The attachment style and stress coping strategies in adult men and
Transkrypt
The attachment style and stress coping strategies in adult men and
Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 2016, tom 21, numer 4, s. 573-588 DZȱŗŖǯŗŚŜśŜȦŘŖŗŜŖŚŖś THE ATTACHMENT STYLE AND STRESS COPING STRATEGIES IN ADULT MEN AND WOMEN ȱ ȬÙȱ ¢ȱ¢ǰȱ ¢ȱ££Ú Institute of Psychology University of Szczecin Summary. This paper contains an analysis of the determinants of predispositions of individuals to cope with stress in adulthood, very likely shaped in childhood. ȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȂȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ style shaped in childhood. The research conducted in 2013 and 2014 was particiȱ¢ȱŗŞŖȱ ȱȱŗŞŖȱȱȱŘŖȬŚŖȱǻMȱƽȱŘŞǯşşǰȱȱƽȱŚǯŘřǼǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱęȱȱ ȱęȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡¢Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ¢ǯ Key wordsDZ ǰȱȱ ȱǰȱĴȱ¢ Introduction ȱ¢ȬȬ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱěȱȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ęȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ stressful situations. Each individual has organic and psychosocial resources to cope ȱ ȱ Ĝǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ individual predispositions. Stress and coping strategies ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȃȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ȅǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱȱȱȄȱ ǻ £ȬǰȱŘŖŖśǰȱǯȱŚŜşǼǯ ȱȱDZȱȱ ȬÙǰȱ ŗȓ ǯ strona 573 ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŞŚǰȱ ǯȱ ŗşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȃȱȱȱǻǯǯǯǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȬȄǯȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ£ȱȱȱǻŗşŞŚǰȱǯȱŗŚŗǼȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȃȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ǻǯǯǯǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯǯǯǼȱ ęȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȄǯȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȬǰȱȬented role and the role of self-regulation of emotions associated with reduction of emotional tension there. ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱ ȱ ȱǯȱȱǯȱȱǻ DZȱ£¢ÚǰȱÚȬǰȱŘŖŖşǼȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱǰȱǰȱȱterpretation, acceptance, a sense of humour, a turn to religion, seeking of emotional and instrumental support, dealing with something else, denial, venting of emotions, ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱ ȱǻŗşşŖǼȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱęȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱDZȱȬǰȱȬȱȱȬǯ People concentrating their stress-coping strategies on emotions, focus their atȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ¡ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱ to religion, dealing with something else, denial, venting of emotions, using psyȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ǻÚȬǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻǯǯȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǯ A coping style is associated with a characteristic, for a particular individual, ȱȱȱȱȱĜȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱĜȱǯȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ £ȬǰȱŘŖŖśǼǯȱȱ¢£ ȱ ǻŗşŞŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱȱĜȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱǰȱȱȱȱ of psychosomatic diseases with depersonalisation-derealisation episodes or other ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻȬ£ȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŗśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȂȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱěȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȂȱȬǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŗŖǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ strona 574 ȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱȬǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ and a milder temperament are the factors enhancing resistance to stress (Carson, ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǻŗşşŝǼȱDZȱǰȱȱȱDzȱȬȱȱȬDzȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬDzȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ Dzȱ ȱ ȱȱȱDzȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĜǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǻǰȱ£Úǰȱǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȬȱȱȬȱ ǻ £ǰȱ ÚȬǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢DZȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱǯǯȱ¢ǰȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǰȱǰȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱĴǼȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ Ĵȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱǻŗşŜşȦŘŖŖŝǼȱęȱĴȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȦȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŜşȦŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ǻ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱȱęȱ¢ȱȱȱȂȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȦȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǻ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻŗşŜşȦŘŖŖŝǼȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻŗşŝŝǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢DZȱ ǰȱ ¡¢Ȭȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻŗşşŖǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ Ȯȱ £ǰȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȬȱȱȱ¢£ǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ǯȱ Ȧȱȱǰȱȱȱǯȱȱȱ¡¢ȬȱĴȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǰȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱȱǰȱǰȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱęȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱȱ with stress. However, in insecure caregiver-child relations the caregiver reacts inad¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ strona 575 ȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱǻ DZȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ£¢ÚǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǰȱȱǻ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǰȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŗşşşǰȱ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşşŚǰȱ DZȱǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱǰȱŗşşśǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşşśǰȱ DZȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻ¢ǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşşŚǰȱȱȱǯǰȱŗşşŞǰȱ DZȱǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱ ǰȱ ŗşşşǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşşśǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ £ǰȱŗşşśǰȱ DZȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşşśǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ (ǰȱǰȱŗşşŝDzȱBylsma, Cozzarelli ǰȱŗşşŝDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ positive emotions ǻǰȱ¢ǰȱǰȱŗşşŚǰȱ DZȱ¢ǰȱǰȱ ŘŖŖřDzȱ ĴȬĵǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşşśǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ £ǰȱŗşşśǰȱȱȱǯǰȱ ŗşşśǰȱ DZȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱě¢ǯȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ ȱěȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ǯȱ¡¢Ȭȱ ¢ȱ ȱĴȱȱȱ DZȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ Ȭȱ ǻ¢ǰȱ ŗşŞŞǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşŞśǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŗǼǰȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ¡¢ȱǻ¢ǰȱŗşşŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǰȱ ¢ȱ ǻ ¢ǰȱ ŘŖŖŝǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (Brennan, ǰȱ ŗşşŝDzȱ Plopa, 2008Ǽǰȱ ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǰȱ DZȱ £ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşşşǰȱ DZȱ ÙÚȬǰȱŘŖŗŗǼǰȱ¢ȱǻ ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞǰȱ DZȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǰȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻĴȬĵǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǰȱ ¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖşǼǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǰȱ ŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ ǰȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱ¢ǰȱŗşşŗǼǯ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱĜȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşŞŝǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ¢ǰȱŗşŞŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŗDzȱĴȬĵǰȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǰȱ¢ȱ ǻȱȱǯǰȱŘŖŖŖǰȱ DZȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǰȱȱȱȱǻǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ¢ȱǻ ǰȱ ĵǰȱŗşşŗDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǰȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŗşşŖǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗǼǰȱ ¢ȱ ǻǰȱ ¢ǰȱ ŗşŞŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŗDzȱȬ ȱȱǯǰȱŗşŞŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǰȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşŞśǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞǼǰȱȱȱȱǻ¢ȱǼȱǻ ǰȱŗşŝŝǼǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǻȱ ȱ ǯǰȱ ŘŖŖŖǰȱ DZȱ strona 576 £ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱĵǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŚǼǰȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ ĵǰȱŗşşŗDzȱǰȱǰȱŗşşŞǰȱ DZȱ ǰȱŘŖŖřǼǯ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ęȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱĴȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱĜȱǯȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȬȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱȱęȱȱȮȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǰȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ denial and mental withdrawal and negatively with the search of emotional and inȱǯȱ¡ȬȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ and with reaching alcohol and drugs in those situations, and negatively correlated ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǰȱ ŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱĜȱǯȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱĜȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱĜȱǯȱ ǰȱ¡Ȭȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ In another study conducted among security guards working in the Belgian Red ǰȱȱȱȱȱȬȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ¡¢Ȭȱ¢ȱ ȱȱǻǰȱǰȱŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ences of respondents and the risk of disorders known as post traumatic stress disorȱǻǼȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ Ĝȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşřDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŗşşśDzȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ memories of stressful situations, and studies have revealed a positive correlation ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱǻǰȱǰȱǰȱŗşşřDzȱǰȱ ǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡¢Ȭȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱǻ ǰȱ ĵǰȱŗşşŗǼǰȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱǻǰȱ ǰȱǰȱŗşşřDzȱǰȱǰȱŗşşśǼǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ strona 577 ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ avoidance. They distance themselves from others and are less likely to seek support ǻǰȱǰȱŗşşśǼǯ ȱȱȱ¢ ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱǯȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱěȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱ ǵȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ style with active coping and seeking for support. Moreover, it is assumed that the ¡ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¡ȱěȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ ¡ȱȱěȱȱĴȱĴȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱ Sample ȱȱȱȱŘŖŗřȱȱŘŖŗŚȱ ȱȱ¢ȱŗŞŖȱ ȱȱ ŗŞŖȱȱȱȱȱ ȱŘŖȱȱŚŖȱǻMȱƽȱŘŞǯşşǰȱȱƽȱŚǯŘřǼǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǯȱȱȱ ȱ agreed and provided informed consent, personal codes were assigned to secure ¢¢ȱȱęȱȱȱȱǯ Measures ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ǻǰȱ¡ȬȱȱǼȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ǻǼȱȱ¢ȱ£¢Ù ȱȱǻŘŖŖŜǼȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǯǯȱȂȱȱ¢ȱȬǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ£¢ÚȱȱȱÚȬȱǻŘŖŖşǼȱ ȱǯ Ĵȱ¢ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ £¢ ȱ ȱ ǻŘŖŖŞǼǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱȱȱǻŗşşŚǼȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱĴȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ strona 578 ȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȦĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢£DZȱȱǻȱ¡DZȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ Ǽǰȱ ¡Ȭȱ ǻȱ ¡DZȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǼǰȱȱ ǻȱ¡DZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǼǯȱȱȱȱȱŘŚȱǰȱŞȱȱȱȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ǯȱȱȱȱȱĴȱȱŝȬȱȱȱ format (from ¢ȱ to ¢ȱǼǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ from 0.78 to 0.91. Stress coping strategies ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǯȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ǻȬǼȱȱȱŘŞȱǰȱŘȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ coping with stress. The individual scales MINI-COPE were grouped into following DZȱǯȱȱDZȱǻŗǼȱȱǰȱǻŘǼȱǰȱǻřǼȱȱDzȱ ǯȱ DZȱ ǻŗŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ǰȱ ǻŗřǼȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱǻŗŚǼȱȬDzȱǯȱȱDZȱǻŝǼȱȱȱǰȱǻŞǼȱȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǯȱȱ DZȱ ǻşǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǻŗŖǼȱ ǰȱ ǻŗŗǼȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǯȱ ǻŜǼȱ ȱ ȱ Dzȱ ǯȱ ǻŚǼȱDzȱ ǯȱǻśǼȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱśȬȱȱ scale format (from ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ to ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱǼǯȱȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱŖǯŞŜǯ Results Data were analyzed using the Statistica version 10.5. Correlations were meaȱ ȱȱDZȱȬȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱǻǰȱ ¡Ȭȱ ȱ Ǽǯȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ ȱĜǯȱǰȱ ȱ¢£ȱěȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱt-test. ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ŗȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ use a support-seeking strategy (tȱ ƽȱ ȬǯŘǯśŜǼǰȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ (tȱ ƽȱ ȬŘǯŚŘǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻtȱ ƽȱ ȬŘǯŗřǼDzȱ ȱ ȱ (tȱƽȱȬřǯŞŝǼǰȱDZȱȱȱȱǻtȱƽȱȬřǯŝřǼǰȱȱǻtȱƽȱȬŘǯŝŞǼǰȱȱ ȱ something else (tȱ ƽȱ ȬŘǯŖśǼDzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻtȱ ƽȱ ȬŘǯŞŗǼDzȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȭȱ (tȱ ƽȱ ȬŘǯŝŖǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱǻtȱƽȱřǯŗŝǼǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱĜȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ǯ strona 579 ȱŗǯȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱ Men M Women M t Ĵȱ¢ Secure 44.10 9.22 45.61 8.44 -1.61 ¡Ȭ 24.21 9.49 26.30 9.45 -1.82a Avoidant 18.28 1.09 18.19 9.73 0.09 Coping with stress Active coping 2.04 .50 2.03 .45 0.30 Active coping 2.16 .64 2.16 .53 -0.11 Planning 2.11 .64 2.06 .54 0.77 Positive reappraisal 1.86 .60 1.87 .63 -0.15 .92 .53 .91 .57 .013 .72 .81 .46 .70 3.17** Helplessness ȱȱ¢ȱ Suppresion of activities .81 .68 .83 .70 -0.30 Ȭ 1.23 .68 1.44 .79 -2.70** Seeking support 1.85 .56 2.01 .57 -2.56* Seeking emotional support 1.89 .65 2.05 .61 -2.42* Seeking instrumental support 1.82 .64 1.96 .67 -2.13* ȱ a 1.25 .50 1.46 .51 -3.87*** Dealing with something elese 1.59 .75 1.74 .68 -2.05* Denial .86 .69 1.08 .75 -2.78** Venting of emotions 1.31 .68 1.57 .63 -3.73*** Turn to religion .89 .90 1.17 .93 -2.81** Acceptance 1.79 .67 1.90 .69 -1.54 Sense of humour 1.06 .60 .98 .71 1.14 ȱǀȱǯŖşDzȱȘȱǀȱǯŖśDzȱȘȘȱǀȱǯŖŗDzȱȘȘȘ < .001 ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ Ĵȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Řǯȱȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱǯȱ¡ȬȱĴȱ ȱȱę¢ȱȱȱȱ coping strategies. strona 580 ȱŘǯȱȱȱ Ĝȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ prototypes in groups of men and women Secure r ¡Ȭ Ȭ r Avoidant r .26** -.09 -.24** .21** -.05 -.16* Planning .23** -.13 a Positive reappraisal .18* -.04 -.19* -.18* .25** .18* Ĵȱ¢ Men Active coping Active coping Helplessness -.22** ȱȱ¢ȱ -.23** .09 .15* Suppression of activities -.20** .27*** .21** Ȭ .04 .22** .03 Seeking support .26** .00 -.22** Seeking emotional support .25** -.04 -.26*** Seeking instrumental support .20** .04 -.13a ȱ -.02 .29*** 0.9 Dealing with something else -.01 .21** .05 Denial -.02 .24** .09 Venting of emotions -.01 .16* .06 .08 .04 .06 Acceptance .09 .12 -.01 Sense of humour -.08 .02 .05 .27*** -.05 -.16* Active coping .27*** -.11 -.13a Planning .25** .04 -.19* Turn to religion Women Active coping Positive reappraisal .12 -.04 -.07 -.21** .22** .18* -.15* .12 .16* -.24*** .19* .22** Ȭ -.10 .22** .06 Seeking support .20** -.05 -.27*** Helplessness ȱȱ¢ȱ Suppression of activities strona 581 ǯȱȱŘ Seeking emotional support Seeking instrumental support ȱ Dealing with something else Denial Venting of emotions Turn to religion a .30*** -.04 -.33*** .07 -.05 -.17* -.02 .10 -.04 .12 -.04 -.14a -.16* .26*** .06 .01 -.03 -.02 -.15* .08 .03 Acceptance .14 a .02 -.04 Sense of humour -.03 .06 .06 ȱǀȱǯŖşDzȱȘȱǀȱǯŖśDzȱȘȘȱǀȱǯŖŗDzȱȘȘȘ < .001 Furthermore, a high level of helplessness correlated negatively and weakly ȱȱĴȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ¡Ȭȱȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ǯȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱȱ ȱ¡ȱȱȱȱĴǯȱǰȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡Ȭȱ Ĵǯȱ ǰȱȬȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¡ȬȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱĴǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱĴȱȱȱǯȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ Ĵȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱȱĴǰȱȱȱȱ ȱ¡ȬȱĴǯȱ¡ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱĴǯȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȮȱȱȱ ȱȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ ȱ¡ȬȱĴȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱsult referred also to all strategies involved in avoidant coping strategy. In the group ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱ¡Ȭȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱĴǯ ¢ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱĜȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱĴǯȱ Discussion ȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱ¡ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ coping strategies. Some interesting results were found. strona 582 ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱěȱ ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ ǰȱȱĴȱĴȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¡Ȭȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ¢ǯȱ ȱ ȱęȱĴȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱǯȱǰȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱǻȱ ¢ȱȱǼȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱěȱȱ ȱǯȱȱ ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȬȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱǯȱ ȱȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱȱ ȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ seeking support, including emotional and instrumental support. Individuals with ȱȱĴȱDZȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱǰȱ less eager to use ofȱ¢ȱǰȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱĜȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱȱęȱȱȱ ¢ȱȱ ȱ ȱȱǻ DZȱ£ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱ ȱ ȱȱ¡ȬȱĴȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ Ĝȱ ǰȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ǻȱ Ǽȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ ǯȱȱȱĴȱȱ ȱȱ¢£ȱȱȱȱ are consistent with a learned mechanisms to deal with stress in childhood, when ȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱǻ£ǰȱŘŖŖřDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŚDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱǯ ǰȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱ ȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ¢ȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǰȱȱȱȱȱtional and instrumental support. More often they are helpless, they use psychoȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ the caregiver improperly responded to their needs, and sometimes did not react at ȱȱȱǯȱǰȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱǯȱ ȱĴȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¢ȱDZȱ¢ǰȱ ȱȬǰȱȱ strona 583 ȱȬĜ¢ǰȱǰȱȱǰȱȱȱȱȱǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻ£ǰȱ ŘŖŖřDzȱ ǰȱ ŘŖŖŚDzȱ ¢ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŝDzȱǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŖŞDzȱ ǰȱŘŖŗŘǼǯ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ęȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȃȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱȱ ȱĜȱǯȱ¢ȱęȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡ȱȱȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ȱ in preference of strategies for coping with stress in adulthood. References ǰȱ ǯǯǯȱ ǻŗşŝŝǼǯȱ nt Development and Mother-infant Interaction ȱȱȱȱǯȱDZȱǯ ǯȱǰȱǯǯȱǰȱǯȱęȱǻǯǼǰȱȱȱ¢ǯȱ ȱDZȱȱǯȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ǰȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǻǯȱ ŚřȬŚśǼǰȱ ĴDZȦȦǯ¢ǯǯ£Ȧ ȦȦŗŖŖşŘȦŗřŜŜȦȏ¡ǯǵƽŗǯȱ¢DZȱ¢ȱȱ¢ǯ ǰȱǯǰȱ ĵǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşşŗǼǯȱĴȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱDZȱ a test of a four-category model. ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢, 61, 226-244. ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ¢ȱ £ ȱ £Ù ȱ [ȱ Ǿǯȱ £ÚDZȱ ¢ȱ i S-ka Wydawnictwo. ¢ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŜşȦŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ£¢ £ȱ[ȱĴǾǯȱ£ DZȱ¢ ȱukowe PWN. Brennan, K.A., Morns,ȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşşŝǼǯȱ Ĵȱ ¢ǰȱ Ȭǰȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ǰȱŗȱǻŘřǼǰȱŗǰȱŘřȬřŗǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşşŗǼǯȱĴȱ¢ǰȱǰȱȱȱȱǯȱȱȱȱȱȱ, 8, 451-466. Bylsma, W.H., Cozzarelli, C., Sumer,ȱǯȱǻŗşşŝǼǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱ ¢ȱȱȱȬǯȱȱȱȱȱ¢¢ǰ ŗȱǻŗşǼǰȱŗȬŗŜǯ ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǰȱȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱ££Ú [¢¢ȱȱǾȱǻǯȱŗǼǯȱÚDZȱǯ £ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ£ȱ £¢ȱ ¿£ȱÙ£¢ȱȱ£ ȱnego dziecka. ȱï ǰȱŘȱǻŘşǼǰȱřŗȬŚşǯȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱȱȱȬȱȱȱȱ ȱȱDZȱȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ¡ety and Avoidance. ȱ¢¢ȱȱ¢¢ǰ 13, 256-263. ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŗşşŝǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱȱǯȱDZȱǯǯȱǰȱǯǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱȱȱ ȱȂȱȱǻǯȱŚŗȬŝŖǼǯȱ ȱDZȱǯ strona 584 ǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯǯȱǻŗşşŖǼǯȱȱȱȱDZȱȱcal evaluation. ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢, 58, 844-854. Franczak, K. ǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱ Nurses. ȱȱȱǰ 11, 2, 62-73. ĵǰȱǯǯǰȱǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱȱ ȱȱĴȱȱ ¡ȱ¡ǯȱȱǰȱŘȱǻŗŗǼǰȱŘŚşȬŘŜśǯ ĴȬĵǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¡£ȱ DZȱ ȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱȱȱǭȱȱ¢¢, 4, 440-451. £ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŚǼǯȱĴȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱsearch on Close Relationships. ¢ȱ¢, 5, 1-22. £Ȭǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖśǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¢£ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ǽȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ ȱ Ǿǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǻǯǼǰȱ ¢ǯȱ ¿£ȱȱ[¢¢ǯȱȱǾȱǻǯȱřǰȱǯȱŚŜśȬŚşŘǼǯȱÚDZȱ GWP. ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱȱ ¢ǯȱÚDZȱǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŖǼǯȱ¢ȱ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ ȱàČ¢ȱȱ ¢ȱȱ¢ȱ¢ £¢ȱȱ ȱǽ¢ȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱȱěȱȱȱȱŘŗȬȱ¢ȱsation diseases]. ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱǰȱşŗǻŘǼǰȱŘŜŞȬŘŝśǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ÙČÚ ȱ ȱ ¢ ȱ ¢£ǯȱ ȱ à £ȱ[ȱȱȱȱ¢ȱǯȱȱȱ ¢].ȱRàĊDZȱ¢ ȱ ¢ȱRà£ǯ £ǰȱǯǰȱÚȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ£ȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱ £ȱDZȱ¢£ȱ£ȱȱ£Čïȱǽȱȱȱȱ ȱ¢DZȱȱȱĴȱȱęȱȱȱȱǾǯȱ£ȱ¢£¢ǰȱŚŚȱǻřǼǰȱřřŝȬřŚŝǯ £¢ÚǰȱǯǰȱÚȬǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱ£¿£ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ£ȱ stresem [ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱ]. ¿£ [ ], £ DZȱ ȱà ȱ¢£¢ȱǯ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŚǼǯȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ DZȱ ǯȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ȱ ǻǯǼǰȱ ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱǻǯȱŚśȬŞŚǼǯȱ ȱDZȱ¢ǯ £¢Úǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱ ¢ȱ £¢ £ȱ ȱ £ ȱ Čȱ ǽȱ Ĵȱ ¢ȱȱȱȱǾǯȱ£ȱ¢£, 7, 7-15. £ǰȱ ǯǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŗşŞŚǼǯȱ ǰȱ ǰȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ DZȱ er-Verlag. ǰȱǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱĴǰȱ¢ȱĴǰȱȱ ȱ Ȭȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ¡¢ȱȱ adolescence. ȱȱȱȱǭȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŘȱǻřŞǼǰȱŘŗşȬŘřŗǯ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşŖǼǯȱȱȱ¢ǰȱȱȱ£Ȧ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ DZȱ ǯǯȱ ǰȱ strona 585 ǯȱ Ĵǰȱ ǯǯȱ ȱ ǻǯǼǰȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢DZȱ ¢ǰȱ ǰȱȱȱǻǯȱŗŘŗȬŗŜŗǼǯȱDZȱ¢ȱȱȱǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗŘǼǯȱȱ£ȱȱ££ȱ¢£ȱȱ££ȱ£ ȱȱ£ȱȱÙ£Č¢ȱ ȱïȱȱ£¢ £ȱǽ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱ¡ȱȱȱĴȱ¢Ǿǯȱ ȱ , 8, 161-172. ǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ǰȱŜȱǻŜşǼǰȱŗŘŖřȬŗŘŗśǯ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşśǼǯȱȱȱȱȱ ȱȱȬȱȱ DZȱȱȱȱĴȱ¢ǯȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢ȱ, 21, 406-414. ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŗşşřǼǯȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱǰȱ ȱĴȱ¢ȱDZȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǯȱ ȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢¢, 64, 817-826. ǰȱ ǯǰȱ ǰȱ ǯǯȱ ǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ ȱ Ĵȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ȱ DZȱ ǰȱ ¢¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ȱ ¡ȱȱ¢¢, 35, 53-152. £ ǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱ Ù¢ ȱ ïȱ ȱ à ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱȱï°ȱČ¢ȱǽȱĚȱȱȱȱ¢ȱ ȱȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱǾǯȱ ¢ȱȱ ǰȱŚŞȱǻŘǼǰȱŘŖśȬŘŗŖǯ ¢ǰȱǯǰȱȱǯǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ£°ȱȱ[ȱ]. Warsza DZȱ¢ ȱ ȱǯ ÚȬǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŝǼǯȱ ï°ȱ¢ȱȱȱȱ£ȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱȱ à ȱȱ ȱȱČà ȱǽ¢ȱȱ¢ǰȱ ȱ ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱȱęęǾǯȱ¢¢ȱ ¢ǰȱśŞȱǻŚǼǰȱřŖŝȬřŗŜǯ ǰȱǯǰȱ£ÚǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖşǼǯȱȱ£ȱ¢à ȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱȱ£ȱ ȱȱ£ ȱȱàȱ£ȱȱ ȱȱȱïȱ¿£¢ȱǽȱȱȱȱȱȱ coping style and health locus of control in patients with coronary heart disease and hypertension]. ¢ȱǰȱȱǻŘǼǰȱŘřśȬŘŚśǯ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŖǼǯȱȱĴȱȱȱȱȱȱ ¢¢DZȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ǯȱ ȱ ¢¢ȱ ȱ ¢¢, 7, 296-302. ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱȱȱÙ°ȱȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱ££ȱÙ£Čȱ ȱ ȱ ŗŘȬŗŝȱ ȱ ǽȱ ȱ ȱ ěȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ adolescents aged 12-17].ȱ£ȱ¢£¢ǰȱśŗȱǻŚǼǰȱŚŖśȬŚŘŗǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ£ àȱȱ££ȱȱ ¿£ȱ ȱČ¢ȱ£Ù ȱǽȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱǾǯȱDZȱǯȱ£ǰȱ ǯȱȱǻǯǼǰȱ ï°ȱȱ¢ȱ¢£ȱȱ£ [¢ȱȱȱȱȱǾȱǻǯȱŚşȬŝşǼǯȱà DZȱę¢ȱ¢ £ȱǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŜǼǯȱ¿£ȱ ȱÙČÚ ȱȱ£ȱ[ȱȱ¢ȱ]. à DZȱ ę¢ȱ¢ £ȱǯ strona 586 ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ £ȱ¢à ȱ£¢ £ ¢ȱǻǼ [ȱȱȱ Ĵȱ¢ȱǻǼ]ǯȱ¿£ǯȱ£ DZȱȱǭǯ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖřǼǯȱ¢ȱ£¢ £ȱȱ£Ù ȱ¿ȱ£ £à ȱ¢ȱ ȱ£ȱǽĴȱ¢ȱȱȱȱȱȱȱȱ¢ǾǯȱDZȱǯȱǰȱǯȱ ȱǻǯǼǰȱ¢ȱ ȱÙČȱ £¢ [¢¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢Ǿȱ ǻǯȱ ŗşȬřŗǼǯȱ RàĊDZȱ ¢ ȱ ¢ȱRà£ǯ ÙÚȬǰȱ ǯȱ ǻŘŖŗŗǼǯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ Ȯȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ Ù¢ ȱ ȱ £¢ȱ rozwój emocjonalny dziecka [Early mother – child relationship and its impact on further emotional development of a child]. ¢, ŘȱǻŗśŝǼǰȱŗŗȬŗŞǯ Ȭ£ǰȱǯǰȱÚǰȱǯǯǰȱ ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯǰȱÚǰȱǯǰȱûȬ ǰȱRǯǰȱ¢ǰȱǯǰȱǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗśǼǯȱ ¢ȱ¢ȱ£ȱàȱȱ¢ǰȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱȱȱ ¢£ȱ£ ȱ £ȱȱ£Ú ǰȱȱȱ £ȱÙïȱǽȱȱȱciation, derealisation and depersonalization symptoms in women and recalled traumatic events in childhood, adolescence and early adulthood]. ¢ȱ ȱȱ, 8, 1-17. ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŗǼǯȱȱ ¿£ȱ ȱ ¢ïȱ¢ ïȱǽȱ¢ȱ ȱĴȱȱ¡ȱǾǯȱȱï ǰȱŘȱǻŘśǼǰȱşřȬŗŖşǯȱ ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŖŞǼǯȱ¢ ï°ȱ£¿ȱ ȱï ȱȱ£¢ £ȱ[ȂȱȬȱȱȱĴȱ¢Ǿǯȱ£ÚDZȱ¢ ȱ ȱ UAM. ǰȱǯǯȱǻŗşşŝǼǯȱȱ£ȱ¢ȱ [ȱȱȱ¢¢].ȱ£ DZȱ ATK. £ǰȱǯȱǻŘŖŗřǼǯȱȱĴȱ¢ǰȱȱ ȱȱȱȱȱ University Students. ȱȱȱ ȱǭȱȬǰȱŗȱǻŘǼǰȱŗŖŗȬŗŗŚǯ ¢£ ǰȱǯȱǻŗşŞŜǼǯȱ ȱ¿ȱ£ȱ ȱ¢ȱ¢ [Ȃȱȱ ȱĜȱ]. £ DZȱǯ ȱ&ȱȱȱȱȱȱ ȱRg Streszczenieǯȱ£¢ȱ¢Ùȱ£ ȱ£¿ȱ£¢à ȱ¢ȱ¢£¢ȱ ¢ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ Ùïǰȱ £ȱ Č¢ȱ Ú ȱ£Ù ȱ ȱ£Ú ǯȱ£¿ï°ȱ¢£ȱęȱȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱÙ¢ȱ£ȱ£ £¢ȱȱȱ¢ȱÚȱȱ£ £ȱ¢à ȱ£¢ £ ¢ȱ£ȱ£ȱ ȱ£ȱǯȱ£ ȱ ¢ȱÚȱ Ù¢ȱȱ£ȱȱ ¢ȱàČ¢ȱȱ£ȱȱ£ȱȱ ȱ£Čïȱȱ¢ȱ £¢ £ȱ£Ù ȱ ȱ£Ú ǯȱȱȱ£ £¢ȱ ȱȱŘŖŗřȱȱŘŖŗŚȱ £¿Ùȱ£ÙȱŗŞŖȱȱȱŗŞŖȱ¿Č£¢£ȱ ȱ ȱŘŖȬŚŖȱȱ (MȱƽȱŘŞǰşşǰȱȱƽȱŚǰŘřǼǰȱČ¢¢ȱ ȱ ࣠ȱ£ȱȱȱ ȱǯȱ£¢ȱ ¢Ùȱ £ȱïȱȱ¢ȱ£ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ £¢ £ ¢ǯȱ ¢ȱ Úȱ ¢£ǰȱ Čȱ strona 587 ǰȱ ࣢ȱ £¿ïȱ £ ȱ ¢ ȱ £ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ £ȱ ȱ ȱ ¢ȱ ¢ȱ £ȱ £ȱ £ȱ £Ù¢ȱ ȱ ȱ ȱ £Ú ȱ ££¢ȱ ¢ȱ £¢ £ ¢ǯȱ £ï°ȱ ȱ £ ȱ ȱȱȱ£¿ïȱ£ ȱ ȱ¢ȱ ¢ȱ££ȱà ȱ £¢ȱ ȱ£ǰȱàȱ£Ù Ù¢ȱ¿ Ȭ ¢ȱ i unikowy ¢ȱ£¢ £ ¢ǯ Ù ȱ£ DZȱǰȱ£ȱȱ£ȱǰȱ¢ȱ£¢ £ ȱ Ù¢¿DZȱŚǯŖŘǯŘŖŗŜ ȱ Ù¢¿ȱȱ DZȱŗŜǯŖşǯŘŖŗŜ ȱ£ £ȱȱȱDZȱŘŗǯŗŖǯŘŖŗŜ strona 588