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-ƶƿƺſŻřƾƗřƺƳřƎſƺţƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟƾųźŝİŤƀƿŻśŸūƹƪưŰţƾſŹźŝ
ƽźưŴƯƽŚƷ
:ŚưƴƷřŹŵŚŤſř
źƟƽ
ŵŚưŤƗřřźƷŻźŤĩŵ
:ŹƹŚƄƯ ŵŚŤſř
ƽƺŰƳũźƿřźŤĩŵ
:źĮƄƷƹĦě
ƾƴƀůŚƋźǀƬƗ
١٣٩٠ƵŚƯźǀţ
šřŹŚĪŤŝřšŚƘƫŚƐƯŪƿŚŤƳźŝŜţźŤƯƽŵŚƯơƺƤůƶǀƬĩ
ƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚěƲƿřƕƺƋƺƯƢǀƤŰţŻřƾƃŚƳƽŚƷƽŹƹōƺƳƹ
.ŢſřƱŚƸƠƇřƵŚĮƄƳřŵƶŝƢƬƘŤƯ
ƵŶǀĪģ
šřżƬƟ .ŢſřƵŶƃƪƿŶŞţŻƹźƯř ƾƐǀŰƯŢƀƿŻ šLjƌƘƯƲƿźţƽŶūŻř ƾĪƿƶŝƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ Ǝſƺţ ŢƀƿŻƎǀŰƯƾĭŵƺƫō
šřźŧřƹŶƳźǀĭƾƯŹřźƣƩŵŚŞţŵŹƺƯƵŶƳŻšřŵƺūƺƯƹƎǀŰƯƲǀŝƱōƾƏƶĩŶƳƺƃƾƯƽřƶųźģŵŹřƹƎǀŰƯƶŝŵƹŹƹŚŝƲǀĮƴſ
żǀƫŚƿŵŽƺĪƘƯŻƺưſřŶƴƳŚƯƾƿŚǀưǀƃƹƾĪƿżǀƟƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷƁƹŹƶŤƃŸĭƱŚǀƫŚſƾƏŹŵ .ŶƳŹřŸĭƾƯƵŶƳŻšřŵƺūƺƯźŝƾưſ
żǀƫƹŹŶǀƷ (ƱĥƹŹŶǀƷ Ŷǀƀĩřźě ƹ ƱƹŻř Ǝſƺţ)ƱƺǀſřŶǀƀĩř ƩLjů ũřźŴŤſř ƽřƶŤŴƫ śƺſŹ ƱƺǀſřźŤƬǀƟ řźŤƫƹř ŚƯŚĭ ƖƄƘƄţ
ŚƸƳō źŨĩř ŚƯř ŶƳřƶŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ ƂƿŚƯŻō ƹ ƾſŹźŝ ŵŹƺƯ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƽŻŚƀĩŚě ƽřźŝ ƾƟřźĭƺţŚƯƹźĩ ƹ ƭƹźĩ ŹŚưǀţ żǀƫƹźŤĪƫř
ŶƳřƺţƾƯƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟśŸūƽřźŝŚƷƭżǀƳŚĭŹřƹźĪǀƯŻřƵŵŚƠŤſř .ŶƴŤƀƷźŝƽĥźƳřƹƱřźĭƪƯŚĩŚƳƹƵŶǀĤǀ일ƐųźěƪĪƄƯ
ŚƿƹƾƿŚƿŹŵƞƬƗƪŨƯŶƴŤƀƷƱřƹřźƟƶĩŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƾƿŚƷƭżǀƳŚĭŹřŻřŚƿřźƿŻŶƃŚŝơƺƟƽŚƷƁƹŹƽřźŝŜſŚƴƯƾƴƿżĮƿŚū
ŚƷƽźŤĩŚŝ ŶƴƳŚƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷƭżǀƳŚĭŹřƹźĪǀƯ Ǝſƺţ ƾŤƀƿŻ śŸū .ŵƺƃƾƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƽźǀưŴţ ƽŚƷƶƳŚųŹŚĩ żƿŹŹƹŵ žƯƺƿŚŝ Żř
.ŢſřźƿŸěƱŚĪƯřŚƷĨŞƬūƹŚƷźưŴƯŚƷġŹŚƣ
Kluyveromyces  Saccharomyces cerevisiae PTCC 5052 ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř źưŴƯ ƶſ Żř ƢǀƤŰţ Ʋƿř Źŵ
ŚƷźưŴƯ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř marxianus DSMZ 5422 ƹ Yarrowia lipolytica DSMZ 8218
ƵŶƷŚƄƯƽŚƷŢƯƹŚƤƯŽŚſřźŝžĜſŶƃƵŶǀŬƴſśźſƹƮǀƯŵŚĩžƯƽƹŹ ƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟƞƬŤŴƯƽŚƷŢƔƬƛŢŞƀƳ
ƽƹŹżĩƺƬĭźŧřƾſŹźŝŢƸūƽźĮƿŵƂƿŚƯŻō .ŢƟźĭŹřźƣƂƿŚƯŻōŵŹƺƯƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟƲƿřśŸūŹŵŚƷźưŴƯƾƿŚƳřƺţƵŶƃ
śŚƀěŻřƂƿŚƯŻōƲƿřŹŵ .ŶƃƭŚŬƳřįźĮƿŵƂƿŚƯŻōżǀƳśŚƀěŻřżƬƟśŸūİſŹźŝŢƸū .ŶƃƭŚŬƳřƲǀƿŚěƽŚƷŢƔƬƛŹŵśŸū
.ŶƃƵŵŚƠŤſřƽŻŚſƾƃŚĩƶƳŚųŹŚĩĨƿśŚƀěƶŝ ۱۰ppmŢƔƬƛŚŝżƬƟŹŚƸģźƷƱŵźĩƶƟŚƋřŚŝƾƗƺƴƈƯ
ƱřżǀƯ .ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯśźſƹƮǀƯŵŚĩƶŝŢŞƀƳƽźŤưĩŢƯƹŚƤƯƹƽƹŹƹžƯƶŝŢŞƀƳƽźŤƄǀŝŢƯƹŚƤƯŢƯƹŚƤƯƂƿŚƯŻōŹŵ
ƽźŤưĩśŸūŶƳŵƺŝƭƹŚƤƯŚƷƱōƶŝƶĩƾƿŚƷŢƔƬƛŹŵƹŵƺŝźţLJŚŝŶƳŵƺŝŽŚƀůƱōƶŝƶĩƾƿŚƷŢƔƬƛ ŹŵŚƷźưŴƯśŸū
ƹƽĥźƳřƶŝƶŤƀŝřƹƽŶƴƿōźƟƾƬųřŵśŸūřźƿŻŵƺŝŹřŸĭźŧřƾƬųřŵśŸūƽƹŹƹźŧřƾŝƾŰƐſśŸūƽƹŹżĩƺƬĭ .ŶƃƵŶƷŚƄƯ
.ŢſřƽĥźƳřŻřƪƤŤƀƯƾŰƐſśŸū
ƲǀŝƾŤŝŚƣŹśŸūƱƺĤưƷƾƠƬŤŴƯƪƿLJŵƶĩŵƺŝźŤưĩƾƬŞƣƽŚƷƂƿŚƯŻōƶŝŢŞƀƳƵŶƃśŸūšřżƬƟƱřżǀƯśŚƀěƂƿŚƯŻōŹŵ
śŚƀěƂƿŚƯŻōŹŵƾƬĩśŸūƱřżǀƯƲƿźŤƄǀŝ .ŢƃřŵżƬƟźţƲǀƿŚěƽŚƷŢƔƬƛŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƹśŚƀěŹŵŚƷƱƺǀƳōŵƺūƹżƬƟŹŚƸģ
.ŵƺŝƶƿżƿƹźſżƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſźưŴƯƶŝƍƺŝźƯśŸūƱřżǀƯƲƿźŤưĩƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯżƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩźưŴƯƶŝƍƺŝźƯ
.ƾưţřśŸūƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟƶŝŢƯƹŚƤƯƾŤƀƿŻśŸūƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟźưŴƯ :ƽŶǀƬĩšŚưƬĩ
ŜƫŚƐƯŢſźƸƟ
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ƶƯŶƤƯ :ƩƹřƪƈƟ
١ ................................................................................................................... ƾƟźƘƯ -۱-۱-۱
١ ............................................................................ ƎǀŰƯ ƹ ƱŶŝ Źŵ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ šřźƌƯ -۲-۱-۱
٣ ...............................................................................................................ƮǀƯŵŚĩ -۱-۲-۱-۱
٥ ................................................................................................................. śźſ -۲-۲-۱-۱
٦ .................................................................................................................. ƽƹŹ -۳-۲-۱-۱
٧ .................................................................................................................. žƯ -۴-۲-۱-۱
٧ ........................................................................................ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƹ ŚƸƯżǀƳŚĭŹřƹźĪǀƯ -۲-۱
٧ .................................................................................................................. ŢǀưƷř -۱-۲-۱
٩ ............................................................................................. ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۲-۲-۱
١٣ ............................................................................................... ƮǀƯŵŚĩ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۱-۲-۲-۱
١٥ ................................................................................................... žƯ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۲-۲-۲-۱
١٧ ................................................................................................. śźſ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۳-۲-۲-۱
١٧ ...................................................................................................ƽƹŹ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۴-۲-۲-۱
١٩ ...................................................................................................................ŚƷźưŴƯ -۳-۱
٢٠ ...............................................................................................................ƶĤŴƿŹŚţ -۱-۳-۱
٢١ ......................................................................................................... ƶƿŸƜţ ƹ ŶƃŹ -۲-۳-۱
٢١ ............................................................................................................... ƽĥƺƫƺĩř -۳-۳-۱
ŏ
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
٢٣ ...........................................................................................ĨƿĥƺƫƺƴĪţƺǀŝ ƽŚƷŵźŝŹŚĩ -۴-۳-۱
٢٣ ............................................................................................... ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ -۵-۳-۱
٢٤ ......................................... ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƝŸů Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƽŚƿřżƯ -۱-۵-۳-۱
٢٥ .....................................................................................................ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ -۶-۳-۱
٢٦ ................................................................ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ Śŝ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƂƴĪưƷźŝ -۱-۶-۳-۱
٢٩ .........................................................................................ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ -۷-۳-۱
٣٠ ............................................................................................................ ƾŤƀƿŻ śŸū -۴-۱
٣٢ ......................................................................................... śŸū źŝ ƾĪƿżǀƟ ƪƯřƺƗ źŧř -۱-۴-۱
٣٢ ................................................................................ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ śŸū źŝ pH źŧř -۱-۱-۴-۱
٣٣ ................................................................................. ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ śŸū źŝ ŚƯŵ źŧř -۲-۱-۴-۱
٣٤ ....................................................... ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ Ţǀưſ ƹ ŵƹŹƹ źŝ ŚƸƳƺǀţŚĩ ƹ ŚƸƳƺǀƳō źŧř -۳-۱-۴-۱
٣٥ ............................................................................ ŚƸƳō śŸū Źŵ šřżƬƟ ƶǀƫƹř ŢƔƬƛźŧř -۴-۱-۴-۱
٣٦ ................................................................. ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ śŸū źŝ ƾƫƺƬſ Ƶŵƺţ ƶǀƫƹř źŧř -۵-۱-۴-۱
٣٧ ........................................................................................................ ƾŤƀƿŻ ƽŻŚƀĩŚě -۵-۱
٣٧ ........................................................................... ƾŤƀƿŻ ƽŻŚƀĩŚě Źŵ ƱŚƷŚǀĭ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř -۱-۵-۱
٣٨ .................................................. żƬƟ ƽƹŚů ƽŚƸŝŚƀě ƶǀƠƈţ ŢƸū ŚƸƯżǀƳŚĭŹřƹźĪǀƯ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř -۲-۵-۱
٣٩ .................................................................................................. ƾƫƺƬſ Ƶŵƺţ ŢǀŞŨţ -۳-۵-۱
٤٠ .................................................................................... ƾƫƺƬſ Ƶŵƺţ ŢǀŞŨţ ƽŚƸƃƹŹ -۱-۳-۵-۱
٤٣ ............................................................................................................. ƢǀƤŰţ ƝřŶƷř ۶-۱
ś
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ŚƷƁƹŹƹŵřƺƯ
:ƭƹŵƪƈƟ
٤٦ ........................................................................................... ťřźŝ YPD ŢƄĩ ƎǀŰƯ ۱-۳-۲
٤٦ ...........................................................................................ŹŚĭō YPD ŢƄĩ ƎǀŰƯ -۲-۳-۲
٤٩ ....................................... ŚƸƳō ŢƯƹŚƤƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ ŽŚſř źŝ ŚƷźưŴƯ Źŵ żƬƟ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ ƾſŹźŝ -۱-۷-۲
٥٠ .........................żĩƺƬĭ źŧř ƾſŹźŝ Śŝ ƵřźưƷ ƲǀƿŚě ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źŵ ŚƷźưŴƯ Źŵ żƬƟ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ ƾſŹźŝ -۲-۷-۲
٥٠ ................................................................................... śŚƀě ƽƹŹ śŸū ƂƿŚƯŻō ƭŚŬƳř -۳-۷-۲
٥١ ............................................................ śŸū ƂƿŚƯŻō Źŵ ŚƷźưŴƯ ĨƄų ƱŻƹ ƽźǀĭ ƵŻřŶƳř -۴-۷-۲
٥١ ...............................................................................................................ƾưţř śŸū -۸-۲
ŪƿŚŤƳ :ƭƺſƪƈƟ
٥٥ ................................................................................................... ŚƷźưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱-۳
٥٥ ..........................................................................ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƶŝ ŚƷźưŴƯ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ ƂŬƴſ -۲-۳
٥٥ ..................................................................................................žƯ żƬƟ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۱-۲-۳
٥٧ ................................................................................................. ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۲-۲-۳
٥٩ ................................................................................................ śźſ żƬƟ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۳-۲-۳
٦١ .............................................................................................. ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƶŝ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۴-۲-۳
٦٢ ........................................................................................................... śŸū ƂƿŚƯŻō -۳-۳
٦٢ ........................................ ŚƸƳō ŢƯƹŚƤƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ ŽŚſř źŝ ŚƷźưŴƯ Źŵ żƬƟ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ ƾſŹźŝ -۱-۳-۳
٦٢ .................................................................................................... žƯ żƬƟ śŸū -۱-۱-۳-۳
š
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
٦٥ .................................................................................................... ƽƹŹ żƬƟ śŸū -۲-۱-۳-۳
٦٨ .................................................................................................ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ śŸū -۳-۱-۳-۳
٧٠ ................................................................................................... śźſ żƬƟ śŸū -۴-۱-۳-۳
٧٢ .........................żĩƺƬĭ źŧř ƾſŹźŝ Śŝ ƵřźưƷ ƲǀƿŚě ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źŵ ŚƷźưŴƯ Źŵ żƬƟ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ ƾſŹźŝ -۲-۳-۳
٧٢ .................................................................................................... žƯ żƬƟ śŸū -۱-۲-۳-۳
٧٣ .................................................................................................... ƽƹŹ żƬƟ śŸū -۲-۲-۳-۳
٧٤ .................................................................................................ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ śŸū -۳-۲-۳-۳
٧٥ ................................................................................................... śźſ żƬƟ śŸū -۴-۲-۳-۳
٧٦ ................................................................................... śŚƀě ƽƹŹ śŸū ƂƿŚƯŻō ƭŚŬƳř -۳-۳-۳
ŦŰŝ :ƭŹŚƸģƪƈƟ
٧٩ ................................................................................................... ƶŤƟŹ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ ƽŚƷźưŴƯ-۱-۴
٨٠ ............................................................................ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ŚƷźưŴƯ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ -۲-۴
٨٢ ................................................................................ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ śŸū ƹ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ ƶƐŝřŹ -۳-۴
٨٤ ........................................................................................................ żĩƺƬĭ źŧř ƾſŹźŝ -۴-۴
٨٥ .................................................................................................. śŚƀě Żř šřżƬƟ śŸū -۵-۴
٨٧ ........................................................................................................ ƾƬĩ ƽźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳ -۶-۴
٨٨ ............................................................................................................... šřŵŚƸƴƄǀě -۶-۴
٨٩ .................................................................................................................... ŸųŐƯ ƹ ƖŝŚƴƯ
ť
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ŚƷƩƹ
ŶūŢſźƸƟ
٤٦ .............................................................................................................................YPD ŢƄĩ ƎǀŰƯ šŚŞǀĩźţ ١-٢ ƩƹŶū
٤٧ .................................................................................................................. ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵŹƺƯ ƽŚƷźưŴƯ šŚƈŴƄƯ ۲-۲ ƩƹŶū
٧٦ ................................................................................................................... śŚƀě Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ ƽŚƸƳƺǀƳō źƿŵŚƤƯ -۱-۳ ƩƹŶū
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ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ŚƷƪĪƃŢſźƸƟ
١٠ ................................................................ Ʊō ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤưƀƣ ƹ P ƕƺƳ ATPase Ĩƿ ۱-۱ ƪĪƃ
١٩ ...................................................................................................... źưŴƯ ƾƸƳřƺū ۲-۱ ƪĪƃ
٢٠ ............................. źưŴƯ ƩƺƬſ Żř (Ěģ)ĨǀţŚưƃ ƪĪƃ ƹ (ŢſřŹ)ƾƳƹźŤĪƫř ęƺĪſƹźĪǀƯ žĪƗ ۳-۱ ƪĪƃ
٢٤ .................................................................... źưŴƯ ƽŚƸƫƺƬſ ŶǀŗƺƬĜƿŵ ƹ ŶǀŗƺƬěŚƷ ƶųźģ ۴-۱ ƪĪƃ
٢٨ ................................... ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ Źŵ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƪưŰţ ƹ ƾƿřŵŻ Ţǀưſ ƽŚƸƯżǀƳŚĪƯ ۵-۱ ƪĪƃ
٤١ ............................. ƱřŻƺŤǀĩ ƂĩƹŹ Śŝ ƾƀǀƏŚƴƜƯ šřŹŷƺƳŚƳ ŮƐſ źŝ ƵŶƃ ŢǀŞŨţ źưŴƯ ƽŚƸƫƺƬſ ۶-۱ ƪĪƃ
٤١ ........................ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ ƽŚƸƫƺƬſ -(a) ƶƄǀƃ ƮƄě Śŝ ƵŶƃ ŢƿƺƤţ ƩĥŚĪǀƬǀſ ۷-۱ ƪĪƃ
٤٢ .......................................... ƮǀƀƬĩ šŚƴƿĦƫō ƽƹŹ ƵŶƃ ŢǀŞŨţ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ ƽŚƸƫƺƬſ ۸-۱ ƪĪƃ
٥٤ .............................. Saccharomyces cerevisiae PTCC 5052 źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٤ ............................... Kluyveromyces marxianus DSM 5422 źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۲-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٥ .......................................... Yarrowia lipolytica DSM 8218 źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۳-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٦ ....................... žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۴-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٦ ................. žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۵-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٧ .............................žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۶-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٨ ....................... ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۷-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٨ .................ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۸-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٩ ............................ ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۹-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٥٩ .................... śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۰-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
ŭ
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
٦٠ ..............śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۱-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٠ ......................... śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۲-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦١ ..................ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۳-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦١ ............ ƮǀƯŵŚĩżƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۴-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٢ ....................... ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ Źƺƌů Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ ŶƃŹ ƾƴŰƴƯ -۱۵-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۱۶-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٣ ............................................................................................................................. ƶƤǀƣŵ
ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۱۷-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٤ ........................................................................................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰
ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ žƯ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۱۸-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٥ ....................................................................................................................................
۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۱۹-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٦ ............................................................................................................................. ƶƤǀƣŵ
ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۰-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٧ ........................................................................................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰
ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۱-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٧ ....................................................................................................................................
۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۲-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٨ ............................................................................................................................. ƶƤǀƣŵ
۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۳-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٩ ...................................................................................................................... ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ
ű
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۴-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٦٩ ............................................................................................................................. ƶƤǀƣŵ
۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۵-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٠ ............................................................................................................................. ƶƤǀƣŵ
ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۶-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧١ ........................................................................................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰
ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ źưŴƯ Ǝſƺţ śźſ żƬƟ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƸŤƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۷-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧١ ....................................................................................................................................
żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ žƯ żƬƟ ۲۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۸-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٢ ............................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ
żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ۲۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۲۹-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٣ ............................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ
żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ۱۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۰-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٤ ............................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ
żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ śźſ żƬƟ ۲۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۱-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٥ ............................................................ ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ
ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ śŚƀě Żř žƯ żƬƟ ۱۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۲-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٧ ........................................... ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ
ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ śŚƀě Żř ƽƹŹ żƬƟ ۱۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۳-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٧ ........................................... ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ
ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ śŚƀě Żř ƮǀƯŵŚĩ żƬƟ ۱۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۴-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٨ ........................................... ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ
ŵ
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ƶƿżƿƹźſ żƀƿŚƯƹŹŚĩŚſ źưŴƯ ƶſ Ǝſƺţ śŚƀě Żř śźſ żƬƟ ۱۰ ppm ŢƔƬƛ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ -۳۵-۳ ŹřŵƺưƳ
٧٨ ........................................... ƶƤǀƣŵ ۶۰ ƹ ۱۰ ƽŚƸƳŚƯŻ Źŵ ŚĪǀŤǀƫƺĜǀƫ ŚƿƹƹŹŚƿ ƹ ŽƺƳŚǀƀĩŹŚƯ żƀƿŚƯƹŹƺƿƺƬĩ
ŷ
ƶŰƠƇ
ƱřƺƴƗ
ŚƷƩƺƯźƟŢſźƸƟ
٥٠..................................................................................ĨƄų ƱŻƹ ƭźĭ źŝ ƭźĮǀƬǀƯ Ŝƀů źŝ żƬƟ śŸū ƱřżǀƯ ۱-۲ ƩƺƯźƟ
Ź
ƩƹřƪƈƟ
ƶƯŶƤƯ
ƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ -١-١
ƾƟźƘƯ-۱-۱-۱
Ƶŵƺƫō Ʋƿř ƲƿźŤưƸƯ Żř .Ţſř ƾƐǀŰƯ ƽŚƷƾĭŵƺƫō ƮĪƿ ƹ Ţƀǀŝ Ʊźƣ Źŵ ƽźƄŝ ƖƯřƺū šLjĪƄƯ ƲƿźŤĭŹżŝ Żř ƾĪƿ
.Ţſř ƂƿřżƟř ƩŚů Źŵ ŚƸƳō ƱƹżƟřŻƹŹ ũřźŴŤſř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ƎǀŰƯ Źŵ ŚƸƳō ŹřŶƤƯ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ŚƷƵŶƴƴĩ
-ƾƯŹřźƣƩŵŚŞţŵŹƺƯƵŶƳŻšřŵƺūƺƯƹƎǀŰƯƲǀŝƱōƾƏƶĩŶƳƺƃƾƯƽřƶųźģŵŹřƹƎǀŰƯƶŝŵƹŹƹŚŝƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ
ơŚƠţřŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƾƿřŸƛƵźǀŬƳŻŻř ƽřƶƬůźƯźƷŹŵ ƾŤƀƿŻƖưŬţ ŶƳŹřŸĭƾƯƵŶƳŻšřŵƺūƺƯźŝ ƾưſšřźŧřƹŶƳźǀĭ
ƖưŬţźĭř .ŢſřŹřŵŹƺųźŝƾƇŚųŢǀưƷřŻřƾƿŚƸƳƵŶƴƴĩƝźƈƯƱřƺƴƗƶŝƱŚƀƳřƽřźŝƅƺƈųƶŝƪĪƄƯƲƿřŶŤƠǀŝ
ƹ ƾŞƈƗ ƾƃŹřƺĭ ƮƿLjƗ ƪŨƯ ƾƠƬŤŴƯ ŹƹōƱŚƿŻ ƮƿLjƗ ŶŤƠǀŝ ơŚƠţř ƱŚƀƳř ƱŶŝ ƽŚƷƱŚĭŹř Żř ƾĪƿ Źŵ ƾŤƀƿŻ
ŻřŚƸƳōƱŵźĩũŹŚųŚƸƳōƽŻŚƀĩŚěƵřŹŚƸƴţŶƴŤƀǀƳźƿŸěƶƿżŬţšřżƬƟƲƿřƶĩŚŬƳōŻř .ŶƴƴĩƾƯřŶǀěŻƹźŝƾĪƿĥƺƫƺƳƺưƿř
ƪƯŚƃ ƾƬƇřƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ .(Chojnacka, 2010)ŢſřƱŚĪƯřšŹƺƇŹŵŚƸƳōŻřŵŶŬƯƵŵŚƠŤſřƹƾŝŚƿŻŚŝƹƎǀŰƯ
ƱŶŞǀƫƺƯ(Zn) ƽƹŹ(Cu)žƯ (Cr)ƭźĩ (Ni)ƪĪǀƳ(Co)ŢƫŚŞĩ(Fe)ƲƷō(Mn)żƴĮƴƯ(Cd) ƮǀƯŵŚĩ
ƱōƺƯƾŤƳōƹ (Se)ƭƺǀƴƬſ(As)ĨǀƴſŹřšřżƬƟƶŞƃƹ (Ag)ƵźƤƳ(Au)LjƏƽŚƸŞƳřźĭšřżƬƟ(Pb)śźſ(Mo)
ŶƳŹřŵŵƺūƹƵŶƃŶǀƀĩřƽŚƷƱƺǀƳōŚƿ ƾƳƺǀţŚĩƩŚĪƃřƶŝƾŝōƽŚƷƩƺƬŰƯŹŵŜƬƛřšřżƬƟƲƿřŢƘǀŞƏŹŵ .ŶƴŤƀƷ (Sb)
٢
Ehrlich, ) ŶƳƺƃ ƾƯƵŶƿŵƩƺƬŰƯŚƳšŚŝƺſŹŹŵƪĪƃ ƾŝŚƿ ƾƫŚŤƀƿźĩƪĪƃƶŝŚƷŶǀƀĩřŚƿŚƸĪưƳšŹƺƇƶŝŚƿƹ
.(1997
ƎǀŰƯƹƱŶŝŹŵƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟšřźƌƯ -۲-۱-۱
Hg, ƪŨƯ ƾưſšřżƬƟ :ŶƳƺƃƾƯƽŶƴŝƮǀƀƤţƶŤſŵƶſŹŵLJƺưƘƯƾŤƀƿŻśŸūƶƴǀƯŻŹŵƵŶƃƵŵřŵŭźƃƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ
ƪŨƯƺǀŤĩřƺƿŵřŹšřżƬƟƹ Pd, Pt, Ag, Au, RuŚƸŞƳřźĭšřżƬƟ Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, As, Co, Sn
.(Wang and Chen, 2006) Ţſř ۵ gr/cm3ŻřźŤƄǀŝLJƺưƘƯšřżƬƟƲƿřƅƺƈŴƯƱŻƹ .U, Th, Ra, Am
ƾƫōźǀƛƭźƟŹŵĨǀƴſŹōƹƵƺǀūƮǀƯŵŚĩśźſƪƯŚƃ żƬƟ ŹŚƸģƱŚǀƯƲƿřŻřƶĩŵŹřŵŵƺūƹƲǀĮƴſżƬƟ ۲۰ŻřƂǀŝ
ŌżūżƬƟ ŹŚƸģƲƿř١ŚĪƿźƯō ƽŹŚưǀŝŢŞŧƹ ƾưſŵřƺƯƶƀſƺƯƭLjƗřŽŚſřźŝ .ŶƴŤƀƷƱŚƀƳř ƾŤƯLjſŶƿŶƸţƵŶưƗƪƯŚƗ
ƾưſŹŚǀƀŝƲǀƿŚěƽŚƷŢƔƬƛŹŵƾŤůŹƺĩŸƯšřżƬƟ .ŶƴŤƀƷƾƐǀŰƯŢƀƿŻƾĭŵƺƫōƽŚƷƪŰƯŹŵƾưſƩƹřƵŵŚƯƂƃ
ƶŝƶūƺţŚŝ .ŶƳƺƃƾƯƖưūƱřƺŴŤſřƪŨƯŢŴſƹƶǀƬĩƪŨƯƭźƳƽŚƷŢƟŚŝŹŵƱŶŝŹŵƹŶƳƺƃƾƯŵŹřƹƵźǀŬƳŻŹŵŶƴŤƀƷ
ƪǀĪƄţ ƹ ŶƳƺƃƾƯ ƪƈŤƯ ƾŤůřŹ ƶŝ ƾƠƴƯ ŹŚŝ ƽřŹřŵ ƾƫō ŵřƺƯ ƶŝ ƹ ŶƴŤƀƷ ŢŞŨƯ ŹŚŝ ƽřŹřŵ LJƺưƘƯ ŶƴŤƀƷ żƬƟ ƶĪƴƿř
.ŶƴƷŵƾƯžĪƬĜưĩ
ƹƱŶŝ ƾƘǀŞƏƩŚưƗřŹŵƶĩŶƳŹřŵŵƺūƹ ƾưſ ƽżƬƟźƈƴƗ ƵŵŻřƹŵŚƯřŵŹřŵŶǀƠƯ ƽżƬƟźƈƴƗ ŵŚŤƠƷŵƹŶůƶŝŻŚǀƳƱŶŝ
.ŶƴĩƾƯŚƠƿř ƾưſšřżƬƟƶŝŚƄƯ ƾƄƤƳƮƷŶǀƠƯšřżƬƟŻŚǀƳŶůŻřƂǀŝŵƺūƹ .ŶƴƴĩƾƯŵŚŬƿřƩLjųřŚƷƮƿżƳōŢǀƫŚƘƟ
ƲǀŝƺƬĭƺưƷŹŵƶĩƲƷōƩŚŨƯ ƽřźŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ ƽŹƹźƋƱŶŝ ƽřźŝƹŶƳƺƃƾƯŢƟŚƿƱŶŝŹŵ ƾƘǀŞƏŹƺƏƶŝšřżƬƟ ƾųźŝ
-ƂƴĩřƹŹŵƱŚƃŵƺūƹƶĩƮƿżǀƴƯƹžƯŚƿŶƴĪǀƯŚƠƿřřŹŹƺŤĩŚƟƺĩƂƤƳƮƿżƳōŶƇŻřƂǀŝŹŵƶĩƽƹŹŵŹřŵŹƺƌů
٢śŚǀưĩźƇŚƴƗŚƸƳōƶŝ ƹŶƳŹřŵŵƺūƹƱŶŝŹŵƲǀƿŚěŢƔƬƛ ŚŝƩƺưƘƯŹƺƏƶŝšřżƬƟƲƿř .ŢſřƭŻLJ ƾưƀǀƫƺŝŚŤƯ ƽŚƷ
śŸūƭŶƗŦƗŚŝ ƽƹŹŵŚƿŻƱřżǀƯLjŨƯŶƴĩƾƯŵŚŬƿř ƾţLjĪƄƯƱŶŝŹŵŚƸƳōŻŚǀƳŶůŻřƂǀŝźƿŵŚƤƯŚƯřŵƺƃƾƯƶŤƠĭ
.ŵƺƃƾƯžƯ
1- U.S. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2 -Trace elements
٣
ƵźǀŬƳŻŹŵƶĩŶƴŤƀƷŹřŶƿŚě ƽźƇŚƴƗƲƿřźŝŚƴŝŶƴŤƀƷśōŻřźţƩŚĮģŹŚŝ ۵ƪƣřŶůƶĩŶƴŤƀƷ ƽźƇŚƴƗƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ
ƱŶŝƶŝŚţŶƴƿōƾƯLJŚŝƾƿřŸƛƵźǀŬƳŻŹŵƶŬǀŤƳŹŵŶƳŹřŵřŹšřŵƺūƺƯƱŶŝŹŵƖưŬţŢǀƬŝŚƣƹŶƳƺƃƾưƳƵżǀƫƺŝŚŤƯƾƿřŸƛ
ŻřŶƴƳřƺţƾƯšřżƬƟƲƿř .ŶƴƃŚŝƾưſŹŚǀƀŝŶƴƳřƺţƾƯƹŶƳŹřŶƳƱŶŝŹŵƾŤƀƿŻŵźĪƬưƗƾưſƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟ .ŶƴſźŝƱŚƀƳř
ŚƸƳō ƽŻŚƀĩŚěŢƗźſŻřźţƖƿźſƱŶŝƶŝŚƸƳōŵƹŹƹŢƗźſźĭřŶƳƺƃƱŶŝŵŹřƹ ƾŤſƺě śŸūƹƶƿŸƜţžƠƴţƢƿźƏ
ŹƹźƯƶŝŶƳřƺţƾƯżǀƳšřżƬƟƲƿřƲǀƿŚěƽŚƷŢƔƬƛƉźƘƯŹŵƲŤƟźĭŹřźƣƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ .ŶƳƺƃƾƯƶŤƃŚŞƳřƱŶŝŹŵŹƹźƯƶŝŶƃŚŝ
.ŵƺƃƱŶŝŢǀƯƺưƀƯƶŝźŬƴƯƱŚƯŻ
ŹƺŤĩŚƟƱōƶŝƶĩƾŞǀĩźţŵƺƃƾƯŚƷƱōŹŵŶǀƀĩřĨƿźŤǀƳƂƷŚĩŜūƺƯźƳźĩơƹźƗƵŹřƺƿŵŹŵƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟƂƿřżƟř
ŵŶƛ Źŵ šřżƬƟ Ʋƿř ƖưŬţ .ŵƺƃ ơƹźƗ Ʋƿř ƾĮŤƟźĭ ŜūƺƯ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƂƷŚĩ Ʋƿř ƶĩ ŶƴƿƺĭƾƯ٣ƾƫŚǀƬţƹŶƳř ƂƯřŹō
.ŵƺƃƾƯ ƾƀƴū ƪǀƯ ƂƷŚĩ ƹ ŽŹŵƹŻ ƽźǀě śřźƐƋř ŦƗŚŝ ƶŬǀŤƳ Źŵ ƹ ŚƷƱƺƯŹƺƷ Ůƃźţ ƂƷŚĩ ŜūƺƯ ƩŚƳŹŵō
ƾĭŵźƀƟřƪŨƯ ƾŞƈƗ ƽŚƷƽŹŚưǀŝƾŤŝŚƿŵŵřźƟřŹŵŚƷƹŹřŵƱŶƃźŧřƾŝŜūƺƯŶƳřƺţƾƯƲǀƴĤưƷƱŶŝŹŵŚƸƳōƂƿřżƟř
.ŵƺƃŶǀŗƹźǀţƽŹŚĩƮĩƹƱřƺŴŤſřƾĩƺěƱƺģƾƿŚƷƽŹŚưǀŝ
ƹ٤ĨǀƀĩƺţƺŤƟ ĨǀƀĩƺţƹźƠƳ ĨǀƀĩƺţƹŹƺƳ šřźŧř Śŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ ĨǀưŤƀǀſ ƾƯƺưſ ƲǀĮƴſ šřżƬƟ ƾƬĩ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ
-ƵŶƴƷŵƩŚƤŤƳřƽŻŚſŵřŻōƹŶǀƫƺţźŝźǀŧŚţƢƿźƏŻřƾŞƈƗŵźĪƬưƗŹŵƩLjŤųřŵŚŬƿřŚŝŶƴƳřƺţƾƯšřżƬƟƲƿř .٥ĨǀƳĥƺţřźţ
ƹƱƺųƪƯŚƃŶƳźǀĭƾƯŹřźƣƲǀĮƴſšřżƬƟźǀŧŚţŢŰţƶĩƾƿŚƷƵŚĮŤſŵźĮƿŵ .ŶƴƃŚŝŹřŸĭźǀŧŚţŹŚŤƟŹƽƹŹƾŞƈƗƽŚƷ
.ŶƴƃŚŝƾƯƾƬſŚƴţƵŚĮŤſŵƹ ƽĥźƳřŶǀƫƺţƽŚƷźǀƀƯżƿŹƱƹŹŵŵŶƛƶǀƬĩƹŶŞĩƵŵƹŹƪŨƯƾƘƟŵƽŚƷƵŚĮŤſŵŚƷīŹ
ƮǀƯŵŚĩ -۱-۲-۱-۱
.ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵŹƺƠƫƺſŚƿƹźƬĩƱĦǀƀĩřŚŝŜǀĩźţŹŵƾƳŶƘƯƭźƟŹŵLJƺưƘƯ .ŢſřƲǀƯŻƶŤſƺěŹŵƾƘǀŞƏƽżƬƟƮǀƯŵŚĩ
ŵŹƺƯƮǀƯŵŚĩ .ŵƺƃƾƯƵŶƿŵƮǀƯŵŚĩƽŹřŶƤƯLJƺưƘƯƩŚƛŷƹĬƴſƹħŚųƞƬŤŴƯƕřƺƳřŹŵ .ŢſřƅŚųƵżƯŚƿƺŝŶƣŚƟ
ƶŝ ƶĩ Ţſř ƽżƬƟ ƹ ŶƿōƾƯ Ţſŵ ƶŝ žƯ ƹ śźſ ƽƹŹ ƪŨƯ šřżƬƟ źƿŚſ ũřźŴŤſř ƾƏ LJƺưƘƯ ŢƘƴƇ Źŵ ƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƮǀƯŵŚĩ-ƪĪǀƳ ƽŚƷƽźţŚŝ) ŚƷƽźţŚŝŹŵšřŶǀƫƺţƹŢƘƴƇŹŵ .ŵŹřŵ ƽŵŚƿŻ ƽŚƷƵŵŚƠŤſřƲƿřźŝŚƴŝŵƺƃƾưƳƵŵŹƺų ƾŤůřŹ
3- Endothelial Relaxing Factor
4 -Fetotoxic
5 -Teratogenic
٤
ũřźŴŤſř ƢƿźƏŻř ƮǀƯŵŚĩ .ŵƹŹƾƯ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ ĨŤǀſLjě ƹ ƽżƬƟ ƽŚƷƂƃƺě ŚƷĬƳŹ Źŵ (ƵřźưƷ ƲƠƬţ ƽŚƷƾƃƺĭ Źŵ
-ŢƟŚƀƯŶƳŹŵŚƣśōŚƿƲǀƯŻ ƽƹŹƲŤƀƄƳŻřƪŞƣƮǀƯŵŚĩšřŹŷŵƺƃƾƯřƺƷŵŹřƹƩŚƛŷƲŤųƺſƹ ƾŤƘƴƇ ƽŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ
.ŵƺƃƾƯħŚųƹśōŵŹřƹƶĩŵŹřŵŵƺūƹƮǀƯŵŚĩżǀƳƶƫŚŝŻƖƟŵƽŚƷƪŰƯŹŵƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŶƴƴĩƾƏřƺƷŹŵřŹƽŵŚƿŻƽŚƷ
ŹŵƱō ƽŹŚĭŶƳŚƯƶĩŚŬƳōŻřƹŶƳƺƄǀƯƱřŹƺƳŚūƹƱŚǀƷŚƯƱŚƷŚǀĭƮƀūŵŹřƹƎǀŰƯƶŝŵƹŹƹƢƿźƏŻřƮǀƯŵŚĩšřŹŷ
.ŶſŹƾƯƾưſŶůƶŝƱŶŝŹŵƮƷƲǀƿŚěźƿŵŚƤƯƉźƘƯŹŵƲŤƟźĭŹřźƣŚŝƾŤůšŶƯŻřŹŵŹŵŢſřŵŚƿŻƱŶŝ
ƲǀƴĤưƷžƳřĥōƲƿř .ŢſřƵŵźĩƭLjƗř ۵ ppbřŹśźƃśōŹŵƮǀƯŵŚĩŻŚŬƯŶů ٦ŢƀƿŻƎǀŰƯŻřŢƓŚƠůžƳřĥō
ƱōŻřƵŵŚƠŤſřƹŵƹŶŰƯřŹƽŻŹƹŚƄĩƽŚƷƲǀƯŻƹƶƫŚŝŻƖƟŵƽŚƷƪŰƯŚƷƶƳŚųŵƹŹŚƷƶģŚƿŹŵƶŝƽŵƹŹƹƮǀƯŵŚĩŹřŶƤƯ
۱۵ ppbřŹ ƾĩřŹƺų ƽŚƷƶƳřŶĮƳŹŹŵƱōŹřŶƤƯ٧ŚĪƿźƯō ƽƹŹřŵƹřŸƛƱŚƯŻŚſ .ŢſřƵŵźĩƕƺƴưƯřŹŚƷƂĩƞƬƗŹŵ
.ŢſřƵŵźĩƭLjƗř
-ƾŝƙřźƠŤſřŵŹŵźſƶƟźſƺƬĭ ƾĪƄųƪƯŚƃƹŶŤƟřƾƯơŚƠţřƱōƢƬƘƯšřŹŷŚƿŹŚŞƛžƠƴţŚŝƮǀƯŵŚĩŵŚůšřźŧř
ŵŚƿŻźƿŵŚƤƯ ƽřŹřŵśōƹřŸƛƱŶǀƯŚƃōƹƱŵŹƺų .Ţſř ƽƺƿŹŶƿŶƃŜǀſōźŧřŹŵīźƯ ƾŤůƹƶƿŹśŚƸŤƫřƽŹřźƣ
źŝ ƾƴŞƯ ƾƃŹřżĭƱƺƴĩŚţ .ŵƺƃƾƯƩŚƸſřƹƙřźƠŤſřƶŝźŬƴƯƵŶƘƯĨƿźŰţŚŝƹƵŵřŵƂƿřżƟřřŹơřżŝŮƃźţƮǀƯŵŚĩ
ƾƳLJƺƏšŶƯ ƽřźŝƮǀƯŵŚĩƮĩźƿŵŚƤƯƉźƘƯŹŵƲŤƟźĭŹřźƣ .ŢſřƵŶƄƳƁŹřżĭƮǀƯŵŚĩŚŝ ƾŤſƺ쎌ưţšřźƌƯ
ŜǀſōƪƯŚƃƮǀƯŵŚĩšŶƯƾƳLJƺƏšřźŧřźĮƿŵ .ŵƺƃƾƯƽƺǀƬĩƽŚƷƽŹŚưǀŝƶŬǀŤƳŹŵƹŚƷƶǀƬĩŹŵƱōŢƃŚŞƳřƶŝźŬƴƯ
ŹŚƄƟƱƺĤưƷ ƾưƿLjƗŶƳřƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣƮǀƯŵŚĩƉźƘƯŹŵƶĩ ƾţŚƳřƺǀů .Ţſř ƾưĪƃ ƽŚƷŵŹŵƹƱřƺŴŤſř ƾĩƺěƽƺƿŹ
ŵƺƃ ƉŹřƺƗƲƿřŹŚģŵŢſřƲĪưƯżǀƳƱŚƀƳřŚƿōƶĪƴƿřŶƳřƵŵřŵƱŚƄƳ ƾŞƈƗ ƽżƜƯŜǀſōƹ ƽŶŞĩ ƽŹŚưǀŝLJŚŝƱƺų
ƮǀƯŵŚĩƱŵƺŝřŻƱŚƏźſƩŚưŤůřƶĩƵŵźĩƭLjƗř ٨ŚĪƿźƯōƾƳŚƀƳřšŚƯŶųƹŢƃřŶƸŝƱŚƯŻŚſ .ŢſřƵŶǀſźƳšŚŞŧřƶŝŻƺƴƷ
ƾţřŶƷŚƄƯƹƱŚƀƳřƽƹŹƵŶƃƭŚŬƳřšŚƘƫŚƐƯħŶƳřƹšŚƳřƺǀůƽƹŹƵŶƃƭŚŬƳřŵŚƿŻšŚƘƫŚƐƯŻřƩLJŶŤſřƲƿřŢſLJŚŝ
.(Ragan and Mast, 1990) ŵźǀĭƾƯŚƄƴƯŶƳŵƺŝƵŵźĩžƠƴţƮǀƯŵŚĩƶĩƽŵřźƟřŹŵƶƿŹƱŚƏźſźŝƾƴŞƯ
6- Environmental Protection Agency
7 -Food and Drug Administration
8 -The Department of Health and Human Services
٥
śźſ -۲-۲-۱-۱
ŹŵƹŵŹřŶƳƾƇŚųƮƘƏƹƺŝ .ŵƺƃƾƯŢƟŚƿƲǀƯŻƶŤſƺěŹŵƾƘǀŞƏŹƺƏƶŝƹŢſřƽźŤƀĩŚų-ƾŝōĬƳŹƶŝƽżƬƟśźſ
ƲŤųƺſ ƹ Ŷǀƫƺţ ũřźŴŤſř ƪŨƯ ƾƳŚƀƳř ƽŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƪǀƫŵ ƶŝ Ʊō źŤƄǀŝ ƶĩ ŵƺƃƾƯ ŢƟŚƿ ŢƀƿŻ ƎǀŰƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƍŚƤƳ
ŢƠƳƂƿLJŚěĨƿŹƺƠƫƺſŶǀſřŶǀƫƺţšřżǀƸŬţŹŵ ƶǀƫƹřƵŵŚƯƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝśźſ .ŢſřƵŶƃźƄŤƴƯ ƾƬǀƀƟ ƽŚƷŢųƺſ
ƹĨǀƯřźſŚƷĥŚǀƫōŚƷƽźţŚŝŹŵƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŵƺƃƾƯƵŵŚƠŤſř ƽŻŚſƒǀƬƛƹũřźŴŤſřƱŵźĩŹřŵŹƺƠƫƺſƱŵźĩƶƳĥƺƫŚƷ
ƽŻŚſŚưǀěřƺƷƖƿŚƴƇXƶƘƃřƹƽřƶŤƀƷšŚƘƄƘƄţźŝřźŝŹŵŢƔƟŚŰƯšřżǀƸŬţƹƾĮƴūšŚưƸƯŚƷƶƳřŶĮƳŹĨǀŤſLjě
-ƾƯřƺƷŵŹřƹŢƘƴƇŹŵƾƘƟŵŵřƺƯƹƾƬǀƀƟƽŚƷŢųƺſƲŤųƺſźŧřŹŵśźſšŚŞǀĩźţ .ŵŹřŵŵźŝŹŚĩƽŻŚſƱŚưŤųŚſƹ
ƶǀƤŝƹřƺƷƢƿźƏŻřħŚųŹŵŵƺūƺƯśźſźŤƄǀŝŶƴƳŚƯƾƯ ƾƣŚŝřƺƷŹŵŻƹŹ ƵŵŵƹŶůƢƬƘƯšřŹŷšŹƺƇƶŝƹŶƳƺƃ
ƹŶƳŚƯƾƯƾƣŚŝƪƈŤƯŚƸƳōƶŝƹŶŞƀģƾƯħŚųšřŹŷƶŝśźſ .ŵƺƃƾƯħŚųŵŹřƹśźſƽřŹřŵƽŚƷƶƫŚŝŻƢƿźƏŻřƱō
ƶŤƀƃħŚųšřŹŷ ƽƹŹŻřƹƶŤƟźĭŹřźƣ ƽŶǀſř ƽŚƸŝōƉźƘƯŹŵƶĩŵƺƃƾƯ ƾƴǀƯŻźƿŻ ƽŚƸŝōŵŹřƹ ƾţŹƺƇŹŵŚƸƴţ
.ŵŹřŵƾƳLJƺƏƽŹŚĭŶƳŚƯħŚųŹŵƮƷƹśōŹŵƮƷśźſ .ŵƺƃ
ƹ (ƶƷŚƯƶſ ƾƳŚƯŻƵŻŚŝŹŵƲǀĮƳŚǀƯŹƺƏƶŝ) ۱.۵ µg/m3ƶŝřŹřƺƷŹŵƱōŻŚŬƯŹřŶƤƯŢƀƿŻƎǀŰƯŻřŢƓŚƠůƱŚƯŻŚſ
ƾƬƜƃ ƽŚƷŢǀƯƺưƀƯƲƿźţƖƿŚƃŻř ƾĪƿśźſŢǀƯƺưƀƯ .ŢſřƵŵźĩŵƹŶŰƯ ۱۵ µg/LƶŝřŹśōŹŵƱōŻŚŬƯŹřŶƤƯ
ƱŚĪƯř ƽřƵŵƹŹƢƿźƏŻřŚƯřŢƀǀƳźǀĮưƄģŢſƺěƢƿźƏŻřśźſśŸū .ŶƳŹřŵŹŚĩƹźſƱōŚŝƶĩŢſř ƾƬƛŚƄƯŹŵ
ƽƹŹśźſ .ŢſřřƺƷŹŵƱōƢƬƘƯšřŹŷƹšřŹŚŴŝžƠƴţŚŝƹƽƺƿŹƢƿźƏŻřƱōśŸūƵřŹƲƿźţŢůřŹƹŵŹřŵśŸū
żǀƳƾƴưƿřƮŤƀǀſƹƶƿŹŜƬƣƶǀƬĩŶŞĩ .ŵƺƃƾƳƺųƮĩŜūƺƯŶƳřƺţƾƯƹŢſřŹřŸĭźŧřŚƸƳōŶǀƫƺţƹżƯźƣƽŚƷƩƺŞƬĭ
LJƺưƘƯƶĩŵƺƃƾƯŽŚƯōŵŚŬƿřŦƗŚŝśźſ ƽżĩźƯśŚƈƗřƮŤƀǀſŹŵ .ŶƳźǀĭŹřźƣśźſźǀŧŚţ ŢŰţŢſřƲĪưƯ
šLjĪƄƯƁƺƷŜƿźƋƂƷŚĩŜūƺƯŶƳřƺţƾƯƮƷƮĩŚŤŞƀƳźƿŵŚƤƯŹŵƾŤůƱŚĩŵƺĩŹŵśźſ .ŢſřźƿŸěŚƳŢƄĭźŝ
ƽŚƷĬƳŹ ƶĩ ƵŶƃ ƁŹřżĭ ƾƳŚĩŵƺĩ Źŵ ƽżƜƯ ƽŚƷƽŹŚưǀŝ ƮŗLjƗ ƲƿźţŶƿŶƃ ƹ ƲƿźţŵŚů .ŵƺƃ ƽŹŚŤƟŹ ƹ ƽźǀĭŵŚƿ
ƩŚůƲǀƗŹŵƹŵƺƃ ƽŹƹŹŚŝŚƳŦƗŚŝŶƳřƺţƾƯśźſƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŵƺŝƵŵźĩřŶǀěƵřŹŚƸƳō ƾƃŹřƺĭƮŤƀǀſƶŝśźſ ƽřŹřŵ
ƁƺƯŹŵŵřŻƺƳƱŻƹƂƷŚĩŢƬĪſřƪĪƃźǀǀƜţŵŹřƺƯƹŵŹřŵřŹŢƠūŻřŹƺŞƗ ƾƿŚƳřƺţřźƿŻŢſř ƾưſƲǀƴū ƽřźŝ
ƱŻƹƂƷŚĩŽŹŵƹŻ ƽŚƷŶƫƺţƱƺĤưƷƽŵŹřƺƯżǀƳŶƳřƵŵƺŝśźſŚŝŽŚưţŹŵƶĩƾƬƛŚƃƱŚƳŻŹŵ .ŢſřƵŶƃƁŹřżĭ