FULL TEXT

FOLIA UNIVERSITATIS AGRICULTURAE STETINENSIS
Folia Univ. Agric. Stetin. 2007, Agric., Aliment., Pisc. Zootech. 257 (3), 81–90
Daniel KORNIEWICZ, Henryk RÓŻAŃSKI, Zbigniew DOBRZAŃSKI 1,
Piotr KACZMAREK, Adolf KORNIEWICZ 2
THE EFFECT OF HERBIPLANT CS PHYTOPREPARATION
ON HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS
IN YOUNG FATTENERS BLOOD
WPŁYW FITOPREPARATU HERBIPLANT CS
NA KSZTAŁTOWANIE SIĘ WSKAŹNIKÓW HEMATOLOGICZNYCH
I BIOCHEMICZNYCH KRWI U MŁODYCH TUCZNIKÓW
LNB Poland Ltd. Kiszkowo, 2/4 Rolna St., 62-280 Kiszkowo, Poland
Department of Animal Hygiene and Environment, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life
Sciences, 38C Chełmońskiego St., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
2
Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life
Sciences, 38D Chełmońskiego St., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland, e-mail: [email protected]
1
Abstract. Investigation involved the effect of Herbiplant CS phytopreparation administered in
–1
feed mixtures (125 mg·kg ) on hematological and biochemical blood parameters in young fatteners. The results proved that assessed preparation advantageously affected energy exchange (glucose concentration significantly increased) and lipid metabolism (significantly decreased concentration of total cholesterol, its LDL fractions and triglycerides).The preparation
applied did not influence hemoglobin, erythrocyte content and hematocrit value, or the remaining indices of iron metabolism, yet it did significantly increase copper concentration. Perhaps
longer application of phytopreparation and its higher doses in fattener’s diet would provide their
more diversified blood parameters.
Key words: fatteners, hematological and biochemical parameters, phytopreparation.
Słowa kluczowe: tuczniki, surowica krwi, wskaźniki hematologiczne i biochemiczne, fitopreparat.
INTRODUCTION
Withdrawing fodder antibiotics from animal feeding and increased consumer interest
in so-called “natural foods” resulted in undertaking investigation on herb and medicinal
plants in farm animals feeds (Grela et al. 1998; Stenzel et al. 2000; Paschma and
Wawrzyński 2003; Korniewicz 2004; Kraszewski et al. 2004). Biologically active substances
contained in herbs are of multidirectional effect: antibacterial, antifungal, immunomodifying
(Grela et al. 1998; Ozcan and Boyraz 2000; Hart 2005; Korniewicz and Różański 2006),
antioxidative and oxidative stress reducing in humans and animals (Yingming et al. 2004;
Pajk et al. 2006). They influence numerous metabolic processes (Bhattaram et al. 2002),
feature prophylactic and therapeutic effect, as well as can be treated as potential substitute
for antibiotics (Hanczakowska and Urbańczyk 2002; Lien et al. 2007).
According to Grela et al. (1998) herbs contain alcaloids, flavonoides polyphenoles, glicoproteides, polysaccharides, furanocumarines and lactones. According to Kamel (2001)
and Korniewicz (2004) main active substances obtained from plants are cinnamon aldehyde, cineol, carvacrol, thymol, capsaicine, eugenol, anethol, allicine and menthol. These
substances are of special considerable effects on increased activity of enzymes like amy-
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D. Korniewicz et. al.
lase, lipase, trypsin and enzymes from oxidcoreductase group like superoxide dismutase,
glutathione peroxidase and catalase (Platel and Srinivasan 1996; 2000). These enzymes,
removing free radicals, have an intestine villi protection, which in turn, increases their surface and possibilities of nutrients absorption. As a result, improvement of state of health
and production effects become a fact, which was proved, among the others, by home investigation conducted by Kołacz et al. (1997), Grela et al. (1998), Grela (2000) and
Korniewicz (2004).
Literature concerning data herbs effect on the blood parameters: immunological, hematological and biochemical are very scarce. Some information can be found in the works of
Kołacz et al. (1997) and Lien et al. (2007).
The aim of investigation was to determine the effect of phytopreparation Herbiplant CS
administered in feed mixtures on hematological and biochemical blood parameters
in young fatteners.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Phytopreparation Herbiplant CS was worked out in research-promoting centre LNB Poland Ltd. It is a mixture of micronized plant parts, volatile oils and plant extracts deposited
on silicate and stabilized with palm oil. Herbiplant CS preparation is standarised regarding
the content of the following active plant-originating substances: thymol – 38 500, 1,8-cineol
– 35 000, carvacrol – 10 000, pinene – 4000, capsaicine – 1700, cinnamon aldehyde –
975, eugenol – 450, flavonoids – 6000, volatile oils – 97 000 mg·kg–1. Herbiplant CS in the
form of powder was applied as a component of fodder mixtures supplementing Global Max
(vitamin-mineral-amino acids) produced by LNB Poland Ltd. in Kiszkowo. Supplementary
(vitamin-mineral-amino acids) mixtures, prepared according to the mentioned recipe, in the
amount of 3% were introduced into feed mixtures. The same fodder materials were used
in order to produce two kinds of mixtures differing only in the addition of Herbiplant CS
preparation. Fatteners were classified into two nutrition groups: group I – control, group II –
experimental with Herbiplant CS in the amount of 125 mg·kg–1 feed mixture applied.
Fodder materials used for feed mixtures production were subjected to chemical analysis
in The Laboratory of The Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science at Wrocław
University of Environmental and Life Sciences, using analytical methods in operation
(AOAC, 1990). Energy value was calculated on the basis of component analysis and digestibility coefficient, as well as formulas inserted in Swine Feeding Standard (1993) and
CVB (2004) – Table 1.
Ten hogs [(sow wbp x pbz) x boar (Hampshire x Pietrain)] of initial body weight of about
30 kg, classified into two nutrition groups were considered in the experiment. All animals
were kept individually in pens equipped with pig feeders and nipple drinkers. The animals
underwent digestion-balance examination, while blood examination were constituted additional on the experiment conducted in Experimental Animal Nutrition Plant in Gorzyń (Agricultural University in Poznań) and lasting out four weeks (Korniewicz et al. 2007). On the
last day of investigation (28 th day – in the morning before feeding) blood samples from
jugular vein were collected from each fattener and the hematological indices (HGB, HCT
RBC, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBC, PLT), biochemical parameters (protein, albumins, glucose,
The effect of Herbiplant CS phytopreparation on hematological...
83
urea, liver enzymes, triglycerides, cholesterol and its fraction), as well as concentration of the
following chemical elements: Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn were evaluated.
Table 1. Percentage composition and nutritive value of feed mixtures for fatteners
Tabela 1. Skład procentowy i wartość pokarmowa mieszanek pełnoporcjowych dla tuczników
Fodder ingredients
Materiały paszowe
Ground wheat – Śruta pszenna
Ground barley – Śruta jęczmienna
Ground triticale – Śruta pszenżytnia
Soya bean oilmeal – Śruta poekstrakcyjna
sojowa
*MPU – Farmer premix
Global Max 1
Global Max 2
Total – Razem
In 1 kg of mixture – W 1 kg mieszanki
Metabolic energy – Energia metaboliczna
Nett energy – Energia netto
Dry matter – Sucha masa
Crude protein – Białko ogólne
Crude fiber – Włókno surowe
Crude fat – Tłuszcz surowy
Crude ash – Popiół surowy
Lysine – Lizyna
Methionine+Cystine – Metionina + Cystyna
Threonine – Treonina
Tryptophan – Tryptofan
Isoleucine – Izoleucyna
Ca total – Ca razem
P total – P razem
P digestible – P przyswajalne
Na
Mg
Zn
Fe
Cu
Mn
Herbiplant CS
Units
Jednostki
miary
Group – Grupa
%
%
%
%
I
control
kontrolna
20.00
42.00
20.00
15.00
%
%
%
3.00
–
100.00
–
3.00
100.00
MJ
kcal
%
%
%
%
%
12.90
2220
86.74
15.90
2.91
1.30
4.85
12.90
2220
86.74
15.90
2.91
1.30
4.85
%
%
1.02
0.65
1.02
0.65
%
%
%
0.65
0.20
0.65
0.65
0.20
0.65
%
%
%
%
%
mg
mg
mg
mg
0.67
0.54
0.32
0.18
0.11
172
178
20
50
0.67
0.54
0.32
0.18
0.11
172
178
20
50
mg
–
125
II
Herbiplant CS
20.00
42.00
20.00
15.00
*MPU also contain xynalase, gluconase and phytase – MPU zawiera też ksynalazę i glukanazę oraz fitazę.
Analysis in The Laboratory of Department of Animal Hygiene and Environment at Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences was conducted, using biochemical analyser Pentra 400 produced by Horiba ABX. For Cu and Zn analysis RANDOX firm reagents
were used, while Mn concentration in serum was evaluated according to AAS method, applying microwave sample mineralization. Hematological examinations of samples evaluated
were done with the use of hematological analyser ABC-Vet.
The results of analysis were statistically worked out using one-factor variance analysis
and difference significance between the groups was estimated according to t -Student test
(Statgraphics® v. 5.0 software).
84
D. Korniewicz et. al.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Mixtures assessment
Feed mixtures for both groups (Table 1) contained 15.9% crude protein and 1.02%
crude lysine. The remaining balanced aminoacids like methionine, cystine, threonine, tryptophan and isoleucine were in even amounts. Protein and amino acids levels, macroelements (Ca, P, Mg, Na) and microelements content (Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn) was even in both
mixtures and followed with recommendations included in polish Swine Feeding Standard
(1993) and with the pig feeding programme by LNB Poland Sp. Ltd. worked out
by Korniewicz (2006).
The results of fattening, digestibility of basic nutrients, protein balance, apparent absorption and macroelements (Ca, P i Mg) and microelements (Fe, Cu, Mn I Zn) balances are
the subject of separate elaboration (Korniewicz et al. 2007).
Hematological indicators
The results of hematological examination (Table 2) reveal that applied Herbiplant CS
preparation did not affect hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrite (HCT) and erythrocyte concentration (RBC).
Table 2. Hematological indicators of fatteners blood
Tabela 2. Wskaźniki hematologiczne krwi tuczników
Group – Grupa
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
Hemoglobin (HGB)
–1
Hemoglobina [mmol·l ]
Hematocrit
Hematokryt (HCT) [%]
Red blood cells
9 –1
Erytrocyty (RBC) [10 ·l ]
Mean corpuscular volume
–9 –1
Średnia objętość erytrocytów (MCV) [10 ·l ]
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin
Średnia zawartość hemoglobiny
w erytrocytach (MCH) [pg]
Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
Średnie stężenie hemoglobiny w erytrocytach
–1
(MCHC) [mmol·l ]
White blood cells
9 –1
Leukocyty (WBC) [10 ·l ]
Platelets
9 –1
Płytki krwi (PLT) [10 ·l ]
I
control
kontrolna
II
Herbiplant CS
11.04±0.99
11.35±0.57
38.30±3.95
39.05±1.52
6.56±0.57
6.72±0.08
58.0±1.67
58.0±2.86
16.68±0.61
16.92±0.91
28.70±0.51
28.97±0.38
23.16±4.76
23.85±3.75
322 ± 28.2
324 ± 24.4
Mean marked with the different superscript letters differ significantly: a,b – p≤0.05 and A,B – p≤0.01.
Średnie wartości oznaczone różnymi literami różnią się istotnie: a,b – p≤0,05 oraz A,B – p≤0,01.
Any differences between control and experimental groups regarding the remaining indices connected with iron metabolism, such as mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
The effect of Herbiplant CS phytopreparation on hematological...
85
were not recorded. White blood cells (WBC) and platelets (PLT) were equal in both nutrition groups. Controlled hematological indicators remained within the range of reference
values by Winnicka (1997) and they were similar to those obtained by Korniewicz et al.
(2000). Investigation by Lien et al. (2007) revealed that 8-week application of Chinese herbs
“Bazhen” in weaned piglets significantly increased WBC (from 7.46 to 11.09 x 103·m–1, RBC
(from 6.28 to 6.69 x 109·l–1) and some immunological indicators like gammaglobulins, including immunoglobulin G. Any alterations in concentrations of MCV, MCHC, albumins and
globulins were recorded. Other authors (Yu et al. 2000) also observed the increase in some
hematological indicators (HGB, PCV) in piglets receiving aminoacid-iron preparation
(“Availa”®).
Hematological indicators alterations are especially characteristic in young pigs. Apart
from technological-environmental factors (e.g. time of weaning, the way of rearing, temperature of the environment), the most important is the way of feeding and fodder quality,
including the content of available iron (Link and Kovač 2000). Animal state of health, particularly parasitic diseases or diarrhea occurrence also affect on blood parameters in pigs
(Wieczorek et al. 2006).
Biochemical parameters
Investigation results regarding biochemical parameters in weaned piglets blood serum
(Table 3) point to the effect of phytopreparation administered in feed mixture.
Table 3. Biochemical parameters of fatteners blood serum
Tabela 3. Wskaźniki biochemiczne w surowicy krwi tuczników
Group – Grupa
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
–1
Total protein – Białko całkowite [g·l ]
–1
Albumins – Albuminy [g·l ]
–1
Urea – Mocznik [mmol·l ]
–1
–1
AST [U·l ]
–1
ALT [U·l ]
–1
GGT [U·l ]
–1
Cholesterol – Cholesterol [mmol·l ]
–1
HDL [mmol·l ]
55.6±6.04
52.4±3.27
4.34±0.70
4.18±0.68
65.3±5.91
B
2.26 ±0.53
4.17 ±0.70
56.6±14.97
51.7±14.47
74.03±4.02
62.1±3.50
45.6±11.62
49.1±13.10
a
2.63 ±0.12
0.81±0.08
–1
Triglyceride – Trójglicerydy [mmol·l ]
–1
II
Herbiplant CS
A
Glucose – Glukoza [mmol·l ]
LDL [mmol·l ]
I
control
kontrolna
67.7±4.29
a
0.42 ±0.03
a
1.62 ±0.10
b
2.33 ±0.26
0.80±0.06
b
0.36 ±0.05
b
1.37 ±0.22
Mean marked with the different superscript letters differ significantly: a,b – p≤0.05 and A,B – p≤0.01.
Średnie wartości oznaczone różnymi literami różnią się istotnie: a,b – p≤0,05 oraz A,B – p≤0,01.
Yet Herbiplant CS did not effect on such indices of protein metabolism as: concentration
of total protein, albumins or urea. There were not recorded any significant differences between the groups regarding enzyme activity or alanine and asparagine transaminase. Nev-
D. Korniewicz et. al.
86
ertheless, significantly (p≤0.01) increased glucose concentration from 2.26 to 4.17 mmol·l–1
can prove advantageous effect of this phytopreparation on energy balance in fatteners.
Similar influence of herbs on fat metabolism in fatteners was recorded by Grela (2000).
There was also proved favourable effect on the assessed preparation on lipids metabolism, which can be confirmed by significant decrease in crude cholesterol level, its LDL
fraction and triglycerides. This fact is difficult to be interpreted because of complicated
mechanisms of lipids metabolism in pigs and other animals. Another investigation by
Korniewicz et al. (2007) involving administration of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae enriched in bioelements (Fe, Cu, Mn) to weaned piglets also confirmed the effect of microelements in an organic form on decreased cholesterol concentration in blood serum.
Biochemical parameters in pigs, especially piglets and weaned piglets can vary within
certain limits, which was observed by Świtała et al. (1998) and Migdał et al. (2003).
Mineral components in blood serum
Obtained results of blood serum analysis in the view of mineral components are showed
in Table 4.
Table 4. Concentration of mineral components in pig blood serum
Tabela 4. Stężenie składników mineralnych w surowicy krwi
Group – Grupa
Specification
Wyszczególnienie
–1
Ca [mmol·l ]
–1
P [mmol·l ]
–1
Mg [mmol·l ]
–1
Na [mmol·l ]
–1
K [mmol·l ]
–1
Cl [mmol·l ]
–1
Fe [μmol·l ]
–1
Cu [μmol·l ]
–1
Mn [μmol·l ]
–1
Zn [μmol·l ]
I
control
kontrolna
2.57±0.14
II
Herbiplant CS
2.67±0.41
3.55±0.40
3.57±0.27
1.00±0.10
1.00±0.04
136.4±1.91
135.7±1.25
5.78±0.97
5.07±0.29
105.4±2.03
105.2±0.96
20.02±3.50
20.34±1.87
a
b
35.50 ±1.61
40.59 ±4.62
0.48±0.06
0.52±0.05
34.82±4.16
37.92±10.26
Mean marked with the different superscript letters differ significantly: a,b – p≤0.05 and A,B – p≤0.01.
Średnie wartości oznaczone różnymi literami różnią się istotnie: a,b – p≤0,05 oraz A,B – p≤0,01.
They prove that preparation administered in fatteners fodder did not effect on the concentration of the examined macroelements, i.e. Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, Cl. Determined concentration of these mineral components is similar to reference values reported by Winnicka
(1997) and the ones obtained in previous investigation by Korniewicz et al. (2003). No significant differences were found between the groups regarding iron or manganese concentration. Nevertheless, it was possible to prove that preparation assessed did significantly
(p≤0.05) effect on increased copper concentration, which suggests its improved availability.
The effect of Herbiplant CS phytopreparation on hematological...
87
The data involving the effect of herb preparations on concentration of chemical elements
in pig blood serum have not been found. Concentration of mineral components in pig serum varies relatively and depends on elements content in animal diet, as well as their
bioavailability. Revy et al. (2004) reported significant increase in Zn in blood serum without
any effect on P and Cu concentration in weaned piglets receiving microbiological phytase
with zinc. Nowotný et al. (2005) administered in weaned piglets fodder the following elements: Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Se in an organic or traditional form. There were controlled concentrations of those elements in blood serum collected from animals aging 65, 72, 80 and
93 days. In all periods significant effect on organic form on increased concentration of microelements content could be recorded: Fe from 14.66 to 18.29; Cu from 17.8 to 22.71; Zn
from 8.50 to 9.82; Mn from 0.43 to 0.57μmol·l–1. Czech and Grela (2006), administering
chelates “Biomax” to fatteners, observed significant increase in Cu, Mn and Zn concentration in blood serum, while no effect was recorded in the case of Ca, P, Mg and Fe concentration or biochemical indices.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Herbiplant CS phytopreparation administered in feed mixtures (125 mg·kg–1) affected on
energy exchange (glucose concentration significantly increased) and lipid metabolism (significantly decreased concentration of total cholesterol, its LDL fractions and triglycerides).
2. The preparation applied did not effect on content of hemoglobin, erythrocyte and hematocrite value, as well as the remaining indices of iron metabolism, yet it did significantly
increase in blood serum of copper concentration.
3. Probably, long-term administration of phytopreparation and its doses in animal diet
would provide more diversified picture of fatteners blood parameters.
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Streszczenie. Badano wpływ fitopreparatu Herbiplant CS, podawanego w mieszankach pełno–1
porcjowych (125 mg·kg ), na kształtowanie się wskaźników hematologicznych i biochemicznych
krwi u młodych tuczników. Wskazano, że oceniany preparat miał korzystny wpływ na metabolizm
energetyczny (istotnie zwiększone stężenie glukozy oraz istotnie zmniejszona koncentracja cholesterolu ogólnego, frakcji LDL i trójglicerydów). Stosowany preparat nie miał wpływu na zawartość hemoglobiny, hematokrytu i erytrocytów oraz pozostałe wskaźniki metabolizmu żelaza,
zwiększył natomiast istotnie stężenie miedzi. Być może dłuższe stosowanie fitopraparatu i jego
większe dawki w diecie dałyby bardziej zróżnicowany obraz parametrów krwi tuczników.