creating a map of the industrial influence using gis tworzenie mapy
Transkrypt
creating a map of the industrial influence using gis tworzenie mapy
Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. CREATING A MAP OF THE INDUSTRIAL INFLUENCE USING GIS TWORZENIE MAPY ODDZIAŁYWAŃ PRZEMYSŁOWYCH W OPARCIU O GIS 1 Anna Michalska1, Krzysztof Michalski2 Central Mining Institute, Department of Environment Engineering, Poland Silesian Institute of Technology Faculty of Organization and Management, Poland 2 Keywords: map of the industrial influence, sustainable development, industrial wastes, data warehouse, ecological consciousness Słowa kluczowe: mapa oddziaływań przemysłowych, rozwój zrównoważony, odpady przemysłowe, hurtownia danych, świadomość ekologiczna Introduction Environmental pollution is the one of the most significant problems in the contemporary world. The greater part of pollution is generated by industrial activity. The lack of care and control concerning the production of wastes and utility wastes has resulted in improper management of dumping sites and improper management of mine tips, ash tips, industrial waste tips and slag heaps in the past. These wastes have a highimpact on environmental conditions today. In turn, environmental contamination has direct a effect on the living standard of humans and animals. Medical scientific research increasingly appears to show that serious diseases are caused by some chemical substances. These substances mostly stem from industrial wastes which are still discharged into the environment. It is necessary to have an accurate knowledge about the location and strength of influence of industrial sites tip in order to prevent excessive discharge of toxic substances in some areas. This knowledge is also necessary for making decisions which are connected with human activity, for example about settlement, suitability of the ground to cultivation, recreation, etc. Collecting these data together in a GIS will permit the production of pollution maps and the inclusion of the information in analysis to support decision making. Description of the current situation A Silesian laboratory has been conducting research into the mercury content in different kinds of products for two years. Determinations of mercury are part of physico–chemical measurements which are used to estimate how to manage materials in the future, byrecycling, storage or removal. The tested products have been produced by various industrial activities and are categorized by material type: - fuels: hard coal, brown coal, alternative fuel; 157 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. - grounds/soils: arable land, industrial areas, reclaimed land; - wastes/fertilizers: raw sewage sludge, treated sewage sludge, - wastes/building materials: cement, aggregate, fly-ash, slag, compounds of fly-ash and slag, filling sand. Example mercury content for 2007-2008 for each category is shown in tables 1-4. Table 1. Example contents of mercury for fuels FUELS Kind hard coal brown coal alternative fuels Place of sampling Katowice 1 Katowice 2 Łaziska Jastrzębie Bieruń Żory Rybnik Bogatynia Bełchatów Chorzów Rydułtowice Siemianowice Śl. Gliwice Dąbrowa 2006 2007 Merkury contents [ppm (mg/kg)] 0,13 0,12 0,09 0,08 0,16 0,16 0,13 0,17 0,12 0,13 0,16 0,13 0,15 0,15 0,29 0,30 0,30 0,28 0,18 0,14 0,02 0,01 0,03 0,02 < 0,01 0,02 0,02 0,05 Table 2. Example contents of mercury for ground/soil Kind arable land industrial areas land reclamation 158 GROUND/SOIL 2006 2007 Place of sampling Merkury contents [ppm (mg/kg)] Jastrzębie Zdrój 0,60 0,60 Wadowice 0,06 0,04 Gdańsk 0,70 1,14 Wieluń 0,08 Bolesław 0,02 0,02 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. Table 3. Example contents of mercury for wastes/fertilizers WASTES/FERTILIZENS Kind sewage sludge - municipal sewage sludge - municipal after treatment Place of sampling Koniecpol Katowice 1 Ożarowice Osjaków Katowice 2 Kęty Koniecpol Wieluń 2006 2007 Merkury contents [ppm (mg/kg)] 1,20 1,26 0,60 0,67 0,72 0,74 0,68 0,85 1,34 0,38 0,32 0,18 0,07 0,09 Table 4. Example contents of mercury for wastes /building materials WASTES /BUILDING MATERIALS Kind cement/plaster aggregate fly-ash slag Place of sampling Opole Kozienice Katowice Jaworzno Brzeszcze Katowice Gliwice Opole Będzin Warszawa Bytom 2006 2007 Merkury contents [ppm (mg/kg)] 0,10 0,11 0,65 0,46 0,04 0,07 0,02 0,24 0,03 0,37 0,59 0,24 0,30 0,45 0,18 0,02 < 0,01 0,01 0,02 < 0,01 compound of flyChorzów ash and slag Łaziska compound of fly- Chorzów ash and slag Warszawa 0,01 0,03 0,02 0,08 0,02 0,46 0,10 Issue identification Research into the influence of wastes on the environment are underway in many places in Poland. They are concerned with the: - contents of inorganic matter, such as heavy metals; - contents of organic matter, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH); - bacteriological contamination. 159 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. The proecological approach termed 'Sustainable Development' identifies the need of developing the social ecological consciousness of senior officials who decide on environmental management. It is also necessary to develop social ecological consciousness of society in general and to engage the general public into making decisions about environmental management. Hitherto, the practices do not favour free propagation of collected data. This data is often restricted to employers/procurers of research. However, whilst many enterprises have to provide public environmental reports, these reports do not show the full influence of industrial practices on human health. The way of solutions Free data flow, supported by GIS, will make possible to create precision maps of industrial influence at a national scale. Every laboratory should collect data in its own data warehouse. Data from laboratories which are connected by GIS could be automatically exported to the national Data Warehouse. There are would still be complementary and updated occasional multi-layer maps of influences. These maps would be distributed in a different way, for example: - online maps of kind and amount of pollution for some areas; - geographical distribution of pattern influence of some chosen groups of pollutants (e.g. fuels or sewage sludge); - geographical distribution of pollutant elements (e.g. mercury, PAH); - depicting change in intensity over some time-interval. Fig. 1. Browsing of kind and amount of pollution factor on some areas (e.g. mercury in Katowice) 160 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. Depicting changes of contamination in some time-interval (e.g. contents of mercury for hard coal). Fig. 2a. Contents of mercury in hard coal (Upper Silesia, 2006) Fig. 2b. Contents of mercury in hard coal (Upper Silesia, 2007) 161 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. Use of a GIS based on a data warehouse would facilitate the production of maps of influence. The main additional requirements of such a system are: - support for browsing deeply and across the huge amount of back information, - an efficient system of completing data, - facilities for sorting data, - determination of measurement accuracy, - responding to users' questions. The system should have open structure, so that it would be simple to include additional laboratories and to extend the range of data retrieval. Social access to information through browsing maps of influence would be universal through use of a web site. However, the main users of the system would be those senior officials who decide in environmental management in the voivodship and in the country. Summary The use of GIS to create maps showing the influence of industry on the environment would be very valuable in developing a social ecological consciousness. This would enable increased social engagement of society in environmental protection, a key component of Sustainable Development. The GIS would become the main source of information concerning the current state of environmental pollution and be very important tool supporting environmental policy. References Bojarski R., Systemy informatyczne w zarządzaniu środowiskiem, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Śląskiej z. 20 cz. II, Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej, Gliwice 2004 Cichy D., Edukacja ekologiczna społeczności lokalnych, Problemy Ekologii, vol. 10, nr 2, 2006 Dobies A., Procedury dotyczące postępowania w zakresie oceny oddziaływania na środowisko, Eko-Problemy nr 3, 2005 Gorawski M., Data Warehouse: Systemy wspomagania podejmowania decyzji, Software nr 5, 1999 Michalska A., Michalski K., Implementation of GIS for improvement of mass production products Life Cycle Assessment management including sustanaible development aspects, rozdział w pracy zbiorowej “Geographical Information Systems in Rasearch & Practice” pod redakcją D. Kereković’a, Nacjonalna knjiźnica, Zagrzeb, Chorwacja 2004 Rojek-Mikołajczak I., Metody eksploracji danych w inteligentnej bazie danych wspomagającej projektowanie procesów technologicznych, Pro Dialog 1, Wydawnictwo Nakom, Poznań 2005 162 Michalska A., Michalski K. (2008). Creating a map of the industrial influence using GIS. In: M. Gajos, M. Styblińska (ed.). Geoinformation Challenges. University of Silesia, Croatian Information Technology Association – GIS Forum, SILGIS Association, Sosnowiec, 157-163. Abstract The Laboratory of Solid Wastes Analyses has collected research data specifying mercury content in products for two years. These products are the result of various industrial activities. Determination of mercury content is a vital component of physical and chemical tests which are used to estimate how useful these materials will be for reuse. These kind of estimates are carried out in many places in Poland. Current practice does not permit free propagation of the collected data. Information is delivered by enterprises which are obligated to report on their influence on the environment to Environmental Inspectorates but does not create a complete picture of the influence of industrial practice on human health. Free data flow supported by GIS will make it possible to create a precise map of industrial influence for the whole country. Streszczenie W jednym z laboratoriów na terenie Śląska od dwóch lat prowadzony jest zapis wyników badań określających zawartość rtęci w produktach, uzyskiwanych z różnego rodzaju działalności przemysłowej człowieka. Analizy te stanowią część badań fizykochemicznych, które służą do oceny przydatności produktów do dalszego ich zastosowania. Tego typu oceny przeprowadza się w wielu placówkach na terenie kraju. Dotychczasowe praktyki nie sprzyjają swobodnemu upublicznianiu zebranych danych, które często służą jedynie celom komercyjnym zleceniodawcom analiz. Natomiast dane dostarczane do komórek inspekcji zarządzania gospodarką środowiskową, przez podmioty zobligowane do raportowania o oddziaływaniu na środowisko, nie tworzą pełnego obrazu wpływu działalności na zdrowie człowieka. Swobodny przepływ informacji wsparty GIS umożliwi zbudowanie precyzyjnej mapy wpływu oddziaływań przemysłowych w skali kraju. Anna Michalska [email protected] Krzysztof Michalski [email protected] 163