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Journal of Health Promotion and Recreation
Rzeszow 2011 2
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Faculty of Physical Education, University of Rzeszow (Poland)
LITERATURE RESEARCH ON ACADEMIC PHYSICAL EDUCATION,
SPORT AND TOURISM ACTIVITIES IN THE PERIOD OF THE
SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC
Key words: physical culture, physical education, academic sport, Academic Sports
Association, the Second Polish Republic, period between the wars
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Physical culture has been a target issue for Polish historians for many years. They
have been particularly interested in the period of twenty years between the World Wars,
because this is the time when ideological and organizational basis for academic physical
activities were established. In that period there were six universities and twenty-six other
colleges or universities. Even though in the Second Polish Republic physical education wasn’t
introduced as a regular subject at the type of schools being discussed,some academic
associations were created to encourage students to take up different forms of physical activity.
Their work was frequently mentioned in academic chronicles as well as in different reports
and documents which described the actions of organizations promoting physical culture
among students. Although historians dealing with this matter regard those sources as essential
materials, there is no complete study of academic physical culture in the period discussed.
Historians of physical culture began to do more research into physical education, sport
and tourism after the World War II. The development of a new system of universities and
colleges connected with physical culture and the extension of academic curricula of physical
culture made it possible to do a more detailed research. The mostsignificant scientific centre
was the Academy of Physical Education in Warsaw, and other important schools were in
Poznan, Krakow and Wroclaw. In the next years there were even more scientists who dealt
with physical culture. Until the end of the XX century, the research workers from the Institute
of Physical Culture in Gorzów Wielkopolski constituted the biggest group. One of the
researchers was Jerzy Chełmeckiwho presented thoroughly the state of research on the history
of physical culture in the period of twenty years between the World Wars70.
In our research work, we would like to draw attention toPolish students’ physical
culture in the period mentioned above. It should be clearly stated that in those times it was a
completely new field. After Poland had regained independence, Polish academic curricula
didn’t include physical education classes. The proper development of this subject was not
possible due to the lack of sports facilities and qualified teaching staff. In this situation
students themselves often took the initiative to practice physical exercises and organise trips
as well as different competitions. As years went by, they were more and more frequently
supported by different organizations and associations (e.g. Academic Sports Association,
BratniaPomoc Society and academic sports clubs).
Many historians emphasized the evolution of academic physical culture. However, so
far nobody developed a monograph on the whole of the problem. There is not any detailed
J. Chełmecki: Stan badań nad historią kultury fizycznej w Dwudziestoleciu Międzywojennym, (w) Z
najnowszej historii kultury fizycznej w Polsce, tom VI, Prace naukowe Letniej Szkoły Historyków Kultury
Fizycznej, pod red, L. Nowak. Gorzów Wlkp. 2004, s. 93-107
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Maciej Huzarski,
Agnieszka Huzarska
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homogenous work on academic physical culture in the period of the Second Polish Republic
either.
Most works in this field concern the activities of Academic Sports Association in
particular academic centres. One of the researchers who dealt with the development of this
organization in the period between wars was RyszardWryk who represented the academic
centre in Poznan. He produced numerous works on Academic Sports Association history. One
of his works, Akademicki Związek Sportowy 1908-193971 has two chapters on the subject of
academic physical culture. He presented the evolution of Academic Sports Association in
different academic centres like Warsaw, Cracow, Poznan, Lvov, Vilnius, Lublin and Gdansk
on background of complicated political, social and economic situation in Poland at that time.
Moreover, he discussed the activities of various sections, their sports results, financial
situation and sports facilities.
Two other works by Ryszard WrykAZS 1908-1983 wspomnienia pamiętniki and Sport
akademicki w relacjach i wspomnieniach72 discuss the history of Academic Sports
Association from a different point of view. As the author stated they are “a valuable source of
knowledge about the past and history of academic sport in Poland”. He also said that they
gave more information than any other publication before. The books contain accounts and
memories given by people who worked for the association, as well as coaches and athletes
who contributed to the development of the organization. Some of them were the founding
fathers and the first members of the association, outstanding trainers and athletes, who were
shining medallists of different championships. In his first work the author gave thirty four
random accounts and each of them is a separate piece of history. Those accounts are given
mostly by athletes, coaches or activists, in other words, people associated with professional
sport in the period of the Second Polish Republic. Another publication Sport akademicki w
relacjach i wspomnieniach73is divided into five parts. The second part presents the
experiences of people closely connected with AZS in that time. The period is described by
fourteen people. Special attention should be paid to Halina Konopacka (a gold medal winner
at the Olympic Games), Włodzimierz Długoszewski and Jarosław Śmigielski (Polish
representatives, participants in academic tournaments and European championships) or
Romuald Wirszyłło (the founder of Polish volleyball).
Ryszard Wryk discussed the subject of Academic Sport Association activities also
during conferences, and in different magazines and scientific journals, for example, he gave a
speech on his article entitled Akademicki Związek Sportowy 1908-198374during the Scientific
Conference in Rzeszów in 1984. Another example is a two-part discourse upon the 75th
Anniversary of AZS, published in a monthly Sport wyczynowy. In his description of the
Association’s activities in the Second Polish Republic he paid attention to the fact that AZS
contributed to the development of sport in Poland. It influenced the creation and organization
of other sports associations and made amateur sports more popular in academic environments.
Furthermore, AZS appeared on the international level. He focused on AZS in the Free City of
Gdansk. In Poland the Association introduced many disciplines and advocated the women’s
sports. In addition, RyszardWryk wrote about the importance of physical education in the
Free City of Gdansk. In this city, not only did they care about the physical activities of
students, but they also tried to manifest the fact that Gdansk was a Polish city. Ryszard Wryk
R. Wryk: Akademicki Związek Sportowy 1908-1939, Poznań 1990
R. Wryk: AZS 1908-1983 wspomnienia pamiętniki, Poznań 1985
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R. Wryk: Sport akademicki w relacjach i wspomnieniach, Poznań 2009
74
R. Wryk: Akademicki Związek Sportowy 1908-1983, (w) Sport i wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku
akademickim, pod red. K. Obodyńskiego, Warszawa 1985, s. 13-32
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discussed the development of AZS in Siedemdziesiąt lat AZS75 as well. The article was
published in Akademicki Przegląd Sportowy.
Ryszard Wryk did a detailed research on the history of Academic Sports Association
of Poznan in his rich bibliography. The results of his research are presented in the following
books: Zarys działalności Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Poznaniu 1919 – 194976,90
lat Akademickiego Związku w Poznaniu77, and in the article AZS Poznań 1919 – 198478. First
he gives an outline of the sports traditions in Poznan, and then he discusses thoroughly and
interestingly the origins and activities of AZS of Poznan. It is worth mentioning that in the
period between the wars Poznan was one of the main educational and scientific research
centres in the field of physical culture. Moreover, the foundation of the Faculty of School
Hygiene and Physical Education in 1919 enormously affected the development of physical
education in the city of Poznan. The same can be said about the Central Military School of
Gymnastics and Sport which cooperated with former one. In addition, the author mentions
Eugeniusz Piasecki who made a significant contribution towards the evolution of physical
education. The following pages are designed to give information on the activities of AZS,
taking into account both the sports sections and the organizational units. The other thing to
consider is the financial situation of the association as a crucial factor in pursuing any activity
and creating proper sports facilities. In the chapter about professional sport he underlines both
the regular development of particular disciplines and successful academic athletes at the
domestic and international levels.
The development of Academic Sports Association in Poznan during the period
between wars was also raised by Seweryn Warsicki in his work Działalność Akademickiego
Związku Sportowego w Poznaniu 1919-196979. Chapter One is about the cultivation of
physical culture by the Poles in the Prussian annexation. He emphasized the fact that Polish
teachers and doctors insisted on physical culture and sport promotion. He also mentioned
young Poles who always got interested in new disciplines practiced by the Germans. A
breakthrough was the establishment of the first branch of “Sokół” Gymnastics Associations in
Inowrocław in 1884. That was the first branch in Wielkopolska Region. It was followed by
rapid development of physical education and sport. As a result, Związek Polskich
Towarzystw Sportowych(A Society of Polish Sports Associations) was established.
The further part of the book discusses the origin of AZS in Poznan and its growth in
the following years. As S. Warsicki stresses, the foundation of the College of Physical
Education in Poznan, was a very important point in the history of physical culture in Poland
because it made physical education an essential part of culture. While describing the
development of AZS at different academic institutions in Poznan, the author drew attention to
organizational structure and financial resources including the facilities and the staff. He also
examined the development of particular sections: rowing, swimming, fencing, tennis,
athletics, sailing, ice-hockey, boxing and team games. He didn’t present those sections which
were not popular at that time so they didn’t act on regular basis: gymnastics, shooting, skiing,
table tennis, skating and horse-riding.
The whole of the subject concerning AZS was raised in the prospectus issued to mark the 60th
Anniversary of this organization. Some important facts can be found in this publication, but it
was issued to celebrate a special occasion, in the form of memorandum book. Similarly, some
AZS issues Półwieku z AZS80 or 100 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego81treat the
R. Wryk: Siedemdziesiąt lat AZS, (w) „Akademicki Przegląd Sportowy” z 1988 (8/62)
R. Wryk: Zarys działalności Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Poznaniu, Poznań 2007, s. 19-56
77
R. Wryk: 90 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w poznaniu, Poznań 2009,
78
R. Wryk: AZS Poznańn1919-1984, (w) „Akademicki Przegląd Sportowy” z 1985/1
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S. Warsicki: Działalność Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Poznaniu 1919-1969, Poznań 1969, s. 7-60
80
Pół wieku Akademickiego Związku Sportowego. Sukcesy, cyfry, fakty, porażki, wspomnienia, anegdoty, pod
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subject in a similar way. However, the effort of the authors who collected their memories and
accounts should definitely be appreciated because they convey a picture of how the
organization managed to work in the period which was not easy for Poland.
The activity of AZS also became the target of interest of Czesław Michalski. He
described the results of his research in 75 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego(Krakow
1983). The most precise AZS description is given on the example of academic centre in
Krakow. In his book Akademicki Związek Sportowy w Krakowie 1909-194582the writer
presented the origin of AZS clearly and thoroughly, as well as the main aspects of its
activities. Chapter Four entitled Główne kierunki i formy działania w okresieniepodległości
(1918-1939) is dedicated to the period of the Second Polish Republic.
Czesław Michalski based his research on the records collected at Jagiellonian
University Archives and printed records of AZS Krakow. He presented in an absorbing way
the outline of the history of particular sections and the athletes’ domestic and international
successes. It has to be emphasized that the beginnings were hard as in 1918 there were only
three sections (rowing, skiing and tennis) including 207 members. Having taken into account
the annual reports he presented the profiles of particular board members, coaches and athletes.
At the same time he showed different aspects of the organization’s development. The book as
preceded by Michalski’s essayentitled Działalność AZS Kraków w latach II Rzeczypospolitej83
published in a post-conference proceedings Sport i wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku
akademickim edited by K. Obodyński.
The activities of the biggest academic sport organization in the period of the Second
Polish Republic were also presented on the example of other Polish cities.
Jerzy Gaj did some research on academic sport in Gdansk. In his work Zarys historii
polskiej kultury fizycznej w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku 1920-193984 the discussed the activities
of organizations such as: Academic Sports Association, Flying Club of Gdansk and Academic
Sea Club. All those clubs functioned within the framework of Bratnia Pomoc Society,
Students’ Association at Gdansk University of Technology. The fundamental aim of the
association was to encourage all Polish students to get involved in the organization. J. Gaj
devoted a great deal of attention to Academic Sports Association, established in 1921, which
adopted the promotion of sport in academic environments as a primary goal. The writer
described the beginnings of the club which was first located in the Student’s Dormitory which
had its own sports field and tennis courts. He also described how particular sections worked:
rowing, athletic, tennis, fencing, skiing and shooting sections. The second academic
organization, the Flying Club of Gdansk, was created in 1928. At the early stage the club had
just over a dozen members, but in the late 1930s the number grew up to 140 members
including 37 aircraft pilots and 17 glider pilots. The book describes their achievements despite
the lack of proper equipment. J. Gaj also wrote a lot about Academic Sea Club, established in
1932, which followed the tradition of the Polish Yacht Club. Not only did he describe the
organization of the club, but also the issues referring to training activities and sailing boats as
well as equipment.
Another work discussing the activities of Academic Sports Association in Gdansk is
Historia Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Gdańsku 1921-196185 edited by Janusz
op
red. S. Bardyn, Warszawa 1962
100 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego, opracowanie H. Hanusz, B. Korpak, wydanie specjalne
„Akademickiego Przeglądu Sportowego” Pisma Zarządu Głównego AZS, Warszawa 2008
82
Cz. Michalski: Akademicki Związek Sportowy 1909-1945, Kraków 2007, s. 57-115
83
Cz. Michalskiego: Działalność AZS Kraków w latach II Rzeczypospolitej, (w) Sport i wychowanie fizyczne w
środowisku akademickim, pod red. K. Obodyńskiego, Warszawa 1985, s. 149-157
84
J. Gaj: Zarys historii polskiej kultury fizycznej w Wolnym Mieście Gdańsku 1920-1939, Warszawa-Poznań
1976, s. 75-93
85
Historia Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Gdańsku 1921-1961, wydawnictwo jubileuszowe z okazji 40-
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Gąssowski and Roman Stanowski. This work was published to mark the 40th anniversary of
Gdansk Academic Sports Association. The authors emphasize that the organization aimed not
only at improving general fitness, but it was also an attempt to manifest the Polish nationality
in the Gdansk Region. This kind of context was used to show the profiles of the
organization’s founders, coaches and athletes. This work was based on personal records,
reviews and stories produced by different members of the organization, focusing on the
activities and sport results of particular sections.
Academic Sports Association in Lublin is the next organization depicted in a
publication to mark anniversary connected with this organization. There are two works which
present the record of the most important events and occasions as well as the results of
particular sections. The worksare: 50 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Lublinie
1922-197286by Leszek Maria Ruppert and 80 lat AZS Katolickiego Uniwersytetu
Lubelskiego87by Stanisław Dobosz. This organization, which was created in 1922, was
protected in a special way by church and academic authorities. Until the Second World War
Lublin AZS had about 180 members belonging to 12 sections: fencing, football, athletics,
tennis, boxing, skiing, swimming, basketball, volleyball, handball, hockey and table tennis.
The subject of sports organizations in the Second Polish Republic in Vilnius was brought
up in a monograph edited by Henryk Laskiewicz and entitled Kultura fizycznana
Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1900-193988. The author briefly outlined how four sports
organizations at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius worked. Other organizations were only
mentioned by name. The organizations were:
- Academic Sports Association, created in 1921 - at first it had four sections: track-andfield athletics, football, hockey and table tennis;
- Academic Sera Club, created in 1932 – organized competitions and sailing training
camps;
- Jewish Academic Club of Sport and Gymnastics, created in 1924 – it had 16 different
activities;
- Academic Scout Club;
- Academic Hunting Association; - Students’ Club at the Art Faculty of Stefan Batory
University – organized camps, sailing trainings and trips;
- Academic Tramp Club – dealing with tourism and kayaking;
- Fraternal Aid at Stefan Batory University;
- Academic International Relations Association „Liga”, the Vilnius department.
The historical research on Vilnius ASZ was slightly broadened in Adam
Ćwikliński’sFragmenty z historii AZS Wilno89, Czesław Michalski’s Sport akademicki w
Wilnie w latach 1919-193990These authors discussed the origin of the organization and the
first years of its activities. Furthermore, they wrote about particular sections which weren’t
successful in that time and about the problems concerning the facilities and the training staff.
There wasn’t any monograph of the Academic Sports Association of Lvov either. A
short outline of this organization’s work in the period between wars can be found in a
brochure published to mark the 10th anniversary of the organization Zamiast uroczystości
op
lecia AZS Gdańsk, pod red. J. Gąssowskiego, R. Stanowskiego, Gdańsk 1962, s. 12-34
L.M. Rouppert: 50 lat Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Lublinie 1922-1972, Lublin 1972, s. 9-70
87
S. Dobosz: 80 lat AZS Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego, 22.01.1922 – 22.01.2002, Lublin 2002, s. 3-6
88
Kultura fizyczna na Wileńszczyźnie w latach 1900-1939, zarys monograficzny dziejów, pod red. H.
Laskiewicz, szczecin 1998, s. 21-50
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A. Ćwikliński: Fragmenty z historii AZS Wilno, (w) Sport i wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku akademickim,
pod red. K. Obodyński, Warszawa 1985, s. 129-147
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Cz. Michalski: Sport akademicki w latach 1919-1939, (w) Przyszłość polskiej kultury fizycznej, pod red. M.
Orlewicz-Musiał, R. Wasztyl, Zeszyty Naukowe nr 89 AWF Kraków, Kraków 2004
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jubileuszowych z okazji 10-lecia AZS we Lwowie91. The brochure has only several pages
where we can find something about the beginnings of this organization, the memories of
people involved in the association and some information about different sections: football,
athletics, shooting, ice hockey, team games, skiing, water sports, swimming, chess, table
tennis, fencing, cycling, boxing, touring and some other ones.
So far nobody has taken an attempt to produce a cohesive paper on the history of
Warsaw AZS or Cieszyn AZS. Academic Sports Association in Warsaw was one of the most
resilient organizations in that time but the only publications available present the development
of particular disciplines at the association. The first work of this type was published in 1939
and referred to academic handball. Publications like this were mostly records of sports results.
Other historians also described the origin of specific sections, the profiles of people
responsible for the development of various disciplines, the arrangement of the sections, sports
facilities and the athletes’ achievements in Poland and abroad. We canobtain information on
this topic in, for example, 50 lat piłki siatkowej ASZ AWF Warszawa 1924-197492 , Rozwój
piłki ręcznej AZS Warszawa w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej and Piłka nożna w AZS Warszawa
1918-193993. Publications concerning the contribution of Academic Sports Association
towards the development of different sports disciplines constitute another group of works on
the subject.
Historical researchers from various academic environments superficially treated the
subject of the most popular academic sports disciplines in the period of the Second Polish
Republic. The focused mostly on sports results achieved by different contestants during
various domestic tournaments. The following Works deal with the subject: Wkład
Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój sportu szermierczego w Polsce94, Wkład
Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój piłki siatkowej w Polsce95, Wkład
Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój piłki ręcznej w Polsce96, Wkład Akademickiego
Związku Sportowego w rozwój tenisa ziemnego w Polsce97, Akademickie wioślarstwo
regatowe Poznania, Warszawy i Wilna w latach 1919-193998, Wioślarstwo akademickie w
Krakowie w latach 1910-193999, Z dziejów Akademickiego Związku Sportowego – tenis
stołowy (1928-2008)100, Najlepsi lekkoatleci w historii AZS101, Działalność sekcji narciarskiej
AZS w Krakowie w latach 1909-1923102, Powstanie i początki działalności sekcji pływackiej
on
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Zamiast uroczystości jubileuszowych z okazji 10-lecia AZS we Lwowie, Lwów 1934. Zbiory Biblioteki im
Stefanyka we Lwowie, sygn.. 225519
92
50 lat piłki siatkowej AZS AWF Warszawa 1924-1974, pod red. Wirszyłło R, Warszawa 1989
93
15 lat piłki ręcznej w AZS Warszawa 1924-1939, Warszawa 1939
94
T. Karuga: Wkład Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój sportu szermierczego w Polsce, (w) Sport i
wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku akademickim, pod red. K. Obodyński, Warszawa 1985, s. 241-267
95
K. Staniszewski: Wkład Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój piłki siatkowej w Polsce, (w) Sport i
96
W. Stawiarski: Wkład Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój piłki ręcznej w Polsce, (w) Sport i
97
J. Gąssowski: Wkład Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w rozwój tenisa ziemnego w Polsce, (w) Sport i
98
R. Kobendza: Akademickie wioślarstwo regatowe Poznania, Warszawy i Wilna w latach 1919-1939, (w) Sport
i wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku akademickim, pod red. K. Obodyński, Warszawa 1985, s. 93-97
99
W. Pięta: Z dziejów Akademickiego Związku Sportowego – tenis stołowy (1928-2008 ) in honorem Andrzej
Grubba, Łódź 2010
100
Najlepsi lekkoatleci w historii AZS, (w) „Akademicki przegląd Sportowy” z 1988/5/59
101
R. Kołodziej: I. Tabaczek-Bejster: Działalność sekcji narciarskiej AZS w Krakowie w latach 1909-1923, (w)
Akademicka kultura na przełomie stuleci, t. 2 Uwarunkowania historyczno-socjologiczne. Prace naukowodydaktyczne PWSZ Krosno, pod red. E. Zadarko, Z. Barabasz, Krosno 2009, s. 47-60
102
R. Kołodziej: I. Tabaczek-Bejster: Powstanie i początki działalności sekcji pływackiej AZS Kraków (19091939), (w) Akademicka kultura na przełomie stuleci, t. 2 Uwarunkowania historyczno-socjologiczne. Prace
naukowo-dydaktyczne PWSZ Krosno, pod red. E. Zadarko, Z. Barabasz, Krosno 2009, s. 61-71
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G. Bielec, A. Mirkiewicz: Powstanie polskich, akademickich organizacji gimnastycznych w ruchu
olimpijskim (1932-2008), (w) Akademicka kultura na przełomie stuleci, t. 2 Uwarunkowania historycznosocjologiczne. Prace naukowo-dydaktyczne PWSZ Krosno, pod red. E. Zadarko, Z. Barabasz, Krosno 2009,
s. 73-90
104
Zarys historii sportu w Polsce 1867-1997, pod red. J. Gaja i B. Woltmanna
105
J. Gaj, B. Woltmann: Sport w Polsce 1918-1939, Gorzów Wlkp. 1997
107
y is
W. Głowacki: Wspaniały świat żeglarstwa. Z dziejów żeglarstwa w Polsce i na świecie, Gdańsk 1970
M. Słoniewski: Pozaazetesowski nurt upowszechniania wychowania fizycznego i sportu wśród studentów w
okresie II Rzeczypospolitej, (w) Sport i wychowanie fizyczne w środowisku akademickim, pod red. K.
Obodyński, Warszawa 1985, s. 159-179
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S. Zaborniak: Sportowe organizacje studenckie Lwowa i Krakowa działające przed rejestracją AZS w 1909 r.,
(w) Akademicka kultura na przełomie stuleci, t. 2 Uwarunkowania historyczno-socjologiczne. Prace
naukowo-dydaktyczne PWSZ Krosno, pod red. E. Zadarko, Z. Barabasz, Krosno 2009, s. 15-27
110
M. Huzarski: Wychowanie fizyczne w działalności Towarzystwa Bratniej Pomocy Studentów Uniwersytetu
Jagiellońskiego w latach 1866-1939, (w) Problemy aktywizacji i nasilenia działalności rekreacyjnozdrowotnej. Materiały VII ogólnoukraińskiej naukowo-praktycznej konferencji z udziałem gości
zagranicznych, Lwów 2010, s. 73-86
111
D. Dudek: Zarys dziejów i organizacji stowarzyszeń kultury fizycznej okresu II Rzeczypospolitej, Kraków
2003, s. 46-54
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AZS Kraków (1909-1939)103, Powstanie polskich, akademickich organizacji gimnastycznych
w ruchu olimpijskim (1932-2008)104.
Zarys historii sportu w Polsce 1867-1997105edited by J. Gaj and B. Woltmann
constitutes the compendium of knowledge about the evolution of sports disciplines and sport
results. It was preceded by Sport w Polsce 1919-1939106edited by the same authors. These
publications are detailed elaborations which discuss also academic sport.
One of the most interesting positions about academic athletesis Polska w światowym
systemie współzawodnictwa sportu studenckiego w latach 1924-2007. The writer thoroughly
presented the origin and organization of the first Academic Championship which was first
organized from September 17 to September 20 1924 in Poland. Six countries took part in that
championship and they competed in track-and-field athletics, tennis, rowing, fencing and
football. In the period of 1918-1939 six more countries, apart from Warsaw, hosted this
academic championship. The work also sates how successful Polish contestants taking part in
the championships were.
Academic Sports Association isn’t the only example of academic physical culture.
There were many other sports organizations in the Second Polish Republic. They dealt with
sport in general, physical culture or tourism. Some of them were: Academic Flying Club,
Academic Naval Association, Academic Shooting Club, Academic Fraternal Aid Association,
Academic Branch of Polish Tatra Society, Academic Falcon’s Nest, Jewish Academic Sports
Society and sports clubs at different academic centres.
So far these organizations haven’t been studied in detail. We can get some
fragmentary knowledge about the Academic Naval Association, established in 1932, from
Włodzimierz Głowacki’s Wspaniałyświat żeglarstwa107 or publications at particular colleges
and universities. Similarly, the subject of Flying Clubs, which were first created in 1927, is
only mentioned in few research works. Theseare: Pozaazetesowski nurt upowszechniania
wychowania fizycznego i sportu wśród studentów w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej108 by Michał
Słoniewski, Sportowe organizacje studenckie Lwowa i Krakowa działające przed rejestracją
AZS w 1909 r.109,by Stanisław Zaborniak, Wychowanie fizyczne w działalności Towarzystwa
Bratniej Pomocy Studentów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego w latach 1866-1939110by Maciej
Huzarski.
Another import ant work Zarys dziejów i organizacji stowarzyszeń kultury fizycznej
nie pominął okresu II Rzeczypospolitej111by Dobiesław Dudek concerns the legal matters
connected with academic sport and physical culture. Apart from other subjects, he also
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discussed the period of the Second Polish Republic. While describing different sports
organizations at universities, he paid attention to legal matters like statutes or the supervision
and control by academic authorities.
Little has been written about physical education classes at colleges and universities in
the period between the wars. Even though the subject was not obligatory at that time, most
universities and colleges introduced it in different forms. The Ministry of Religion and Public
Enlightenment called for the mandatory physical education for university students.
Furthermore, some universities established special committees to deal with the subject of
physical education.
Those issues have been discussed by Ryszard Wryk in Wychowanie fizyczne w
szkołach wyższych w latach II Rzeczypospolitej112 and Kazimierz Obodyński in Początki
wychowania fizycznego w szkołach wyższych w Polsce113.The authors focused mainly on
Eugeniusz Piasecki who was an official spokesman and advocate of an act that imposed
obligatory physical education classes on universities and colleges. In addition, the writers
mentioned some activists who took part in discussions on academic physical culture during
the conventions of Polish Academic Sports Associations and Polish Academic Youth.
Other works develop the topic of training the staff for physical culture purposes. They
describe the Collages of Physical Education which were created at some academic centres, for
examples, the colleges in Cracow and Poznan (there aren’t any publications concerning
Warsaw in this field). The most valuableworksare: Dzieje Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego
w Poznaniu (1919-1994)114,,Kierunki i formy kształcenia w AWF w Poznaniu w latach 19191979115, 50 lat Wyższej Szkoły Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu 1919-1969116, Kultura
fizyczna w Wielkopolsce w latach 1919-1921177, Zarys dziejów kultury fizycznej w
Wielkopolsce w latach 1918-1939118, Zarys historii Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w
Krakowie119, Działalność Studium Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie w latach 19271939120, Dzieje Studium Wychowania Fizycznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Wyższej
Szkoły Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie w latach 1927-1967121, Dzieje Krakowskiej
Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w latach 1893-1987122, Władysława Osmolskiego
koncepcja kształcenia nauczycieli wychowania fizycznego123.
Academic physical culturein the Second Polish Republic has been mentioned in the
works discussing the whole of the subject concerning physical culture in Poland. Some Works
112
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R. Wryk: Wychowanie fizyczne w szkołach wyższych w latach II Rzeczypospolitej, (w) „Wychowanie
Fizyczne i Sport” z 1993/4, s. 147-158
113
K. Obodyński: Początki wychowania fizycznego w szkołach wyższych w Polsce, (w) Wychowania fizyczne i
sport w szkołach wyższych, pod red. K. Obodyński, Rzeszów 1978, s. 15-21
114
Dzieje Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu (1919-1994), pod red. J. Gaj,. Poznań 1996, s. 5-59
115
W. Rataszewski: Kierunki i formy kształcenia w AWF Poznań w latach 1919-1979, Poznań 1979, s. 2-11
116
J. Gaj: 50 lat Wyższej Szkoły Wychowania Fizycznego w Poznaniu 1919-1969, Poznań 1970, s. 5-9
117
S. Warsicki: Kultura fizyczna w Wielkopolsce w latach 1919-1927, Poznań 1966, s.40-47
118
J. Gaj, Z. Grot: Zarys kultury fizycznej w Wielkopolsce w latach 1928-1939, Warszawa – Poznań 1973
Zarys historii Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie, ZSP Kraków 1984, s. 3-8
119
Zarys historii Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie, ZSP Kraków 1984, s. 3-8
120
Działalność Studium Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie w latach 1927-1939, opracował P. Stok, (w)
„Rocznik Naukowy WSWF w Krakowie, 1962 tom I, Kraków 1963, s. 19-83
121
K. Toporowicz: Dzieje Studium Wychowania Fizycznego Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego i Wyższej Szkoły
Wychowania Fizycznego w Krakowie w latach 1927-1967, (w) Rocznik Naukowy WSWF Tom VIII,
Kraków 1968, s. 13-28
122
K. Toporowicz: Dzieje Krakowskiej Akademii Wychowania Fizycznego w latach 1893-1987, (w)
„Wychowania Fizyczne i Sport” z 1988/4
123
K. Hądzelek: Władysława Osmolskiego koncepcja kształcenia nauczycieli wychowania fizycznego, (w)
Polska kultura fizyczna w czasach zaborów i Drugiej Rzeczypospolitej, pod red. R. Wasztyl, Zeszyty
Naukowe AWF Karków nr 85, Kraków 2002, s. 183-188
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J. Gaj: Dzieje kultury fizycznej w Polsce, Poznań 1997, s. 116-117
L. Szymański: Kultura fizyczna w polityce II Rzeczypospolitej, Wrocław 1995, s. 60-63 i 113-117
126
L. Nowak: Wychowanie fizyczne i sport w państwowym szkolnictwie ogólnokształcącym w Polsce w latach
1918-1939, Poznań 1996, s. 97-111
127
L. Nowak: Geneza i rozwój kształcenia nauczycieli wychowania fizycznego w Polsce do 1939 roku, Poznań
1991
125
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should be especially remembered. Theseare: Dzieje kultury fizycznej w Polsce124by Jerzy Gaj,
Kultura fizyczna w polityce II [Drugiej] Rzeczypospolitej125 by Leonard Szymański,
Wychowanie fizyczne i sport w państwowym szkolnictwie ogólnokształcącym w Polsce w
latach 1918-1939126by Leonard Nowak, Geneza i rozwój kształcenia nauczycieli wychowania
fizycznego w Polsce do 1939 roku127 by Leonard Nowak. Showing the results of their
research, the authors drew attention to training new staff because, as Leonard Szymański
suggested, such training boosted dissemination of physical culture. Moreover, the writers
emphasized the legal acts enabling professional teacher training in this field and the role of
the first colleges which instructed physical education teachers.
After having done literature research on academic physical education, sport and
tourism activities in the period of the Second Polish Republic it must be stated that this
subject should be examined more thoroughly as far as both facts and explanations are
concerned. Even though there has been more investigation in the subject of academic physical
culture in recent years and the number of researchers and research centres has increased, the
Polish historiography only partially presents the issue discussed. Not all academic centres
have monographs on Academic Sports Associations. Furthermore, some academic
organizations dealing with physical culture haven’t been mentioned by historic researchers.
However, they should be given more attention because in the period between the wars they
sometimes provided a sole source for sport and recreation in academic centres. There is also a
need to continue studies concerning physical educations classes at colleges and universities.
The same refers to tourism which was very popular among students at that time.
In conclusion, it is necessary to develop an intensive and thorough research on
academic physical culture in the period of 1918-1939 on background of general physical
culture in Poland, legal aspects, the structure of universities and colleges and description of
academic youth in that time.
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