Grammatical and Linguistic structures-Breakthough

Polish
Breakthrough
Specification Content
The following should be used as guidance on the content of Asset Languages Polish
Breakthrough External Assessment and Teacher Assessment materials.
Language Purposes and Functions
At Breakthrough stage the realisation of these functions will be in a basic way.
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taking part in simple social situations, e.g. greeting / responding to greetings;
expressing thanks; apologising
giving simple information
asking simple questions
answering simple questions
describing (colour, size, location, possession, appearance)
giving simple opinions
following / giving simple instructions
expressing ability
using numbers and expressing quantity
expressing time (clock, days, months)
Grammar and Linguistic Structures
By the end of Breakthrough stage, learners will recognise and be able to make an
attempt at producing the following grammar and linguistic structures, within the
appropriate functional areas.
Nouns
 gender of nouns: masculine, feminine and neuter
 singular and plural nouns
o plural of all regular masculine non-animate, feminine and neuter
forms, plus some high-frequency irregular nouns, e.g. pies – psy,
dzień – dni, rok – lata
o plural of some masculine animate nouns needed for particular context
(e.g. describing one’s family or class), e.g. brat – braci, uczeń –
uczniowie
Use of cases:
 Nominative
o as subject of sentence
o clauses in which the present tense of the verb ‘to be’ is understood,
e.g. mój brat to inżynier
 Accusative
o as direct object of the sentence, e.g mam książkę, lubię piłkę, proszę
kawę
o after prepositions expressing motion, e.g. na wakacje (few fixed
phrases for active use)
o with days of week, e.g. w niedzielę
Asset Languages Polish Breakthrough
© OCR 2006
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Genitive
o expressing possession, e.g. brat Ani
o after ‘How old are you?’ and ‘how many?’, Ile masz lat?, Ile? (a few
fixed phrases)
o with expressions of quantity, e.g. butelka mleka, filiżanka herbaty
o in negative sentences, e.g. nie lubię sportu / pizzy / kina, nie ma…
o after prepositions expressing motion, e.g. do szkoły (a few fixed
phrases for active use, awareness of more)
Locative
o to express location: w Anglii, na stole (a few fixed phrases for active
use, awareness of more)
Instrumental
o after copula ‘to be’ to express e.g. Jestem Anglikiem. Moja mama jest
nauczycielką. Londyn jest dużym miastem.
o with seasons, e.g. latem, zimą
o after prepositions expressing location, e.g. pod stołem (a few fixed
phrases for receptive use)
o with means of transport: jadę autobusem (a few fixed phrases)
o after preposition ‘z’ in a few expressions, e.g. herbata z mlekiem
Adjectives
 gender agreement with nouns in nominative, e.g. ciekawy film, ciekawa
książka
 agreement with other cases in familiar settings, e.g. Lubię piłkę nożną. On
jest moim młodszym bratem
 possessive, e.g. mój / moja / moje / moi, twój / twoja / twoje / twoi and others:
jego, jej, nasz, wasz, ich
 demonstrative, e.g. ten, ta, to
Pronouns
 personal pronouns in nominative: ja, ty, on ona, my, wy, oni, one
 reflexive, e.g. się, sobie, siebie
Verbs
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present tense of ‘to be’, e.g. (Ja) jestem, (ty) jesteś,
verb ‘to have’, e.g. ja mam, ty masz
question form, e.g. Kto to jest? Co to jest? Czy to jest…?
negative form
present tense verb forms, mostly regular, a few important irregular: móc,
wiedzieć, jeździć, iść, stać
imperatives, in context of games and classroom instructions: (familiar) Daj /
Dajcie… (formal) Proszę dać…
reflexive verbs for familiar activities, e.g. myję się, uczę się
Adverbs
 place, e.g. blisko, daleko, tu, tam
 time, e.g. rano, dzisiaj, jutro, codziennie
 frequency, e.g. zawsze, często, czasami, rzadko, nigdy nie
 manner, e.g. dobrze, źle
 number, e.g. bardzo, dużo, mało
Conjunctions
 i, a and ale
Question words
 co, ile, gdzie, kto, jak, kiedy
Asset Languages Polish Breakthrough
© OCR 2006
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Vocabulary Areas
At Breakthrough stage, the language purposes and functions will be used within the
following vocabulary areas. Vocabulary used in each area takes account of the
different needs and interests of learners in primary, secondary and post-16 contexts.
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personal information
home and surroundings
studying
working
health
shopping and services
eating and drinking
free time and entertainment
holidays and travelling
Asset Languages Polish Breakthrough
© OCR 2006
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