e brown trout Salmo trutta m. fario L. from lake Mały Staw (Giant Mts

e brown trout Salmo trutta m. fario L. from lake Mały Staw (Giant Mts

W A., P M., B J., K J. & K J. 2008: e brown trout Salmo
trutta m. fario L. from lake Mały Staw (Giant Mts., SW Poland) – a biological and parasitological
survey. Opera Corcontica 45: 151–161.
e brown trout Salmo trutta m. fario L. from lake
Mały Staw (Giant Mts., SW Poland) – a biological and
parasitological survey
Pstrąg potokowy Salmo trutta m. fario L. z Małego Stawu
(Karkonosze, południowo-zachodnia Polska) – badania biologiczne
i parazytologiczne
Andrzej Witkowski1, Marcin Popiołek2, Jan Błachuta3, Jan Kusznierz4
& Jan Kotusz1
Wrocław University, Museum of Natural History, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, PL,
[email protected]; [email protected]
2
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Zoology
& Ecology, Kożuchowska 5b, 51-631 Wrocław, PL, [email protected]
3
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Wrocław Branch, Parkowa 30,
51-616 Wrocław, PL, [email protected]
4
Wrocław University, Zoological Institute, Department of Biology & Vertebrate
Protection, Sienkiewicza 21, 50-335 Wrocław, PL, [email protected]
1
An ichthyological survey carried out in 2004–2005 in the Karkonosze National Park
included lakes and streams. Forty five individuals of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m.
fario L.) were caught in three periods in the lake Mały Staw. e material provided the
basis to estimate the growth rate, fecundity, food basis and parasite fauna of the fish.
e growth of brown trout in the montane, oligotrophic lake is moderate while the
condition and fecundity are very low, as a result of the scanty food resources of the
lake. e population to a large extent feeds on allochthonous organisms. Its parasite
fauna is represented by two species only – Crepidostomum farionis (Digenea) and
Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Acanthocephala), which show a high prevalence and intensity
of infection.
W latach 2004–2005 na terenie Karkonoskiego Parku Narodowego przeprowadzono
badania ichtiologiczne, którymi objęto potoki i jeziora. W Małym Stawie w trzech
okresach odłowiono 45 pstrągów potokowych (Salmo trutta m. fario L.). Materiały te
posłużyły do oceny tempa wzrostu, płodności, pokarmu oraz ich parazytofauny. Pstrąg
potokowy w tym górskim, oligotroficznym, jeziorze rośnie przeciętnie, a jego kondycja
oraz płodność są bardzo niskie. Wynika to z ubogiej bazy pokarmowej tego akwenu.
Gatunek ten odżywia się tam w dużej mierze allochtoniczymi organizmami. Jego
parazytofauna reprezentowana jest tylko przez dwa gatunki (Digenea i Acanthocephala),
które wykazują bardzo wysoką prewalencję i intensywność zarażenia.
151
Keywords:
Giant Mts., oligotrophic lake, growth, food, fecundity, parasites
Słowa kluczowe: Karkonosze, jezioro oligotroficzne, wzrost, pokarm, płodność,
pasożyty
INTRODUCTION
In the Polish part of the Giant Mts., the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) inhabits most streams
and only one of the two lakes – Mały Staw (Fig. 1) (W & J 1985). It is the highest
situated locality (1183 m a.s.l.; N 50o 44’ 55”, E 15o 42’ 03”) of the species in the Sudetes. e lake is
2.88 ha in area, its maximum depth is 7.3 m, and the water volume 99 925 m3 (K 1985).
e brown trout has been known to occur in Mały Staw in the Karkonosze National Park
(KNP) for a long time (S 1603, G 1833, P 1925), though its origin is unclear.
According to some authors it has been introduced there, others believe it is an autochthonous
locality. e latter is supported by the fact that the trout is abundant in the Łomnica stream flowing
out of the lake (A. Witkowski unpubl. data) and this was probably the route through which it
invaded Mały Staw.
Contrary to the Polish
part of the Tatras (G
1963, J & M
1968, J et al. 1972, R et al. 1998, Ś
1958 a, b, c, Ż &
B 1967) there was
no detailed information
on the biology of the high-mountain trout population
from the Giant Mts. e fact
prompted us to study the
age structure, growth, food,
fecundity and parasite fauna
of the population from this
oligotrophic lake.
Fig. 1. Mały Staw lake in the Polish part of the Giant Mts. (photo A. Raj)
Ryc. 1. Mały Staw w polskiej części Karkonoszy (fot. A. Raj)
MATERIAL AND METHODS
e material was collected on three occasions: 16 Nov 2004, 17 Jun 2005 and 31 Aug 2005. e
trout was caught with gill nets (mesh size 15–30 mm) and fishing rods (spinning). Because the lake
is located in the strict nature reserve within the KNP the number of individuals caught was limited
to the necessary minimum. A total of 45 specimens were caught, 29 on the first occasion, eight on
the second and third each. e specimens were preserved in 4% formalin, and examined in detail
in the laboratory.
e total length (Tl) and body length (Sl) were measured to the nearest 1 mm; the fish were
weighted to the nearest 1 g. Scales for age and growth rate assessment were taken anterior to
the dorsal fin, below the lateral line. e age and growth assessment was based on 30 specimens;
15 specimens had regenerated scales which were impossible to read. e scales were photographed
with a digital camera coupled with a microscope; the number and position of annual rings were
152
then estimated and the scales measured along the oral radius. R. Lea’s method of back readings was
applied to estimate the growth, using the equation Tln = sn/s x Tl, where Tln – reconstructed total
length of the fish in the nth year of life; sn length of scale radius in the nth year of life; Tl – total
length of the fish at the moment of catch; s – total length of the scale radius. e age structure
estimates were based on direct age readings at the moment of catch. e current year of life was
denoted with symbols 2+ to 6+. In the case of back readings the size reached aer completing
subsequent years of life was denoted with symbols: I to VI. Condition coefficient (K) was calculated
with Fulton’s formula – K = w x 100/ Tl3, where: w – mass in g, and Tl – total length in cm.
e female fecundity was estimated by counting all eggs in the right and le part of the ovary.
Only the individuals caught in the autumn (November 2004: n = 9) were examined, since in the
summer (June-August 2005) males prevailed in the catches, and the few females had poorly
developed gonads.
Food composition was ascertained by means of analysing the contents of oesophagus and
stomach in 41 specimens. e food items were identified down to the family or genus level, only
exceptionally species was determined. Identification keys to aquatic invertebrate taxa were used
(K & K 2000, R 1980). e proportion of particular taxa in the
food was expressed as percent of number of total taxa.
Specimens preserved in 4% formalin were subjected to parasitological examination. Following
a few hours rinsing in tap water, standard parasitological dissection was carried out, including
stomach, duodenum, intestine, liver, spleen, gonads, swim bladder and body cavity. e parasites
were rinsed, counted and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Fixed Digenea were stained with borax
carmin, contrasted, dehydrated, and aer clearing closed with Canada balsam on microscope
slides. e same procedure was applied to Acanthocephala, except that they were not stained. e
parasites were identified using M (2004) key, formulas of the basic parasitological indices
followed P (1993).
RESULTS
AGE AND GROWTH
In the sample from Mały Staw (n = 45) age classes from 2+ to 6+ years were represented. eir
proportions were following: 2+ - 3.3%; 3+ - 10.0%; 4+ - 26.6%; 5+ - 56.6%; 6+ - 3.3%. Catches with the
use of selective equipment (rods and gill nets) do not reflect the actual population structure, but it
can be conjectured that in all
likelihood individuals aged
4+ and 5+ constitute most
of the population, and the
maximum age attained was
7 years.
e growth of the brown
trout from Mały Staw is
presented in Tab. 1 and Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Growth of the brown
trout (S. trutta m. fario)
in Mały Staw
Ryc. 2. Tempo wzrostu pstrąga
potokowego (S. trutta m.
fario) w Małym Stawie
153
Tab. 1. Growth (in mm Tl) of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) in Mały Staw
Wzrost (w mm Tl) pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario) w Małym Stawie
Age – wiek
Mean – średnia
Range – zakres
SD
SE
I
83.8
70–92
1.128
6.234
II
143.0
130–155
1.349
7.388
III
180.3
169–188
1.115
6.006
IV
229.0
219–243
1.482
7.557
V
270.9
240–290
3.286
13.941
VI
293.0
–
–
–
CONDITION COEFFICIENT
e values of condition coefficient in the brown trout from Mały Staw were very low and
rarely exceeded 1 (Tab. 2). In all periods they were somewhat higher in females compared to males.
In both sexes the lowest values were recorded in the late autumn, i.e. aer most individuals had
spawned. e highest values (especially in females) were noted at the end of summer (August).
Tab. 2. Condition coefficient (K) of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) from Mały Staw (f – females,
m – males)
Współczynnik kondycji (K) pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario) z Małego Stawu (f – samice,
m – samce)
16 Nov 2004
f (n=19)
m (n=11)
0.855
0.771
0.684–1.100
0.464–1.023
17 Jun 2005
f (n=3)
m (n=5)
0.922
0.902
0.777–1.111
0.889–1.023
31 Aug 2005
f (n=4)
m (n=4)
1.071
0.958
1.044–1.126
0.806–0.981
FECUNDITY
e fecundity of the trout was low and ranged from 310 to 782 eggs (mean – 451, S.D. – 168.6).
e dependence between the female size and fecundity is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Dependence between length (Tl in mm) and fecundity of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario)
from Mały Staw
Ryc. 3. Zależność miedzy rozmiarami (Tl w mm) a płodnością pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario)
z Małego Stawu
154
Tab. 3. Food composition of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) from Mały Staw
Skład pokarmu pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario) z Małego Stawu
Date
Fish number
Fish with empty stomach
Taxon
Leptoceridae l
Mallonidae l
Plectrocnemia sp. l
Potamphlax sp. l
Sericostoma sp. l
Trichoptera i n.det.
Baetidae l
Siphlonuridae l
Isoperla sp. l
Nemouridae l
Sialis lutaria l
Chironomidae i
Chironomidae p
Chironomidae l
Dicranota l
Simuliidae i
Simuliidae l
Dytiscidae i
Pisidium sp.
Hydracarina
Trout eggs
Chrysomela decemlinata i
Chrysomelidae i
Curculionidae i
Elateridae i
Scarabidae i
Scolytidae i
Staphylinidae i
Formicidae i
Vespidae i
Hymenoptera i
Diptera i
Heteroptera i
Homoptera i
Arachnidae
Clethrionomys glareolus
TOTAL
16 Nov 2004
29
4
N
%N
F
1
48
1
1
1
0.04
1.99
0.04
0.04
0.04
4.0
36.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
3
14
1635
340
322
4
0.12
0.58
67.62
14.08
13.32
0.17
8.0
32.0
52.0
44.0
68.0
4.0
3
12
0.12
0.50
12.0
4.0
1
0.04
4.0
25
1.03
8.0
2
0.08
4.0
1
0.04
4.0
1
1
0.04
0.04
4.0
4.0
1
0.04
4.0
1
2418
0.04
100.0
17 Jun 2005
9
1
N
%N
F
1
0.13
12.5
1
0.13
12.5
1
1
4
368
3
49
3
1
1
5
1
1
0.13
0.13
0.53
48.36
0.39
6.44
0.39
0.13
0.13
0.66
0.13
0.13
12.5
12.5
50.0
62.5
12.5
37.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
12.5
1
55
55
94
4
0.13
7.23
7.23
12.37
0.53
12.5
37.5
37.5
75.0
25.0
29
3.81
50.0
12
41
17
13
1.58
5.39
2.23
1.71
37.5
50.0
75.0
37.5
761
100.0
4.0
31 Aug 2005
9
1
N
%N
F
3
0.30 12.5
8
2
0.81
0.20
12.5
12.5
3
0.30
25.0
32
3.25
12.5
1
0.10
12.5
10
20
1.01
2.03
25.0
37.5
3
29
8
823
1
6
26
9
1
1
0.30 12.5
2.94 37.5
0.81 37.5
83.47 100.0
0.10 12.5
0.61 25.0
2.64 37.5
0.91 62.5
0.10 12.5
0.10 12.5
986
100.0
Abbreviations: N – number of individuals, %N – percentage number; F – frequency of occurrence
(without fish with empty stomach); l – larvae; p – pupae; i – images
Objaśnienia: N – liczba osobników, %N – liczebność w procentach, F – frekwencja (bez ryb z pustym
żołądkiem); l – larwy, p – poczwarki, i – formy dorosłe
155
FOOD
e food of the brown trout in Mały Staw showed great seasonal variation (Tab. 3). In the
late autumn (November) the trout consumed mostly Chironomidae (95% of prey items), most
of which were pupae and images collected from of near the water surface. Among benthic
organisms chironomid larvae were the most numerous (ca. 13%) followed by large larvae of
case-less caddisflies Plectronemia sp. (ca. 2%). Terrestrial organisms (allochthonous) constituted
slightly over 1% of the diet. e stomach of one fish contained a fish egg, and another fish had
a vole (Cleithrionomys glareolus) (body length – 81 mm, tail length – 42 mm) in its stomach. In
the early summer (June) the most common prey items were still chironomids (over 55%), nearly
50% of the being images. Benthic organisms, apart from chironomid larvae (ca. 6%), were few (ca.
2.5%). Allochthonous food – terrestrial insects (ca. 42%) – formed an important diet component
in that period, including mainly beetles (Coleoptera) and flies (Diptera). In the late summer (end
of August) aquatic organisms constituted less than 5% of the diet. Chironomids and mayflies
(Ephemeroptera) dominated among autochthonous prey items, constituting ca. 3% and 1%,
respectively. Allochthonous prey items constituted over 95% of the diet, ants being decidedly
dominant (ca. 84% of prey items, with 100% frequency).
PARASITES
e helminth fauna of the brown trout from Mały Staw was poor and little diverse. 41 of the
examined specimens contained a total of 2342 parasites representing only two species: a fluke
Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1780) (Digenea), and a hookworm Neoechinorhynchus rutili
(Müller, 1780) (Acanthocephala). e prevalence of infection was very high (97.5%) whereas the
intensity of invasion ranged from 1 to 381 parasites per host (mean – 57.1, S.D. – 79.32).
DISCUSSION
A comparison with data on the growth of the brown trout from other high mountain streams
and lakes shows that the growth of the species in Mały Staw is moderate (Tab. 4). At the same time
its life span there is long – a maximum of seven years. e condition coefficients are very low and
practically only females before spawning exceed the mean value of one. A comparison with the
populations of the species from lower altitudes in the mountains reveals that the values are among
the lowest of those noted for the brown trout (K 1986). According to this author in the
streams of Kotlina Kłodzka the Fulton coefficient for the species is on an average 1.24–1.41. e
low condition in the studied population, expressed as the length/mass ratio (Fig. 4), is associated
with the very scanty food resources of the lake. is is also confirmed by the appearance of the
trout from Mały Staw, which represent typical starvation forms, with a large head and very thin,
narrow body (Fig. 5).
According to recent limnological studies (V et al. 2008) Mały Staw is an oligotrophic,
shallow, unstratified lake. Its phytoplankton includes only 14 taxa of algae, its zooplankton consists
of 10 taxa. Such a poor food basis results in the role of autochthonous organisms in the trout’s
diet being limited to the late autumn. In the summer, a significant role in the diet is played by
allochthonous organisms. e trout food composition during the occurrence of ice cover was
not studied. It should be expected, however, that like in the Tatra lakes (D & G
1983, G 1963), besides benthic organisms, an important role may be played by planktonic
crustaceans. An indirect confirmation is provided by differences in the species composition
between the lakes Wielki Staw and Mały Staw. According to V et al. (2008) in the fish-free
Wielki Staw both cladocerans Daphnia pulex and copepods Cyclops abyssorum are present, while
copepods, but not Daphnia pulex, are found in Mały Staw. An analogous situation is observed
156
in the Tatra lakes (G & R 1984). In Wielki Staw in the valley Dolina Pięciu Stawów
Polskich, where there is no fish fauna, both cladocerans and copepods are present. In Przedni Staw,
stocked with brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis in the second half of the 20th century, only Cyclops
abyssorum tatricus occurred. In conditions of poor food basis the trout quickly removes large and
conspicuous cladocerans. C. abyssorum is also consumed by the trout, especially just before the ice
cover disappears, when mature females of the crustacean have large, conspicuous egg sacs, but the
eggs of the species can develop also aer passage through the trout’s alimentary tract (G
& R 1984). Checking if the situation in Mały Staw is the same would require examination of
trout caught during the period of occurrence of ice cover.
Fig. 4. Dependence between length (Tl in mm) and weight (in g) of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario)
from Mały Staw
Ryc. 4. Zależność między długością (Tl w mm) i masą (w g) pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario)
z Małego Stawu
Only two parasite species were found in the examined trout – Crepidostomum farionis and
Neoechinorhynchus rutili. C. farionis is a common intestinal parasite of salmonids, and the brown
trout is regarded as its typical host. Both the prevalence and the intensity of infection with this
parasite (87.8%; range: 1–139, mean: 20.2) are very high. Compared to the data of Ś
(1958 a,b,c): prevalence – 27.6–48%, and more recent results of R et al. (1998): prevalence
– 21.5%, intensity – 8–22% for S. trutta m. fario, Salvelinus fontinalis, rainbow trout Oncorhynchus
mykiss from the Tatra National Park (TNP), the trout from Mały Staw displays the highest indices
of invasion with this parasite. e values exceed also those obtained in the National Park of Góry
Stołowe: 14.8% and 1–4, respectively (P et al. 2004).
e other recorded species (N. rutili) is a parasite of alimentary tract of several dozen fish species
of various families, including salmonids. is parasite also shows very high indices of invasion in the
studied trout population (prevalence: 85.3%; range: 1–369; mean 45), much higher than those reported
by R et al. (1998) – 51.1% and 1–54 and Ś (1958b) – 11.3–14.0% from TNP.
Such high values of these indices, combined with the extremely low species richness of the
parasite fauna, seem to be characteristic for the locality. e considerable altitude and the harsh
climatic and hydrological conditions limit the occurrence of a rich fauna of aquatic invertebrates
(V et al. 2008). is is clearly confirmed by our own and other authors’ (G 1963,
G & R 1984, J et al. 1972) studies on feeding of the brown trout in oligotrophic
montane lakes. Since aquatic invertebrates are intermediate hosts for many endoparasites, their low
157
diversity may explain the poverty of the trout parasite fauna. Furthermore, limited possibilities of
fish migration from this mono-species lake result in a cumulation of the parasites occurring there,
and consequently a mass invasion and permanent infection of the fish.
e two-species set of parasites in trout from high mountain oligotrophic lakes is by no means
a new observation. A similar situation was observed by D (1956, 1957) in three lakes in the
Slovak part of the High Tatras.
Tab. 4. Growth (in mm Tl) of the brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) in selected high mountain Sudetic
and Carpathian streams and lakes (data of other authors were re-calculated on Tl, according to
K 1986)
Wzrost (w mm Tl) pstrąga potokowego (S. trutta m. fario) w wybranych wysokogórskich,
górskich potokach oraz jeziorach Sudetów i Karpat (dane innych autorów przeliczono na Tl, wg
K 1986)
River-lake / Author(s)
Rzeka-jezioro / Autor(zy)
Mały Staw (lake)
(present study )
Czerwona Woda
(K et al. 2006)
Dańczówka
(K et al. 2006)
Morawka
(K 1986)
Srebrnik (B &
Z 2000)
Grządzki Potok (B &
Z 2000)
Jedlica
(B & Z 2000)
Łomnica
(B & Z 2000)
Divoka Orlice
(L 1963)
Rokytenka
(L 1963)
Moravica
(H 1957)
Rybi Potok (Ż & B
1967)
Białka Tatrzańska
(S 1965)
Jelešna
(H & B 1969)
Bela Orava
(H & B 1969)
Bely Vah
(K 1969)
Černy Vah
(K 1969)
Maly Poprad
(K 1969)
Poprad (lake)
(K 1964)
158
Age / Wiek
III
IV
I
II
V
VI
83.8
143.0
180.3
229.0
270.9
293.0
62.4
118.7
165.6
247.6
-
-
79.6
135.0
161.8
-
-
-
85.9
134.3
173.0
214.2
-
-
88.0
143.0
183.0
-
-
-
68.0
106.0
149.0
175.0
-
-
60.0
102.0
135.0
168.0
191.0
250.0
90.0
160.0
197.0
-
-
-
66.0
130.9
176.0
215.6
-
-
64.9
121.1
167.2
179.3
224.4
-
97.9
163.9
223.3
272.8
-
-
110.0
199.1
260.1
322.3
-
-
97.3
141.9
190.8
-
-
-
93.5
154.0
202.0
-
-
-
80.3
142.9
218.9
233.2
-
-
77.0
132.0
188.1
236.6
-
-
75.9
130.9
187.0
217.8
-
-
83.6
130.9
180.4
242.0
-
-
69.3
106.7
134.2
157.3
-
-
Fig. 5. Brown trout (S. trutta m. fario) from Mały Staw (photo A. Witkowski)
Ryc. 5. Pstrągi potokowe (S. trutta m. fario) z Małego Stawu (fot. A. Witkowski)
SUMMARY
An ichthyological survey carried out in 2004–2005 in the KNP included lakes and streams.
Forty five individuals of the brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario L.) were caught in three periods
in Mały Staw. e material provided the basis to estimate the growth, fecundity, food basis and
parasite fauna of the fish.
e brown trout in the montane oligotrophic lake grows with a moderate rate, reaching in
consecutive years the sizes: I – 83.8, II – 143.0, III – 180.3, IV – 229.0, V – 270.9, VI – 293.0 mm Tl.
Its condition was poor, the condition coefficient rarely exceeded value 1.
Studies on feeding of the brown trout in Mały Staw showed that the autochthonous food
resources were very poor. In the studied population at the beginning of summer and in the late
autumn small prey items, mainly chironomids, constituted the bulk of food. e best feeding
conditions for the trout in the lake occured in the summer when the fish feed on large organisms,
mainly allochthonous insects which constitute over 95% prey items.
e helminth fauna of the trout from Mały Staw was composed of two species: Crepidostomum
farionis (Müller, 1780) representing Digenea, and Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780),
a member of Acanthocephala. e general prevalence of infection was very high (97.5%), the
intensity ranging from 1 to 381 parasites per host (mean 57.1).
159
POLISH SUMMARY
W latach 2004–2005 w Małym Stawie (Karkonoski Park Narodowy) w trzech okresach
(16.11.2004, 17.06.2005 i 31.08.2005) złowiono 45 pstrągów potokowych (Salmo trutta m. fario L.).
Materiały te posłużyły do oceny tempa wzrostu, płodności, pokarmu oraz ich parazytofauny.
Pstrąg potokowy w tym górskim jeziorze rośnie przeciętnie, osiągając w kolejnych latach
rozmiary: I – 83.8, II – 143.0, III – 180.3, IV – 229.0, V – 270.9, VI – 293.0 mm Tl. Jego kondycja jest
niska, bowiem współczynnik kondycji rzadko przekracza wartość 1.
Badania nad odżywianiem się pstrągów potokowych w Małym Stawie wykazały, że
autochtoniczna baza pokarmowa jest tam bardzo uboga. U badanej populacji na początku lata
i późną jesienią trzon pokarmu stanowią małe ofiary, głównie Chironomidae. Najlepsze warunki
pokarmowe w tym jeziorze pstrąg ma w okresie letnim, gdy odżywia się dużymi organizmami,
głównie allochtonicznymi owadami, których udział przekracza 95 %.
Helmintofauna pstrągów Małego Stawu jest mało zróżnicowana. Odnotowano 2 gatunki
pasożytów: Crepidostomum farionis (Müller, 1780) reprezentującego Digenea, oraz Neoechinorhynchus rutili (Müller, 1780) należącego do Acanthocephala. Ogólna prewalencja zarażenia
była bardzo wysoka i wyniosła 97,5 %, podczas gdy intensywność inwazji wahała się od 1 do 381
pasożytów w jednym osobniku żywicielskim, średnio 57,1.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Andrzej Raj, PhD, Director of the Park, for the logistic help provided by the
staff of the Park and for issuing permits to catch the specimens; we thank Mr. Mariusz Kleszcz,
M.Sc. (Polish Angling Association – Wrocław District) for carrying out the net catches.
e authors thank two referees – Dr. M. Čech (Institute of Hydrobiology, Czech Republic) and
Dr. A. Štrojsová (Krkonoše National Park, Vrchlabi) – for their helpful comments on an earlier dra
of this manuscript.
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