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POL]\4ERY 2002,
20
mand /. (,4., = 1.)is accordhg tr) c1cf.33 So\.nljng. Tn
contlast 1o lhe inj€ction noulding Ploccs\, whjch is l1_
l\'a}'s nonsiaiionałv, ihe flo1\. oI n orrlalion during lhis
proccss .an bĆ .lchi.\ cd to bc a statioInł. [1, ]6]
Bl'using defiritions 7 rd 3.1 onc can pass fi,)m the
tunciional to the hierar.hi.al con.epi oI the s\'slem. ln
:
i;'1
' |ó.'
and nrje.lion ale uniiied' ihe il1iec|ion moul.ljr1g s)'stĆn,
lvhjch rna!'be at the sJrie tirne.egarded a5 the tru€
syslem (dels. 1.1 nnd 35) consi\ts Df thr.c sub's\,st.ms
These sut}5}'stem5, accordjng 1o det 2a .an be i1 thĆ
sane time regarded as the sYst.ms with th. sanc athl
buies, iun.tions and caiegDries as ihe n1je.1lon rnoul
dińg s)'stem. r\ccording to dcf lit rls 11-33 .n.1 37 oI
ihe jnj.ciiol molridjn8 s\.sienr, llie inje.lion moulding
system, is lor instil\.e, the mpcr svstcn, nnd thc nrjcc'
lion mouldlng nachine or mould is a sub sr'stern.
l"r:., "r -r
rnd iifornLltiDn conncctiois ar-rd spati.l .nd te por.rl
relalions. Each s]'siem is srLroundc.l b\' th. t..lmjcil
en\ ironrr$t oi a thing.
Ac.ordjng io (dei 1al the s,vslem of trrget c\isls only
1vh.n thc Bi\'cn svśtcrrrĆontajns the set ol sub svs1etns
(o) and lhe se1 oi le]auL]ns (i)' In the injĆctioi rnouLdDs
c\ist th. followinB sub's\st.n. of aunctjols: preparn
lion oI nailer (cu), injeclion (cL:) ic,, Cr = c,), rn(-.u1Ll]ng (C1) ancl re.clinrg of prescibe.l lemperalures (Crl.
Rcacl'
o.J-
nB thc }.I.s.
.l rel'
ald nou]d
(C;:)
(c'
L.cL1
r...
t.n}r.ralrrres i5 !rt€nded
= c]]L
i.-t.
'a
1o
.,
o.
=
ll
14,.4.,C,1
SnnultaneoLts\', thcrc .\ist thc,icts of rel.tiLrns: rell
lion of indifie.€ncP' re]'iio| ol inslrumeni.ltior1 .1ń.1 r.'
lation oi prelercnce.
(11
Florn the (dei' 1ó) Io]]D\fs lha1 1he re]a1ion of ]Idifi.'
rcncc.xists bcttlcrn the
li,,(a,,,41.:
targets
le.!-, ^ L-.:
(51
T}e lne.xling oI equation (]) js that ii iśnot jnPoltarlt
wheńer th€ Pręs.ńbed ten1Penture of PrePa]aiion Lrnii ol
mchcJ ńrst'
Fi\'e jnslru]nenia] re]alions n1av be iden1ilied (dĆl'
16). First, it is rlcccssarv hr r.ach th. pr.scribcd ktpemtul€ of the PlePalition ].nit and thćn thc onc of th.
L\e necess.5' lelnPeralLrc lieLd nl the mould i\
ł.,(a,,a, )ą
a.,-l c
ł' ](a,:c,,]<] a':ł ar
i6]
i']
Strictll, the qlrasLst.tiolar) tclrp!:r.tL e iield in
nou1c1 can bc lca.he.L ,]nl! aft€l
a
sefela] c)'.les, bec.lusĆ
the hjected lnaiter lrnnslers inio a mould a cerl.rin ,t!L
antiq, of he.rt. Therelorc, this \h.rl] be considered a star'
nr I
rroul.L icnrperalure fi.ld th. on., rcprpsprlted b\.
'.,i ir -
h". ir -.r....n;
tr..ror
crcl., efabling th. nouldnls
to be proclu.ed \r'ith a
lolrer, but a.ccptable quality. In thi\ .a,ie the jnstrumell
trL rel.iiorl .on b. rrritten as lollolvsl
the
P.
j(a,,ra,l-..'. + 4,
lE)
ThĆ func1ion of rrr.uldnrg caluoi be fu]fi]]cd b.i(!e
ih€ iu1lction oi jl1je.tion js ft]lfjlL']Ll:
rl,,rLa:a:)P
a,r
J a
lel
'ĄIteI noulL]ine has bccn .onPlcleL]- ihe s1n|iona
.r
ir-l
I '
'
,
|,;(a,ai,,lri
C.
+.C,.
.Ąfter 1ile lirst inje.Lion of nnttel into the rnort]d,
\om. tnle is n...ssaN to rei.h n qunsi slali.l-Lnrv ii\n-
i
' l
l ln
r.
t'"i'
tarrt to ha\'e thc co1djtions ior injectlI ńl]fi]]el], raiher
thrll th. qlrasi-statio)larv iemperiiure fielLl in moul,l:
il, LL ..4:.r e=CL + t-.,:
il]l
Based uP.. ihe re]alions foll(l\.nrg deis' Ló, Ls, 19,
th. s.t of relatil \ ld.l. 15) .an be writt.n in th. fonn:
1l:i
l', ,,.. ,1,,.1.,lr.t l
jii.c_
.Ą.cordnls lo del. 2Lr th. chJnl oi talgel l. lol
tjon nlolrlding s]-sien1 rnl\ b. Li.fnl.d .s:
r. ={1.,,1,
(131
statjrrg te]nPera1ulę iie]d,
quasi 51a11ondrt'tel!ĘeriltuLe liĆ]d) Ih. st.rltng
tcmprraturc ficl.l thr moul.l can be described as:
C':
tj)18
.J7,
Cenclal definition of inj€ction mou]din8
Bv Jufnulg the chah targets- the order Lrf inlli\ i.lu.r]
ńrIclion.L.\'oloPn1eni is fix.LL' Thc defnrition ol t]-Lc
ch.1in ol iargets, .1ś
a5 Lhe .leiin]1ic]n oi nuni Paltjil
'!c]l elnlnes 1he g.nIal dPfnlilion
ńur.ti.,ns of thc nrorL]d,
of
n1iectiN nrou]dn1B and th€ deiinilion ol ilrfornatjor
il$r ro be Jctermnled ll, l5l.
In fonr!Laling ;L gcn.ral dellniiion of injecti.n rnoULLlnlg, il is r-Lccpss.rry 1o find r paranretp. ihal reduces al1
the obsen.d Ir.ttpr io a cornn)on d.rloni|.tor. Accor
dinB to Lenk, this p.rrarn!ter j. slipar viscosity [5]. L..k
bcLie(es 1hat tl'l. ]nain str1e of a]] milttcr iśljqljd, and
thal th. solid Jrld gL,rsc.us states are onh. spe.iaL f.rns
of thc liqir stat.. Adopllon ol this Yic\!, basd .nrong
othcr thngs on th. ft]Ż/v sei Łheo( (IuzŻY Y.rriablcs),
rnakps the adoptjlrf ol a generdl dcfniitnD of jnje.lion
rn'rlrldjng ol rlLitt.r possible. Tl\e definition starts fr.rr
lhe ńt]1.ti{'i !-.i pro.edul.s and Ll.sclibes 1he l]o'L or
rnaller anLl energ\. as a pro..ss.
Inje.lion nro!lLling (die castug) of rnatrpr is all
o\'Ćl Prcssure .\..]ic nodc of P(r.eL]ure oi Prilnan'sha'
t:.'1.
tĆ.l into a ca\'it\ with the Plcs.ribed lernPeratul.. ihc
prodltcl. a nroul.llng, rl ilh a delincd shap. an.l proper
tiĆs is otulle.L bf gciatnrn anLl/or .oo]ins, some kiid
of .eactions. such as Pollrneris.lion and./ or crossljnking
POLIMERY 2002,
47,
nr
1
21
or some other mode/ and it can bc subsequcntly demo
u]d€d'
Th€ deflnliion of ]]lformaiion no1v is: C]oselooP con'
h'ol ol i.jectjon mouldjng Process can be ac1riev€d
b\'
mation Ilorv ol onc function ('3., injeciion) must be cor
rected b,v interactilrn of other functiorr (this can be realjsed .*', r'iih the aid of one sup€rordinate l€tu]ntoa'
It mrEt be ponlted out that both thcse ciefiniiions are
jnlormalicallv ver.v spnrse owing to the very high lcvcL
ol modcl's abstractiol. For this reason, lor each single
Procedure an aPPropńate defir-]jtjon rnlst be worked
out. As examples, lve Bile 1\\.o definitions, first, fo, injection molrlding proccss for thcrmoplasiic melts, and
s€cond' f.]r reaction nljection mou]ding of jnte8la] Po]'v_
urethane ioamed parts ll5l.
From th€ Point of viel\' of i]olv of matter and enelg}'
(ploccss dcfir1itiol), thc nljcction mouldhg ol th€rmo
p]astic n€lts is a hith plessL]Ie cvc]ic ode of Plocedu_
rc ol (nol1 reacti\'c) Primaly shaPing' A th€rmoP]asti.
nlelt with tl-Le ncccssarv shcar !'iscositv is injeciecl into a
.avitv with the Pr€scribed t€mPefatule' The product, a
moulding, rlith the defined shape and properties, is obtanled b,v gelation and,/oL cooljng, and it can subse
quentl_v bc dcmoulclcd.
Th€ Plocess definition of rcaction injectjon moul.ljng
of inicBral PoLlurethane fo.ned Palis ma-v be lfr]it€n
as a low-PressLfe c'vc]ic mode ol ProĆcdurc of rcactivc
Prnnalv shaPjng' Th€ comPound of nati€rs 1\.ith the
n€c€ssal)'
shear Yisc(jsitv is injccted n1to a ca\'it! \fith
the prescrib€d t€mperatLf€'
The ploduct, a mouldjng,
\\.ith the defincd shape and properties is obiained b!
polladditbn and cross-linkrr1g, accornparljcd bl foantug, and it can subsequentl_v be clemoulded.
coNcŁUsloNs
The p.rrticular ! aluc of svstcnjc approach is ihat ii
points it the universalit,v of occ rrence and teneratcs
questjons \rhich othertlise would ha|c nc\cr been
ask€d' The s)'st€nic aPprcach a]]ows a rangc ol Vcr}_
meanlnsfu1 concepiions anc1 iheories io be creat€d and
included like cybernetics, infonnatiorl tcchnologv, ccoio$', .t.. In resolving single, actual problems, the syste-
mic approach offers a general conception basc, ihe me
thodolo8,v of desiBn and improvement of svstcns,
scientific m€thod, .i.' 13]'
The main purPos€ of th€ Plesent discussiolli5 io reach
bcticr
rjnderstanding of ihe process€s that takc Place
a
in dif€lent s}'si€ms, to make the )1ccessal,v 8e]rera]isa'
tions, and tlr fomlu1ate g€n€Ial ru]es'
To lea]jse this reqtirenrcr1i, on th€ basis oi c€Itain the'
oreiical .onsjdcration, injecuon rnoulding of mntier has
bccn syst€matica1Lv ana]vsed'
R]]EERENCES
1. Ćatić I', R.os P'' RaziN''
2.
3'
I1]tefiatiada| Polyner Pro
L'.sstrs 1988, 3,198.
Catić l', Razi
RoPoh]
N':/rl'ste
c.: "Eine
|1d Ka,'tschu]ś 1987
, 34,
ai
syst€mth€orie
deL Tcchnik"'
Hansers Publisbers, Munich, Vienna'1979.
,1. Kin O., Pelikan P.r "Kibcmctika u ekonomljf',
Savlcmena adminjstracija, Beograd 19ó7, 57_1t]5'
5' LĆnk R.| ''Rheologic cler Kunstsioffe", Hansel Pu_
blishers, Nfunich, Vjcnna 1971, p. 1 -4.
C.iić I.: Po]nl./i 1988, 9' 279'
catić I', Marince] D': N'Iou]d as a Baich Reactor'
4Jth ANIEC, Dal]as, Nlav 7' to 11', 1990, P. 69H99'
Catić l', sPanićek D.I Po]r11e]'i 199a,I,295.
DIN E5S0. Berlin 197,1.
Ćatić ]'] Polin.ri l987,8,295'
Kiiufer H.: Arbeiten n t Kunstsblfer,, \rcrarbe
itun8. Band 2, 2. Auf, Springcr Verlag, Berlin,
Heidelberg, NelvYork 1981, p.27.
Cntić i.: Polvn1el Proccsslng xr the 2lst Centurv,
LLIT 2001' Rogaśka s]aiina, APri] 2001.
13. Catjć I', ol]ić R': PJi7sli/ i ś]l,n'1989' 8, 1'
11. Catić l' .t
S,vstem Ana]vsis and MorPhologica]
'j': of Nloulds lor Injection \'louldhg.
Classification
31h Annual N'Ie€ling of the Pol\'mer Proccssins So
c,ietv, St ttg.rt 1987, p. L-24.
15. catić 1', Raz1N'' Raos P.: "s)'stenjc AnaL,vsis of In'
jeciion N'Iou1ding of Po]\'rn€Is", Druśt\'oP1asiićala
i,tumaraca, Zatreb 1991.
catić ]': (llrlststoff. 197i, 65, 123'
Rec,:i
Re1,i..L1
?d t7 Vlll 2AA0.
.ttsi." 6 MA01