Henryk Arctowski 4 pionier badań wpływu aktywności Słońca na

Transkrypt

Henryk Arctowski 4 pionier badań wpływu aktywności Słońca na
415!!61"0!$'"6!!
(!1,#(!0
*0"!
:5M3.7(1 (15+-21&'()*+1 )34-2/+.'?-6-4*37* 41+ 2.'95 67.'67.(; @'/1E- .3B
2*9.371(.'71HE5H'/:-)-E.'H/31M)=62.'9571?16(.'L;+4=)*E:-M2.8310/.872.'9+K
:1/HKD*0- 2*H1M(.1(.')-9.:)-3'/=2(10-L352+/74104-21(.5 :-?-6*.+9.E145)13'
)34-2/+.'?-378/4-E1HK3B1)1+4'):)'+5)/-)/+..767./.'H/7'H:')/:'+4*2*(19'@*H'D1)67-
2*/-+- -3'(.1N 1H21@(.'H/71 7 (.3B 6-4*37* 72.K7+5 :-E.867* :-2.')73B(.K :91E
/0-('37(*3B 1 7E.1(1E. /410'H /0-('37('H ]3./01 6-614(.1 +-)'913H1 :-E.867* 4*E.
2.'9+-M3.1E.; +4=)K -6+)*0 2 $% ) 7-/4101 :-(-2(.' 6-2.'67.-(1 2 ':-3' D161L
/14'9.41)(*3B291413B-/.'E67.'/.K4*3B.'9'.6'..:)7'375N)34-2/+.'?-:-42.')67.0-/.8
2-/414(.3B67.'/.83.-9'3.13B914'?-21)4-(13B2.98:-M2.83.N5(.'3-521?.
)34-2/+.:)7'H12.1071.(4')'/-21(.1E'4'-)-9-?.KH5@2371/.'/456.=2M)=6/7')'?5
4'E14=2:)1+4*++4=)'-6D*0:-.3B5+-L37'(.52#$)-+57(19170*/.8-3'1(-?)1P.1Q#$!
O -(6*(R . E'4'-)-9-?.1 Q#$# " (/4.454 -*19 '4'-)-9-?.V5' " ,)5c'91R - -+)'/.'
P1/3*(13H.4'E14*+K1)+4*37(K;+4=)'HH1+2.16-E-:-M2.'3.0:.')2/7'9141:)13*(15+-2'H;
2*H'3B10 2$%)-+56-S?67.' 72.K710 /.8 '14B') ,5)'15 42-)7K3*E :-6219.(*
(-2*3B E'4-6 :)-?(-7-21(.1:-?-6* 6 4'?- 371/5 4'E14*+1 :-/75+.21(.1 37*((.+=2
2:0*21HK3*3B(1:-?-68.+9.E14/41(-2./410*(5)4'?-D161L3.K?5@*3.1-:5D9.+-210
-+%:)13:-M2.83-(*3B4'H4'E14*3',161(.14':)-2167.0E.(41+@'2710-@-('H:)7'7
/.'D.' 2 $ ) 14'6)7' '-P.7*+. . '4'-)-9-?.. (1 S(.2')/*4'43.' 2-2/+.E .
+-(4*(5-210 2 371/.' 6)5?.'?-:-D*45 2 41(13B H'6(-37-(*3B 291413B $$"$#
)13' - 4'E14*3' +9.E14*37('H -42.')1 /456.5E 7E.1( +9.E145 1)/712* Q
;)13'14O.7;J$;::#O% ;1)/7121;$%#R
$%))34-2/+.:5D9.+5H'62.':)13'6-4*37K3'E'4-6D161(.17E.1(+9.E14*37(*3B;1
291413B$%O$#/').8:)13:-M2.83-(*3B6-D-2*E21B1(.-E3.M(.'(.114E-/P')*37('?-
(1 4')'(.' 41(=2 H'6(-37-(*3B Q ,599J-9;$%;::!%O#;J-9;$;::$#O % ;J-9;$#;
::!OR,*N E-@'(.'6-/70-D*6-71.(4')'/-21(.12:0*2'E0-L31(1:-?-68;
?6*D*:.')2/7*:-D*4&)34-2/+.'?-241(13BH'6(-37-(*3B(.'7D.'?0/.87-421)3.'E
:)7'7 &19'U1 -(4 .9/-( D/')214-)* 2 $% ) 1 (1H2.8+/71 :913=2+1
1/4)-(-E.37(1II2.'+5:-6H801E.()-79'?0'D161(.1271+)'/.'B'9.-P.7*+.D565HK3621
/:'3H19(.' :)7'7(137-(' 6- 4'?- 3'95 4'9'/+-:* 2.'@-2' - 4541H )-7:-3784- 2 $%# )
D161(.1 :=9 E1?('4*37(*3B :91E /0-('37(*3B . 71-D/')2-21(- .3B 72.K7'+ 7 D5)71E.
E1?('4*37(*E.4*E/1E*E371/.'DD-42)177-29'E56-/+-(19.0/2=H
:.')2/7* 7D56-21(* 2 $% ) :*)B'9.-E'4) +19-)*E'4)*37(* -42.')1HK3 6)-?8 6-
:)'3*7*H(*3B :-E.1)=2 /410'H /0-('37('H ' +-E'(4-21(' /7')-+- 2 :)1/.'
!
:-:591)(-(15+-2'H -/.K?(.83.1 1/4)-(-E.. . B'9.-P.7*+. E5/.10* (.'2K4:9.2.' :-D5671N
2*-D)1\(.8 )34-2/+.'?- -/4)7'?1; @' :- )17 :.')2/7* :-2/41H' [email protected] 7D161(.1
'2'(4519('?-2:0*257E.1(/410'H/0-('37('H(17H12./+1+9.E14*37('$):5D9.+5H'
:.')2/7K:)138(14'(4'E14F<456.'/-(39.E14'1(63-):/-91)3-(/41(41(64B'W1).14.-(
-P14E-/:B').34'E:')145)'14)'V5.:11(6/-E'-4B')/414.-(/CQ !!"!!;W
;::$#" % ;'2-)+R1/16(.37'H'H2*(.+.4-F/42.')67'(.'/01D'H+-)'913H.:-E.867*
4'E:')145)K 1 /410K /0-('37(K O 19' (.' )-7/4)7*?1HK3'H; :-H12.'(.' /.8 :*41(.1 37* /4101
/0-('37(1E-@'7E.'(.1N/.8/*/4'E14*37(.'2605?.3B/+1913B371/5;41+H1+-D/')2-21('
:1)1E'4)* +9.E145 -)17 :-H12.'(.' /.8 -D/')213*H('H :)7'/01(+.; @' /4101 /0-('37(1 E-@'
-/3*9-21N2+.9+54*?-6(.-2*3B/+1913B371/591413B$"$)34-2/+.:)-2167.
1(19.78 2:0*25 :91E /0-('37(*3B (1 +/74104-21(.' :-?-6* Q :5D9.+13H'R -)17 D161(.'
3B1)1+4')5 7E.1( /7')-+-M3. B'9.-?)1P.37('H :91E /0-('37(*3B Q :)13R - 71?16(.'(.1
2:0*25 /410'H /0-('37('H (1 7E.1(8 4'E:')145)* M)'6(.'H :-2)131 2 $! ) Q<-)E19
1(-E19.'/-PE'1(1((5194'E:')145)'W1).14.-(/C
!;59*%;$!;:
%R-)=2(5HK3+)7*2'21B1L4'E:')145)/'7-(-2*3B2E')*3'=0(-3('H.(1*D')..
6-3B-67. 6- 2(.-/+5; @' ./4(.'H' 2/:=9(* 37*((.+ ?9-D19(* :-2-65HK3* .3B 7E.1(* 1
(1HD1)67.'H:)126-:-6-D(K:)7*37*(857(1H'21B1(.1/410'H/0-('37('H)13141;:-6-D(.'
H1+:-:)7'6(.1;(.'712.')1)-7/4)7*?1HK3'?-2*(.+5./412.1012.83'H:*41L(.@567.'9101
-6:-2.'67.
d'D*7)-75E.'N)-74')+.D1613714'?-371/54)7'D1/-D.'7161N:*41(.'F3-2.'67.1(--
7E.'((-M3. /410'H /0-('37('H 2 $ )a 7./.1H; ?6* :)135H' /14'9.41 4)7'3.'H
?'(')13H.E.')7K3*/410K/0-('37(K76-+016(-M3.K9':/7K(.@%%e2.'E*;@'H'H7E.1(*2
9'4(.E3*+951+4*2(-M3./0-('37('H(.':)7'+)1371HK%e-@(1/.871/41(12.1N37*
=237'/(';7(137(.'E(.'H6-+016(';:-E.1)*/410'H/0-('37('HE.10*H1+K+-92.'+21)4-MNa
-6/412-2*E:)-D9'E'ED1613716)5?.'?-67.'/.83.-9'3.1II2.'+5D*01H'6(1+(.'4*9'
6-+016(-MN:*)B'9.-E'4)=2; 3- )'65+3H1 (.'7(1('H 6- +-L31 '+/4*(+3H. 2(-/7-('H :)7'7
14E-/P')87.'E/+K,16137'=237'M(.761219./-D.'74'?-/:)128.:)-2167.9.:-E.1)*:)7*
.6'19('H :-?-67.' 2 -D/')214-).13B :-0-@-(*3B 2*/-+- 2 ?=)13B D* /.8 5:'2(.N @'
-D/')2-21('7E.1(*E-@(1 :)7*:./1N 0-L35:)-2167-(-H'6(-37'/(':-E.1)*2 2.'95
:5(+413B.'E.:)=37/413H./-91)('H(1-(4.9/-(710-@-(-24*E3'95/413H8(11D9'
-5(41.(-)172-(4'75E12B.9')?1(.7-21(-)=2(.'@'+/:'6*3H'/-91)(';H1+(:6-
,1//-5) 2 9?').. 2 $ ) .'7(1(* 2/:=037*((.+ :-3B01(.1(.1 14E-/P')* :)=D-21(-
41+@' 2*7(137*N +-(/4)55HK3154-E14*37(* :*)B'9.-E'4) D19-(-2*; :)7*:-E-3* +4=)'?-
:)7':)-2167-(-:-E.1)*2$)H'6(-37'M(.':)-2167-(*3B:-E.1)=22*(.+10-;@'
27?986('7E.1(*/410'H/0-('37('H713B-67K2'2/7*/4+.3B-D/')214-).13B H'6(-37'M(.'.
E-?K 2 :)7'3.K?5 +.9+5 4*?-6(. /.8?1N e *(.+ 4'( :-42.')671HK 2/:=037'M(.'
:)-2167-(':-E.1)*-)D.419(','727?986(121)4-MNM)'6(.'HD*0124*E371/.'-D1)37-(1
65@*E D086'E; 19' 2 D161(.13B -/3*913H. +9.E14*37(*3B (.' E.10- 4- 65@'?- 7(137'(.1
(137(.' 4)56(.'H D*0- 2*/(521N 2(.-/+. - 605?-4)210*3B 4)'(613B 7E.1( */+5/H1 (1
4'E14 1D/-954('H 21)4-M3. /410'H /0-('37('H 4-37* /.8 7)'/74K 6- 67.M 'H 21)4-MN H5@
2.'9-+)-4(.'7E.'(.1(-2':-3'D161L/14'9.41)(*3B41+23.K?5%914;2-+)'/.'-6$!#)
Q,S"!R 6- %%# ) QR 2 2*(.+5 6-/+-(19'(.1 /*/4'E=2 +19.D)13H. M)'6(.1
21)4-MN/410'H/0-('37('H</:1601C7!XE&76- XE&7Q-+eR
*)1\(.'2.6-37(*3B1)1+4')7E.1(/410'H/0-('37('H;378M3.-2--/3*95HK3*Q!6(.-21
)-413H1 0-L31R 378M3.-2- /*/4'E14*37(* Q)*4E 9'4(.R :-721910 714'E D16137-E (1
D161(.'+-)'913H.+)7*2'H7E.1(7:1)1E'4)1E.?'-P.7*37(*E. 4*E371/.'7)-67.0-/.8
)=2(.'@ :-6'H)7'(.'; @' 7E.1(* /410'H E-?K E.'N D'7:-M)'6(. 72.K7'+ 7 2*/48:-21(.'E
:91E /0-('37(*3B 5(61E'(419(' )-7/4)7*?1HK3' 4'?- 71?16(.'(.1 :)7*:160- &'()*+-2.
)34-2/+.'E5,*0-4-2371/.'H'?-6)5?.'?-:-D*45241(13BH'6(-37-(*3B;+4=)*2
2*(.+52*D53B52-H(*M2.14-2'H2$$)E.104)21N6-+-L31@*3.1
-)7*/41HK37
#
:-D*45/0*(('?-D1613716*)'+4-)E.4B/-(.1((/4.454.-(;+-(/4)5+4-)3-)176-/+-(19/7*3B
:*)B'9.-E'4)=2; DD-4 :-2.')7*0 2 $$ ) )34-2/+.'E5 67.10 D161L 2:0*25
1+4*2(-M3. 0-L31 (1 :-?-68 '6(1+ :.')2/7*E :-E*/0'E )34-2/+.'?- D*0- 7D161(.'
+-)'913H.:-E.867*:-2.')73B(.K:91E/0-('37(*3B1/410K/0-('37(K,161(.1:)7':)-2167.0
(1 /').13B 2.'9-E.'/.837(*3B . .3B 2*(.+ D*0 71/+1+5HK3* )7*2' 7E.1( M9'67.0* /.8
271H'E(.' . +-)'913H1 D*01 6-614(.1 7(13710- 4-; @' 27)-/4 :-2.')73B(. 7(137(.'
3B0-6(.'H/7*3B-6P-4-/P')*:91E(.'4*9+-(.'7E(.'H/71'(')?..'E.4-21('H7'0-L31;19'HK
72.8+/71 *(.+ 7-/410 -:5D9.+-21(* 2 :)13* <( /-91) P1359' 1(6 /-91) 3-(/41(4
21).14.-(/CQ#!$!!;W ;J ;::% ";1/B.(?4-(;$%R5D9.+13H141
:-67.'9.01 9-/ 2.'95 .((*3B :)13 2*+-(1(*3B 2 B./4-).. :)7'6237'M(.' 6* .6'(4*37(K
719'@(-MN-6+)*4-:-(-2(.'291413B/.'6'E67.'/.K4*3B(.+4H5@-:)13*)34-2/+.'?-(.'
:1E.8410 7./.1H 2.'E*; @' +-)'913H1 2 /+19. :-H'6*(37*3B 6(. H'/4 5H'E(1; D* :-
5M)'6(.'(.5 2 /+19. 2.'95 6(. . 4*?-6(. :)7'HMN 2 /.9(K 6-614(.K )7'D.'? 9.37D* -9P1
Q2.'9+-M3.-:-6-D(*E3B1)1+4')7'H1+:-2.')73B(.1:91ER;/4)5E.'(.1)16.-2'?-4412*(1
# &7 . 5M)'6(.-('H /410'H /0-('37('H 2 /+19. 914 3*+95 1+4*2(-M3. :)7'D.'?1HK
:)1+4*37(.'.6'(4*37(.';-6421)71HK3+.9+567.'/.83.-6(.-2'27)-/4*./:16+.
91:-3.'/7'(.1E-@(16-61N;@'2*(.+.2/:=037'/(*3B D161L4'@/K(.'71521@1('
(1(* 1/4)-P.7*+ 56-9P .::'(B1B( 2 /2-H'H -D/7')('H E-(-?)1P.. <1 4)-:.' 41H'E(.3
0-L31CQ%&;ED&;4544?1)4;$$%;2*61(.':-9/+.'F)=/7*L/+.."
+1;$$!;%/4)-(R(1:*41(.'F37*E-3:)-E.'(.-21(.10-L317E.'(.1/.8a-6:-2.161
<-3:)-E.'(.-21(.10-L312*)1\(.'/.87E.'(.1'6(1+7E.1(*4'(.':)7'+)1371HK%e
E-3*310+-2.4'HE.'((-MN41H'/472.K71(17:-2.')73B(.K:91E/0-('37(*3B (141)37*
0-L316*(172)=3-('H+5(1E378M3.0-L312*/48:5H'2.'9':91E/0-('37(*3B;E-3
:)-E.'(.-21(.1 0-L31 (.'7(137(.' /:161 :-2-65 )-413H. 0-L31 7E.1(* H'?- E-3*
310+-2.4'H:)-E.'(.-21(.1E1HK-+)'/!6(.C.'E19@'2+1@6'H:)13*:)7'?9K6-2'H95D
'(3*+9-:'6..7(1H67.'E*:-6-D('(.'M3./0-M3..'+.'6*+-E'(41)7'1/4)-(-E=2/KH'/737'
D1)67.'H71/+1+5HK3';H1+(:2'(3*+9-:'6..Ff
-:')(.+;1/4)-(-E.1;1/4)-(154*+1CQ#'$;
$! RF</4101/0-('37(1O.9-MN'(')?..:)-E.'(./4'H6-3.')1HK3'H7'0-L312H'6(-/43'371/5
(1H'6(-/4+8:-2.')73B(.5/412.-('H2-69'?0-M3.H'6(-/4+.1/4)-(-E.37('H.:)-/4-:160'H
6-:161HK3'?-:)-E.'(.-21(.1;(.'719'@*-6P17*3*+951+4*2(-M3./0-('37('HC
91413B$%O$%)34-2/+.:)7':)-2167.0/7')'?D161L6-4*37K3*3B2:0*25/410'H
/0-('37('H(1:1)1E'4)*E'4'-)-9-?.37('-(-2(.'2*+17106-614(.K+-)'913H8:-E.867*
7E.1(1E. /410'H 14'E:')145)K Q<(/-91)"3-(/41(41(614E-/:B').34'E:')145)'3B1(?'/C;
! (
! )!; W %; (- ; :: O J; 1/B.(?4-(; $R 5@ :- :)7'HM3.5
)34-2/+.'?-(1'E')*45)82$%)DD-42*610:)1387D.-)-2K:-M2.83-(K4*E
D161(.-E:4!<-91)W1).14.-(;19'16.(?2'14B')'9'E'(4CQ
!(
!);W;(-;
1/B.(?4-(R 1/16(.37' 2*(.+. 4*3B :)13; 1 2.83 /42.')67-(' +-)'913H' . -D/')2-21('
4'(6'(3H'7E.1(:-42.')67.0*619/7'D161(.17./.'H/7*-D)172:0*251+4*2(-M3.0-L31(1
:-?-68 -6D.'?1 -37*2.M3.' -6 /3B'E14=2 )-7:14)*21(*3B 2 91413B 374')67.'/4*3B
.'2.'9+.'7E.1(*/4)5E.'(.13.':016-:0*21HK3'?-6-.'E.72.K71('7'7E.1(1E./410'H
/0-('37('H; (.' 2*/41)371HK 6- 2*H1M(.1HK -D/')2-21(*3B 'P'+4=2 E.1(* /4)5E.'(.1 2
71+)'/.'SJ37*(148@'(.12.14)5/0-('37('?-E1HK2:0*2(1:-?-68.37*((.+.+9.E14*37('
-2.'9'2.8+/7*2:0*2
*,*
*
-.0!
, 1 2 4
5
,
,,
*
6,6,,
54
. ,&
*
'7
,898:&89;<=!%
*
-
,
-
,
,,
-6*6* * 89>< ! ?
*
6 $
2,
,,
!%
,
-
,
, * 4 ,
-
,
6!'
4
6
*- @
4
2
5.
,
!
%