has been r e presenting Poland at the International C artographic Association, and
sińce 1978 Professor A ndrzej Ciołkosz from our In stitu te has been one
of the vice-presidents of the Association. C artographers from the In sti­
tu te actively participated in intern atio n al technical ICA conferences,
presenting th ere num erous papers. A t present one of the ICA com m issions, new ly created during the Tokyo Conference (1980), concerning the
cartographic rem ote sensing is also conducted by Prof. Ciołkosz. A nother
specialist from the In stitute, Prof. H enryk Kow alski, is an active m em ber
of the Commission for Com puter Assisted C artography.
The In stitute, through its specialists, participates in activities of
other international organizations: the International Society for P h c to g ram m etry and Rem ote Sensing (ISPRS), the In tern atio n al Association
of Geodesy (IAG), the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics
(IUGG) and the International F ederation of Surveyors (FIG).
Specialists from the In stitu te represented Poland a t regional carto ­
graphic conferences, organized by the U nited N ations O rganization (for
exam ple Prof. J a n Ciesielski, Panam a, 1976) and particip ated in the
works of the Technical Subcom mission of the UN Com m ittee on the
Peaceful Uses of O uter Space (for exam ple prof. A dam L insenbarth,
New York, 1978).
We actively participate w ithin the INTERCOSMOS program m e, w here
one of the w orking groups is dedicated to rem ote sensing, and th u s also
deals w ith cartographic problem s. A conference of this group was heid
in W arsaw in 1980. A series of other scientific conferences w ithin th e
INTERCOSMOS program m e have been held w ith th e active p articipation
of our Institu te. It is w orth m entioning, th a t one of the experim ents
carried out on board of the Soviet orbital station S alyut-6 during th e
Soviet-Polish space flight (Colonel M irosław H erm aszew ski, 1978) was
to take photographs of the E arth by m eans of a m ultispectral M KF6
cam era. The photographs of Poland w ere applied for various purposes.
IGiK p articipation in th e p rep aratio n and elaboration of resu lts of th is
exp erim en t was com m em orated w ith a special m edal, th e original of
w hich was tak en on a space flight.
The In stitu te participates in polar investigations, perform ing geodetic
and cartographic w orks on Spitsbergen and the A ntarctica. S everal IGiK
specialists particip ated in S o uthern and N o rth ern polar expeditions, and
even tw o of th em w ere leeders of expeditiens.
16
Since 1966, IGiK has participated in w orks carried out by the A cadem y of Sciences of the socialist countries in the sphere of p lan e tary
geophysical investigations. A specialist of IGiK, P rof. S tanisław K ryński,
is th e head of the subcom m ission of geodesy and g ravim etry, w hile
several o ther IG iK specialists participate in w orking groups, dealing
w ith problem s of geodesy, geodetic astronom y, g rav im etry and th e E a rth ’s
m agnetism .
W ithin the fram ew orks of this cooperation, am ong o thers c u rre n t
vertical m ovem ents of the E a rth ’s cru st have been investigated and th eir
resu lts have been presented on m aps covering East, and p artially , C entral
Europę. The last edition of this type of m aps appeared over 10 y ears ago.
A new edition is u n d er elaboration.
Geodetic services of th e socialist countries s ta rte d m u ltila te ra l co­
operation in 1952, w hich a t first concerned p rim a rily the creation of
a uniform astronom ical geodetic, levelling and also gravim etric system
and elaboration of a topographic m ap a t 1 : 25 000 scalę and derivative
m aps. This cooperation has been considerably enlarged sińce 19*76; w hich
a p a rt from common v entures included also developm ent of geodetic-andcartographic m ethods, techniąues and technologies.
One of the six them atic groups concerns generał cartography, s m a li-and m edium -scale. IG iK D ep artm en t of C artography particip ates in
activities of this group, w hile the In stitu te heads, on behalf of th e P olish
geodetic service, an o th er group, dealing w ith problem s of engineering
geodesy.
The exchange of scientific publications of IG iK is a comm on form
of cooperation. O ur In stitu te sends its scientific publications to 80 foreign
centres. The In stitu te holds tem p o rary contacts w ith num erous scientific
institu tio n s abroad. Among others, a considerable n u m b er of specialists
from the new ly created C entre of R em ote Sensing a t our In stitu te
(OPOLiS) in the period betw een 1977 and 1978 w as tra in ed a t leading
centres in the USA, Canada, F rance, the N etherlands, G reat B rita in and
th e Soviet Union.
D irect, perm an en t cooperation connects our In stitu te w ith the Scientific-and-P roductive Rem ote Sensing C entre „P riro d a” in Moscow,' the Czech
R em ote Sensing C entre in P rag u e. R epresentatives of several countries
have been tra in ed a t our Rem ote Sensing C entre (OPOLiS). T berm al and
m ultispectral photographs have been tak e n and elaborated by a group
of our specialists in foreign countries in th e fram ew ork of cooperation
or help, am ong others in Czechoslovakia, H ungary and V ietnam .
D irect P olish-A m erican cooperation was sta rte d in 1980 in>the sp h ere
of rem ote sensing application in a g ricu ltu re and fo restry . Two problem s
have been elaborated concerning a g ric u ltu ra l statistics and the h ealth
stage of trees. F ro m th e Polish side IGiK is th e leading, e x p e rt in stitu tio n in this cooperation.
2
P r a c e IG iK z. 1 t o m X X IX
17
The In stitu te participates in export of technical consulting and services
in the field of geodesy and cartography. In this sphere we cooperate w ith
the U nion of G eodetic-and-C artographic E nterprises GEOKART. The
Union is the perform er of large contracts, w hich usually concern the
creation of basie geodetic netw orks, topographic m ap elaboration, economic and them atic m aps, geodetic services for designing and construction
of tow ns, roads and railroads system s and cadastral surveying.
T ran slatio n : Ja ce k Dom ański
BOGDAN NEY
LTNSTITUT DE GEODESIE ET DE CARTOGRAPHIE — SON P R O FIL
SCIENTIFIQUE, RECHERCHES EN CARTOGRAPHIE ET ACTIVITES
INTERNATIONALES
Re s u me
L’In stitu t de Geodesie et de C arto graph ie (IGiK), organism e scientifique . re a lisa n t ses activites dans le cadre du service n atio n al de geodesie et de ca rto g ra p h ie
en Pologne, a e te cree le 30 m ars 1945. D u ra n t 37 ans de son ac tiv ite 1’In stitu t
a ap p o rte une contrib u tio n considerable au developpem ent scien tifiąu e et te eh n ią u e
de la geodesie et de la carto g rap h ie nationales. P arm i les activ ites scien tifiąu es de
1’In stitu t il fa u t n o ter: la geodesie, la ph otogram m etrie, la carto g rap h ie, la te led e­
tection et la co n struction des appareils. D epuis de plus de 6 ans dans le cad re
de 1’IG iK fonctionne u n cen tre scien tifiąue execu tif n atio n al de la teledetection.
Des recherches scientifiąues en tous les dom aines sont realisees en cooperation avec
p lusieurs organism es scientifiąues et productifs nationaux.
Les tra v a u x scientifiąues de 1’In stitu t' p eu v en t e tre classes en ą u a tre o rien tations com m e suit:
— n ouveaux system es et sous-system es de cartes,
— nouvelles sources et m ethodes d’acquisition d’in form ations p o u r l’elab o ratio n
de cartes,
— p erfectionnem ent des m ethodes et des technologies d’elaboration, d ’edition
e t d’actu alisatio n de cartes,
■
— sta n d arisa tio n du contenu et de la form ę de cartes.
U ne a tte n tio n p articu lie re est actu ellem en t attire e su r les cartes th em atiąu es.
L’In stitu t a elabore u n classem ent de cartes th e m atiąu es c o n stitu a n t u n system e
ouvert. Les sous-system es p rin cip au x de cartes th e m atiąu es co n cern en t 1’am en agem ent local du te rrito ire , les conditions socio-econom iąues du point de vue ag ricole ainsi que l’ev alu atio n des ressources du m ilieu n a tu re l sous l’aspect de sa
protection. Les conseąuencfes essentielles po ur la ca rto g rap h ie re su lte n t d’un e nouvelle source de donnees, c’est a d ire de la teled etectio n aerien n e et satellitaire.
D ans 1’IG iK on ete elaborees p lu sieurs cartes a la b ase d’in form ations de la te le ­
detection.
P arm i les them es technologiąues d ont 1 In stitu t se preoccupe il fa u t distin g uer: la te ch n iq u e d ’o rtop ho tocarte sous 1’aspect de son elab o ratio n et de sa re ­
production, le system e des cham ps m arqu es com me system e de ra p p o rts sp a tia u x
18
pour l’elab o ratio n au to m atiąu e des ca rtes de conditions pedologiques et agricoles
ainsi q u ’hydrologiques et d’am elioration, 1’actu a lisa tio n de cartes au x grandes
echelles (carte fondam entale) et de q uelques ca rtes th e m atiq u es et en fin 1’elabora tio n n um erique de cartes them atiq u es a base d’im ages de satellite.
D ans les dern ieres annees l’In s titu t a elab ore des sta n d a rd s co n cern an t le
contenu et la form ę de la ca rte fo n d am en tale (echelles 1 : 5000, 1 : 2000, 1 : 1000 et
1 : 500) et des cartes th em atiq ues. Ces sta n d a rd s ont ete inseres dans les reg lem en ts
techniques cartog rap h iq u es GUGiK (Office C e n tral de G eodesie et de C arto g rap h ie)
K -l et K-3 ainsi que dans les recom m endations tech n iq u es p o u r ces reglem ents.
L’IGiK realise ses activ ites scientifiq ues dans le dom aine de la ca rto g ra p h ie
depuis 1956. P arm i les realisatio n s plus anciennes de l’In stitu t, il convient de
souligner: l’atlas d’etablissem ent des cartes du relief de la Pologne, la technologie
d’elab o ratio n de cartes en relief, la m ethode de g rav u re p o u r dessiner les cartes,
la m ethode d ’une couche d etachab le (dans la rep ro d u ctio n de cartes) ainsi que
d ifferen tes cartes speciales et them atiq u es (carte geom orphologiąue de la Pologne
au 1 : 500.000 p a r ex).
L’activ ite te ch n iąu e gen erale de 1’IG iK englobe: l’in fo rm atio n scien tifiq u e et
technique, la norm alisation, la p ro tection de brevets, les editions, les expositoins.
L ’In s titu t ed ite: T ra v au x de 1’IGiK, B ulletin d’Inform ation, R evue D ocum entaire
et In fo rm atio n E xpress p ou r les Cadres.
D epuis 1964 1’IG iK rep rese n te la Pologne a l ’ICA et, de plus, l’In s titu t p articip e
dans les activites de l’ISP, l’IAG, l’IUGG et la FIG ainsi que des o rganisations
in tern atio n ales au niveau g o uv ern em ental et la leurs agences specialisees.
L’In stitu t coopere d irectem en t avec des organism es scientifiques e tra n g e rs et
p articip e aux program m es scientifiques in te rn a tio n a u x (INTERKOSM OS, rec h erches polaires). L’IG iK p articip e aussi au x tra v a u x d’e x p o rta tio n realises p a r
l’U nion GEOKART.
T ra d u it p ar: M. B ohdan Jaku bo w sk i
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COflepjKaHna m (JjopMbi ochobhom KapTbi (MacniTa6bi 1 : 5000, 1 : 2000, 1 : 1000 u 1 : 500),
a TaKJKe TeMaTHHecKnx KapT. 3 tm CTaHflapTbi bxoaht b TexHMHecKne KapTOrpatjHinecKiie MHCTpyKUHM G U GiK K -l h K-3 m b TexHMliecKnc yK asannn k stmm HiicTpyKLIMKM.
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paH H M X
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KapT, MeTOfl rpaBMpoBaHMa cjioeB npw BMHepHHBaHMH KapT, MeTOfl „crbeMHoro cjioa”
(b p e n p o f l y K i ^ M M K a p T ) , a T a K s t e p a 3 H b i e cneiłuajibHbie u TeMaTMnecKne K a p T b i (HanpMMep, reoMop4>onorMHecKaa KapTa nojibm w 1 : 500 000).
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MH^opMaąMio, HopMaJin3aiiMio, naTeHTHyio 3an;MTy, M3flaTenbCTBa, B b ic T a B K M . IG iK
M3flaeT: PaBoibi IGiK, AcTponoMMHecKMM EjKeroflHMK, BrojineTenb IGiK, MH<J>opMai^MOHHbiił BiojiJieTeHb, ^oKyMeHTai(MOHHbiM 063op, 3Kcnpec-MH<J>opMamta fljia pyKOBOflamMX KaflpOB.
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c J jo p m
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u ynacTByeT b MeJKflyHapoflHŁlix HayHHbix nporpaM M ax (INTERKOSM OS, nonapHbie
Hccjie^OBaHMa). IG iK y^acTByfiT b 3KcnopTHbix pa6oTax, npOBOflMMbix Oe^eflHHeHMeK
GEOKART.
IlepeBOfl: Róża Tołstikow a
B O G D A N NEY
INSTYTUT GEO D EZJI I KA RTO G RA FII — JEG O PR O FIL NAUKOWY,
BADANIA Z DZIEDZINY KA RTO G RA FII I AKTYW NOŚĆ
MIĘDZYNARODOW A
Streszczenie
In sty tu t G eodezji i K artog rafii, placów ka n au k o w a p rac u jąc a w resorcie p ań ­
stw ow ej służby geodezyjnej i k arto g raficzn ej w Polsce, był utw orzony 30 m arca
1945 r. W ciągu 37 la t działalności, In s ty tu t w niósł trw a ły w k ład w rozw ój n au k o ­
wy i techniczny geodezji i k arto g rafii w k raju . Z akresem p rac n aukow ych In s ty tu t
obejm uje n astępu jące k ieru n k i: geodezję, fo to g ram etrię, k arto g rafię, teled etek cję
oraz ko n stru k cję a p a ra tu ry . W IG iK p rac u je od ponad sześciu la t n au k o w o -w y k o naw cze k rajo w e ce n tru m teledetekcji. B ad ania n aukow e we w szystkich k ie ru n k a ch
są prow adzone w e w spółpracy z w ielom a krajo w y m i placów kam i nau k o w y m i i p ro ­
dukcyjnym i.
P race n aukow e In sty tu tu w dziedzinie k arto g rafii m ożna ująć w czterech
następ u jący ch k ieru n k ach . Oto one:
— nowe system y i podsystem y map,
-— nowe źródła i m etody pozyskiw ania in fo rm acji do o pracow ania m ap,
— doskonalenie m etod i technologii sporządzania, w y d aw an ia i ak tu aliza cji
m ap,
— sta n d ary za cja treści i form y map.
Szczególna u w aga je st obecnie sk iero w an a na m apy tem atyczne. W In sty tu cie
opracow ano k la sy fik ację m ap tem atycznych, tw orzących o tw a rty system . G łów ne
podsystem y m ap tem atycznych dotyczą m iejscow ego p lan o w an ia przestrzennego,
stosunków społeczno-gospodarczych z p u n k tu w idzenia ro ln ictw a oraz o cen y zasobów
środ ow iska przyrodniczego w aspekcie ochrony środow iska. Isto tn e konsekw encje
dla k arto g rafii przynosi now e źródło danych, ja k im jest teled e te k cja lotnicza i sa­
te lita rn a . W IG iK opracow ano cały szereg m ap z w y k o rzy stan iem in fo rm ac ji te le­
detekcyjn ych.
Spośród technologicznej te m aty k i k arto g rafii u p raw ia n ej w In sty tu cie, m ożna
w ym ienić: tech n ik ę ortofotom apy, o b ejm u jącą jej opracow anie i rep ro d u k cję, sy ­
ste m pól znaczonych jako system odniesień p rzestrzen n y ch do au tom atycznego spo­
rzą d zan ia m ap stosunków glebow o-rolniczych i w odno-m elioracyjnych, a k tu a li­
zację m ap w ielkoskalow ych (m apa zasadnicza) i n iek tó ry ch m ap tem aty czn y ch
oraz num eryczne sporządzanie m ap tem atyczn y ch n a podstaw ie obrazów sa teli­
ta rn y c h .
W o statn ich la tach opracow ano w In sty tu c ie sta n d a rd y dotyczące treści i form y
m a p y zasadniczej (skale 1 : 5000, 1 : 2000, 1 : 1000 i 1 : 500) oraz m ap tem atycznych.
S ta n d a rd y te zostały u ję te w technicznych in stru k c ja c h k arto g raficzn y ch G UGiK
K -l i K-3 o raz w w ytycznych technicznych do tych in stru k c ji.
D ziałalność n au kow ą w dziedzinie k a rto g ra fii IG iK prow adzi od 1956 r. Spo­
śród daw niejszych osiągnięć k arto g raficzn y ch In sty tu tu m ożna w ym ienić: a tla s
k a rto w a n ia form rzeźby te re n u Polski, technologię w y k o n y w an ia m ap plastycznych,
.m etodę w arstw o ry tu do k reślen ia m ap, m etodę w arstw y zry w an ej (w rep ro d u k cji
m ap) oraz różne m apy specjaln e i tem aty czne (np. m ap a geom orfologiczna Polski
1 : 500 000).
O gólnotechniczna działalność IG iK obejm uje: in fo rm ację n aukow o-techniczną,
norm alizację, ochronę patentow ą, w y d aw n ictw a, w ystaw y. In s ty tu t w y d aje: P race
21
IG iK , Rocznik A stronom iczny, B iu lety n IGiK, B iu lety n Info rm acy jn y , P rzeg ląd Do­
k um entacy jny , E kspress Inform ację dla k ad ry kierow niczej.
Od 1964 r. IG iK re p rez en tu je Polskę w ICA. P onadto In sty tu t bierze udział
w działalności ISP, IAG i IUGG oraz FIG , ą tak że m iędzynarodow ych o rg an izacji
rządow ych i ich specjalistycznych agend.
In sty tu t bezpośrednio w spółp racuje z zagranicznym i placów kam i nauk o w y m r
i uczestniczy w m iędzynarodow ych program ach naukow ych (INTERKOSMOS, b a ­
dania polarne). IG iK uczestniczy w p racach eksportow ych prow adzonych przez
Z jednoczenie GEOKART.