SPIS TREŚCI CONTENTS

SPIS TREŚCI
CONTENTS
PRAWO – THE LAW
Justyna BADZIAK
Kilka uwag na temat klauzuli niepodlegania karze z art. 259 k.k. .........................
Several comments on the clause of exemption from penalty under article 259 of
the Penal Code
Tomasz DURAJ
Tradycyjne ujęcie pracowniczego podporządkowania – wybrane problemy
prawne .....................................................................................................................
A traditional grasp of the employment subordination – selected legal problems
11
35
Ewa GAJDA
Doniosłość wschodniej kodyfikacji Jana Pawła II w aspekcie kan. 1 CIC i kan.
1 CCEO ....................................................................................................................
L’importanza della codificazione di Giovanni Paolo in termini del can. 1 CIC e
del can. 1 CCEO
63
Marcin KRAJEWSKI
Charakter prawny pracowniczego programu emerytalnego ...................................
The legal nature of the occupational pension scheme
103
Joanna KUFEL
Działalność kuratorów sądowych – rozważania w zakresie ustawodawstwa
i praktyki ...................................................................................................................
The activities of probation officers – considerations in legislation and practice
133
Jan KULESZA, Joanna KULESZA
Odpowiedzialność państw za podejmowane w cyberprzestrzeni działania zagrażające międzynarodowemu pokojowi i bezpieczeństwu ........................................
Some responsibility for cyber-attacks constituting a threat to international peace
and security
149
Katarzyna MAZUR
Promocja zdrowia w działalności Państwowej Inspekcji Sanitarnej ......................
Health promotion in the activities carried out by the State Sanitary Inspection
169
Eltjo SCHRANGE
Die verschuldensunabhängige Haftung des Vermieters .........................................
Niezależna od winy odpowiedzialność wynajmującego
191
Dagmara SKRZYWANEK-JAWORSKA
Nieważne zobowiązania ex stipulatione. Znaczenie “Impossibilium nulla obligatio est” Celsusa (D. 50,17,185) w prawie rzymskim ..............................................
Invalid obligations ex stipulatione. The meaning of Impossibilium nulla obligatio
est (D. 50,17,185) of Celsus in Roman law
205
Anna MŁYNARSKA-SOBACZEWSKA
Glosa do orzeczenia Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 9 listopada 2010 roku
(K 13/07) ..................................................................................................................
237
Recenzje
Andrew M. Riggsby, Roman Law and the Legal World of the Romans (Łukasz
Jan KORPOROWICZ) ............................................................................................
255
Rena van den Bergh, Gardiol van Niekerk (eds), Liezi Wildenboer (co-ed.),
Libellus ad Thomasium Essays in Roman Law, Roman-Dutch Law and Legal
History in Honour of Philip J. Thomas (Anna PIKULSKA-RADOMSKA) .....
259
EKONOMIA – THE ECONOMY
Paweł DYKAS
Determinanty przestrzennego zróżnicowania stóp bezrobocia rejestrowanego
w województwie podkarpackim ..............................................................................
Determinants of disparities of spatial unemployment ratio in countries of Podkarpackie voivodeship
267
Paweł DYKAS, Tomasz TOKARSKI, Mariusz TROJAK
Przestrzenne zróżnicowanie rozwoju ekonomicznego powiatów województwa
małopolskiego ..........................................................................................................
Territorial diversification of economic development of counties in Malopolskie
voivodship
281
Olga KOMOROWSKA
Osoba niepełnosprawna w Polsce i w Niemczech – wybrane aspekty prawne ......
A disabled person in Poland and in Germany – some legal aspects
311
Urszula MOTOWIDLAK
Rozwój systemów transportowych w Polsce ..........................................................
Development of transport systems in Poland
323
Igor POSTUŁA, Tomasz WOŁOWIEC
Model regulacyjny corporate governance w spółkach skarbu państwa – praktyczne implikacje dla zarządzania ...........................................................................
Regulatory model of corporate governance in Polish state companies with
trasury owns or holds: practical implications for management
343
Janusz SKODLARSKI, Andrzej PIECZEWSKI
Przesłanki transformacji polskiej gospodarki 1990–1993 ......................................
The premises of the Polish transition 1990–1993
379
Mirosław ZAJDEL
Wybrane teorie rozwoju regionalnego oraz lokalnego a rynek pracy ....................
Selected theories according to regional and local development in context of labour
market
397
STRESZCZENIA
Justyna BADZIAK
SEVERAL COMMENTS ON THE CLAUSE OF EXEMPTION
FROM PENALTY UNDER ARTICLE 259 OF THE PENAL CODE
(S u m m a r y)
Breaking of the internal unity of organized criminal groups constitutes the principal
condition for effectiveness of judicature bodies in fighting the phenomenon of organized crime.
The difficulties concerning these activities arise from the great solidarity and mutual loyalty bond
among the offenders. In view of the situation it is crucial for certain legal mechanisms to function
efficiently in order to enable the breaking of the chain of criminal solidarity by encouraging the
members of organized groups or criminal bonds to withdraw from their participation and disclose
the circumstances of committed prohibited acts before the law enforcement authorities. The
legislator, aware of the degree of threat for the public security brought by the organized crime,
provides for the statutory incentive for abandoning the path of criminal lawlessness by the
members of criminal groups, including the said clause of exemption from penalty under article
259 of the Penal Code. Obviously, this paper does not aspire to be regarded as complete study of
the issue of exemption from penalty under the article specified herein, thus all presented
comments shall concentrate in principal on three main problems which are as follows: (1) the
issue of establishing the statutory condition subject to the structure of the legal norm provided for
in the said provision, (2) attempts to establish the nature of the act in question in view of the
feature of “disclosed all relevant circumstances”, finally (3) interpretation of the condition of
“voluntariness” in withdrawal from participation in the organized group or bond.
Tomasz DURAJ
A TRADITIONAL GRASP OF THE EMPLOYMENT SUBORDINATION
– SELECTED LEGAL PROBLEMS
(S u m m a r y)
The subject of the paper is the characteristics of employment subordination of an
employee to the employer in labor relations. It is a necessary element of any labor relation.
This subordination, as an essential feature of a labor relation, determines the scope of use of
labor relation, and thus also the scope of application of the labor law.
The author, presenting a traditional grasp of labor relation, notices in the literature on
the subject substantial discrepancies in the interpretation, which refer not only to the way of
its understanding but also the mutual relations which occur between the terms ‘subordina-
tion’ and the expression ‘employer’s management’, which is used by the legislator in the
labor code.
The author notices that the traditional grasp of the employment subordination does not
always apply in reference to people who are charged with tasks requiring creativity, initiative
and far-reaching independence (people employed at the most senior managerial posts,
performing a creative job or rendering highly specialist services). The disappointment with
the traditional grasp of the employment subordination in the case of the indicated category of
subjects has become a substantial reason for the tendency to broadly interpret the employment subordination, which is present in the doctrine of labor law and judicature. As
a consequence, new doubtful concepts of employment subordination relating to autonomous
subordination and economical dependence have appeared.
Ewa GAJDA
L'IMPORTANZA DELLA CODIFICAZIONE DI GIOVANNI PAOLO II
IN TERMINI DEL CAN. 1 CIC E DEL CAN. 1 CCEO
(S o m m a r i o)
Papa Giovanni Paolo II – come supremo legislatore nella Chiesa cattolica – ha promulgato due codici di diritto canonico per instaurare un tale ordine di diritto comune (il
Codex iuris canonici nel 1983 e il Codex canonum Ecclesiarum orientalium nel 1990). In
questo modo è stata finita l´opera di aggiornamento promossa dal Concilio Vaticano II e di
revisione della legislazione ecclesiastica della Chiesa cattolica. Il Codice di diritto canonico
contiene – di regola – il diritto comune della Chiesa latina. Il Codice dei canoni delle Chiese
orientali include – anche normalmente – la normativa canonica delle Chiese orientali
cattoliche. La legislazione canonica orientale promulgata da Giovanni Paolo II nel 1990 si
applica alle Chiese orientali cattoliche ma non riguarda tutte le Chiese cattoliche orientali. Il
presente studio intende proprio illustrare la disciplina comparativa tra il Codice latino (CIC)
e il Codice per le Chiese cattoliche orientali (CCEO) – cioè nei ,,Codici di Giovanni Paolo
II” – sui primi canoni delle due codificazioni canoniche. Il problema non si può derivare dal
fatto che i canoni del Codice dei canoni delle Chiese orientali riguardano unicamente le
Chiese orientali cattoliche [...] nisi relationes cum Ecclesia latina quod attinet, aliud
expresse statuitur. Per questo motivo si limita a esaminare i alcuni problemi interrituali: ci
sono i canoni del Codice latino che si riferiscono alle Chiese orientali cattoliche, come pure
ci esistono i canoni del Codice per le Chiese cattoliche orientali che vincolano (direttamente
o indirettamente) i latini. A questo punto sembra opportuno notare che il CCEO – nella sua
apertura ecumenica – riconosce alle Chiese e comunità ecclesiali non cattoliche il diritto di
regolare la situazione giuridica dei propri fedeli secondo il proprio diritto.
Marcin KRAJEWSKI
THE LEGAL NATURE OF THE OCCUPATIONAL PENSION SCHEME
(S u m m a r y)
Occupational pension schemes (PPE) and retirement accounts (IKE, IKZE) constitute
the third pillar of the pension system in Poland. What we should understand under the
term occupational pension scheme is the program established with the consent of the
employee, through a conclusion of a company pension agreement and a management
agreement with a financial institution authorized to collect contributions, funded by the
employer and supervised by the national supervisory authority (Financial Supervision
Commission). Such a program is created in a specified form in order to accumulate resources
that come from the contributions, on the basis of the capital, which are intended to be paid
to the beneficiary after reaching the age specified in the Act.
In the Polish legal system, PPE are not financed from social insurance contributions.
Programs can operate solely on the basis of the method of a defined contribution and do
not guarantee lifelong benefits. It is a fundamental difference when compared to the PPE
in most countries in the world. The solutions adopted in Poland placed PPE outside the
term of “social security” and “social insurance”.
Joanna Paulina KUFEL
THE ACTIVITIES OF PROBATION OFFICERS
– CONSIDERATIONS IN LEGISLATION AND PRACTICE
(S u m m a r y)
In recent years interest in the functioning of the judicial guardianship departments has
been growing. This initiated the need to study all dimensions of guardians' work.
Guardianship as a specific measure of reclamation aimed at the transformation of wards'
behaviours, is facing new challenges which are the result of the changes in our country.
At present a guardian as a person executing the court judgement largely takes the blame
for his/her own initiatives and omissions, but also for the court which issued the verdict as
well as general social or economic conditions in the country.
The objective of this work is to present the results of the questioning conducted by the
Office of the Human Rights Defender and the Institute of Justice in relation to the reported
Guardians targets. Particular attention, on the background of the whole of the institution
presented, has been attributed to the meaning of media which through prudent conducting of
probation promotion should form the basis for a rational assessment of the social work of the
guardians.
Jan KULESZA
Joanna KULESZA
STATE RESPONSIBILITY FOR CYBERATTACKS
CONSTITUTING A THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY
(S u m m a r y)
The paper presents the international law mechanism allowing to prosecute a state for
electronic threats generated from its territory, directed against a foreign sovereign. It
discusses the possibility to recognize a cyber-attack as an act of international aggression and
shows it difficult at the present state of international debate. It than reaches to the traditional
notion of state responsibility for the lack of due diligence as the source of states responsibility for cyber-attacks. Such due diligence should be conducted through sufficient criminal
law regulation, properly executed in order to prevent electronic attacks. In order for a sufficient
legal system of protection against cyberattacks to be created, an international debate,
resulting in international guidelines, should be initiated. The results of such a debate would
than allow for the uniformity of national criminal law regulations. As a starting point for
such a debate a rough analysis of the Polish penal code rules, especially its Chapter XXXIII,
has been presented. The Authors point to the need of an international debate on the system of
protection against cyberattacks on key state electronic infrastructure, emphasizing however
the already existent international obligation for states to take responsibility for attacks
conducted form their territory.
Katarzyna MAZUR
HEALTH PROMOTION IN THE ACTIVITIES CARRIED OUT
BY THE STATE SANITARY INSPECTION
(S u m m a r y)
The aim of this article is to present the activities of the State Sanitary Inspection in the
scope of health promotion. The organization, tasks and the field of the activities of the State
Sanitary Inspection bodies are set out in the Act on State Sanitary Inspection of 14th March
1985. The State Sanitary Inspection is on assignment to carries out public health policy. The
organizational units of this institution pursue the public health tasks taking preventive and
current sanitary supervision, conducting preventive and anti-epidemiological activity with
respect to infections diseases as well as conducting the educational and healthy activity. The
issues concerning the health promotion play a crucial role in the educational and healthy
activity of this Inspection. The health promotion might be also undertaken by the State
Sanitary Inspection in the field of e.g. current or preventive sanitary supervision. However,
in this sphere the health promotion has only an additional and supporting character. Within
the educational and healthy activity, the State Sanitary Inspection promotes health by using
non-imperious legal forms of public administration activity1. The division of non-imperious
legal forms into: bilateral and unilateral one’s which was presented in a doctrine by T. Kuta
has application in the activity of the State Sanitary Inspection relating to issues of the health
promotion. The bilateral non-imperious forms are connected with collaboration among the
State Sanitary Inspection and public and non-public entities. This collaboration is usually
carried out as a nationwide or local long-term programmes or actions. However, the
unilateral non-imperious forms of the State Sanitary Inspection are completed in the form of
appeals and manifestos aimed at the single-reaction (e.g. social or media campaigns).
Eltjo SCHRANGE
NIEZALEŻNA OD WINY ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚĆ WYNAJMUJĄCEGO
(S t r e s z c z e n i e)
Niniejszy artykuł dotyczy aktualnego w prawie współczesnym problemu odpowiedzialności wynajmującego, za wady fizyczne rzeczy oddanej w najem, i odwołuje się w tym
zakresie do historycznej argumentacji emerytowanego już profesora prawa rzymskiego
z Uniwersytetu w Bochum – Christopha Krampa. Autor ten analizuje problem reżimu
i zakresu odpowiedzialności wynajmującego w oparciu o pochodzący z komentarza Ulpiana do edyktu fragment D. 19.2.19.1. Zgodnie ze stanowiskiem Cassiusa, oddający w najem nieszczelną beczkę, z której wyciekło wino, odpowiada do wysokości interesu względem najemcy, nawet wówczas, gdy wynajmujący o wadzie nie wiedział. Profesor
Ch. Krampe wyjaśnia tę surową, niezależną od winy odpowiedzialność locatora opartym
na bona fides, zgodnym porozumieniem stron oraz zauważa, że współczesne ustawodawstwa właśnie gwarancyjny reżim uczyniły ogólną regułą, która rządzi odpowiedzialnością
wynajmującego. Z glosy Excusata do D. 19.2.19.1 wynika jednakże, że gwarancyjna odpowiedzialność wynajmującego była raczej wyjątkiem, a nie regułą, bowiem ta nie obowiązywała ani w odniesieniu do emptio-venditio, ani commodatum. Jeśli zatem odszkodowanie obejmowało damna zgodnie z regułą, a zgodnie z wyjątkiem więcej niż damna, to
można zadać pytanie, czy zasadne jest, jak to czyni prof. Ch. Krampe, uzasadnienie omawianego wyjątku klauzulą bona fides.
1
More about legal forms of public administration activity – M. Możdżeń-Marcinkowski,
Introduction to Polish Administrative Law, Warsaw 2009, p. 119–132.
Dagmara SKRZYWANEK-JAWORSKA
INVALID OBLIGATIONS EX STIPULATIONE.
THE MEANING OF IMPOSSIBILIUM NULLA OBLIGATIO EST (D. 50,17,185)
OF CELSUS IN ROMAN LAW
(S u m m a r y)
This article concerns the issues of invalid obligations ex stipulatione and the meaning
of the Celsus phrase Impossibilium nulla obligatio est (D. 50,17,185) in Roman law. It
presents in a polemic way two groups of the opinions, which can be found in the literature.
The older theories adapt the civil law achievments to the ground of Roman law, what does
not help to understand the concept of initial impossibility in Roman law. This research
method is concentrate on the function of impossibility and does not indicate the reason of
invalidity of the ex stipulatione obligations. At the same time it does not explain the meaning
of the Celsus sentence. In the opposition there are in the newer literature an alternative
theories to found, which analyse the invalid obligations ex stipulatione in relation to the
concept of the valid formation of contract. According to these newer attempts the explanation of the meaning of the Celsus’ phrase seems to be more reliable.
Paweł DYKAS
DETERMINANTS OF DISPARITIES OF SPATIAL UNEMPLOYMENT RATIO
IN COUNTIES OF PODKARPACKIE VOIVODESHIP
(S u m m a r y)
The aim of this paper was describe the determinants of the unemployment rates in the
counties of Podkarpackie voivodeship between 2003 and 2008. The registered unemployment rates were presented, together with the rates of employed in tree sectors of the regional
economy: agriculture, industry and services. The author also aimed to conduct statistical
analysis of the influence of diversity of employed in different sectors on the unemployment
rate in counties of Podkarpackie voivodeship. The highest unemployment rates were
observed in counties, where agriculture plays the major role. Contrary to this, counties
located near local biggest cities like Rzeszów and Krosno and traditionally the most
developed local centers like Dębica, Mielec and Tarnobrzeg were characterized by relatively
low unemployment rate because these counties are industry oriented.
Paweł DYKAS
Tomasz TOKARSKI
Mariusz TROJAK
TERRITORIAL DIVERSIFICATION OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
OF COUNTIES IN MALOPOLSKIE VOIVODSHIP
(S u m m a ry)
The aim of this paper is to present the local diversification of the economic development of counties in Malopolskie voivodship between 2002 and 2008 year. Authors used a set
of stimulants (total sold production of industry per capita, gross value of fixed assets per
capita, investment per capita and wages) and one destimulant (unemployment rate) to
estimate the economic development taxonomic indicators of 22 counties in Malopolska. The
results proved that Cracow and Tarnow had the highest values of the indicator. Not too far
behind them were the following counties: chrzanowski, olkuski i oświęcimski oraz Nowy
Sącz. Contrary to this, the lowest values of the development indicator could be observed in:
proszowicki, miechowski, dąbrowski and tarnowski counties.
Olga KOMOROWSKA
A DISABLED PERSON IN POLAND AND IN GERMANY
– SOME LEGAL ASPECTS
(S u m m a r y)
Germany is the example of a country, in which preventing social exclusion of a disabled person is treated as a basic aim of the social politics. Right now Poland is on a stage of
changes both in the social attitudes towards the disabled and the legal aspects.
In the year 2003 in Germany there were almost twice as many disabled people as in
Poland in the absolute numbers (8,4 million and 4,5 million). In Poland there are a lot of
people who do not feel disabled, but who maintain the status of disabled people.
The definition of a disabled person used in Germany and in Poland differ in the way
they describe the disabled person, differentiate the levels of disability and the symbols of the
disabled.
The Polish definition of a disabled person describes the disability as an inability to play
a social role – the ability to work in particular. The German definition characterizes the
disability as a restricted ability to play a role in the social life, which is understood as
a possibility to work, but also other aspects of social existence.
In Poland the right to obtain most benefits depends on the income – the help given to
the disabled people has got the features of the social benefits. In Germany all the help
depends on the needs of a particular person.
Urszula MOTOWIDLAK
DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT SYSTEMS IN POLAND
(S u m m a r y)
The purpose of this article was to present problems concerning development of transport systems in Poland. The principles of sustainable development were included there. The
changes of quantity and work structure which were recorded in 1995–2009 both in passenger
and goods transport led to the predominance of transport by car. Analyzing the pace of
developments in car service it is assumed that the way of these changes will be also current
in foreseeable future. Moreover, the attention was paid to bigger disproportions in a structure
of means of good transport in Poland than in Europe.
Igor POSTUŁA
Tomasz WOŁOWIEC
REGULATORY MODEL OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
IN POLISH STATE COMPANIES WITH TREASURY OWNS OR HOLDS:
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
(S u m m a r y)
This article is an analysis of selected and the most important elements of the regulatory
model of corporate governance in the Polish state companies with state treasury owns or
holds. The analysis is based on the elements of corporate governance for members of the
state companies, the relationship between state companies, the entitlement of employees and
selected financial relationships.
Janusz SKODLARSKI
Andrzej PIECZEWSKI
THE PREMISES OF THE POLISH TRANSITION 1990–1993
(S u m m a r y)
Most of the publications concerning Polish political and economical transitions
emphasize its assumptions and course of events. This article aims at revealing the premises
of the success of Polish transition. The method of research applied in this text is the analysis
of wide range of documentation concerning conceptions of Polish economists before year of
1990, Solidarity Movement Archives, Archives of Polish People’s Republic. This analysis
led the authors to conclusions that there were many reasons for quick start and success of
first stage of the Polish transition. These main factors are: qualifications of Polish economists
and their invaluable contacts with western colleagues, the Balcerowicz Plan and the way it
was put into practice, the help of international institutions as IMF and WB and the great
social support for that painful economical changes.
Mirosław ZAJDEL
SELECTED THEORIES ACCORDING TO REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT
IN CONTEXT OF LABOUR MARKET
(S u m m a r y)
In contemporary world there are numerous socio-economic events. It becomes to count
them among intensive transformations in regional development. This article is a trial to seize
the most important conceptions according to regional (and local) development (in the context
of labour market). It was told more over (among others) processes of polarization and
networking. In the end of the article it was also paid attention to another important
phenomenons playing meaningful role in regional development (for example clusters), also
Polish situation was taken into some consideration.