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Journal of Health Promotion and Recreation
Rzeszow 2011 2
Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow
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ACTIVITIES OF SELECTED YOUTH ORGANIZATIONS IN THE
SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC TOWARDS PROMOTION OF TRACK
AND FIELD SPORTS (ATHLETICS)1
ABSTRACT
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The Polish state recreated after 1918 took over from occupant government the scarce,
non-uniform and spontaneous remains of sport and non-sport organizations. The majority of
these organizations emerged under conditions of free Poland. In the beginning of organization
of the new country, their establishment and activities witnessed social, economic and political
transitions that took place in the interwar period, termed the Second Polish Republic (1918–
1939). Substantial contribution in development of physical education and sport was from nonsport youth organizations such as: Katolickie Stowarzyszenie Młodzieży Męskiej KSMM,
(Catholic Young Men Association), Katolickie Stowarzyszenie Młodzieży Żeńskiej KSMŻ
(Catholic Young Women Association), Związek Chrześcijańskiej Młodzieży Męskiej (English
name: Young Men’s Christan Association, YMCA)2, Związek Młodzieży Ludowej ZML
(People’s Youth Union), Towarzystwo Uniwersytetów Robotniczych TUR (Workers’
Universities Society) and, after reorganization, Organizacja Młodzieżowa Towarzystw
Uniwersytetów Robotniczych OMTUR (Youth Organization of Workers’ Universities Society)
as well as Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej Wici (Rural Youth Union Wici). The study presents
organizational development and activity of these organizations in the area of track and field in
the period of 1918–1939.
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Keywords: the Second Polish Republic, sport, track and field, youth organizations, KSMM,
KSMŻ, YMCA, ZML, TUR, Wici
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1. Katolickie Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży Męskiej and Katolickie Stowarzyszenia
Młodzieży Żeńskiej (1918–1939)
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In the area of Poland after Partition of Poland, first catholic youth organization were
established in the region of Greater Poland, as early as before 1918, i.e. in the period before
restoration of full independence in the Republic of Poland. Związek Stowarzyszeń Młodzieży
Polskiej was active since 1917. After I World War, during the convention of diocese general
secretaries from Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży Polskiej (Polish Youth Associations) in 1919, a
national-level head office for 28 dioceses Związki Młodzieży Polskiej ZMP (Polish Youth
Unions) was called into being under a collective name of Zjednoczenie Stowarzyszeń
Młodzieży Polskiej ZSMP (Reunion of Polish Youth Associations) seated in Poznan (at
Pocztowa Street 15). Apart from patriotic and religious activity, members of ZMP attached,
from the very beginning, great importance to participation in the programs of physical
education and sport. According to the report from activity for the year 1929, ZSMP affiliated
(zrzeszało) a number of over a hundred thousand young people of both sexes. In individual
ZSMPs, the activities were coached by the graduates from the Instytut Wychowania
The study was realized within the statutory activities of the Faculty of Physical Education of the University of
Rzeszów, project № URWWF/S/07/001 financed by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education.
2
YMCA was established in England in 1844, in USA in 1851. It reached Poland in 1918 with YMCA activists
from the army of Gen. Haller. After 1921, with disappearance of YMCA activists, its activity was taken over by
Poles. On 8 December 1923, Polish Young Men’s Christian Association was established. Its activity was of
ecumenical character and all the people, regardless of sex and age, could become its members.
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Fizycznego przy Studium Wychowania Fizycznego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego (the Institute
for Physical Education at the Physical Education Centre in the Poznan University). The core
activities of ZSMP were oriented toward physical conditioning of young Poles3. Originally,
ZSMP had been developed particularly dynamically in Greater Poland, with the first pioneer
being Fr. Walerian Adamski. His main contribution was development of the curriculum for
physical education and sport coaching, distributed in the form of small folders available to
young people. Apart from them, articles with technical description of physical exercises were
published in the magazines printed in order to stimulate achievement of ZSMP’s cultural and
educational aims i.e. “Przyjaciel Młodzieży” and “Kierownik”. In 1920-1925 in Greater
Poland, he was followed by Frs. Biłko, Jarosz, Ludwiczak, Prądzyński, Piotrowski, Szulc and
many others. Fr. Strojanowski was active in Płock region, Fr. Figura in Lviv region. In 1925
in Kielce, Kraków, Lublin, Radom, Tarnów, Warsaw and Upper Silesia and Wileńszczyzna,
ZSMP movement was being organized. Rich resources of knowledge of practical application
of track and field were contained, together with the description of other sport disciplines in
the book Wychowanie fizyczne w Stowarzyszeniach Młodzieży Polskiej. With the course of
time, the effort of the supervisors of physical education in Poznan’s association and
Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Polskiej, a revised and corrected second edition of the
abovementioned instruction was published. With the course of time, the number of SMPs in
Poland was increasing. Frequently guided by the highest Church’s officials, SMPs for both
genders combined spiritual education with physical education and sport, thus extending their
influence on young people. SMP affiliated young people at the age of 14-21, thus in the
period which was the most susceptible to reception of the ideals of spiritual and physical
education. SMPs usually included young people from school environments and those who
worked in craftsmen, merchants and farmers circles. Apart from scouting teams, this was
another non-sport organization whose program included track and field exercises. First
organization was Poznański Związek Młodzieży Męskiej PZMM (Poznan’s Men’s Youth
Union) which in 1925 had 20 thousand of members affiliated in 300 associations throughout
the whole Greater Poland. PZMM established the Physical Education division, whose
program emphasized the following points:
- promotion of goals and principles of physical education through speeches and discussions
and publishing of articles in magazines for young people;
- training program for coaches,
- publishing of instructions for exercises in PZMM’s magazine “Doniesienia”.
Training took also place through organization of courses for coaches financed by the
Ministry of Military Affairs and realized in holiday camps by DOK VII. For example, in
1925, a course for 425 members of Związek Katolickiej Młodzieży Męskiej (ZKMM) was
organized in Biedrusko. The activities during the camp courses were supervised by graduates
from Studium Wychowania Fizycznego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego, Lt. Waxman and Lt.
Gilewski. In 1925, Fr. Cardinal Dalbor, Church’s Primate of Poland, following the example of
physical education which was implemented in clerical seminary in Płock, expressed his
intention to implement similar principles in higher clerical universities in Poland4.
A decisive importance in ZMP organizations in Poland to development of physical
education and sport, including track and field sports, was from the attitude of the Catholic
Church towards physical development. The encyclical by the Pope Pius XI contains a number
of significant citations concerning physical education. Their reprint was published in 1930 in
catholic magazine, Niedziela, which said: ‘...Catholic Church recognizes the family’s rights of
religious, moral, physical and citizenship education. The Pope does not disapprove of
APCz, SPC, sign. 34. Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży Polskiej w Częstochowie 1921-31, excerpt from the statute,
bpgn.
4
Wychowanie fizyczne w Stowarzyszeniach Młodzieży Polskiej, „Stadjon” 1925, № 32, p. 6-7.
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physical education of young people in the spirit of discipline and courage, but getting young
people accustomed to exercise and military obedience should be maintained within suitable
limits…5. The authorities in the Catholic Church consciously emphasized care for physical
development with particular focus on moderate use of exercises and recommended activities
against one-sided approach to sport. This attitude confirmed maternal approach of Church’s
doctrine, which is characterized by the fact that it can help but cannot be harmful to Christian
education...6.
At the turn of the thirties of the 20th century, organizational structure of Catholic
associations (including SMP) significantly changed. In 1927, Diecezjalne Związki Młodzieży
Polskiej Męskiej i Żeńskiej (Diocese Unions of Men’s and Women’s Polish Youth) were
included in Ligi Katolickie (Catholic Leagues) created in dioceses7, whereas four years later
in 1931, Diecezjalne Instytuty Akcji Katolickiej (Diocese Institutes of Catholic Action) were
established in the place of the League, whose main task was to manage all the Church’s
organizations and associations in the area of each diocese8. Further changes in the structure of
organizations and associations were observed in 1934, when previous head union of
Zjednoczenie Stowarzyszeń Młodzieży Polskiej was replaced by countrywide organizations
termed Katolicki Związek Młodzieży Męskiej (KZMM), with subordinated KSMM and
Katolicki Związek Młodzieży Żeńskiej (KZMŻ) with subordinated KSMŻ. First presidents of
these organizations included, respectively: E. Potoczny and J. Sobkowiak. The ecclesial
assistant for both persons was the Fr. Walerian Adamski9.
Promotion of physical education and sport in ZMP divisions occurred in the form of
every-year training of several tens of instructors and guides of physical education in
specialized camps and courses. The heads in ZMP circles included people who completed a
coaching course of physical education10. For example, 77 males and 206 females took part in
1929 in the course organized in Kurnik near Poznan. Similar coaching courses were carried
out in Sieraków in Szamotuły district. ZMP sent brochures with guidelines for corporal
exercises developed in Studium Wychowania Fizycznego Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego. Next
sport which gained popularity in ZMP right after gymnastics was track and field sports.
During Poland’s harvest festival in 1930, national sport championships were first organized in
Spała by Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Polskiej (Polish Youth Union), with active participation of
16 diocese associations. The following results were obtained during track and field events:
100 m: 12.2 s, 800 m: 2.04.6 min., 3 000 m: 9.46.3 min., relay 4 x 100 m: 48.4 s, Olympic
relay: 3.43.0 min., high jump: 1.69 m, long jump: 5.92 m, pole vault: 3.20 m, shot put: 10.94
m, discus: 36.425 m and javelin: 43.63 m11.
5
„Niedziela” 1930, № 6, bpgn.
Pius XI, Encyklika: O chrześcijańskim wychowaniu młodzieży, 31.12.1929, Poznań 1932, pp. 20-21.
7
„Goniec Częstochowski” 1931, № 49 from 1 March 1931 bpgn.
8
J. Związek, Dzieje Diecezji Częstochowskiej w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej, Częstochowa 1990, p. 263; E.
Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie wojskowe w Częstochowie i w powiecie częstochowskim w
latach 1918–1939, Częstochowa 1996, passim. Akcja Katolicka after 1934 affiliated KSMM, KSMŻ and
Katolickie Stowarzyszenia Mężów (Catholic Husbands’ Association) and Katolickie Stowarzyszenie Kobiet
(Cathollic Women Association).
9
M. Ponczek: Rozwój kultury fizycznej w Zagłębiu Dąbrowskim w latach 1886–1939, Katowice 1992, p. 103.
10
Czem są i do czego zmierzają Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży Polskiej, „Niedziela”, 1930 № 12, from 18 May 1930
bpgn., the supervisor of SMP circle ... is supposed to supervise physical education, exercises and sport. They
organize internal and inter-association competitions, prepare members for taking part in regional and union-level
competitions.
11
J. Flisak: Ruch sportowy w SMP, „Stadjon” 1930, № 52, pp. 6-7, The greatest popularity, apart from
gymnastics and track and field, was gained by team sports, football among men and volleyball among women,
whereas palant was popular in Silesian regions, basketball in Pomeranian unions (22 basketball teams took part
in ZMP championships in the Pomerania), water sports (men’s rowing in Chojnice, women’s rowing in Stargard
and swimming in Puck). Furthermore, tourism, winter sports and camping were popular in almost all the
divisions.
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1930 female youth sport circle, Kościerzyna, Poland
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During competition, young people from KSM participated in rivalry in selected track
and field competitions e.g. during championships of Poznan’s Związek
Zwią
Stowarzyszeń
Młodzieży Polskiej headed by Fr. Jarosz, Adamski and others. On 18 July 1925, the program
of competitions included 100 m, 800 m, 4x100 m races, long jump and high jump and shot
put, discus and javelin13.
Stowarzyszenie Młodzieży
Młodzie Polskiej participated in sport contacts with track and field
athletes from ZHP and TG „Sokół”.
„
. In 1929, track and field match took place in Poznan
between SMP and TG „Sokół
Sokół” for young people under 18. Team ranking category was won
„Niedziela” 1932, № 24, from 12 June 1932, bpgn.
Lekka Atletyka, zawody o mistrzostwo okręgowe
okr
Związku Stowarzyszeń Młodzież
Młodzieży Polskiej, „Przegląd
Sportowy” 1925, № 34, pp. 13-14.
13
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After 1930, Poland saw considerable increase in the number of track and field athletes
and their sport activity, both in KSMM and KSMŻ.
KSM . This conclusion can be drawn based on
the article from Niedziela weekly in June 1932, which said: according to the recent report of
the national head-office […] Zjednoczenie Młodzieży Polskiej included […] 1 669 physical
education circles […] which had […] ‘32
‘ 830 boy and girl scouts. These circles have
organized 2 679 competitions and 6 428 trips and sent 577 people to coaching courses.
During harvest
arvest festival championships in Spała in 1930, the SMPs took the lead of
organizations of rural youth, winning first prizes, including the President’s Cup’12.
Track and field sports in Katolickie Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży Męskiej
ęskiej (KSMM) and
its female counterpart, Katolickie Stowarzyszenia Młodzieży
Młodzie Żeńskiej (KSMŻ)
(KSMŻ in the period of
interwar two decades in Poland developed in the form of perfecting physical fitness. This
movement was close to sport activity of TG „Sokół”,, which provided assistance in the form of
access to their sport facilities and sport coaches to Catholic associations. The organizations
included young people under 18. In the twenties of the 20th century, it included manymany
thousand crowds of young people, who, cared by the clergymen in the spirit of Catholic faith,
also took part in sport movements, including track and field. Track and field sports in KSMM
and KSMŻ in local groups were originally of spontaneous character. They became
complementary to core activities, particularly in rural communities, where these organizations
implemented farming, military and extra-curricular
extra curricular education. Track and field in these
organizations adopted a sport form before
before and during KSM’s championships, which occurred
at school, municipal, regional or super-regional
super regional level. It was as late as in the second decade of
interwar years when track and field divisions emerged in clubs and joined PZLA structures. In
1937, there were
ere 8 track and field divisions registered in PZLA with the activity of
competitive character. They included track and field divisions of KSM: 2 divisions in
Bydgoszcz and single divisions in Kalisz, Katowice, Lipiny, Łódź,
Łód Łomża
ża and Poznan.
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1930,, track and field athletes from Koło Młodzieży Męskiej i Żeńskiej in Retkinia (author’s own collection)
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Substantial popularity in Silesia could be observed in track and field sports in the
activity of the division of Katolickie Stowarzyszenie Młodzieży
Młodzie y Polskiej.
Polskiej The most active
clubs included track and field division of
o this organization, “Naprzód” Lipiny15.
If, in 1933 in KSM track and field sports were practiced by 3,303 men and 521
women, the year 1937 saw these figures soar three times among men (8,811) and five times
among women (2,794)16. An example of development
development of track and field sports in KSMM and
KSMŻ is provided by the report on KSMM activity in Kielce in 1937. Among a number of
sports, track and field was practiced by 612 and 514 boy scouts in 1937 and 1938,
respectively17. An outstanding athlete in track and
and field events in 3rd division of KSMM was
Zenon Skawiński,
ski, with the following results during track and field events in 1935-1937:
1935
in
1935: 13.0 s in 100 m, 5.41 m in long jump, 1.50 in high jump; in 1937 he achieved his best
personal result in long jump (6.00
(
m). In the area of Częstochowa,
stochowa, track and field activities
were coached by Fr. Assistant Władysław Gawron and the honorary patronage in the
tournament was taken by the bishop Teodor Kubina, Ph.D18. According to reports by KSMŻ
KSM
for the year 1937, 639 scout
out girls belonged to this association in Częstochowa
Cz stochowa Diocese, 167 of
which practiced track and field sports19. In 1931–1934,
1934, the period of the highest activity of
KSMM and KSMŻ,, courses for sport instructors were organized during holiday in order to
protectt their own coaching staffs. The people who completed instructor courses were obliged
to teach physical education and sport activities for the period of at least two years20. That
14
W Poznaniu mecz SMP – Sokół, „Stadjon
Stadjon” 1929, № 43, p. 11.
Ożywienie w sporcie śląskim, „Raz
Raz Dwa Trzy”
Trzy 1932, № 13, p. 11.
16
Z. Grot, J. Gaj: Zarys dziejów kultury fizycznej w Wielkopolsce,
Wielkopolsce Poznań 1973, p. 247.
17
WAPK, UWK, sygn. 9446, Sprawozdania Katolickich Stowarzyszeń
Stowarzysze Młodzieży Męskiej,
skiej, pismo KSM M do Urzędu
Wojewódzkiego w Kielcach z 27. 07. 1939 r.,
r pp. 16-20; cf. E. Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie…,
przysposobienie ibid.,
pp. 100-101.
18
CzAD, Jednodniówka wydana z okazji Zjazdu Katolickiego
K
w dziesięcioleci
cioleci Diecezji Częstochowskiej,
Cz
Częstochowa
stochowa 1936, p. 39; cf. E. Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie…,
…, ibid., pp. 100-101.
100
19
„Czyn Katolicki” 1938, № 5, bpgn.; cf. E. Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie…,
przysposobienie
ibid., pp. 102103.
20
„Czyn Katolicki”, 1936 № 4, bpgn.; cf. E. Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie…,
przysposobienie
ibid., p. 103.
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by SMP’s athletes, winning with 66.5:57.5 points. SMP’s victory was particularly contributed
by Łaszczyk,
zyk, an athlete who won 5 events and was a member of 2 winning teams in relay
races. He won 60 m race (8.0 s), 100 m (12.4 s), 200 m, high jump (1.56 m) and long jump
(5.44 m) and he substantially contributed to the victory in 4x100 m relay (51.0 s) and 4x200
4x
m (4.06.00 min)14. The results of the competitions pointed to participation of young people
who were involved in track and field sports sporadically.
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1937, participants in track and field competitions by KSM in Sosnowiec, “Raz
Raz Dwa Trzy”
Trzy 1937, № 30, p. 12.
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Considerable number of young people of both sexes who practiced track and field
within KSMM and KSMŻ
Ż did not cause that their representatives, despite numerous
participation in competitions, due to a general development goals of training in catholic
organizations, achieved considerable sport success at the national level or rivalry in track and
field events. KSMM and KSMŻ
KSM substantially
tially contributed to development of health and
personality of young people in Poland in the period of 1919-1939,
1919 1939, apart from unquestionable
educational success, through the principle of ...sport
...sport companionship and Christian
friendship... and through working according to the main motto by TG Sokół i.e. ...healthy
spirit in a healthy body... and protesting against any deviations and pathologies which
occurred in sports (violence and hooliganism in fields and stadiums).
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2) Polish YMCA
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Polish organization of YMCA
YM 22 supported its program of activities on the principles
and patterns of English organizations i.e. striving for initiatives aimed at reconciliation of
different social layers at the platforms of concepts (social work), working of its members,
striving forr human ideals, working which assists achievement of realistic, practical goals...
Direction of program activities of YMCA suits best the main motto of the organization: ...be
...
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yourself in team and do good... . The main educational assumption of Związek Młodzieży
Chrześcijańskiej was striving for formation of independent attitudes. Therefore, in the utilized
educational methods in this organization, according to the assumptions of the program, the
style of activities was not imposed and no compulsion was used.
used. Voluntary activities were
connected with the necessity of formation of social environment and participation in building
social life. Supervision occurred through subtle adjustment of the activities to the needs for
self-realization
realization and the needs of the society. Program by YMCA was based on pedagogical
educational program by Pastor Arnold, the creator of the system and the character of
education in English society. In the field of sport and physical education, YMCA utilized the
principle of importance of formation of the culture of harmonious development of the body
and mind, which reminded of one of the principles of education in ancient Greeks, kalios
„Czyn Katolicki”, 1935 № 7-8,
8, bpgn.; cf. E. Małolepszy: Kultura fizyczna i przysposobienie…,
przysposobienie
ibid., p. 104.
Działalność YMCA na polu sportu,
sportu „Stadjon” 1927 № 51-52, p. 22.
23
W. Junosza: Metody wychowawcze YMCA,
YMCA „Stadjon” 1931, № 8, p. 7.
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coaching initiative was oriented towards preparation of young people to take part in the
promotion of the badges of Państwowa
Pań
Odznaka Sportowa POS (National
National Sport Badge).
Badge The
promotion of handing POS badges among the young people affiliated with KSMM and
KSMŻ was supported by Catholic magazines, e.g. Czyn Katolicki, Niedziela, Młodzież
Młod
Katolicka21.
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3. Development of Track and Field in the Environment of Rural Youth by Organizations
Organization
of Związek Młodzieżyy Ludowej, Towarzystwa Uniwersytetów Robotniczych and
Związek Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej Wici
a) ZMW
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Originally, attempts to reach rural communities with track and field did not succeed in
the interwar Poland. Patience in striving of PZLA and OZLA activists for adoption of track
and field in the programs of activities of rural social organizations eventually bore fruit.
In 1925, Związek
zek Młodzieży
Młodzie
Wiejskiej (ZMW) significantly took the lead of
popularization of track and field among young people from rural areas. During General
Assembly of ZMW in 1926, the program of this organization adopted activities connected
with promotion of physical education and sport.
sport. PZLA took the initiative of program and
technical assistance to implementation of the resolutions passed by the ZMW, which involved
...support
support for and initiation of sport activities in organizations which operate in rural
areas…25.
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1926, participants of physical education course in Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej in CWSGiS in Poznan. “Stadjon”
1926, № 48, p. 14.
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In Centralna Wojskowa Szkoła Gimnastyki i Sportów (Central
Central Military School of
Gymnastics and Sports), 4-week
week physical education course was organized from 12 October to
12 November 1926, where young people from rural areas took part for the first time. Among
30 participants, 17 people represented Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej,, whereas 13 athletes were
from Małopolski Związek
zek Młodzieży
Młodzie (Lesser
Lesser Poland Youth Association).
Association The participants
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kagathos. According to the principles of YMCA, either a weak person or a champion athlete
devoid of activities
vities and working on deepening of ethical values and the idea of their own
‘Myself’. A number of ideas by Pastor Arnold were reflected in program activity of the father
of Olympism, Baron P. Coubertin. An athlete, YMCA member, who followed organizational
rules, was set on the ground of respecting the moral requirements of fair play,
play in relation to
both sport opponents and their own person.
person An overriding goal of practicing track and field in
the organization of Polish YMCA was versatility of formation of body
body and mind. The
background contained personal success in the form of records and individual victories.
Cooperation and teamwork were fundamental goals of club activities24.
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Ibid.
Sport na wsi, „Stadjon”, 1926 № 30, p. 15.
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On 6 March 1927 in Warsaw, Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej organized a conference for
the delegates from provincial centres of ZMW, aimed at development of physical education
and sport in the country. The conference was also attended by representatives from other
social organizations, e.g.
.g. Szydłowska and Kowalewska from Związek
zek Strzelecki (Rifle Club)
and Kazimierz Wojtczak from Związek Harcerstwa Polskiego (Polish
Polish Scouting and Guiding
Association).
for
2 September 1927. Rural youth march during festival of Związek Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej in Spała.
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1927, Warsaw, commemorative photograph of the participants of physical education course
cours for ZMW delegates.
“Stadjon” 1927 № 11, p. 13.
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Activists in ZMW, the president Zygmunt Załęski
Zał ski and the general instructor for
physical education in ZMW emphasized in their speeches the need for activities which
popularize physical education and sport in rural areas. In order to overcome the insufficiency
insufficien
of staff, sport facilities such as sports halls, fields and equipment and to work with young
26
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organized and refereed track and field competition at the end of the course. All of them
received diplomas of completion of the course and were obliged to coach young people in
their native villages26.
Similar
imilar course was organized in October 1926 among active members of ZMW in
Warsaw. The program of 4-week
4 week course included free meals, accommodation and
transportation, the only cost incurred by the participants was their own sport suit and
footwear. The resolution
olution of the ZMW’s General Assembly imposed the obligation on each
circle to send at least one representative to the course27.
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Zakończenie
czenie kursu wychowania fizycznego Zwi
Związku Młodzieży Wiejskiej, „Stadjon” 1926,
1926 № 48, p. 14.
Sport na wsi, „Stadjon” 1926, № 30, p. 15.
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people in rural areas in the period corresponding to participation in sport events in rural
environments, the following resolutions were passed: (1) choosing a representative WF ZMW
for PUWF and PW, (2) necessity of participation of representatives of local ZMW
environments in coaching courses organized in CWSGiS in Poznan, (3) creation of assistant
instructor staff of the members of AZS and Państwowy Instytut Wychowania Fizycznego
(State Institute for Physical Education), (5) organization of a repository of sport equipment in
the headquarters in Warsaw. The following postulates were also proposed during the meeting:
1. Introduction of compulsory physical exercises by each member of ZMW.
2. Organization of one-month physical education course for voivodeship and county ZMW
culture instructors.
3. Emphasis in the programs of courses on the requirements concerning teaching skills for
coaching practical activities.
4. Organization of competitions with prizes, starting from county level. The participants
emphasized in their speeches a distinct progress which had been observed since 1925 in rural
sport28.
After the period of preparation for activities of development of physical education and
sport, Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej took in 1927 the following actions: the physical education
course in PE centre in Warsaw on 9 May (28 members of ZMW); since 26 May a three-week
course of physical education and sport was organized in Dąbrowa near Sarny in Vilnius
voivodeship by Wileński Wojewódzki Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej; similar course took
place in Lublin. Apart from these courses, ZMW authorities organized in July 1927 in Koło
the course for rural physical education instructors with the help of Związek Nauczycieli Szkół
Powszechnych (State School Teachers’ Union). During ZMW County Assembly in 1927,
track and field championships were organized. They took place in: Chełm, Grodzisk,
Kostopol, Opatów, Sandomierz and Sierpc. The competitions were also organized in 1927
during ZMW General Assembly in Warsaw29.
An opportunity for demonstrating sport skills among young people in the village of
Miłków between Siedlce and Parczew in Lublin voivodeship was opening and dedication
ceremony in sport field. During that celebration, track and field competition was also
organized in conditions of a rural location. The obtained results revealed the potential of the
untrained young people. In 100 m race the result of 12.2 s was obtained, the distance of 5.20
was reached in long jump, 9.00 m in shot put and, in 1000 m cross-country race, the time of
3.46.0 was achieved. All the participants took part in the events barefoot30.
Track and field competitions with participation of young people from rural areas were
also organized in Spała during national harvest festival. They were organized in 1928 by
Centralny Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej (Central Rural Youth Union), Związek Młodzieży
Wiejskiej Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej (Rural Youth Union of the Republic of Poland), Związek
Młodzieży Ludowej and Związek Osadników Wojskowych (Military Settlers’ Union). The first
competition was relay race with participation of youth representatives at the distance of 9 km
from Tomaszów to Spała. In 1928, the relay race was won by the team comprising the
members of Centralny Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej, who covered the distance of 9 km in
26.42,6 min. The winners, including Józef Borowski, Tadeusz Hepke, Jan Kuberski,
Kazimierz Kuźmicki, Konstanty Kuźmicki, Feliks Roszwoski, Jan Samecko, Władysław
Tydelski and Dominik Woroszyłło, obtained the Cup of the President of the Republic of
Poland. The celebration also included triathlon which was won by Edward Lukhaus from
Centralny Związek Młodzieży Polskiej with 1591.50 points. His individual results were: 12.8 s
Konferencja Wychowania Fizycznego Związku Młodzieży Wiejskiej, „Stadjon” 1927, № 11, p. 13.
Ruch sportowy w Związku Młodzieży Wiejskiej, „Stadjon” 1927, № 21, p. 15.
30
Sport na wsi, Miłków – ośrodkiem sportu wiejskiego w Lubelszczyźnie, „Stadjon” 1927, № 25, p. 6.
29
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1930, track and field athletes from Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej in Białystok, after cross-country
cross
race,
Kuźmicki
micki in the middle of the photograph. “Stadion” 1930, № 18, p.. 7
31
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Since 1929, the head of Federacja Związków Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej was Adam
Miłobędzki. On his initiative, the federation sent a circular with the program of sport events to
be organized for the members of the associations in 1930. The schedule envisaged
organization of two summer courses
courses and brown sport budges obtained by 7,000 of members.
Implementation of sport activities was supposed to be supervised by the program council
called into being in 1930. The most dynamic ZMW organizations in the area of development
of track and field sports
ports were in Białystok and Lublin, with particular focus on organization of
track and field competition, organization of courses for ZMW instructors and participation in
track and field national championships33. Annual competitions by Koła Związku
Zwi
Młodzieży
Wiejskiej in Lublin Voivodeship which were held on 8 June 1930 with high level of
participation of young people and the sport level confirmed consistent sport work. Over 300
male and female athletes took part in the competition. The schedule of the competitions
compe
Dożynki w Spale, „Stadjon” 1928,, № 36, p. 22.
W Warszawie rozegrany został w dniach 26–27
26
listopada zlot Związku Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej…,
Wiejskiej
„Stadjon” 1929,
№ 44, p. 15.
33
Federacji Związków Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej
Wiejskiej…, „Stadjon” 1930, № 25, p. 10.
32
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in 100m run, 6.00 m in long jump, 10.00 m in shot put. Women took part in biathlon, won by
Halina Kołodeczko from Centralny Związek
Zwi
Młodzieży Wiejskiej with 1043 points.31.
In 1929, Związek
zek Młodzieży
Młodzie Polskiej organized track and field events in the workers
stadium in Praga during the reunion sacrificed to development of physical education and
military preparation in rural areas. The results achieved during that competition: 400 m:
Kuźmicki
micki ZMW Białystok (54.0 s); long jump, shot put and triathlon: Luckhaus ZMW
Białystok with 5.96 m, 11.0 m and (missing data), respectively. Among women, triathlon was
won by Gryc ZMW Białystok (200 m: 31.0 s, long jump 4.11 m and shot put 7.41 m). A
32
cross-country
country race during competition
competition at the distance of 3,000 m was won by Kuźmicki
Ku
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1931, track and field team of Związek
Zwi
Młodzieży Wiejskiej from Białystok. „Stadjon”” 1931, № 19, p. 8
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Związek Młodzieżyy Ludowej,
Ludowej, on the initiative of BBWR activists, was registered on
1 July 1930 in Warsaw (in presence of the Government Commissioner for the capital city of
Warsaw). In the program of their activity, individual circles of ZML implemented activities of
physical and military education among the young people in rural areas35.
b) Związek Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej “Wici”
“Wici
for
pe
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al
Apart from ZML, track and field was included in the program of activities in another
organization of young people from rural
r
areas, Związek Młodzieżyy Wiejskiej Wici (ZMW
„Wici”)36. Within organization of Wici, the headquarters called into being in 1928 Komisja
Wychowania Fizycznego i Przysposobienia Wojskowego (Commission
Commission of Physical and
Military Education),
), which had been popularizing
popularizing sport, including track and field in the
column Wychowanie Fizyczne in Wici magazine. In the beginning of 1929, the structures of
ZMW Wici included 303 sports teams, which covered nearly 5,000 of members with exercise
program37.
c) TUR organization
on until 1939
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Local circles of TUR in 1926-1939
1926 1939 organized sport events whose program was
dominated by track and field and cycling38. Track and field events was also a dominant sport
34
Młodzież wiejska…, „Stadjon” 1930,
1930 № 27, p. 13.
WAPK, UWK, sygn. 628, Wykaz stowarzyszeń
stowarzysze ZML zalegalizowanych przez Ministerstwo Spraw
Wewnętrznych.
36
Związek Młodzieży Wiejskiej operated incessantly
inc
in 1928-1939. Since 1931, it was affiliated with Stronnictwo
Ludowe (People’s Party).
). It implemented cultural and educational activities and the activities oriented towards
physical education, sport and military preparation. It operated through Uniwersytety
iwersytety Ludowe (People’s
Universities).
). In 1935 a number of activists in the association were included in central authorities of Stronnictwo
Ludowe. The members of the association developed the principles of agrarianism, which became the
fundamentals of the ideology of ZMW and SL.
37
J. Gaj, K. Hądzelek: Dzieje kultury…,
kultury… ibid., p. 180.
38
AAN, Archiwum po byłym…, ibid., p. 113.
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covered men’s and women’s triathlon and almost all track and field events with the results
considerably improved compared to similar competition in 192934.
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on 18 August 1935 during one of the biggest 4th regional TUR reunion of young people in
Blachownia, where 250 people participated in the event. After dissolution of OMTUR in 1935
by PPS, its functions in the field of physical education and sport were taken over by central
and regional youth divisions of PPS39.
Besides rural youth organizations such as ZML, ZMW Wici, workers’ scout
organization Czerwone Harcerstwo (Red Scouting) and Organizacja Młodzieży Pracującej
Orlę (Organization of Working Youth “Little Eagle”), active participation in promotion of
physical exercises among rural and worker youth, with particular focus on long-distance
marches and runs was observed in Związek Strzelecki Strzelec (Rifle Club Strzelec) with 70%
of the members of rural origins. Track and field in rural areas was a program focus in Związek
Młodzieży Wiejskiej. It enjoyed particular popularity in the region of Białystok40.
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Ibid.
F. J. Krawczykowski: Wojsko a wychowanie fizyczne na wsi, „Stadjon” 1931, № 19, p. 8.

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