Unit 27 Personal computer

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Unit 27
Personal computer
A personal computer (PC) is any computer whose sales
price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals, and which is intended to be operated directly by an
end user, with no intervening computer operator.
Today a PC may be a desktop computer, a laptop
computer or a tablet computer. A PC may be a home
computer, or may be found in an office, often connected
to a local area network. The distinguishing characteristics are that the personal computer is primarily used,
interactively, by one person at a time. This is in contrast
to the batch processing or time-sharing models which
allowed large expensive systems to be used by many
people, usually at the same time. Large data processing
systems require a full-time staff to operate efficiently.
The first personal computers appeared about 1975
after introduction of the microprocessor on the market.
Early personal computers – generally called microcomputers – were sold often in kit form and in limited volumes, and were of interest mostly to hobbyists and technicians. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, home computers were developed for household use, offering useful programs (e.g. word processors, spreadsheets, databases) and games. Modern personal computers are
used also for more advanced tasks such as computeraided design, architectural modelling, computationintensive scientific and engineering calculations, and
computer graphics for animation and motion picture
visual effects.
A typical hardware setup of a desktop computer consists
of:
• computer case with power supply
• central processing unit (processor)
• motherboard
• memory card
• hard disk
• video card
• visual display unit (monitor)
• loudspeakers
• optical disc driver (usually DVD-ROM or DVD Writer)
• keyboard and pointing device.
165
personal computer – komputer
osobisty
individuals – osoby prywatne/
indywidualne
tablet computer – palmtop, komSXWHUSRGU
F]Q\
local area network – VLHüORNDOQD
primarily – JáyZQLH
time-sharing –SRG]LDáF]DVX
pracy
staff – personel
kit – ]HVWDZHOHPHQWyZF]
FL
spreadsheet – arkusz kalkulacyjny
database – baza danych
architectural modelling – projektowanie architektoniczne
visual effect – efekty specjalne
setup – konfiguracja
case – obudowa
motherboard – Sá\WDJáyZQD
video card – karta graficzna
loudspeaker – JáRQLN
pointing device – XU]G]HQLH
ZVND]XMFH
Unit 27. Personal computer
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PC block diagram
These components can be put together with little
knowledge to build a computer. The motherboard is a
main part of a computer that connects all devices together. The memory card(s), graphics card and processor are mounted directly onto the motherboard (the
processor in a socket and the memory and graphics
cards in expansion slots). The mass storage is connected
to it with cables and can be installed in the computer
case or in a separate case. This is the same for the keyboard and mouse, except that they are external and connect to the I/O panel on the back of the computer. The
monitor is also connected to the I/O panel, either
through a port on the motherboard, or a port on the
graphics card.
Several functions (implemented by chipsets) can be
integrated into the motherboard, typically USB and network, but also graphics and sound. Even if these are
present, a separate card can be added if what is available
isn't sufficient. The graphics and sound card can have a
break out box to keep the analogue parts away from the
electromagnetic radiation inside the computer case. For
really large amounts of data, an extra hard disk can be
put together in the computer case or in an external case.
The hardware capabilities of personal computers can
sometimes be extended by the addition of expansion
cards connected via an expansion bus. Most personal
computers have multiple physical PCI expansion slots.
166
put together – ]PRQWRZDüSRáF]\ü]áR*\ü
memory card – NDUWDSDPL
FL
mount – ]DPRQWRZDü
expansion slot – gniazdo rozszeU]H
separate – oddzielny, osobny
port – SRUWJQLD]GR]áF]H
implement – Z\NRQ\ZDü
break out box – obudowa ekranuMFD
hardware capabilities – PR*OLZoFLVSU]
WRZH
expansion bus – magistrala rozV]HU]H
PCI expansion slot – gniazdo
UR]V]HU]HW\SX3&,
Unit 27. Personal computer
Many also include an AGP bus and expansion slot or a
PCI Express bus and one or more expansion slots.
While early PC owners had no ready programs and
they had to write their own programs to do anything
useful with the machines, today’s users have access to a
wide range of commercial and non-commercial software
which is easily installed.
The most common operating systems are Microsoft
Windows, Mac OS and Linux. Software applications for
personal computers include word processing, spreadsheets, databases, games, and a myriad of personal productivity and special-purpose software. Modern personal computers often have high-speed connections to the
Internet, allowing access to the World Wide Web and a
wide range of other resources.
.
access – GRVW
S
operating system – system operacyjny
myriad – QLH]OLF]RQDLORü
special-purpose software – programy specjalistyczne
wide range – szeroka gama
Zwroty
with no intervening computer operator – EH]LQWHUZHQLRZDQLDRVRE\QDG]RUXMFHMSUDF
NRmputera
in contrast to the batch processing – ZSU]HFLZLHVWZLHGRSU]HWZDU]DQLDZVDGRZHJR]ELR
rowego, grupowego)
for household use – GRX*\WNXGRPRZHJR
the computer-aided design – projektowanie wspomagane komputerowo
a wide range of commercial and non-commercial software – szeroka gama komercyjnych i niekomercyjnych (darmowych) programów
a myriad of personal productivity – QLH]OLF]RQDLORüSURJUDPyZQDSLVDQ\FKSU]H]RVRE\SUywatne
2EMDQLHQLD
Chipset – ]HVSyá VSHFMDOL]RZDQ\FK XNáDGyZ VFDORQ\FK XPLHV]F]RQ\FK QD Sá\FLH JáyZQHM
NRPSXWHUDOXEQDNDUWDFKUR]V]HU]HPDMF\FK]D]DGDQLHRUJDQL]RZDQLHSU]HSá\ZXLQIRUPaFML SRPL
G]\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\PL SRG]HVSRáDPL MHGQRVWNL FHQWUDOQHM :\GDMQRü L QLH]DZRGQRü
komSXWHUDZ]QDF]FHMPLHU]H]DOH*\RGchipsetu.
3RGVWDZRZH XNáDG\ Z\VW
SXMFH Z FKLSVHWDFK WR VWHURZQLN NRQWUROHU SDPL
FL G\QamiF]Q\FK VWHURZQLN SURFHVRUD VWHURZQLN SDPL
FL cache, sterownik klawiatury oraz sterowniki
magiVWUDOSU]HUZDL'0$Direct Memory Access).
USB (Universal Serial Bus) – uniwersalna magistrala szeregowa±URG]DMVSU]
WRZHJRSRUWX
NRPXQLNDF\MQHJR NRPSXWHUyZ ]DVW
SXMFHJR VWDUH SRUW\ V]HUHJRZH L SRUW\ UyZQROHJáH 3RUW
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PRGHPXVNDQHUDNODZLDWXU\SU]HQRQHMSDPL
FLitp).
167
Unit 27. Personal computer
.
PCI-Express bus (Peripheral Component Interconnect ([SUHVV MHVW PDJLVWUDO ORNDOQ W\SX
V]HUHJRZHJRVáX*FGRSRGáF]DQLDXU]G]HGRSá\W\JáyZQHM1LHMHVWWRPDJLVWUDODZWUaG\F\MQ\P UR]XPLHQLX L QLH MHVW UR]ZLQL
FLHP NRQFHSFML Ä]Z\NáHJR´ 3&, Z ]ZL]NX ] F]\P
QLHMHVW]QLPNRPSDW\ELOQD7DNDNRQVWUXNFMDHOLPLQXMHNRQLHF]QRüG]LHOHQLDSDVPDSRPL
G]\ NLOND XU]G]H ± ND*GH XU]G]HQLH 3&,([SUHVV MHVW SRáF]RQH EH]SRUHGQLR ] NRQWUROerem.
GRAMATYKA
1. Konstrukcja Verb-Object-Infinitive
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NXSRGPLRW±RU]HF]HQLH]DVDGQLF]H±GRSHáQLHQLH (Subject – Verb – Object), np.:
Subject
Verb
Object
We
The computer
John von Neumann
I
put together
has changed
conceived
have written
a personal computer.
our life style.
a computer architecture.
a computer program.
:M
]\NXDQJLHOVNLPZ\VW
SXMHNRQVWUXNFMDNWyUDZM
zykXSROVNLPMHVWSUDZLHQLHX*\ZDQD
:NRQVWUXNFMLWHMSRGRSHáQLHQLXZ\VW
SXMHEH]RNROLF]QLN2WRSU]\NáDGWDNLHJR]GDQLD]WHkstu tej lekcji:
These components can be put together with little knowledge to build a computer.
=NRPSRQHQWyZW\FKPR*QD]EXGRZDüNRPSXWHUG\VSRQXMFQLHZLHONZLHG]RMHJREXGowie.
:]DOH*QRFLRGWHJRMDNLF]DVRZQLNVWDQRZLRU]HF]HQLH]DVDGQLF]H]GDQLDEH]RNROLF]QLNMHVW
lub nie jest poprzedzany wyrazem to.
Subject
Verb
Object
Infinitive
The program causes
data
to process.
3URJUDPSRZRGXMH*HGDQHVSU]HWZDU]DQH.
We
want
the data to process.
&KFHP\DE\GDQH]RVWDá\SU]HWZRU]RQH&KFHP\SU]HWZRU]\üGDQH
-H*HOL RU]HF]HQLHP ]GDQLD MHVW F]DVRZQLN R]QDF]DMF\ VSRVWU]HJDQLH SU]\ SRPRF\ ]P\VáyZ
(see, hear, feel, VPHOO LWS D WDN*H F]DVRZQLN make lub let, przed bezokolicznikiem nie stawiamy wyrazu to:
Subject
Verb
Object
Infinitive
I
see
the computer work.
:LG]
*HNRPSXWHUG]LDáD
We
observe the printer
print.
Obserwujemy, jak drukarka drukuje.
The teacher let
the boys
go out.
1DXF]\FLHOSR]ZROLáFKáRSFRPZ\Mü.
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GQH]DF]\QDMFHVL
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168
Unit 27. Personal computer
.
2. 3U]\PLRWQLNRZHL]DLPNRZHX*\FLHZ\UD]yZ
3RUyZQDMP\X*\FLHSU]\PLRWQLNRZHno (*DGHQLX*\FLH]DLPNRZHnone (*DGHQ).
Early PC owners had no programs, but we have a myriad.
Posiadacze wczesnych komputerów nie mieli *DGQ\FK programów, ale my mamy mnóstwo.
I have a few education programs, but Tom has none.
Mam kilka programów edukacyjnych, ale Tom nie ma *DGQ\FK.
No (*DGHQZ\VW
SXMH]DZV]H]U]HF]RZQLNLHPNWyU\PRG\ILNXMHSRGF]DVJG\none]DVW
SXMH
rzeczownik (jest zaimkiem).
Analogicznie:
Personal computers allow access to the World Wide Web and a wide range of other resources.
.RPSXWHU\RVRELVWHSR]ZDODMQDGRVW
SGRVLHFLwww i szerokiej gamy innych zasobów.
I want to buy a few other programs. &KF
NXSLüNLONDinnych programów.
W tych zdaniach other jest przymiotnikiem.
I want to buy a few others. &KF
NXSLüNLONDinnych.
W tym zdaniu others jest zaimkiem.
Zarówno other, jak i othersVIRUPDPLOLF]E\PQRJLHM0DMRQHW
VDPIRUP
OLF]E\SRMedynczej: another. Wyraz anotherPR*HE\ü]DUyZQRSU]\PLRWQLNLHPQS,ZDQWWRsee another film), jak i zaimkiem (I want to see another).
3. 3U]\LPHN)520]Uy*Q\PLF]
FLDPLPRZ\
A break out box keeps the analogue parts away from the electromagnetic radiation.
2EXGRZDHNUDQXMFDFKURQLF]
FLDQDORJRZHSU]HGSURPLHQLRZDQLHPHOHNWURPDJQHW\F]Q\P.
from – od, przed, z, ze
z czasownikiem
differ from – Uy*QLüVL
RG
prevent from – zapobiec czePX
protect from – FKURQLüSU]HG
receive from – RWU]\PDüRG
separate from±RGG]LHOLüRG
z przymiotnikiem
free from – wolny od
resulting from – Z\QLNDMF\]
safe from – bezpieczny od
far from – daleko od
z rzeczownikiem
from experience – ]GRZLDdczenia
from necessity – z koniecznoFL
from A to Z – od A do Z
from head to food – od stóp do
JáyZ
from beginning to end – RGSRF]WNXGRNRFD
from that day to this – od tamtego dnia do teraz
from time immemorial – RGQLHSDPL
WQ\FKF]DVyZ
to be distinguished from – Z\Uy*QLDüVL
]
to go from one extreme to the other – SRSDGDü]MHGQHMVNUDMQRFLZGUXJ
169
Unit 27. Personal computer
û:,&=(1,$
.
I. :VWDZRGSRZLHGQLEH]RNROLF]QLNLSU]HWáXPDF]]GDQLDQDSROVNL
become, break, burn, explode, function, lend, listen, look at, pick up, stay
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
A PC enables e-mails ......... if it is connected to a network.
A Lithium-ion battery makes the notebook ......... for three hours.
Something is wrong. I smell my computer ......... .
An object code needs further processing ......... machine code.
We encouraged them ......... one more week.
He intends me ......... to the tape.
I have borrowed theses photos for you .......... .
8. I saw the hacker ......... in the system.
9. She wants me ......... her $100.00.
10. Have you heard the battery in my mobile ......... ?
II. =DPLHQDVWURQ
ELHUQ
1. You should check your test before handing in.
2. Many young people use mobile phones.
3. They are packing the graphics cards into the break out boxes.
4. Who won the prize?
5. A thief has stolen my palmtop!
6. An unknown graphic designer created the portrait.
7. My boss told me to get ready to the flight.
8. The university authorities have decided that Mr. Been will come back.
9. Everyone has agreed that John is the best computer programmer.
10. You will have to fill in the form.
,,,3U]HWáXPDF]QDM
]\NSROVNL
1. The von Neumann (CISC) architecture employs a single bus. CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.
2. The Harvard architecture for PC utilises two busses – a data bus and a separate address bus.
3. A chipset or chip set refers to a group of integrated circuits, or chips, that are designed to
work together.
4. The PCI Local Bus is a computer bus for attaching hardware devices in a computer.
5. The Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed junction for attaching a graphics card to a computer’s motherboard.
,93U]HWáXPDF]QDM
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1. 0R*OLZRFLNRPSXWHUyZRVRELVW\FK]PLHQLDMVL
]QDF]FR]ND*G\PURNLHP
2. :VSyáF]HVQH NRPSXWHU\ RVRELVWH PDM PR*OLZRFL JUDILF]QH L SDPL
ü SRUyZQ\ZDOQH GR
profesjonalnych komputerów z przed kilku lat.
3. .RQZHQFMRQDOQDPDJLVWUDOD3&,MHVWFLJOHEDUG]RSRZV]HFKQ\PLQWHUIHMVHP
4. .RPSXWHU\GRPRZHLNRQVROHGRJLHUZ\NRU]\VWXMWHVDPHSURFHVRU\LV\VWHP\RSHUDF\MQH
co komputery biurowe.
5. /DSWRSQD]\ZDQ\WDN*HQRWHERRNLHPMHVWPDá\PNRPSXWHUHPRVRELVW\P]DSURMHNWRZDQ\P
do swobodnego przenoszenia. (do swobodnego przenoszenia – for mobility)
170
Unit 27. Personal computer
.
V. Wstaw odpowiedni przyimek:
1. This mobile phone is different ........ the one I’ve lost.
2. It was very kind ........ you to buy me such a wonderful present. Thank you!
3. How will I explain tomorrow my absence ........ work?
4. Their digital camera is quite similar ........ ours.
5. It was very good ........ you to come.
6. She is proud ........ her high marks ........ the exam.
7. Yesterday I was all day cut off ........ the network.
8. What is the most effective way to defend a computer ........ malware?
9. It was rather clever ........ Gregory to combine his business trip ........ a visit ........ his favourite museum.
10. He’s become bored ........ his last smartphone.
English humour
A jealous wife
A woman to a shop assistant in a chemist’s:
”I want my husband to pay more attention to me, and he …, you know, he spends most of his
time with his computer. Have you got any perfumes that smell like a computer?”
jealous – zazdrosna
chemist’s – drogeria
to pay attention to sth./sb. – ]ZUDFDüXZDJ
QDFRNRJR
171