Health behaviors of blind and visually impaired persons

Transkrypt

HEALTH AND WELLNESS 2/2014
WELLNESS AND HEALTH
CHAPTER IV
Department of Dental Anatomy Medical University of Wrocław
Zakład Anatomii Stomatologicznej Akademii Medycznej we Wrocławiu
2
Department of Tourism and Recreation WSB of Wrocław
Zakład Turystyki i Rekreacji WSB we Wrocławiu
3
Department of Normal Anatomy Medical University of Wrocław
Katedra i Zakład Anatomii Prawidłowej
we Wrocławiu
1
WIESŁAW KURLEJ1, KAMIL NELKE1, KATARZYNA STASZAK1,
BOŻENA KURC-DARAK1, JACEK ZBOROWSKI1,
MONIKA STRZELCZYK2 , BOHDAN GWORYS3,
SŁAWOMIR WOŹNIAK3
Zachowania prozdrowotne osób niewidomych i słabo widzących
Key words: health behaviors, physical activity, visual dysfunction
Słowa kluczowe: zachowania prozdrowotne, aktywność ruchowa, dysfunkcja wzroku
Health behaviors of blind and visually impaired persons have a great influence
on their physical activity and also social and hedonistic conditions [7]. Due to analysis of physical activity it’s possible to evaluate their health behaviors [4]. Physical
activity has a great influence on person’s life and also quality of life. It seems that
problems related with blind or impaired persons is still a very actual topic, mostly
because of the fact of clearing working places for such handicapped persons because
of economic reasons. Founds gathered from person activation might be used for
health benefits usage.
Aim of this study was to evaluate and measure health behaviors in the field of
physical activity blind and visually impaired persons. Also influence of responder’s
age to their health behaviors was measured.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study was consisted of 196 participants with visual dysfunction in the Ophthalmology Clinic in Wrocław. 62 men and 134 women took part in the survey questionnaire divided into two separate age groups: 1. 16-25 years old and 2. 26-35 years
Wellness and health
old. Most participants were persons with severe visual dysfunction that prevented
them from self-functioning. While evaluating socio-economic status of families a
special measuring tool was set by the economic status of family (number and value).
Valuables that were taking under consideration were: possession of a car, audiovideo devices, computer, a village cottage and cultivating elite sports. While measuring the socio-economic status different parameters included in a special index, the
index of environmental goddess [5] consisted of: 1. Place of habitat; 2. Education
levels; 3. Employment; 4. Life-style related with physical activity, healthy nutrition,
drugs usage and creating relations between peoples and environment; 5. Survival
rate of studies groups; 6. Number of family members with relation to a full family
status; 7. Hygiene and health condition of questioned participants.
Statistical analysis of survey questionnaire was performed in the responders
group with usage of chi-square test.
MATERIAL ANALYSIS
Tab. I. Place of habitat, education levels and employment status of survey participants
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29)
26-35 (N=33)
16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Place of habitat (χ2 = 3,2; DF = 2, p = 0,20 - χ2 = 3,2)
Village
4 (13,8)
4 (12,1)
9 (13,6)
8 (11,8)
Small town
11 (37,9)
12 (36,4)
24 (36,4)
26 (38,2)
Bigger town
24 (82,8)
24 (72,7)
33 (50,0)
34 (50,0)
Education levels (χ2 = 7,5; DF = 2, p = 0,025 - χ2 = 7,4)
Primary
24 (82,8)
20 (60,6)
43 (65,2)
30 (44,1)
Secondary
4 (13,8)
10 (30,3)
19 (28,8)
38 (55,9)
Higher
1 (3,5)
3 (9,1)
4 (6,1)
10 (14,7)
Employment status (χ2 = 2,8; DF = 3, p = 0,50 - χ2 = 2,4)
Student
13 (44,8)
2 (6,1)
42 (63,6)
6 (8,8)
Physical work
5 (17,2)
18 (54,6)
13 (19,7)
28 (41,2)
Not employed
9 (31,0)
7 (21,2)
7 (10,6)
25 (36,8)
Pension
2 (6,9)
6 (18,2)
4 (6,1)
9 (13,2)
Different responders place of habitat is greatly related with their health condition. More amount of responders is living at towns, both smaller and bigger once
(Tab. I) which has great impact on blind and visually dysfunctional health condition.
The village and smaller town’s environment has a limited access to any socially
organized sport activities. On the other hand, country side recreation and sport related with close relation with natural environment is possible. Also responder’s education levels are related with their healthy behaviors.
In the studied groups a great amount of not employed women’s is remarkable. In
these groups under employment is related with children rising. Small amount of
persons with visual dysfunction is collecting their pensions. This situation is leading
48
Wiesław Kurlej, Kamil Nelke, Katarzyna Staszak, Bożena Kurc-Darak,
Jacek Zborowski, Monika Strzelczyk, Bohdan Gworys, Sławomir Woźniak
to increased outcome of founds is this group of persons and decreased own founds
wage. In case of unemployment more costs are cumulated for livelihood. In younger
responder groups a great impact on reducing family founds levels for livelihood is
their continuing education.
Tab. II. Subjective and objective evaluation of responder’s economic status
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29)
26-35 (N=33)
16-25 (N=66)
26-35 (68)
Economic status evaluated subjectively (χ2 = 0,1; DF = 2, p = 0,90. - χ2 = 0,2)
Bad
4 (13,8)
5 (15,2)
10 (15,2)
12 (17,7)
Average
14 (48,3)
15 (45,5)
31 (47,0)
31 (45,6)
Goof
11 (37,9)
12 (36,4)
25 (37,9)
24 (35,3)
Very good
0 (0,0)
1 (3,0)
0 (0,0)
1 (1,5)
Economic status evaluated by the SES tool (χ2 = 0,9; DF = 2, p = 0,70, - χ2 = 0,7)
Bad
6 (20,7)
7 (21,2)
11 (16,7)
13 (19,1)
Average
15 (51,7)
17 (51,5)
33 (50,0)
32 (47,1)
Good
8 (27,6)
9 (27,3)
22 (33,3)
23 (33,8)
Responders quite more often were voting optimistically of their socio-economic
status than it’s measured while using the SES diagnostic tool (Tab. II). It might lead
to a conclusion that handicapped persons are less concerned to any tangible properties than persons fully healthy. Handicapped persons are more focused on their own
status and the possibilities to overcome their everyday disabilities.
Responders voted on their socio-economic status quite the same, regardless sex
and age. Average and good status were the most common among responders.
Tab. III. Disability characteristics
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66)
Type of disability (χ2 = 0,7; DF = 1, p = 0,30 - χ2 = 1,1)
Congenital
13 (44,8)
15 (45,5)
30 (45,5)
Acquired
16 (55,2)
18 (54,6)
33 (50,0)
Times of acquired disability (χ 2 = 3,2; DF = 2, p = 0,20 - χ2 = 3,2)
Up to 1 year
3 (10,4)
3 (9,1)
4 (6,1)
From 1 to 10 years
6 (20,7)
5 (15,2)
15 (22,7)
More than 10 years
7 (24,1)
25 (75,8)
14 (21,2)
Types of disability (χ2 = 0,0; DF = 1, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,0)
Blind
6 (20,7)
7 (21,2)
12 (18,2)
Visually impaired
23 (79,3)
26 (78,8)
53 (80,3)
Member of any blind and visually disabled organizations and circles.
Yes
6 (20,7)
7 (21,2)
12 (18,2)
26-35 (68)
35 (51,5)
35 (51,5)
3 (4,4)
6 (8,8)
26 (38,2)
16 (23,5)
52 (76,5)
13 (19,1)
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Wellness and health
Visual disability was significally more acquired than congenital regardless responders sex (Tab. III). In case of any acquired disabilities in the older responders
group the period of disability was longer. In the studied material statistically more
often persons with visual disability were present than blind, regardless age and sex.
Degree of visual disability is greatly related with those group behaviors and is related with person’s independent physical activity and sport regime.
Tab. IV. Responders physical activity
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Spending free time (χ2 = 0,0; DF = 1, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,0)
Active
20 (69,0)
20 (60,6)
44 (66,7)
43 (63,2)
Passive
9 (31,0)
13 (39,4)
22 (33,3)
25 (36,8)
Frequency of physical activity (χ2 = 0,9; DF = 3, p = 0,80 - χ2 = 1,0)
Everyday
6 (20,7)
7 (21,2)
12 (18,2)
15 (22,1)
3-5 times a week
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
11 (16,7)
13 (19,1)
1-2 times a week
13 (44,8)
14 (42,4)
28 (42,4)
24 (35,3)
Rarely
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
15 (22,70
16 (23,5)
Type of movement exercise (χ2 = 4,2; DF = 6, p = 0,70 - χ2 = 3,8)
Walking
11 (37,9)
11 (33,3)
27 (40,9)
31 (45,6)
Swimming
3 (10,4)
6 (18,2)
10 (15,2)
12 (17,7)
Sports
2 (6,9)
3 (9,1)
2 (3,0)
3 (4,4)
Dance, gymnastics
5 (17,2)
1 (3,0)
7 (10,6)
8 (11,8)
Winter sports
1 (3,5)
2 (6,1)
2 (3,0)
2 (2,9)
Rehabilitative
3 (10,4)
4 (12,10
8 (12,1)
6 (8,8)
Other
2 (6,9)
4 (12,1)
5 (7,6)
2 (2,9)
None
2 (6,9)
2 (6,1)
5 (7,6)
4 (5,9)
Cultivating a selected type of sport
Yes
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
12 (18,2)
12 (17,7)
Time of practicing selected type of sport (χ2 = 0,0; DF = 2, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,0)
Till 1 year
3 (10,4)
2 (6,1)
6 (9,1)
5 (7,4)
From 1-2 years
2 (6,9)
3 (9,1)
5 (7,6)
6 (8,8)
More than 2 years
0 (0,0)
1 (3,0)
1 (1,5)
1 (1,5)
Studied group with sight deficiency is quite more active than the passive part
(Tab. IV). It’s worrying that still average number of responders is taking physical
activities just randomly. Lack of physical activities is higher in the women group
than in men. Despite that, it’s still worth to notice quite big interest in various forms
of movement exercises. Most common types are walking, which are preferred by all
responders, regardless age and sex. In the studied group there are responders practicing active sport despite age or sex relations.
50
Tab. V. Most frequent place of practicing active forms of sport
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66)
Place of activing (χ2 = 0,0; DF = 2, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,0)
Home
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
12 (18,20
Outdoors
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
13 (19,7)
Park
12 (41,4)
11 (33,3)
22 (33,3)
Sport club
4 (13,8)
6 (18,2)
10 (15,2)
Sport facility
3 (10,4)
4 (12,1)
9 (13,6)
26-35 (68)
14 (20,6)
11 (16,2)
24 (35,3)
11 (16,2)
8 (11,8)
Variety of place for practicing sport by responders is huge (Tab. V). Almost one
third of all responder’s points out that they are taking sport in organized classes or
facilities (sport club, specialized sport facility).
Tab. VI. Preferred motivation for physical motivation
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66)
Preferred motivation (χ2 = 0,2; DF = 5, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,6)
Hobby
5 (17,2)
6 (18,2)
10 (15,2)
Need for spending 3 (10,4)
3 (9,1)
8 (12,1)
free time
Desire to compete
2 (6,9)
2 (6,1)
4 (6,1)
Sociable motive
3 (10,4)
3 (9,1)
8 (12,1)
To get fit
4 (13,8)
6 (18,2)
11 (16,7)
Doctors recommen- 5 (17,2)
4 (12,1)
10 (15,2)
dation
Satisfaction
2 (6,9)
3 (9,1)
6 (9,1)
Motivation
family 3 (10,4)
4 (12,1)
6 (9,1)
members
Other
1 (3,5)
2 (6,1)
3 (4,6)
26-35 (68)
10 (14,7)
7 (10,3)
5 (7,4)
10 (14,7)
12 (17,7)
10 (14,7)
6 (8,8)
6 (8,8)
2 (2,9)
Preferred type of motivation for practicing physical activities for disabled persons is quite varied (Tab. VI). Some factors are common or uncommon for persons
in order to motivate them for physical exercises. Blind or visually disabled persons
are quite often motivated for physical exercises in order to benefit from good condition and for health benefits. There are no significant differences in motivation for
taking sport related with age or sex of responders.
51
Wellness and health
Tab. VII. Perception of disability and handicapped by others evaluating blind and
disabled persons
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Perception of disability (χ2 = 1,7; DF = 3, p = 0,50 - χ2 = 2,4)
No acceptation
0 (0,0)
1 (3,0)
0 (0,0)
2 (2,9)
Toleration
6 (20,7)
6 (18,2)
11 (16,7)
12 (17,7)
Indifference
8 (27,6)
7 (21,2)
15 (22,7)
14 (20,6)
Willingness
for 4 (13,8)
4 (12,1)
6 (9,1)
6 (8,8)
helping
Acceptance
11 (37,9)
15 (45,5)
34 (51,5)
34 50,0)
Major problem is a tolerance and acceptance of blind and visually disabled persons. Those attitudes are quite positive; however they still remain passive, same as
indifference of environment for disabilities. The most important is still active help
for handicapped and disabled persons in any situations. Unfortunately it’s just common in about 10% of all selected cases (Tab. VII). Occasionally handicapped persons were discriminated. Most of responders conclude that their disability is accepted by the society; however it either raises indifference or willingness for helping by
others.
Tab. VIII. Subjective evaluation of health status of handicapped responders
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Evaluation of health (χ2 = 1,6; DF = 2, p = 0,50 - χ2 = 1,4)
Good
18 (62,1)
16 (48,5)
38 (57,6)
33 (48,5)
Adequate
5 (17,2)
5 (15,2)
11 (16,7)
9 (13,2)
Average
5 (17,2)
9 (27,3)
16 (24,2)
23 (33,8)
Bad
1 (3,5)
3 (9,1)
1 (1,5)
3 (4,4)
Most of responders think that their health status is good (Tab. VIII). Evaluation
of this status was achieved by measuring health status of blind and visually disabled
persons. In rare cases, older responders point out that their health status is bad. This
is common in both men and women.
Tab. IX. Perception of limitations in sport practicing
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Perception of limitations (χ2 = 0,8; DF = 4, p = 0,95 - χ2 = 0,7)
Health status
6 (20,7)
8 (24,2)
13 (19,7)
18 (26,5)
52
High costs
9 (31,0)
9 (27,3)
18 (27,3)
18 (26,5)
Lack of transporta6 (20,7)
6 (18,2)
13 (19,7)
16 (23,5)
tion
No acceptance from
3 (10,4)
3 (9,1)
7 (10,6)
5 (7,4)
others
Lack of suitable
4 (13,8)
5 (15,2)
9 (13,6)
6 (8,8)
training facilities
Other
1 (3,5)
2 (6,1)
6 (9,1)
5 (7,4)
The possibility of self-realization of people with disabilities
Yes
16 (55,2)
13 (39,4)
38 (57,6)
30 (44,1)
There are many factors causing disabled persons inaccessibility to sports. The
most frequent once are the economic factors (Tab. IX). There are no significant
differences with sport activities in relation with sex and age, however older responders do point out that due to bad health condition they are not taking any sport. Not
only sight is worsened in older responders, therefore they do not work out that
much. Younger responders, despite sex, blindness or visual disability quite more
often want to work out.
Tab. X. Perception of handicapped persons in sport facilities
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Perception of handicapped persons (χ2 = 1,5; DF = 3, p = 0,70 - χ2 = 1,4)
Tolerance
5 (17,2)
7 (21,2)
17 (25,8)
20 (29,4)
Frankness
11 (37,9)
12 (36,4)
23 (34,9)
22 (32,4)
Willingness to help
7 (24,1)
8 (24,2)
17 (25,8)
18 (26,5)
No acceptance
2 (6,9)
2 (6,1)
4 (6,1)
3 (4,4)
Insults and jokes
2 (6,9)
2 (6,1)
2 (3,0)
2 (2,9)
Other
2 (6,9)
2 (6,1)
3 (4,6)
3 (4,4)
In training facilities and sport areas handicapped persons are working out with
help of their families or personal caretaker. Quite often presence of other persons is
not welcome in those facilities. Overall perception of handicapped persons in sport
facilities is quite the same as general perception by the society (Tab. X).
Tab. XI. Responders attention to appearance, proper nutrition and diet (multiple
choice quiz)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Responders attention (χ2 = 0,0; DF = 2, p = 0,99 - χ2 = 0,0)
External appearance 21 (72,4)
25 (75,8)
50 (75,8)
51 (75,0)
Proper nutrition
26 (89,7)
30 (90,9)
59 (89,4)
61 (89,7)
Diet usage
16 (55,2)
17 (51,5)
36 (54,6)
38 (55,9)
53
Wellness and health
A very important factor related with health and good general condition is proper
nutrition. In the studied group, responders are taking care of their general appearance; diet and proper nutrition regardless age and sex (Tab. XI). Persons suffering
from visual dysfunctions are quite often assisted by persons who are taking care of
their proper nutrition and diet. Because visual perception is decreased or totally
unavailable, other senses, such as taste, smell and touch are very important for those
persons to prepare dishes.
Tab. XII. Role of family and friends in helping handicapped persons to overcome
difficulties with their disabilities, social activities and traveling (multiple choice
quiz)
Sex
Male
Female
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66) 26-35 (68)
Role of family and friends (χ2 = 0,2; DF = 2, p = 0,90 - χ2 = 0,2)
Family
28 (96,6)
32 (97,0)
64 (97,0)
55 (80,9)
Friends
28 (96,6)
32 (97,0)
64 (97,0)
66 (97,1)
Social activity
1 (3,5)
2 (6,1)
2 (3,0)
3 (4,4)
Traveling
5 (17,2)
7 (21,2)
11 (16,7)
14 (20,6)
Overcome difficulties related with disabilities are very often related with help of
others, especially friends and family. Third persons help is necessary for proper
functioning in society. Both family and friends help is quite the same. Responders
do confirm that (Tab. XII). Social activity of blind and visually impaired persons is
small. Also small amount of responders travel for vacations or for spending free
time.
Tab. XIII. Responder’s perception of travel difficulties (multiple choice quiz)
Sex
Male
Female
26-35
Age
16-25 (N=29) 26-35 (N=33) 16-25 (N=66)
(68)
Responder’s perception of travel difficulties
(χ2 = 11,3; DF = 4, p = 0,025 - χ2 = 11,1)
High costs
20 (69,0)
18 (54,6)
43 (65,2)
44 (64,7)
Facilities not suitable
for handicapped per18 (62,1)
15 (45,5)
20 (30,3)
21 (30,9)
sons
Inappropriate
15 (51,7)
14 (42,4)
19 (28,8)
20 (29,4)
transport
Necessity for travel20 (69,0)
18 (54,6)
18 (27,3)
19 (27,9)
ing with a companion
Lack of information
23 (79,3)
24 (42,7)
49 (74,2)
48 (70,6)
for examples of
54
spending free time
Limitations for traveling and spending free time of handicapped persons are not
only their disability. Most often costs and facilities not suitable for handicapped
persons are the most common limitations (Tab. XIII). The most frequent reason for
omission any journeys, trips or travels all responders conclude that lack of suitable
information. Travel agencies don’t organize any trips for persons suffering from
visual disabilities. This great problem should be taken under consideration by travel
agencies. Most public places and areas and adapted for disabled and handicapped
persons. Worst situation is at the sport facilities.
DISCUSSION
Special programs are used from the childhood to promote sport and physical exercises in visually handicapped or blind children and young adults [1]. Cultivating
sport and physical activity is a huge benefit for handicapped persons, especially in
those who are not able to move by their own.
All of evaluated responders group is greatly differentiated in respect of their disability and socio-economic status [2, 3]. Despite that, it’s important to search common ideas to achieve better quality of life of handicapped persons. Many studies,
seems to confirm that enhancing physical activity and sport in blind and visually
disabled persons leads to better health benefits and also impacts their pleasure [10].
Results point out that persons with visual disabilities are not involved in any social activities or social life. It’s worth to mention that they doesn’t stuck in, and yet
they are willing to learn and work actively. It’s very important for responders to stay
fit by taking sport, eat healthy and have close relations with their friends and families. The role of family is also very important in motivation for rehabilitation.
Studies show that there is lack of suitable information’s about spending free time
by disabled or handicapped persons. Travel agencies are either not suitable for disabled persons or they doesn’t have any information’s and interesting offers.
Economic reasons are the most responsible once for decreased physical activities
[4]. Huge amount of sport facilities are not handicap accessible. General in society
there is a great tolerance and acceptance for handicapped and disabled persons and a
great willingness for helping them. Many architectural barriers and huge costs, despite good hopes, life and dreams of handicapped persons are still not fully easy to
realize [6, 8].
Sport and physical recreation is the best method to achieve better handicapped
health. Many persons and responders, both blind and visually impaired, are practicing sport in many in many kinds in order to stay fit, have better condition and benefit greatly also for pleasure [9]. Taking sport outdoors or in a close relation to habitat
of visually disabled persons minimizes greatly costs. Persons with visual disability
are a very special kind of handicapped persons. A huge impact of their life’s, quality
of life and health benefits is related with help from third persons.
55
Wellness and health
CONCLUSIONS
1. Very important factor in rehabilitation of visually impaired persons have third
persons, such as friends and families.
2. Persons with visual dysfunction have increased healthy life standards - quite
often it’s related with their disabilities.
3. Older peoples with visual problems are less active however this doesn’t lead to
increased disability.
4. Tourism for handicapped persons should be more advertised, which might lead
to mutual benefits.
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vision dysfunction case. W: Wellness, quality of life and care in sickness and
disability. Pod red. Jadwigi Daniluk. Wyd. NeuroCentrum Lublin 2008, 21, 195208.
8. Skalska T.: Turystyka osób niepełnosprawnych: ograniczenia i możliwości rozwoju. Wyższa Szkoła Hotelarstwa, Gastronomii i Turystyki. Warszawa 2004.
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56
ABSTRACT
Disabilities related with visual impairment are one of the toughest to live and
functioning within the society. Handicapped persons require special approved facilities and help of third persons. Study performed on 196 responders (62 men and 134
women) with visual dysfunction were carried out in the Ophthalmologic Ambulatory
in Wrocław. Direct analysis was performed after dividing responders in two age
groups: 1. 16-25 and 2. 26-35 years old. Study concludes that very important factor
in rehabilitation has good relations with friends and families. Responders with visual
disabilities and dysfunctions have greatly beneficial health status - quite often as s
result of their disability. Along with aging in responders with visual disabilities,
their quality of life is not worsening. Also touristic offers should be also suitable for
handicapped persons, which might lead to mutual benefits.
STRESZCZENIE
Niepełnosprawność związana z dysfunkcją wzroku jest jedną z najcięższych w
zakresie prawidłowego funkcjonowania w społeczeństwie. Niepełnosprawni ci wymagają przystosowania do otaczających ich warunków oraz korzystania z pomocy
osób trzecich. Badania przeprowadzono wśród 196 osób (62 mężczyzn i 134 kobiet)
z dysfunkcją wzroku; pacjentów przychodni okulistycznej we Wrocławiu. Analizę
materiału przeprowadzono w dwóch grupach wiekowych: 1. 16-25 lat i 2. 26-35 lat.
Stwierdzono, że bardzo ważne znaczenie dla rehabilitacji osób z dysfunkcją wzroku
mają dobre relacje z rodziną i przyjaciółmi. Osoby z dysfunkcją wzroku wykazują
istotnie prozdrowotny styl życia - jest to często narzucone czynnikami wynikającymi z niepełnosprawności. Niekorzystne zmiany psychofizyczne zachodzące wraz
wiekiem u osób z dysfunkcją wzroku nie przyczyniają się do pogłębienia ich niepełnosprawności. Usługi rekreacyjno-turystyczne powinny być lepiej adresowane do
osób niepełnosprawnych - mogą przynieść obustronne korzyści.
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Health behaviors of blind and visually impaired persons

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