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(')?!>(!1X+ 2+ ?0'3!1+ !;&3"#&=1+ #*3D+ _<+ '+ 2*(!6!+ /$5!'#K2+ (')?!>(!1X+ !+ 30'?$2'X+ !5/&;3K2+ /$2!1"#0(*?I+ S';+
/$)5&?I$2*?I+013"'2!$($+2+"'@1;!+gD
Rys. 4. W)=M?!1+3"'($2!36'+/$5!'#$21%$+/'#'51"#K2+S';!+/$)5&?I$21=+2+/$2!1"#0&+
J*(!6!+/$5!'#K2+!+$@;!?01X+!("1(3*2($>?!+/$2!1"#0(1=+S';!+/$)5&?I$21=+%1(1#$2'(1=+2+2*(!6&+
)1"$('?=!+5!130'(!(+(!"#$%&'(!)*(*+!+/*4&+';&5!(!$21%$
C6+-A"'>:)D"?@','$5A7B4$%;1
234)5'617"/)(1(*
!"#$%&'89 =)5;1%(17(17'>3:)?@','$5A7B4$%;1
[rodzajNQ,NQ /Al]
[g cm-3]
1m
1,5 m
1m
1,5 m
C<iB
BB<g
di<C
]B<7
78<7
pnN -<B_q_
C<i9
7]]<C
ii<C
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79<C
pnN -<BCq7C
C<ii
7dg<C
Bg<C
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pnN -<8_q7_
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7C_<C
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]d<C
78<C
Q C<9B
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i]<C
]B<C
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Q -<8_q7_
Tab. 3.
AA
!"#$%$&'$(")!"*$+,-.$("/!"0,$.123+14("5!"*23$6$(" !"7%,89:23+14
Rys. 5. W';1H($>O+(')?!>(!1(!'+$)+?0'3&+);'+/#K@6!+Q -qR;+8_q7_
J*(!6!+ @')'X+ !("1(3*2($>?!+ /$2!1"#0(*?I+ S';+ /$)5&?I$2*?I+ %1(1#$2'(*?I+ /$)?0'3+ )1"$('?=!+ 5!130'(!(+
-VR;+ 2*6'0'4*<+ H1+ 5!1#0$(1+ !+ 30'?$2'(1+ /'#'51"#*+ #$3(G+ 2#'0+ 01+ 02!M6301(!15+ 0'2'#"$>?!+ /*4&+
';&5!(!$21%$D+R(';$%!?0(!1+ ='6+ 2+ /#0*/')6&+ /$5!'#K2+ /#M)6$>?!+ )1"$('?=!+ 2*H301+ 2*(!6!+ &0*36'($+ );'+
5!130'(!(+0'2!1#'=G?*?I+!0$51"#*?0(G+$)5!'(M+0!'#1(+(!"#$%&'(!)*(*D
A>N>'O:+0<90%&0'4$59%5<,&'$5'$015%#,=&'HIJK9
N$+2*0('?01(!'+0)$;($>?!+)$+)1"$('?=!+5!130'(!(+ -VR;+0$3"'4'+2*6$#0*3"'('+05$)*Y6$2'('+2+J$=36$21=+
R6')15!!+ T1?I(!?0(1=+ /#K@'+ T#!5@$#('+ [i\D+ J+ 3"$3&(6&+ )$+ 6;'3*?0(1=+ /#K@*+ T#!5@$#('+ &64')+ @')'2?0*+
@*4+ $)2#K?$(*+ $+ 78CoD+ E#K@6'+ "13"$2'(1%$+ ZJ+ 3/$?0*2'+ @10/$>#1)(!$+ ('+ /4*"?1+ 6$("#$;(1=D+ Q?I15'"+
05$)*Y6$2'(1%$+&64')&+)$+/#01)3"'2!'+#*3D+iD
Rys. 6. Q?I15'"+&64')&+/$5!'#$21%$+05$)*Y6$2'(1=+/#K@*+T#!5@$#('
r')&(6!+ @')'(1%$+ ZJ+ $+ %M3"$>?!'?I+ ('3*/$2*?I+ &5!130?0'($+ 2+ #&#6'?I+ 0+ EbA+ $+ >#1)(!?*+ 212(M"#0(1=+
gd+55+!+2*3$6$>?!+iC+55D+E#K@6!+ZJ+2*6$('($+0+(!"#$%&'(!)*(*+[\Z7]+$+(!36!1=+%M3"$>?!+('3*/$21=+
);'+ "#01?I+ 0'2'#"$>?!+ /*4&+ ';&5!(!$21%$`+ _l<+ 7Cl+ !+ 7_lD+ N$+ 2*%1(1#$2'(!'+ S';!+ &)1#01(!$21=+ 0$3"'4+
&H*"*+ 7C+ %+ %1(1#'"$#+ 2*6$('(*+ 0+ I163$%1(&+ o1%5'"*0$2'(1%$+ 2$36!15+ ,_l.D+ P5!130?0$($+ %$+ 2+ #&#?1+
$+>#1)(!?*+212(M"#0(1=+]7+55+!+%#&@$>?!+>?!'(6!+C<8+55D+P64')+2*@&?I$2*+&5!130?0$($+('+3"';$21=+/4*"?1+
!"!#$!%&'()!#'*+%,!)!-./)0&%-$.12!#$#%#$/)345!#$"'#'%2%,'6.-%!75-$#$3&'-888
AL
$+%#&@$>?!+7<_+55+!+301#$6$>?!+_C+55D+n;'?I'+3/$?0*2'4'+('+3"';$2*5+%#&@$>?!1((*5+/!1#>?!1(!&+$+>#1)(!?*+
212(M"#0(1=+ gi+ 55<+ %#&@$>?!+ >?!'(6!+ 7]+ 55+ !+ 2*3$6$>?!+ i_+ 55D+ E$)+ /!1#>?!1(!15+ 0('=)$2'4+ 3!M+ ?!MH6!+
3"';$2*+?*;!()1#+$+>#1)(!?*+]CC+55+!+2*3$6$>?!+_C+55D+J*%;G)+/4*"16+6$("#$;(*?I+/$+@')'(!&+/#01)3"'2!$($+
('+#*3D+9<+'+$"#0*5'(1+2*(!6!+163/1#*51("K2+013"'2!$($+2+"'@1;!+dD+
29mm (-)
a
28 mm (+)
31 mm(-)
b
30 mm(+)
31 mm(-)
c
30 mm(+)
Rys. 7. J*%;G)+/4*"16+3"';$2*?I+/$+163/1#*51("'?I+);'+5!130'(!(+ -VR;`+'.+8_q7_k+@.+BCq7Ck+?.+B_q_
Tab. 4.
J#'H;!2$>O+5!130'(!(+ -VR;+('+S';M+&)1#01(!$2G
234)5'617"/)(1(*'>=EFGA?
B_q_
BCq7C
8_q7_
!"#$%&'89'>B';6-3]
C<__
C<_d
C<_7
.-H$%&',)."#,*',$5*'>66?
Brak detonacji
Detonacja
31
30
31
30
29
28
J+ 0'6#13!1+ @')'(*?I+ 0'2'#"$>?!+ /*4&+ ';&5!(!$21%$<+ 0'3')(!?0$+ (!1+ 2/4*2'4+ $(+ ('+ 0)$;($>O+ )$+ )1"$('?=!+
5!130'(!(+"*/&+ -VR;D+Z!(!5';(*+3/')16+2!1;6$>?!+5!1#0$(1%$+/'#'51"#&+3"2!1#)0$($+/#0*+0'2'#"$>?!+7_l+
51"';!?0(1%$+)$)'"6&D+T13"$2'(1+5!130'(!(*+2*@&?I$21+5!'4*+0)$;($>O+)$+)1"$('?=!+0@;!H$(G+)$+/1("#*"&+
/#'3$2'(1%$+$+%M3"$>?!+7<iC+%+?5-3+[9\D
AN
!"#$%$&'$(")!"*$+,-.$("/!"0,$.123+14("5!"*23$6$(" !"7%,89:23+14
L>'G5$37/5(#%&0
E*4+ ';&5!(!$2*+ =13"+ 3/1?*Y?0(*5+ 364')(!6!15+ 5!130'(!(+ 2*@&?I$2*?ID+ J+ 0';1H($>?!+ $)+ 24'>?!2$>?!+
6$5/$(1("'+ 2*@&?I$21%$<+ ?0*+ =13"+ "$+ 2*3$6$1(1#%1"*?0(*+ ZJ+ ,(/D+ I163$%1(<+ "#$"*;<+ $6"$%1(.<+ ?0*+ "1H+
&";1(!'?0+ ?I'#'6"1#*0&=G?*+ 3!M+ 2+ /12(*?I+ 2'#&(6'?I+ 0)$;($>?!G+ )$+ )1"$('?=!+ ,(/D+ '0$"'(,A.+ '5$(&.<+
$)5!1((!1+2/4*2'+('+/#M)6$>O+)1"$('?=!+;&@+0)$;($>O+)$+)1"$('?=!D+N;'"1%$+?1;15+/#01/#$2')0$(1%$+?*6;&+
@')'X+@*4$+$6#1>;1(!1+2/4*2&+/*4&+';&5!(!$21%$+('+2*@#'(1+24'>?!2$>?!+2*@&?I$21+5!130'(!(+ -VR;D+
Q0?01%K;(!1+ !("1#13&=G?1+ 2*(!6!+ &0*36'($+ 2+ #'5'?I+ /$5!'#K2+ /#M)6$>?!+ )1"$('?=!+ 2+ S&(6?=!+ 3"MH1(!'+
51"';!?0(1%$+)$)'"6&D+Q"2!1#)0$($<+H1+/#0*+0'2'#"$>?!+/*4&+';&5!(!$21%$+7Cl+2*3"M/&=1+;166!1+5'63!5&5+
/#M)6$>?!+)1"$('?=!D+R+2!M?+&0*36'($+/#01@!1%+S&(6?=!+NsS,l+R;.+?I'#'6"1#*3"*?0(*+);'+(!1!)1';(*?I+5!130'(!(+
2*@&?I$2*?I<+'+$)5!1((*+(!H+2+/#0*/')6&+51"';!0$2'(*?I+5!130'(!(+0'2!1#'=G?*?I+2*3$6$1(1#%1"*?0(1+
ZJD+ '+ /#0*64')+ 20#$3"+ 0'2'#"$>?!+ /*4&+ ';&5!(!$21%$+ /4'"6$2'(1%$<+ 2+ @!('#(1=+ 5!130'(!(!1+ $+ %M3"$>?!+
('3*/$21=+ 0'2!1#'=G?1=+ I163$%1(<+ 0+ _l+ )$+ 7_l+ /$2$)&=1+ 3/')16+ /#M)6$>?!+ )1"$('?=!+ $+ $6$4$+ dCC+ 5+ 3-1
[8\D+ :1)('6+ 0'62';!Y6$2'(!1+ (!"#$%&'(!)*(*+ )$+ %#&/*+ (!1!)1';(*?I+ ZJ<+ @M)0!1+ 5$H;!21+ )$/!1#$+ /$+
/#01/#$2')01(!&+ 163/1#*51("K2+ 2+ 2!M630*?I+ >#1)(!?'?I+ 4')&(6K2+ !+ );'+ /$301#0$(1=+ %'5*+ 0'2'#"$>?!+
51"';!?0(1%$+)$)'"6&D
P&10+#17+#
+ [7\+ b1"(1#+ JDED<+ FE,J(E(H5&() -(H,E.(6N') '5O;01#'501) .) JE#+;&HN') J#PE,+2.014) J*)D+ JRT<+ J'#30'2'+
1986.
+ []\+ m(%1;+JD<+t1!(!3?I+tD<+FE#0,%%)T#E)H1,)JE,J(E(H.#2)#T)0#-J(0H)2.HE#9;(2.+.2,4)PDQD+E'"1("+d_dd9iB<+
1985.
+ [g\+ t1!(!3?I+tD<+TI!1;+fVND<+FE#0,%%)T#E)H1,)JE#+;0H.#2)#T)%J1,E;8.H.0)J(EH.08,%)2.HE#9;(2.+.2,4)PDQD+E'"1("+
_iBidC9<+7BB9D
+ [d\+ t1(#*+uDRD<+b$I1(+:D<+^.91)O;8&)+,2%.H5)2.HE#9;(2.+.2,4)PDQD+E'"1("+]Bdi8]C<+7BiCD
+ [_\+ Q'(?I10+:DRD<+u$151#+mDpD<+Q"#1"0+pDRD<+>J1,E.0(8)2.HE#9;(2.+.2,)JE#0,%%4)PDQD+E'"1("+dBi9CCC<+7BBCD
+ [i\+ n&#;!6$236!+uD<+\(+(2.,)'E(M8.'#P0.)'5OE(2501)-(H,E.(6N')'5O;01#'501)2()+3.(6(2.,)T(8.);+,E3,2.#',$)
JE#J(9;$U0,$)%.R)JE3,3)'(E%H'R)'#+54)E#'?'+)*/;$5$2'<+J$=36$2'+R6')15!'+T1?I(!?0('<+J'#30'2'+
2006.
+ [9\+ fvI;1#+:D<+Z1*1#+uD<+_WJ8#%.X,%<)`#;EH1 E,X.%,+)(2+),WH,2+,+),+.H.#24)Abt+A1#;'%3%131;;3?I'S"+5@tD+
J1!(I1!5<+7BBgD
+ [8\+ Z'#'()'+RD<+"J65')E,(&H5'2#P0.)98.2;)2()J(E(-,HE5)+,H#2(05$2,)-.,%3(2.2)'5O;01#'501)3('.,E($U0501)
J56)(8;-.2.#'54+J!')$5$>?!+bI15!?0(1<+__<+gVd<+]CC7D