problemy rozruchu układów napędowych prądu

Transkrypt

Zeszyty Problemowe – Maszyny Elektryczne Nr 82/2009
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Krzysztof Kolano, Jan Kolano
Politechnika Lubelska, Lublin
PROBLEMY ROZRUCHU UKŁADÓW NAPĘDOWYCH PRĄDU
PRZEMIENNEGO ZASILANYCH Z BATERII OGNIW
FOTOWOLTAICZNYCH
SELECTED PROBLEMS OF STARTING UP SYSTEM WITH 3-PHASE AC
MOTOR DRIVE SUPPLIED BY PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
Abstract: Whithin last few years the possibility of constructing autonomic PV low power generators used for
electric driving systems feeding emerged. These systems usually 1-phase AC driving systems, may be used in
certain household devices (eg. refrigerators, air condition). The amount of energy produced by these
uncoventional energy sources depends on current weather conditions. On the basis of mathematical models of
AC motors fed by PV systems with buffer energy source computer simulations of transient states during
starting were performed. The parameter optimisation of newly elaborated structures of electrical drive systems
operating in PV systems was carried about.
Krzysztof Kolano, Jan Kolano
PROBLEMY ROZRUCHU UKŁADÓW NAPĘDOWYCH
WSPÓŁCZESNYCH DŹWIGÓW OSOBOWYCH Z SILNIKIEM
INDUKCYJNYM
STARTING UP ROUTINE OF THE ELEVATOR DRIVE SYSTEM
WITH INDUCTION MOTOR
Abstract: Modern lift drive systems are very sophisticated and allow to affect almost any part of the speed
curve to achieve desirable level of passengers’ comfort.
In this paper selected problems of the starting routine of the passengers elevators have been described. The
mathematical model of the lift drive system with 3-phase induction motor has been used to examine both frequency converter and motor parameters. The rollback effect of the car during starting up routine has been described. This method of choosing the sets of parameters is very convenient way of selecting an optimal configuration of frequency converter and the motor to achieve “smooth” start of the lift car . Selected plots of
phase current, velocity frequency and voltage curves have been shown and described.
Piotr Kisielewski, Ludwik Antal
Politechnika Wrocławska, Wrocław
OBWODY TŁUMIĄCE TURBOGENERATORA PRZY UTRACIE
SYNCHRONIZMU
DAMPER CIRCUITS OF TURBOGENERATOR DURING SYNCHRONISM LOSS
Abstract: This document describes results of calculations dynamic states of turbogenerator work. The calculations were based on the two-dimensional, field-circuit model of turbogenerator. The model was applied to
calculate damper winding currents in active and front parts in case of synchronism loss. Currents distributions
and flux lines was calculated too. Using the model of turbogenerator it is possible to calculate flux and current
densities, field distributions and other physical quantity for every time step of simulation.
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Stanisław Gawron, Wiesław Tomaszkiewicz
BOBRME Komel, Katowice
DYDAKTYCZNE ZESTAWY BADAWCZE
EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH SETS
Abstract: Studying and learning the electrical machines theory is realized not only in the class rooms, but also
in the laboratories which nowadays are equipped with modern PC-based digital measurement systems and results-analyzing software. For such modern laboratories R&D Center of Electrical Machines "Komel" manufactures modern electrical machine systems designed a specially for studying purposes. These electrical machine systems consist of conventional brushed DC machine, torque transducer and permanent magnet machine
which can be operated as the generator or motor (PMSM or BLDC). These machine systems are developed
and manufactured to promote the latest generation of electrical machines, characterized by the highest efficiency levels and the best operating properties along all today known rotating electrical machines. The most
effective way to demonstrate and promote the advantages of these modern machine types is the live-presentation in laboratory during didactical lessons.
Radosław Machlarz
BADANIA SYMULACYJNE WPŁYWU METODY STEROWANIA
SYNCHRONICZNEGO SILNIKA RELUKTANCYJNEGO
NA JEGO PARAMETRY EKSPLOATACYJNE
SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF INFLUENCE OF SYNCHRONOUS RELUCTANCE
MOTOR CONTROL STRATEGY ON ITS PERFORMANCE
Abstract: The paper deals with computer simulations of dynamic performance of vector controlled synchronous reluctance motor with axially laminated anisotropic rotor, operating upon two constant current angle
control strategies: maximum torque per given stator current and maximum torque per given flux linkage. The
simulation model in Matlab-Simulink environment was derived, based on mathematical model of the motor in
d-q rotor coordinates. The simulations results clearly show, that maximum torque versus flux linkage control
strategy offers better dynamic response of the motor while maximum torque versus current control minimizes
power losses and appears the best solution when low dynamic performance is allowed.
Janusz Wiśniewski, Włodzimierz Koczara
Politechnika Warszawska, Warszawa
BEZCZUJNIKOWA PRACA SILNIKA Z MAGNESAMI O POLU
OSIOWYM W ZAKRESIE NISKICH PRĘDKOŚCI WIROWANIA
SENSORLESS CONTROL OF AN AXIAL FLUX PERMANENT MAGNET
MOTOR AT LOW SPEED
Abstract: This paper shows a novel sensorless method of the rotor position detection of the permanent magnet
motor. That method can operate at standstill, therefore initial position of the rotor can be detected. Moreover
using a control system designed for presented method, low speed operations can be realized. Rotor position is
obtained by applying short voltage pulse to the stator windings. Identification of the rotor position is provided
by current responses analysis. Method is based on stator inductance changes in function of rotor poles position.
This paper deals with theory confirmed by laboratory results on experimental set with 40 kVA / 16 poles /
3000 rpm Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Motor.
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Marek Gała, Janusz Rak, Marian Kępiński, Kazimierz Jagieła
Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa
ZASTOSOWANIE OPROGRAMOWANIA DRIVEWINDOW W
PROCESIE DIAGNOZOWANIA STANÓW PRACY UKŁADÓW
NAPĘDOWYCH AC I DC
APPLICATION OF DRIVEWINDOW SOFTWARE FOR DIAGNOSTICS
OF OPERATING CONDITIONS OF AC AND DC DRIVES
Abstract: The paper deals with practical applications of the DriveWindow software to electric drive technology. This software tool is designed for setting up, monitoring and controlling drives fed from ACS and DCS
series converters. Benefits from implementation and operation of electric drive systems are shown on example
of selected facilities on a metal plate processing line. Example waveforms of electromechanical quantities in
dynamic states of AC and DC drives, recorded using the DriveWindow software during research and start-up
works, are presented.
Zbigniew Hilary śurek
Politechnika Śląska, Gliwice
SPRĘśYSTOŚĆ MECHANICZNA W OBWODACH
MAGNETYCZNYCH – CZĘŚĆ WSTĘPNA
THE MECHANICAL ELASTICITY IN MAGNETIC CIRCUITS - THE PREMISES
Abstract: While designing electric devices it is usually assumed that material’s magnetic parameters are constant or influenced by temperature only. In real life, ferromagnetic material properties depend largely on mechanical stresses. The paper discusses these problems and the example given is electromagnet operation.
Keywords: Villari’s magnetoelastic effect, variability of magnetic parameters, electrical devices and machines.
Tadeusz Janik, Jan Kapinos
FILTR AKTYWNY WYśSZYCH HARMONICZNYCH PRĄDU
SIECIOWEGO W NAPĘDZIE ELEKTRYCZNYM
Z PRZEMIENNIKIEM CZĘSTOTLIWOŚCI
ACTIVE FILTER OF HIGHER HARMONICS IN POWER GRID CURRENT
OF ELECTRICAL DRIVE WITH FREQUENCY CONVERTER
Abstract: In the paper a method of eliminating of higher harmonics in the mains current using an active filter is
presented. The current harmonics can be generate by nonlinear loads as a DC motor with a controlled rectifier, an
induction motor fed from a PWM inverter and so an. The active filter that is proposed enables obtaining a sinusoidal waveform of a mains current at any changes of the load current. Results of investigations are presented involving waveforms of the nonlinear load current, the active filter current and she power grid current.
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Lech Lipiński, Mirosław Miszewski
Pojazdu Szynowe PESA Bydgoszcz SA Holding
KSZTAŁTOWANIE CHARAKTERYSTYK TRAKCYJNYCH
NAPĘDÓW DO ELEKTRYCZNYCH ZESPOŁÓW TRAKCYJNYCH
W TRAKCJI WIELOKROTNEJ
DETERMINING THE TRACTION CURVES OF EMU DRIVES FOR MULTIPLE
RUNNING
Abstract: If electric multiple units (EMUs) are operated in multiple running, i.e. as trains formed from two or
three EMUs coupled together, there is a necessity for limiting electric power drawn from the catenary by such
a train. The value of limited power depends on parameters of substations supplying the rail lines on which
such trains are operated. This paper deals with one of methods for determining the traction curves of EMU
drives that allows for limiting the electric power drawn from the catenary. An example of determining the
traction curves of EMU drives for double and triple running is given. The calculations for a hypothetical EMU
are made. A given value of the maximum available power in the catenary is taken into consideration. The
electric energy consumed by auxiliary converters for supplying EMU auxiliaries as well as the existence of
the weakened power region (high-speed region) on the traction motor torque-speed characteristic curve are allowed for. As a result of calculations made, the traction curves of EMU drives are given. Such curves should
be implemented in the EMU’s drive control unit and used by the drive controller in the case of double or triple
running of EMUs.
Marian Noga, Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków
Lesław Gołębiowski, Marek Gołębiowski, Damian Mazur
Politechnika Rzeszowska, Rzeszów
STEROWANIE SILNIKIEM SYNCHRONICZNYM
Z WEWNĘTRZNYMI MAGNESAMI STAŁYMI IPMS
UWZGLĘDNIAJĄCE OGRANICZENIA
CONTROLING OF THE INTERIOR PERMANENT MAGNET
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR CONSIDERING THE LIMITATIONS
Abstract: In this article the limitations connected with the IPMS motor operation were presented. In the static
state, the limitation on a stator current, stator flux versus rotary speed of rotor ωr and on power angle δ were
considered. In possible range, MTPA (Maximum Torque per Ampere) operation was predicted. The method of
motor controlling that guarantees to comply with these limitations was worked out. The operation of the IPMS
driving scheme in various operation ranges with control cycle Ts = 150 µs was tested by simulation. The
measurements of rotor speed and two stator currents are required for proper controlling. The initial rotor position must be known also. This position is determined by means of series of voltage pulses feeding the stator at
the beginning of controlling.
Lesław Gołębiowski, Marek Gołębiowski, Damian Mazur
AUTOTRANSFORMATOR TRÓJKOLUMNOWY
WIELOUZWOJENIOWY DLA UKŁADÓW PROSTOWNICZYCH
CLEAN POWER
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THREE COLUMNS MULTI WINDINGS AUTOTRANSFORMER
FOR CLEAN POWER RECTIFIER CIRCUITS
Abstract: Commutation processes in power electronic converters are significantly dependent on the leakage
inductances of the transformer. The calculations of the leakage inductance matrix where preformed with use of
the finite element method (3D). The eddy current losses were taken into consideration. The mono harmonic
calculations for different frequencies where performed. The dependence of magnetical inductance main, component zero and leakage were showed from frequency. This caused rotational currents in the core of the autotransformer and in the conductors of windings is. The way of the fusion of these inductances was introduced
ladder arrangements. Adaptation of these inductances to the calculations of courses transitory converters district methods was the aim.
Lesław Gołębiowski, Marek Gołębiowski, Damian Mazur,
MODELOWANIE MACIERZY INDUKCYJNOŚCI
TRANSFORMATORÓW WIELOUZWOJENIOWYCH,
TRÓJKOLUMNOWYCH W FUNKCJI CZĘSTOTLIWOŚCI (W
UJĘCIU FEM 3D)
MODELLING THE INDUCTANCE MATRIX OF MULTI WINDINGS
TRANSFORMERS WITH THREE COLUMNS (FEM 3D CALCULATIONS)
Abstract: Commutation processes in power electronic converters are significantly dependent on the leakage
inductances of the transformer. The calculations of the leakage inductance matrix where preformed with use of
the finite element method (3D). The eddy current losses were taken into consideration. The mono harmonic
calculations for different frequencies where performed. The dependence of magnetical inductance main, component zero and leakage were showed from frequency. This caused rotational currents in the core of the autotransformer and in the conductors of windings is. The way of the fusion of these inductances was introduced
ladder arrangements. Adaptation of these inductances to the calculations of courses transitory converters district methods was the aim.
Artur Polak, Marcin Barański
DOBÓR GENERATORA DLA MAŁEJ ELEKTROWNI WIATROWEJ
THE SMALL WIND MILL’S GENERATOR SELECTION
Abstract: The small wind mill’s constructions must take into acount frequent changes of wind speed and
direction. The phenomenon related with swimming air mass disturbances over the land. The effect is change of
wind turbine speed. Most of problem cause is load adjusting to wind turbine charakteristic.
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Janusz Flasza
Politechnika Częstochowska, Częstochowa
KORZYŚCI Z WDRAśANIA UKŁADÓW NAPĘDOWYCH
Z SILNIKAMI ENERGOOSZCZĘDNYMI
BENEFITS FROM ACCUSTOMING DRIVING SYSTEMS
WITH ECONOMICAL ENGINES
Abstract: Diminishing stock natural and cost of winning and fabrication of energy call attention on cost of
individual exploitations warehouse driving systems part. It belongs to call attention on optimization of cost of
expenditure of energy on different surfaces of accustoming driving systems. They become solution for industry unit sub-assembly economical engines suggested.
Mariusz Śladowski
ZAAWANSOWANE METODY OBLICZEŃ NAPRĘśEŃ
I ODKSZTAŁCEŃ NA PRZYKŁADZIE ANALIZY KORPUSU
SILNIKA ELEKTRYCZNEGO DO KOMBAJNU ŚCIANOWEGO
KA200
ADVANCED METHODS OF CALCULATIONS STRESSES AND
DEFORMATIONS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE ELECTRICAL MOTOR FRAME
OF MINING SHEARER KA 200
Abstract: Selected stages of realization of construction optimization process are presented in the article. In
order to estimate displacements as well as strain and stress distribution the finite element method (FEM) is
commonly used and the calculations were carried out using this method. To optimize the construction the
computer system Autodesk Inventor Simulation 2009 was used. Strength analysis showed that the permissible
stress limit in few details has been exceeded. To improve the tested construction the material of details were
changed. To optimize the whole construction some other changes were also introduced.
Marek Trajdos, Wojciech Roman
T-System Projekt Sp. z o.o., Klub „Paragraf 34”, Łódź
ELEKTRYCZNE UKŁADY O REGULOWANEJ PRĘDKOŚCI
W UKŁADACH STEROWANIA MASZYN PRODUKCYJNYCH
SPEŁNIAJĄCYCH WYMAGANIA BEZPIECZEŃSTWA
ADJUSTABLE SPEED ELECTRICAL DRIVES IN PRODUCTION MACHINERY
CONTROL SYSTEMS IN WHICH SAFETY REQUIREMENTS HAVE BEEN
FULFILLED
Abstract: This short document describes special safety functions which are implemented in modern adjustable
speed electrical machinery. On the common European market all first-hand production machines shall fulfill
safety requirements. Modern electrical drives are programmable electronic systems and are main parts of
safety-related electrical, electronic and programmable electronic control system for machinery. Each part of
drive safety system shall comply with the requirements of relevant safety and stop category.
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Marek Trajdos, Wojciech Roman
T-System Projekt Sp. z o.o., Łódź
Zbigniew Niczyporuk, PGE KWB Turów S.A.
NOWOCZESNE UKŁADY NAPĘDOWE PRĄDU ZMIENNEGO
MASZYN GÓRNICTWA ODKRYWKOWEGO WĘGLA
BRUNATNEGO - ZAGADNIENIA WYBRANE
MODERN AC DRIVE SYSTEMS OF THE OPEN COAL BROWN MINING
MACHINERY - SELECTED ISSUES
Abstract: This paper describes selected issues of using modern ac drive systems in the open coal brown
mining machinery. Problems concerning selection of algorithms of steering of selected drives of opencast
mining machines.
Maciej Bogumił
Instytut Elektrotechniki, Warszawa
PORÓWNANIE PARAMETRÓW SILNIKA DWUFAZOWEGO
I TRÓJFAZOWEGO ZASILANYCH Z PRZEKSZTAŁTNIKÓW
COMPARISON OF PARAMETERS OF TWO-PHASE AND THREE-PHASE
MOTORS POWERED FROM POWER INVERTER
Abstract: In this article has been presented researches results of drivers constructed on the base of typical
three-phase induction cage motor with rated power 1500 W, shaft height 90 mm and one pole pair. There has
been described changes concerning the types and parameters of windings used in experimental two-phase and
three-phase motors. There has been presented parameters and characteristics of motors which are in cooperation with energoelectronic inverters powered from one-phase power grid 230 V and smoothly tuned the rotation speed. Additionally to comparison of motors parameters there has been presented also researches results
of this machines powered from three-phase power grid 3×400 V appropriately. There has been comprised
manners of motors powered from power grid and from inverters. Moreover, there has been performed costs
analysis of motors and inverters produces. There have been performed also comparison analyses of two-phase
and three-phase motors powered from power grid and from inverters. The comparison concerned the parameters of one motor powered from different power sources as well as parameters different motors powered from
the same power source.
Jan Anuszczyk, Piotr Błaszczyk
Politechnika Łódzka, Łódź
PROJEKTOWANIE MIKROSILNIKA Z FAZĄ ZWARTĄ
Z WYKORZYSTANIEM METODY POLOWEJ
SHADED-POLE MICROMOTOR DESIGN USING
THE FIELD CALCULATION METHOD
Abstract: Analysed object is an induction micromotor with a short-circuited auxiliary phase (shaded-pole micromotor - SPM). The motor rating data are: output power 3 W, two poles, one short-circuited coil per pole.
Due to flat – parallel distribution of the field and radial direction of flux in SPM, the computational analysis
was limited to the cross section plane. Field calculations were done with OPERA 2d software, using finite ele-
8
ment method. Basing of numerical simulations several models of the SPM motor have been defined. They
were different in: topology of the magnetic shunt, the number of short-circuited coils per pole, also the number
and shape of rotor’s rods. Taking into account the manufacture conditions of the SPM motor, the shunt set up
and geometry were proposed. The optimal solution of motor’s magnetic circuit with the largest value of flux
density in air gap and also the largest starting torque has been achieved basing on fixed overall dimensions.
Sławomir Szymaniec
Politechnika Opolska, Opole
POMIARY DRGAŃ WZGLĘDNYCH W SILNIKACH
ELEKTRYCZNYCH
MEASUREMENTS OF RELATIVE VIBRATIONS IN ELECTRIC MOTORS
Abstract: The article presents the problem of diagnostics of electric motors on slide bearings using measurements of relative vibrations. This motor diagnostics method is not applied in Poland. It is used for diagnostics
of turbine sets. It is worth using the method of relative vibration measurement to diagnostics of motors using
slide bearings. Vibrations are measured by two proximity eddy-current sensors measuring displacement of vibrations, located in a bearing casing or near the casing on a plane perpendicular to the rotor axis. There is an
angle of 90º is between the sensors and 45º between sensor axes and the horizontal plane. A voltage signal of
a single sensor depends on the distance between the sensor and the surface of the shaft in a given moment of
time. XY type oscilloscopic observation of signals coming from a two-sensor system enables to observe the
trajectory of the movement of the pivot middle. The diagnostics of motors uses characteristic diagnostic relations between inefficiencies of a turbomachine on slide bearings and features of the trajectory of the pivot
movement in respect of the bearing sleeve. The following are accepted as features of the trajectory: size of
trajectory; turn of rotation direction of a point in the trajectory; period; shape; invariability of trajectory features in time.
Paweł Dybowski
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków
ZASTOSOWANIE SYGNAŁU SKUTECZNEJ WARTOŚCI
RUCHOMEJ PRĄDU STOJANA W DIAGNOSTYCE SILNIKA
INDUKCYJNEGO PODCZAS ROZRUCHU
USING OF THE MOVING RMS STATOR CURRENT SIGNAL IN DIAGNOSTICS
OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR ON START-UP
Abstract: The moving rms stator current signal can be used in diagnostics of induction motor. The results of
using of this signal in diagnostics of induction motor have been presented in this paper. It has been used the
moving rpm for analysis different damages of induction motor and perform review of results to use this signal
in diagnostics on start-up. Dynamical model of this machine calculates harmonics of stator, rotor and statorrotor inductances accounting for only global saturation of the air-gap region. The model considered various
rotational speeds of the rotor.
Konrad Dąbała, Zdzisław Krzemień, Instytut Elektrotechniki, Warszawa
Artur Olszewski, Energia 3000
MIKROELEKTROWNIA RZECZNA Z TURBINĄ ŚLIMAKOWĄ
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MICRO HYDROPOWER STATION WITH A SPIRAL TURBINE
Abstract: In the paper the devices using the energy of flowing river water are presented. In detail a new innovative spiral turbine is considered. The results of test of this turbine are presented, too. Moreover there are
made energetic and economic calculations.
Tomasz Lerch, Michał Rad, Witold Rams
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, Kraków
KONTROLA STANU IZOLACJI BLACH MASZYN
ELEKTRYCZNYCH W WARUNKACH PRZEMYSŁOWYCH
INDUSTRIAL CONTROL OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES CORE SHEETS
INSULATION
Abstract: Core sheets insulations faults of electric machines result in eddy currents appearance. The currents
flow is a reason of local temperature increasing which can cause wire and sheets insulation degradation. Visual
diagnosis of core sheets insulation during the repair is not reliable. Traditional method of diagnosis, based on
flux excitation by high intensity current and temperature increasing observation, is time consuming, not very
reliable and inconvenient. Measurement of flux leakage on stator teeth surface is fast and reliable method of
core sheets insulation diagnostic. This method doesn't require high intensity excitation current. Equipment offered on the market is very expensive and it is most dedicated to diagnose big synchronous generators. Authors
invented, constructed and implemented original device dedicated to measure and diagnose of sheets insulations. Whole the system, with the special dedicated software was tested on special parts in laboratory and also
in real industrial conditions. Paper shows principle of operation and results of using the system.
Piotr Bogusz, Mariusz Korkosz, Jan Prokop
ANALIZA WPŁYWU GRUBOŚCI SZCZELINY POWIETRZNEJ
NA CHARAKTERYSTYKI STATYCZNE SILNIKA
RELUKTANCYJNEGO PRZEŁĄCZALNEGO
INFLUENCE OF AIR-GAP THICKNESS ON STATIC CHARECTERICTICS
IN SWITCHED RELUCTANCE MOTOR
Abstract: In the article we discuss the influence of an air-gap thickness on the switched reluctance motor
with 6/4 configuration static characteristics. This motor has been designed for household equipment purpose
and it is characterized by non-symmetrical construction of magnetic circuit. In the work we present field
computation results of motor magnetic circuit for particular changes of air-gap thickness range for two different (because of non-symmetrical construction) motor phases. There is also presented the dependence of mean
value of motor torque versus current on air-gap thickness changes for two different phases. We present laboratory research results of windings self-inductances profiles estimation versus rotor angle for few cases of
motor air-gap thickness.
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Josef Pihera1, Petr Martínek2, Jan Klasna2, Bohumil Paslavský 2
University of West Bohemia, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Pilsen
1
Department of Technologies and Measurement,
2
Department of Electric Power Engineering and Ecology
PARTIAL DISCHARGES OF THERMALLY AGED INSULATION
CZĘŚCIOWE UWALNIANIE CIEPŁA W ZUśYTEJ IZOLACJI
Abstract: The working life of electrical machines is primary affected by the insulation system quality.
Diagnostics methods help to understand the momentary state of insulation and to avoid the possible damage or
breakdown of machines. Partial discharge testing belongs to one of the high applicable test method of
insulating materials within electrical machines. The described experiment consists of laboratory thermal aging
of insulation and consequently testing of partial discharges. The flat specimens of insulation were used for the
partial discharge behavior recognition. The conductive rubber electrodes were used to avoid the gliding
discharges on the surface of specimen. The trends of partial discharge main parameters are studied and
described.
Tomasz Mnich
WYKORZYSTANIE MODELI CIEPLNYCH SILNIKÓW
INDUKCYJNYCH DO ESTYMACJI PRĘDKOŚCI OBROTOWEJ
MAKE USE OF THERMAL EQUIVALENT DIAGRAMS TO COMPENSATION
OF CHANGE OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC PARAMETERS FOR EXAMPLE
IDENTIFY ROTOR SPEED OF INDUCTION MOTORS
Abstract: The paper presents make us method of thermal equivalent diagrams to compensation of changes of
the electromagnetic parameters of squirrel cage of induction motors. Rotor speed was estimation for the estimator. In article discussed changes of rotor speed two induction motors on power 3 and 18.5 [kW]. A method
for obtaining the change of induction motor speed caused by increase of windings temperature in load and
overload state is presented, bared on stator and rotor windings resistance thermal increase. The differences
between identification rotor speed, are presented comparison of the induction motor windings average temperature obtained from laboratory measurements, and from computer simulation in transient state was preformed.
Stanisław Azarewicz, Bogumił Węgliński
UKŁAD IZOLACYJNY WYSOKONAPIĘCIOWYCH SILNIKÓW
INDUKCYJNYCH PRACUJĄCYCH W CIEKŁYCH GAZACH
INSULATION SYSTEM OF HIGH VOLTAGE INDUCTION MOTORS
OPERATED IN LIQUID GASES
Abstract: Issues concern selection of windings insulation system of high voltage cage induction motors predicted for operation in liquid gases, and particularly in liquid natural gas (LNG), are described in the paper.
11
Particular attention was put on turn-to-turn insulation and the main insulation of coils. Basic differences,
which take place at selection of these insulations for motors working in liquid gas and typical conditions, are
discussed. Dielectric liquid gas interaction on the coil insulation system is very positive regarding its electrical
strength, due to removal effects of eventual cracks of the insulation, as effect of such cracks filling with gas
being dielectric. Simultaneously, cooling down of the winding to very low temperature introduce hazards created by possible freezing of moisture content in eventual porosity of the insulation, and relocation of the
winding wires caused by thermal shrinkage of the system. Such relocation can cause turn-to-turn short-circuits,
due to rubbing of the wire insulation.Results of techno-climatic tests of materials and insulating system selected for application in the model motor of power 785 kW; and voltage 6 kV, predicted for operation in LNG
(at temperature -1610C), are presented.Proposals and design recommendations, concern insulating system of
such type of high voltage motors, were elaborated on the base of the above mentioned insulating materials and
system tests.
Stanisław Azarewicz, Adam Zalas
WPŁYW WYBORU MATERIAŁÓW MAGNETYCZNYCH I KONDUKTYWNYCH NA PARAMETRY EKSPLOATACYJNE SILNIKÓW
INDUKCYJNYCH PRACUJĄCYCH W NISKICH TEMPERATURACH
INFLUENCE CHOICE OF MAGNETIC AND CONDUCTIVITY MATERIALS
ON EXPLOITATION PARAMETERS IN INDUCTION MOTORS RUNS IN LOW
TEMPERATURES
Abstract: The paper presents the influence of slot geometry and resistivity of squirrel cage materials on characteristics high power motor’s. Changes of electromagnetic torque run and of electrical current run as they appear in the motor with given solutions were analyzed and compared. In the paper, works concern testing and
selection of generator sheets for realization of motor working in liquid natural gasses with temperature -161°C
are presented. Apart from this, the results of tests conducted in liquid nitrogen environment and room temperature are included. To choose the optimal kind and thickness of electrical sheet, the behavior of electrical
sheets with different thickness and kind of insulation were examined. The magnetic parameters of the tested
electrical sheets, such as: magnetic induction, total energy loss with division on hysteresis and eddy current
loss were determined. Simulational analyses were conducted using circuit-field method.
Rafał Setlak, Marcin Fice
SYSTEM NAPĘDOWY MILD HYBRYD DLA SAMOCHODU
OSOBOWEGO
MILD HYBRYD POWER TRAIN SYSTEM FOR PASSENGER CAR
Abstract: The paper describes initial stages of designing Mild Hybrid drive system. This type of drive uses
traditional electric unit consisting of battery, starter and alternator. This system, appropriately adapted, for instance by increasing its overall rated power and supplementing it with novel energy control procedures, may
operate in a manner similar to hybrid car drives. Mild Hybrid system utilises standard components used in
cars – i.e. starter and alternator. A supercapacitor will be introduced as a new component, its role is to operate
as energy accumulator for IC engine start-ups. Traditional car battery will also assume a new function, that of
heating IC engine. Automobile Stop & Go System makes it possible to switch off IC engine automatically
when vehicle stops (e.g. at red light or in traffic hold-ups) and then to switch it on quickly again. This action
makes it possible to decrease fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emission, particularly in towns. Results of
supercapacitor performance during IC engine start-ups are presented in this paper. Energy consumption at
start-up has been calculated together with start-up time. Magnetti Marelli-Denso E80E car starter used in Fiat
Palio Weekend has been used in tests, this starter is rated at 12 V 1,0 kW. Several tens of IC engines start-ups
were conducted, with starter supplied from traditional standard lead-acid battery (Centra Futura 055 290,
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C20=55Ah); next, similar tests were run using supercapacitor (MAXWELL BPAK 15V 58F). Within the
framework of this study, there have been done a range of the road measurements whose aim was to determine
the real driving cycles. Route Gliwice – Zabrze, Route Zabrze, Route Gliwice –city centre, Route Gliwice.
The biggest standing share has been obtained for the route 3 – Gliwice centre (37,9% of the percentage value
of the drive time). The subject of this paper is in agreement with carbon dioxide emission standards set by
European Union states, since special attention is paid by EU regulations to car transport activities (Kyoto
protocol based on UNFCCC, European Climate Change Programme and Intelligent Energy Europe
programs.
Andrzej Morawski
BIAP, Wrocław
UWAGI DO PROJEKTOWANIA NAPĘDÓW ŚREDNIEGO NAPIĘCIA
Z PRZEMIENNIKAMI PRĄDOWYMI
REMARKS CONCERNING DESIGNING OF MEDIUM VOLTAGE DRIVES
WITH CURRENT SOURCE FREQUENCY CONVERTERS
Abstract: The paper presents some remarks concerning medium voltage drive design method. New types of
medium voltage frequency converters (MVFC) demands change in electric calculation and equipement
selection methods. The side effects of MVFC applications are much different using current source inverters
than other FC constructions. Presented subjects, observations and conclusions are result of experience in
design and start-up of MVFC in many different industrial applications.
Zbigniew Goryca
Politechnika Radomska, Radom
UKŁAD STEROWANIA OBCIĄśENIEM DO MAŁEJ
ELEKTROWNI WIATROWEJ
CONTROL SYSREM FOR THE SMALL WIND POWER PLANT
Abstract: Abstract: The power being produced by wind turbine is dependent on turning velocity of the
turbine and wind speed. In actual conditions, wind speed is continuously changing and optimal exploitation of
the power plant requires adjusting the power of load to the power of the turbine. In this paper, the circuit
changing the load in the function of turning velocity and wind speed has been presented. This circuit is
universal and can be utilized in small wind power plant of different power.
Andrzej Sikora, Barbara Kulesz
TRANSFORMATORY PROSTOWNIKOWE PODSTACJI
TRAKCYJNEJ – POSZUKIWANIE NAJKORZYSTNIEJSZEGO
ROZWIĄZANIA
TRAM TRACTION SUBSTATION RECTIFIER TRANSFORMERS
– LOOKING FOR THE OPTIMUM DESIGN
Abstract: Polish trams are supplied with dc 600 V voltage. Tram network is supplied from traction substation,
where transformation of power grid 3-phase, 15- or 20 kV ac voltage takes place. The transformation is
achieved with transformer-rectifier sets. Rectified voltage is characterised by voltage ripple, due to transfor-
13
mation method. Number of pulses of ac component in rectifier voltage depends on rectifier-transformer set
used and it may vary from 6 to 24. Older Polish substations operate with 6-pulse systems, the others with 12pulse systems, sometimes 24-pulse systems are used. When substation electrical equipment is modernised, 6pulse systems are exchanged for more modern systems. Increasing number of pulses in the rectified voltage
should result in bettering of dc voltage quality. However, transformer design is usually more complex and, in
addition, number of rectifier diodes and amount of wiring goes up. Increased number of transformer windings
means an increase in transformer weight, including windings, core, insulation and chassis weight. At the same
time, while the design power of the transformer is kept unchanged, the power losses will go up. This paper
presents methodology of weight and power losses calculation for several different rectifier transformer types
together with calculation results. The authors have tried to show how to select the most advantageous design of
rectifier transformer, keeping in view enhancement of dc voltage quality as well as transformer investment
costs due to increase in material (copper and iron) consumption.
ANALIZA WPŁYWU GRUBOŚCI SZCZELINY POWIETRZNEJ
NA PRZEBIEGI CZASOWE PRĄDÓW I MOMENTU SILNIKA
RELUKTANCYJNEGO PRZEŁĄCZALNEGO
ANALYSIS OF AIR-GAP THICKNESS INFLUENCE IN SWITCHED
RELUCTANCE MOTOR ON CURRENTS AND TORQUE
Abstract: In the article we analyse the influence of air-gap thickness on motional propriety of switched reluctance motors with non-symmetrical construction. Static flux-current-angle and torque-current-angle characteristics has been determined for motors with different air-gap thickness. The simulation SRM model constructed
in Matlab/Simulink system is presented. There is also showed stimulation results for different working points
of given motors. Experimental research has been done for chosen motor models and it is showed analysis of
obtain results.
Piotr Zientek, Roman Niestrój
METODY ELIMINACJI PRĄDÓW ŁOśYSKOWYCH I PRĄDU
UZIOMU W UKŁADACH NAPĘDOWYCH ZASILANYCH
Z FALOWNIKÓW PWM
THE METHOD OF ELIMINATION BEARING CURRENTS
AND LEAKAGE CURRENT IN PWM INVERTER DRIVES
Abstract: In the paper are discussed different kinds of parasitic phenomena occurring in PWM inverter driven
induction motors. In the article describes methodes for limiting bearing currents and common-mode current in
PWM drives. The paper also presents results of experimental researches. Conclusions drawn from laboratory
researches are presented in chapter 7.
14
BADANIA SYMULACYJNE MASZYNY RELUKTACYJNEJ
PRZEŁĄCZALNEJ PRZEZNACZONEJ DO NAPĘDU ROBOTA
KUCHENNEGO
COMPUTER SIMULATION INVESTIGATION OF THE SWITCHED
RELUCTANCE MOTOR IN FOOD PROCESSOR DRIVE
Abstract: In the article we present case study of possible solution of food-processor drive, in particular the
application of SRM. We projected for food-processor drive SRM with 6/4 construction. That motor, because
of construction restrictions, is characterised by non-symmetrical magnetic circuit. Using simulation methods
we determined motor properties. On the base of FE method we also determined characteristics of torque, flux
linkage and inductance versus current and rotor angle for two different motor phases. We present calculations
of waveforms current for each phase, supply current and electromagnetic torque for different motor speeds.
Aleksander Fręchowicz
WPŁYW SPOSOBU ZASILANIA NA WŁASNOŚCI DYNAMICZNE
SILNIKÓW PRĄDU STAŁEGO, ZASILANYCH Z IMPULSOWYCH
PRZETWORNIKÓW ENERGII
IMPACT OF SUPPLY METHOD ON DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF DC MOTORS
FED BY IMPULSE ENERGY CONVERTERS
Abstract: Modern electric servodrives are equipped with standard or brushless dc motors and PWM transistor
converters. The designers must utilise motors electric braking if high demands on motors’ dynamics are to be
met. It often happens that during coasting, real speed does not keep up with quickly decreasing set speed. In
case of electric braking, the controllers change motor current direction. Motor goes into braking mode, and
controllers operate in such a way, that real system speed keeps up with decreasing set speed. Additionally it is
required that transmission from driving to braking modes and reversing should be achieved smoothly, without
jerks or overshooting. Dc machines can brake in two different ways: utilising counter-current mode and dynamic braking mode. In both modes, when braking current is flowing, the valves are switched off and braking
current transfers system’s energy back to the supply source. From the design point of view, these drive systems may be divided into two basic categories. The first class consists of drives where PWM period may be
apportioned into two time intervals: one, when the system operates in driving mode, the other, when it operates
in braking mode. Depending on pulse-duty factor, the system operates as drive or brake. Change of energy
flow direction does not necessitate switching the circuit structure. The second class of drives comprises systems operating as drives or brakes and change of operation mode is achieved by switching circuit structure.
Four different designs of dc drives are presented in the paper, combining both braking modes and both drive
classes. Merits and faults of these systems are shown.
Andrzej Sikora, Adam Zielonka
STEROWANIE ZASILANIEM SILNIKA BEZSZCZOTKOWEGO
W NAPĘDZIE ŁODZI MOTOROWEJ
DC BRUSHLESS MOTOR SUPPLY CONTROL FOR MOTOR BOAT DRIVE
15
Abstract: This paper describes electronic commutator, which determines current rotor position using signals
produced by additional windings placed in the motor stator. On account of drive specific properties, the motor
shaft may perform two steps contrary to the required direction during motor start-up. The system consists of
transistor bridge which supplies voltage to different motor windings in accordance with commutation scheme.
The bridge is microprocessor-controlled. Control signals input to the microprocessor are rotor position and
supply current. The control has been divided into two stages: start-up and normal operation. The start-up is
performed on the basis of start-up commutation sequence recorded in microprocessor memory (if rotor is
stopped, then there is no information as to its position). When the motor shaft starts, this commutation sequence may cause shaft movement in direction opposite to the required direction and only afterwards the
proper rotation (i.e. in the desired direction) is initiated. During normal operation, emfs induced in motor additional windings are used as control signals. On the basis of these additional windings signals, six operational
phases have been defined, each corresponding to single rotor position. Bridge transistor conditions have been
defined for each phase. Microprocessor is responsible for controlling bridge transistors as well as motor input
current. If current limit is exceeded, then transistor conducting time is decreased.
Mirosław Dąbrowski, Andrzej Rudeński
Instytut Elektrotechniki, Warszawa
INTERAKTYWNE OPROGRAMOWANIE DO PROJEKTOWANIA
SILNIKÓW MAGNETOELEKTRYCZNYCH O KOMUTACJI
ELEKTRONICZNEJ
INTERACTIVE SOFTWARE FOR DESIGN OF THE PERMANENT MAGNET
BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
Abstract: The paper presents the algorithm and software for design of the optimal permanent magnet brushless d.c. motors. This motors are powered from d.c. voltage source through semiconductor switches of the
motor phase belts. Design software allows to apply the shell-shaped NdFeB magnets with high energy density.
In algorithm only analytical formulas have been applied without introducing of numerical field analysis methods. The software based on this algorithm is the fast and effective tool for design of permanent magnet d.c.
motors. By its elaboration authors have take attention to ensure user convenience. The software interface allows to introduce changes of magnetic circuit dimensions and winding structure and parameters and simultaneously to check influence of these changes on the calculation results. The software operates on the standard
and inverted motors structures, i.e. with outer rotor. As optimization procedure the non-deterministic method
i.e. evolution strategy ( + )-ES have been applied. To the software have been included the basis of materials
data, which consists data of several grades of sintered and bonded NdFeB magnets, data of several grades of
electrotechnical steels and construction steels for the rotor yokes. The special service software allows to
change of existing material data and to introduce data of new materials grades.
Henryk Banach, Politechnika Lubelska, Lublin
Marcin Drob, Lubelski Węgiel „Bogdanka” S.A., Lublin
ANALIZA CHARAKTERYSTYK STEROWANIA
MINIMALIZUJĄCYCH STRATY MOCY W INDUKCYJNYM
SILNIKU KLATKOWYM
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE LOSS MINIMIZING
IN AN INDUCTION SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTOR
Abstract: In the article two control characteristics U = f(P) for the loss minimizing in an induction squirrelcage motor are analysed. These control characteristics are obtained from different methods. In the first method
the voltage value is constant and the load value changes, Fig. 1. In the second method the load value is constant and the supplied voltage is variable, Fig. 2. The result of simulation shown that improving of the efficiency for given squirrel-cage induction motor is more effective by control characteristic of the second
16
method, Fig.3 and Fig. 4. The differences between the efficiency improving of both control characteristics can
be explained thought the creation 3-D efficiency diagram in function of the load and the supplied voltage,Fig.6. In addition “an ideal” induction motor for the variable load operation is discussed. This motor has
possibility to minimize the total losses from no-load work to the rated load, Fig.5.
Tomasz Barszcz, Jacek Urbanek, Akademia Górniczo – Hutnicza, Kraków
Bernard Schmidt, EC Systems Sp. z o.o., Kraków
POMIAR MOCY MECHANICZNEJ MASZYN ELEKTRYCZNYCH
POPRZEZ POMIAR KĄTA SKRĘCENIA WAŁU
MEASURMENT OF ELECTRICAL MACHINERY MECHANICAL POWER
BY MEASUREMENT OF ANGULAR TWIST OF SHAFT
Abstract: Mechanical power carries important information about the technical state of rotating machinery.
Dynamic measurement of the mechanical power is especially important for electrical machines. The paper
presents the idea of mechanical power measurement by measurement of the angular twist of the shaft. The
measurement is based on analysis of pulses from two disks, installed at two ends of the machine. It gives accurate information about changes of the rotational speed as well as the twist angle of the shaft. Next, the paper
presents developed data processing algorithms. It is impossible in practice to machine ideal impulse disks and
thus it is necessary to apply the compensation of results based on measured innacuracies. The proposed
method is discussed and shown applicable for measurement of the angular twist of the power generation turboset. The method was validated on a test rig. The design of the rig and test measurements are presented.
Measured mechanical power was compared with the electric power measured by traditional methods. High
correlation of these values was achieved.
Maria Dems, Krzysztof Komęza, Jacek Szulakowski
Politechnika Łódzka, Łódź
CHARAKTERYSTYKI BIEGU JAŁOWEGO
WYSOKOOBROTOWYCH SILNIKÓW INDUKCYJNYCH
MAŁEJ MOCY
NO-LOAD CURVES OF THE HIGH-SPEED SMALL SIZE INDUCTION MOTORS
Abstract: Nowadays the high-speed induction motors are widely used in many industrial installations and also
in aircraft industry. Many of them are designed as converter-fed induction machines. Some electrical drives
with not so sophisticated speed control have voltage shape with many higher harmonics. Examine the operation of high speed induction motors feed from PWM converters, with wide range of frequency, it is necessity
for carefully considering of no-load losses of the motor. Results of formulas used in computer aided design for
calculation of mechanical losses and core losses have shown good agreement with experimental data for motor
feed from sinusoidal 50 Hz source but they have been not valid for higher frequencies. The main aim of the
paper will be analysis of the no-load losses and no-load current for some small power induction motors feed
with voltage of frequency from 50 to 250 Hz with different U-f ratio. For this problem circuit and field-circuit
methods will be use and the results will be validating and computation methods will be improving basing on
experimental results.
17
Włodzimierz Zieliński
DIAGNOSTYKA KOMUTATORÓW MASZYN ELEKTRYCZNYCH
PRĄDU STAŁEGO
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING OF COMMUTATORS OF ELECTRIC DIRECT CURRENT
MACHINES
Abstract: The paper presents a concept of realization of an expert system for monitoring and diagnostics of
electric direct current commutator machines. A perceptron regulator of the current of commutation poles is
sometimes incapable of eliminating or reducing the sparking of brushes. This may be due to mechanical or
other additional factors, which were not taken into consideration in the process of instruction of the artificial
neural network ANN described in the previous paper. That is why the application of a damage detector will
allow to control states of emergency or machine failures and to inform the system operator or shut down.
Maria J. Zielińska, Wojciech G. Zieliński, Włodzimierz Zieliński
PRZEBIEGI NIEUSTALONE PRĄDU I MOMENTU
ELEKTROMAGNETYCZNECO PODCZAS ROZRUCHU
W SILNIKACH INDUKCYJNYCH WYSOKOOBROTOWYCH
TRANSIENTS OF CURRENT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC TORQUE DURING
START-UP IN HIGH-SPEED INDUCTION MOTORS
Abstract: High-speed motors are produced in Poland outside the machine-building industry. Only a few motors, adapted to specific purposes, are manufactured, for example, by plants that produce rolling-element
bearings. These motors have found their application in driving high-speed grinders in bearing ring raceway
production lines.
The properties of motors fed with high-frequency voltage result mainly from the use of a closed slot in the
rotor and the high frequency of supply voltage. The use of the closed rotor slot causes strong saturation of the
magnetic circuit by the leakage flux around the slot.
Taking account of the phenomenon of saturation of the magnetic circuit due to the leakage flux around the
closed rotor slots is a complex issue. In the present article, this phenomenon was taken into consideration by
introducing into the mathematical model of the motor, derived for a linear magnetic circuit, rotor leakage inductance dependent on rotor current. The relation was determined experimentally.
Roman Miksiewicz, Arkadiusz Sikora
OBLICZENIA I POMIARY PRZEBIEGÓW PRĄDÓW I NAPIĘĆ
W ALTERNATORZE KŁOWYM W STANIE OBCIĄśENIA
CALCULATIONS AND MEASUREMENTS OF VOLTAGE AND CURRENT
WAVEFORMS IN CLAW POLE ALTERNATOR UNDER LOAD
Abstract: The paper presents the results of computations and measurements of the waveforms of currents and
voltages of the claw pole alternator at the constant speed in the steady state. The computations and measurement were made for the alternator resistance load. The calculations were carried out with use of the finite ele-
18
ment method in the transient module of program Maxwell 3D. The computation results of the waveforms were
compared with the measurement results of the claw pole alternator.
Heinz J. Rausch
Fortrac AG, Szwajcaria
SYSTEMY IMPREGNACJI – PORÓWNANIE LAKIERÓW I śYWIC
POD WZGLĘDEM EKONOMICZNYM, EKOLOGICZNYM
I TECHNICZNYM
IMPREGNATION SYSTEM – ECONOMICAL, ECOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL
COMPARSION BETWEEN VARNISHES AND RESINS
Abstract: the reason why nowadays the use and consumption of varnish or solvent-cut resins has drastically
decreased since 1998 in the industry. This elaboration will bring answers for such a questions like: why varnishes do not meet anymore the technical, economical and ecological standards imposed today by Industry?
What is the difference between varnish and resin? How are the results of impregnation with a field coil between a varnish and 1-component polyester resin? How much resin will stay in above of cases between the
windings?
Ondřej Vítek
Brno University of Technology, Brno
INDUCTION MACHINE DIAGNOSIS USING STATOR CURRENT
AND MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS
Abstract: Fault diagnosis is currently a target of wide research activities. There is large number of diagnostic
methods based on various source of diagnostic signal, signal processing and data evaluation approach. Stator
current is traditional diagnostic signal for fault detection of induction machines. Monitoring of this signal is
mainly effective in case of diagnosis of broken rotor bars and rings. However, analysis of external magnetic
field appears to be more powerful in case of rotor eccentricity detection. The measurement system based on
LabVIEW platform is now presented and it includes both stator current and external magnetic field analysis.
147

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