Archive of SID

Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
18 - ê .ƆƇ
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ
Ž
řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ
ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ
D
ƱřźƸţ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ ƭƺſ ƩŚſ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Źŵ
ŵźĭƱŚŝŚǀŝ ƪǀƗŚưſř źŤĩŵ
SI
[email protected]
İŗŚŞƏŚŞƏ ƶƯLjƗ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŹŚƿŵŚŤſř
ƵŶǀĪģ
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ƶĩ ŚūƱō Żř .ŢſřƵŵƺŝ ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Żř įŹŚǀƀŝ ƶūƺţ ŵŹƺƯ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ ƶŤƃŸĭ įŚƷƶƷŵ Źŵ
ݺŤǀŝźţ ݺſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įƵŻƺů Źŵ Ʊō įƵŹŚŝŹŵ ƂƷƹĦě ŵŹřŵ źŧř ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě źŝ źǀƜŤƯ ƹŵ Ʋƿř
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ įřźŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ .ŵŹřŵ ƵĦƿƹ İŤǀưƷř
ƹ ƁŻƺƯō æì ƹ æç í æ ƢƏŚƴƯ Żř ŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ íêë ƱřźƸţ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ ƭƺſ ƩŚſ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Źŵ İƬǀƈŰţ
žºƠƳ šżºƗ įŚºƷƶºƯŚƳƂſźě ƶŝ ŚƷİƳƺƯŻō .ŶƃƵŶƿżĭ İŗƶƃƺų İƟŵŚƈţ įźǀĭƶƳƺưƳ ƁƹŹ Śŝ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ ƁŹƹźě
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵźºưƳ ŚƷƱō įƶŤƃŸĭ İſŹŵ ƩŚſƮǀƳ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ƹ ŶƳŵřŵ ŲſŚě žƴƯźƷ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƹ ĨƳżƿąř
ƱŚƄºƳ İƏŚŞƴŤſř ƹ İƠǀƇƺţ įŹŚƯō įŚƷƁƹŹ Śŝ ŚƷƱō İſŹźŝ ŚƷƵŵřŵ įŹƹōŵźĭ Żř žě .ŶƃƶŤƀƳřŵ ƱŚƳō İƬǀƈŰţ
:ŵřŵ
šżºƗ ƱŚǀƯ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ
ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ ݺĭƶŤƀºŝƮºƷ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƱŚǀƯ ƹ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ žƠƳ
ƹŵ żºǀƳ ƹ źƀě ƹ źŤųŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Ƶƹźĭ ƹŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ .ŵŹřŵ
.ŶƄƳƵŶƿŵ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ šƹŚƠţ İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įƶŤƃŹ
žİƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě žŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žžƠƳ šżƗ
:ŚƷƵĥřƹŶǀƬĩ
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
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ƶƯŶƤƯ
Źŵ ƵĦƿƹƶŝ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ Źŵ ƵŻƹźƯř
Ʊō İŝŚƿŻŹř ƹ ŵƺų įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ İƯŵō İƷŚĭō
ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ İƄƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ .ŵƹŹİƯ ŹŚưƃ ƶŝ
İŝŚƿƭŚĩ ƹ İƳřƹŹ ŢƃřŶƸŝ Źŵ ƵŶƴƴĩƲǀǀƘţ İƬƯŚƗ ŵƺų
.(æîîé ÎźƯ ƹ ƲƯŹŶƳř) Ţſř
ŵŹƺºƯ ƶŤƃŸĭ įƶƷŵ Ŷƴģ Źŵ ƶĩ Ţſř İưǀƷŚƠƯ Żř ÐŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƹ ÏžƠƳ šżƗ
ƹ ŢºƠĭ Źŵ ŚºƷƕƺºƋƺƯ Ʋºƿř ƶģ źĭř ŢſřƵŵƺŝ ƱřźĭƂƷƹĦě ƹ ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Żř įŹŚǀƀŝ ƶūƺţ
ƱřŹřżºƷ Źŵ .ŵŹƺºųݺƯ ƮƄģ ƶŝ żǀƳ ƁŹƹźě ƹ ƁŻƺƯō źţƲƸĩ ƱŚƟƺƀƬǀƟ ƹ ƱřŶƴƯƂƳřŵ ƲŴſ
ŚºƷƶƳŚƀºƟř ƹ ŚºƷƱŚŤſřŵ ƹ ƱřźƗŚƃ ƹ ƱŚƟƺƀƬǀƟ įŚƷƵŚĭŶƿŵ İŴƿŹŚţ įŚƷƁŹřżĭ ƶŤƃŸĭ ƩŚſ
řŹ ƂƿŚºƷŵźĩŹŚĩ ƭŚºưţ ƹ ŶºƳřŶŝ śƺºų řŹ Ɓŵƺų ƶĩ ŵŹřŵ ŻŚǀƳ ƱŚƀƳř ƶĩ Ţſř Ʋƿř źŝ Ƶřƺĭ
řŹ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Ʋƿř ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Żř įŹŚǀƀŝ żǀƳ ƶŤƃŸĭ ƩŚſ ŶƇ Źŵ .ŶƷŵ ƵƺƬū İƤƐƴƯ ƹ İƣLjųř
ÔƺºƫżƯ žæîèì ÓİƳŹƺºƷ žæîêè ÒšŹƺºĜƫō žæîèì Ñźºƫŵō) Ţºſř ŶƴƯŻŚǀƳ žƠƳ šżƗ ƶŝ ƱŚƀƳř ƶĩ ŶƳřƶŤƟźƿŸě
.(æèíé ŵźĭƱŚŝŚǀŝ Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ žæîìå
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ƪºŝŚƤƯ Źŵ ݺĮƴƷźƟ źĜºſ Ĩºƿ ƱřƺºƴƘŝ žºƠƳ šżºƗ Żř (æîìç) ƺĭŹřƹ ƹ (æîëí) ÕĢƳźƟ
Źŵ (æîêî) ÎÎŢǀưºſřźěƺĩ .(æîíí ÎÍƞǀºƃpįƹƶºƫ ƹ żǀĜºƃō ƲºƯƝŚºƷ Żř ƶºŤƟźĭźŝ) ŶºƳźŝ ݺƯ ƭŚƳ śřźƐƋř
žºƠƳ ƶŝ ŵŚưŤƗř ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƳŚƀĩ LJŚŝ žƠƳ šżƗ įřŹřŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƟŚƿŹŵ ŵƺų ƂƷƹĦě
İƳƺƯřźǀě ƪƯřƺƗ Żř İŤůřŹƶŝ ƹ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ơLjų ƹ ŵřŶƘŤſřŚŝ řŹ ŵƺų ŶƳŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ Żřźŝř İƿŚƳřƺţ ƹ
źǀŧŐºţ įƵŶºƴƷŵƱŚƄƳ ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř İƬǀŗřźſř ƱŚƳřƺūƺƳ įƹŹ źŝ ƶĩ İƿŚƷƂƷƹĦě .ŶƳźƿŸěİưƳ źǀŧŐţ
ƹ żǀĜºƃō ƲºƯƝŚºƷ) Ţſř žƠƳ šżƗ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ įƵŹřŶƴěŵƺų ƱŵŹƹō ŶƿŶě Źŵ ħŵƺĩ Śŝ ŹŵŚƯ ƍŚŞţŹř
žºƠƳ šżºƗ źºŝ ƱŚŤºſƹŵ ƹ ŹŵŚºƯ ŹŶºě İŤƿŚưů ƖŝŚƴƯ źǀŧŐţ İſŹźŝ Ʋƿř Źŵ .(æîíí ƞǀƃpįƹƶƫ
ƶƿƺºſƹŵ ƹ ĬƴţŚĮƴţ İŗİĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ İƗŚưŤūř ŢƿŚưů ƖŝŚƴƯ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƹ Ŷƃ İſŹźŝ
żºǀƳ İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě Śºŝ žºƠƳ šżºƗ źºĮƿŵ įƺºſŻř .ŵŹřŵ ƱŚƳřƺūƺƳ Źŵ žƠƳ šżƗ Śŝ
żºǀƯōŢºǀƤƟƺƯ İŤºƃřŶƴě İƷŚĮºƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƞǀƬĪţ źţƂǀŝ Żř ħŵƺĩ źĭř .ŵŹřŵ İƿLJŚŝ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ
Ar
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SI
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ƹ ŢºƃřŶƴě İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ
ݺſŹźŝ įŚºƷƕƺƋƺƯ ƲƿźţƮƸƯ Żř İĪƿ
įŚºƷİƿŚƳřƺţ ƹ ŚƷŢǀƟźƓ ƶŝ ƱŚƀƳř ŹƹŚŝ
ݺĭƵŶºƳŻ ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭ įŚºƷƶºƇźƗ Źŵ ƹř
1. Anderman, E. M., & Maehr, M. L.
2. Self-esteem
3. Achievement Motivation
4. Adler, Alfred
5. Allport, Gordon Willard
6. Horney, Karen D.
7. Maslow, Abraham H.
8. French, A.
9. Wargo, C.
10. Hoffman, M. A., Ushpiz, V., & Levy-Shiff, R.
11. Coopersmith, S.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
Ar
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SI
D
ŵƺºų ƱLJŚºſƮƷ ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ŹŚĭŻƺƯō įƺſ Żř ƞǀƫŚĪţ Ʋƿř įźǀĭŵŚƿ źƏŚų ƶŝ źĭř ƹ ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵ
ơŚŤƄºƯ ƹř ƹ ŶºƃŶƷřƺų ŢºŞŨƯ İƷŚĮƃŻƺƯō įźǀĭŵŚƿ ƹ ƵŚĮƃŻƺƯō ƶŝ ƹř ƁźĮƳ ŵŵźĭ ƢƿƺƄţ
.(æèíè ÎƭƺƬŝ) ŵŹƹō Ţſŵ ƶŝ ŚŬƳō Źŵ įźţƂǀŝ śŹŚŬţ ŵƺŝŶƷřƺų
ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ įƶƿƺſƹŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ (æîíî) ÏƪĪƳřźƟ ƹ źƳħřźŝ žǀƳźĩ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Źŵ
ŽŚƀºůř ŶºŝŚƿ ƂƷŚĩ žƠƳ šżƗ źĭř ƶĩ ƱŚſ ƲƿŶŝ žŶƃ ŶǀƿŐţ ŵƺų İƿŚƳřƺţ Żř ŵźƟ ŢƃřŶƴě
ŽŚƀºůř ŵźºƟ žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƂƿřżºƟř Śºŝ žºĪƗƶºŝ ƹ žŶƿōİƯ ŶƿŶě ŵźƟ Źŵ İƳřƺţŚƳ ƹ ƞƘƋ
İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƂƿřżƟř ƱƺģƮƷ İŤŞŨƯ įŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ ƹ ŶƴĩİƯ įŶƴƯƁŻŹř ƹ įŶƴƯƱřƺţ
žºƠƳƶºŝŵŚưŤƗř (æîêî Ţǀưºſřźěƺĩ) ŢºǀƤƟƺƯ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ƁLjţ ƂƿřżƟř (æîîå ÐźƟ ƹ ƪĜưĩ)
šŸºƫ Ʊŵƺºŝ ƮƫŚºſ źºţƂǀºŝ ƶŝ Ƃƿřźĭ (æîíí ÑŶƷįřźĩ ƹ ƩŚƷĨƯ ęƺě) Ʊŵƺŝ ŢưƷŶƴƬŝ ƲŤƃřŵ
ƹř Źŵ (æîëí ÒݺţƶºƯ ƹ ƱƺºſƱƹŹō) ƵŶƴƿō įŚƷŢǀƤƟƺƯ ŢŞŨƯ İƴǀŝƂǀě ƹ ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ ŶƳƺǀě Żř Ʊŵźŝ
.ŵƺƃİƯ ŹřŶƿŶě
śŹŚºŬţ ƲŤƃřŶƳ ƪǀƫŵ ƶŝ ƢƟƺƯŚƳ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŵŶƘŤƯ įŚƷİſŹźŝ įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
žƠƳ šżƗ ƱřżǀƯ ƹ ŶƴƴĩİƯ İŝŚƿŻŹř İƠƴƯ řŹ ŵƺų įŚƷŵřŶƘŤſř ƹ ŚƷİŗŚƳřƺţ İƟŚĩ żǀƯōŢǀƤƟƺƯ
.(æîîå źƟ ƹ ƪĜưĩ) Ţſř ƲǀƿŚě ŹŚǀƀŝ İƳřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Ʋǀƴģ Źŵ
ƶŝ ŵƺƃİƯƵŵźưƃ İƳřƹŹ ŢƯLjſ Żř İƄŴŝ ƶĩ Ʊō Żř ƶŤƃŸĭ žƠƳ šżƗ Żř įŶƴƯƵźƸŝ
ƲŤƟźºĭ Śŝ žƠƳ šżƗ ƶĩ ŶƳřƶŤƟŚƿŹŵ İƳřƹřźƟ ƱřźĭƂƷƹĦě .Ţſř ƶŤƀŝřƹ żǀƳ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
źţLJŚºŝ ƵŚĭƱō ƵĦƿƹƶŝ ƶƐŝřŹ Ʋƿř .(æîíí ŚƷįřźĩ ƹ ƩŚƷĨƯ ęƺě) ŵŹřŵ ƶƐŝřŹ ƶſŹŶƯ Źŵ LJŚŝ įƵźưƳ
ƱřƺºţݺƯ ƶĩ ŶƴƴĩİƯ İŝŚƿŻŹř ŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ řŹ ƱŚƃŵƺų ƱŚƳřƺūƺƳ ƹ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶĩ ŵƹŹİƯ
.ŶƳřƺų ÓİƬǀƈŰţ žƠƳ šżƗ řŹ Ʊō
ƱŚƿŚưƳ İŝƺųƶŝ žƠƳ šżƗ ƂƤƳ ƹ ŢǀưƷř ŶƃƶŤƠĭ İƬĩ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ƶģ Ʊō ƶŝ ƵŚĮƳ Śŝ
įŶºǀƬĩ İƬƯŚºƗ řŹ žºƠƳ šżƗ ŵƺų İƴǀƫŚŝŚƳ Śƿ İƴǀƫŚŝ İŝŚƿŻŹř Źŵ ƱřźƔƳŜůŚƇ źţƂǀŝ .Ţſř
źºĮƿŵ Źŵ Ʊō ƂƿřżƟř ƹ ŶƸƳ źǀŧŐţ ŵźƟ İĭƵŶƳŻ įŚƷƶƴǀƯŻ źţƂǀŝ źŝ ŶƳřƺţİƯ ƶĩ ŶƳźưƃİƯźŝ
.ŵŹƹōİƯ ŶƿŶě İƳƺĭźĭŵ żǀƳ ŵźƟ İĭƵŶƳŻ įŚƷƶƴǀƯŻ
įźǀĭŵŚƿ ƹ Ţſř įźǀĭŵŚƿ ŜƬƣ ƁżǀĮƳř .Ţſř įźǀĭŵŚƿ ŻŚǀƳƂǀě ƲƿźţƮƸƯ żǀƳ ƁżǀĮƳř
ƹ ƵŶƴƷŵƺºſ ŚºưƴƷřŹ ƵŶºƴƴĩŻŚƛō ƪºƯŚƗ ƹ ƱŚƀƳř ƂŞƴū įƶƿŚƯ ƁżǀĮƳř .Ţſř ƁŻƺƯō ƝŶƷ
.Ţſř śƺƬƐƯ ƝŶƷ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ ƱŚƯŻ Śţ ŹŚŤƟŹ įƵŶƳŹřŵŹřŶƿŚě
1. Bloom, Benjamin Samuel
2. Kernis, M. H., Brockner, J., & Frankel, B. S.
3. Campbell, J. D., & Fehr, B.
4. Pope, W. A., McHale, S. M., & Craighead, W. E.
5. Aronson, E., Mettee, D. R.
6. Academic Self-esteem
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
í
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Ţºſř įŵźºƟ źƷ İƴŤƟŚƿŢſŵ įŚƷŻŚǀƳ Śƿ ŚƷƵżǀĮƳř ƲƿźţƮƸƯ Żř İĪƿ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
Ƃƿřźºĭ Żř Ţºſř šŹŚºŞƗ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř .Ŷƃ ŭźƐƯ ÎįŹƺƯ Ǝſƺţ ŹŚŝ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ įřźŝ ƶĩ
ŮƐºſ įŚºƷŹŚǀƘƯ ƒƠů ƹ įźţźŝ İŗƶƳƺĭ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ƁLjţ ŚƷŶſ Żř ŹŸĭ įřźŝ ŵźƟ
ŵƺºŞƸŝ řŹ ŵƺų ŵźĩŹŚĩ ƹ ŶƳƺƃ ƪƯŚĩ ŶƴƷřƺųİƯ ŶƳŹřŵ LJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳŚƀĩ .LJŚŝ
ƹ ŶºƃŚŝ żǀĮƳřƂƫŚģ ƶĩ ŶƴƷŵ ƭŚŬƳř İƿŚƷŹŚĩ ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ ƹ ŶƳř ŽŚƴƃƶƠǀƓƹ ƱŚƳō .ŶƴƄŴŝ
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě Śºŝ ƶƀºƿŚƤƯ Źŵ Ƶřƺºų İºŗƶƳƺĭ ƶŝ ƱŚƃŢƟŹƂǀě İŝŚƿŻŹř ƶĩ ŶƴƳŻ Ţſŵ įŹŚĩ ƶŝ
žºƠƳ šżºƗ Żř ŵřźºƟř Ʋºƿř .ŶºƃŚŝ İƳŶºƃ źºĮƿŵ įŚºƷħLjºƯ įƶºƿŚě źºŝ Ƶřƺºų Śºƿ ƱřźĮƿŵ
Żř ŽƺºưƬƯ ݺŗƶºƳƺĭ ƶŝ ƶĩ ŶƳŹřŵ Ţſƹŵ ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ řŹ įŵźƟ ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ ŶƳř ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ
ƹ İƷŚĮƄºƳřŵ įŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟ Źŵ Ţºſř śƺºų ƱŚºƃİſŹŵ įŚƷƵźưƳ žŶƳƺƃ ƵŚĭō ŵƺų ŹŚĩ ŪƿŚŤƳ
ƶºŝ řŹ ƱřźºƔƳŜůŚºƇ ƹ ƱŚºſŚƴƃŹŚĩ Śºŝ įŹŚºĩƮºƷ ŚƷŹŚĩ ƭŚŬƳř Źŵ ŶƴƴĩİƯ Ţĩźƃ İƗŚưŤūř
ƱŚƄƳ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ İƳƹźǀŝ İƗŚưŤūř įŚƷŹŚƄƟ źŝřźŝ Źŵ ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ ŵƺų ƱŚŤſƹŵ Śŝ įŹŚĩƮƷ
źºƐų ƹ ŶƴƳżŝ ŚƿŹŵ ƶŝ Ʃŵ İŗƵŻřŶƳř Śţ ŶƳř źƋŚů ŶƴƴǀŞŝ ŵƺų Ʊřƺţ Źŵ řŹ įŹŚĩ źĭř žŶƴƷŵİƯ
Ţºſř İƟŵŚƈºţ Lj
ľ ƯŚºĩ ŹŚºĩ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶĩ İƳřƹŵŜſř Źŵ įŶƴŝƍźƃ ŶƴƳŚƯ İƿŚƷŹŚĩ Źŵ İƫƹ žŶƴƴĩ
.(æîíì ÏŶƴƬĩĨƯ) ŶƳŹŚĜƀŝ ƝŵŚƈţ ƹ ŢŴŝ Ţſŵ ƶŝ řŹ ŵƺų ŶƴŤƀǀƳ źƋŚů
ŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ İƿŚºƳřƺţ ƹ ŢǀƈºŴƃ ƶºŝ ƶºĩ Ţºſř İƬƯřƺƗ ŵŹƹōŢſŵ įźǀĭŵŚƿ ƶŝ ƶƣLjƗ
įƵżºǀĮƳř .(æîìç Ðźºƴƿřƹ) Ţºſř ƍƺºŝźƯ İƳƺºƯřźǀě ƪƯřƺƗ źĮƿŵ ƹ ŚƷơƺƄƯ ƞǀƬĪţ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě Źŵ ƱřƹřźƟ įźǀŧŐţ ƶĩ Ţſř ƁżǀĮƳř İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įŵŚǀƴŝ ƮǀƷŚƠƯ Żř İĪƿ ŢƟŹƂǀě
.ŵŹřŵ ŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ ƹ
ݺŤǀưƷř ƶºģƱō ƱŚºǀƯ Ʋºƿř Źŵ .ŵŹřŸĭİƯ źŧř ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ƁżǀĮƳř źŝ įŵŚƿŻ įŚƷźǀƜŤƯ
śƺºų ƹ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ įřźŝ ƵżǀĮƳř) ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ŵŹřŵ ƶƘƯŚū ƹ ƱřŹŚĭŻƺƯō įřźŝ ƶƔůLjƯƪŝŚƣ
Ţºſř ݺƃżǀĮƳř ƲƿźţƮƸƯ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř (æîíè) ÑƲƿƹLjſř ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Źŵ .Ţſř (ŹŚĩ Źŵ Ʊŵƺŝ
ƱŚƄºƳ ƵŹŚºŝ Ʋºƿř Źŵ ƵŶºƃƭŚºŬƳř įŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě .ŶƳŹřŵ ŹŚĩƹźſ Ʊō Śŝ İƃŹƹźě ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƶĩ
ŶƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚŝ įƵżǀĮƳř İųźŝ .ŶƳŹřŵ ƱřƹřźƟ šƹŚƠţ ƮƷ Śŝ ƵżǀĮƳř Ʋƿř ƑŚŰƫ Żř ŵřźƟř ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ
İŤŴºſƶºŝ ŢºǀƤƟƺƯ ƶºŝ İŝŚºƿŢºſŵ įřźºŝ ŵƺºų įŚºƷŹŚĩ Źŵ ƹ ƱřźºĮƿŵ Śŝ İưƄģƮƷ Źŵ ƹ
Žźºţ Żř ƹ ŶºƳŹřŶƳ ŢºǀƤƟƺƯ ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƶºŝ İƳřŶºƴģ įƵżºǀĮƳř żǀƳ źĮƿŵ İųźŝ .ŶƴƃƺĩİƯ
.(æèìî ƞǀſ) ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ Ʊŵźĩ źƐų įƵŵŚƯō ŢƀĪƃ
1. Murray, Henry
2. McClelland, D. C.
3. Weiner, B.
4. Slavin, R. E.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
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Źŵ ŵƺºų įƵźºƯŻƹŹ įŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟ Źŵ ŶºƳŹřŵ įƺºƣ ŢºƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
ƮƷřźºƟ řŹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įŚºƷƵżºǀĮƳř ƲŤųŚſ ƵŵŹƹōźŝ ƱŚĪƯř ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƿŚƷŢǀƤƟƺƯ įƺūƹŢƀū
İŝŚºƿŢºſŵ įřźŝ žĜſ ƹ ŶƳźǀĭİƯ źƔƳ Źŵ ŵƺų įřźŝ İŗƵĦƿƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įŚƷŹŚǀƘƯ ŚƷƱō .Ŷƴĩ
.(æîíî ÎĨƳƺƃ ƹ ƲƯźưƿŻ) ŶƴƴĩİƯ ƁLjţ šŶƃƶŝ ŚƷŹŚǀƘƯ Ʊō ƶŝ
ƱŚºƿŚě Śºţ ƱŚŤƀºŝŵ Żř ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ řŹ įźǀĭŵŚƿ ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř (æîîç) ÏžƯō
įŚºƷƵźºưƳ ŶºƳŹřŵ LJŚºŝ ŢºƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ƹ ŵźĩ İſŹźŝ ƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
.ŶƳźǀĭİƯ ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ įŚƷŽŹŵ Źŵ żǀƳ İƿLJŚŝ
İƿŚƷƵƺǀƃ ƶŝ ŵƺų įƵźƯŻƹŹ İĭƵŶƳŻ Źŵ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ ŭƺƐſ įřŹřŵ ŵřźƟř
Żř Ƃǀŝ ŶƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳŚƳřƺū ƶƳƺưƳ įřźŝ .ŶƴƴĩİƯ ŹŚŤƟŹ šƹŚƠŤƯ Lj
ľ ƯŚĩ
įŚºƷƵźºưƳ ƶºŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ İƷŚĮƄƳřŵ ƪǀƈŰţ ƶŝ Ţſř Ţƀſ ƱŚƃŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ ƱŚƳō
.(æîîæ ĨƳƺƃ) ŶƳŹřŵ Ƃƿřźĭ İſŹŵźǀƛ įŚƷƶƯŚƳźŝ Źŵ Ţĩźƃ ƹ źţLJŚŝ
Źŵ .ŵŹřŵ ŢºǀưƷř ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭ įŚºƷƶºŞƴū Żř ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř ݺſŹźŝ İºƬĩ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ
įƵżºǀĮƳř ƱƺºģƮºƷ İƿŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ ݺſŹźŝ ƱŚºſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Żř ݺųźŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě İƴǀŝƂǀě
ƹ ŢºŝŚŧ įŚºƷƵŻŚſ Żř ƁƺƷ řźƿŻ žŶƴƳřŵİƯ ŵřŶƘŤſř ƹ ƁƺƷ Żř źţƮƸƯ İţŚƸū Żř řŹ ŢƟŹƂǀě
žºƠƳ šżƗ ƱƺģƮƷ Ʊō ŶƴƳŚƯ İƿŚƷƵŻŚſ ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ŚƯř Ţſř źƿŸěŚƳİƳƺĭźĭŵ ŚľŤŞƀƳ
ƶŤƃŸĭ įƵŶſ ƮǀƳ Źŵ ƶĩ İƳřƹřźƟ įŚƷİſŹźŝ .ŢųŚſ Ʊƺĭźĭŵ İƿŚƷİƄƿŶƳřƵŹŚģ Śŝ ƱřƺţİƯ řŹ
Żř ŢƿŚºƋŹ İƬƜºƃ įŚºƷŢºƟŹƂǀºě Śºŝ ŢºƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ŢſřƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř
İŤƘƴºƇ ŶºƃŹ Ʋºƿř źºŝ ƱƹżºƟř .ŵŹřŵ ݺĭƶŤƀºŝƮºƷ İŤǀƈºŴƃ įŹřŶƿŚě ƹ ŢǀƣLjų İĭƵŶƳŻ
ƮǀƤŤƀºƯ İŗƶƐŝřŹ ƶƘƯŚū Ʊō įŚƌƗř Źŵ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ŮƐſ Śŝ ƶƘƯŚū İưƬƗ ƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř
.(æîíì ŶƴƬĩĨƯ) ŵŹřŵ
ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶǀƋźƟ
ƭƺºſ ƩŚºſ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ .ŵŹřŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƮƷ Śŝ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
ƭƺºſ ƩŚºſ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ .ŵŹřŵ šƹŚƠţ ƮƷ Śŝ İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įƶŤƃŹ ƹŵ Źŵ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
ƭƺºſ ƩŚºſ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ .ŵŹřŵ šƹŚƠţ ƮƷ Śŝ Ʊřźƀě ƹ ƱřźŤųŵ Źŵ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
1. Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H.
2. Ames, C.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
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ƭƺºſ ƩŚºſ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƮºƷ Śºŝ æì ƹ æç í æ ƁŹƹźºě ƹ ƁŻƺºƯō įƶºƤƐƴƯ ŹŚƸģ Źŵ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
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ƭƺºſ ƩŚºſ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ įƶưƷ Ʊō įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū .Ţſř ÎİĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƕƺƳ Żř ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř
ƩŚºſ Ʃƹř ƩŚºſƮǀºƳ Źŵ ƶºĩ ŵƺºŝ ÏݺŝźŬţ ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ Źŵ ƱřźƸţ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ
Ŷºƃ ƭŚºŬƳř Ðݺŗƶºƃƺų İƟŵŚƈºţ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ įźǀĭƶƳƺưƳ .ŶƳŵźĩİƯ ƪǀƈŰţ æèíè-íé İƬǀƈŰţ
ŹŚºƸģ ƱřźºƸţ źƸºƃ ƁŹƹźºě ƹ ƁŻƺºƯō įƶºƳŚĭŢƀǀŝ ƢƏŚƴƯ ƱŚǀƯ Żř ŢƀŴƳ ƶĩ ƱŚſ ƲƿŶŝ
ƢƏŚºƴƯ Ʋºƿř ݺŤƫƹŵ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ įŚƷŽLjĩ ƱŚǀƯ Żř žĜſ ƹ æì ƹ æç í æ įƶƤƐƴƯ
.(æ ƩƹŶū) ŶƃƵŶƿżĭ (źƀě éæì ƹ źŤųŵ éèî) ŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ íêë ƮƷ įƹŹ źŝ ƹ ŽLjĩ çí
İƬǀƈŰţ įƶŤƃŹ ƹ ƶƤƐƴƯ ĨǀĪƠţ ƶŝ ƂƷƹĦě įƶƳƺưƳ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ŶƇŹŵ ƹ İƳřƹřźƟ -æ ƩƹŶū
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įƵżºǀĮƳř įƶºƯŚƳƂºſźě» ƹ Ñ«ĨƳżƿąř žƠƳ šżƗ įƶƯŚƳƂſźě» ŚƷƵŵřŵ įŹƹōŵźĭ įřźŝ
ƹ ŢųŚºſ źºĭƂƷƹĦºě įřźŝ ƶĩ ŚūƱō Żř .ŶƃƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ (æîìå žƴƯźƷ) Ò«žƴƯźƷ ŢƟŹƂǀě
įƶŤºƃŸĭ ƩŚºſƮǀºƳ įŚºƷŽŹŵ ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ ŵƺºŞƳ İƳŶºƃ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƱƺƯŻō Ĩƿ įřźūř
.ŶƃƶŤƃŚĮƳř İƬǀƈŰţ ŢǀƘƋƹ Śƿ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵźưƳ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
Ó
Ʋºƿř İƿřƹŹ .ŵŹřŵ (ƶƳ ƹ ƶƬŝ) İŗƶƴƿżĭƹŵ Ƃſźě èå ĨƳżƿąř žƠƳ šżƗ įƶƯŚƳƂſźě
ƹ ÖűŚºŝƱƹźºĩ įŚºƠƫō ƁƹŹ ƹŵ ƶºŝ Ʊō ÕİŗŚºƿŚě ƹ åǕíë ÔݺĩLjƯ ŹŚºŞŤƗř ƁƹŹ ƶºŝ ƱƺºƯŻō
.(æèíé ŵźĭƱŚŝŚǀŝ) ŶƯō Ţſŵ ƶŝ åǕíî ƹ åǕîé Ŝǀţźţƶŝ ÎÍİƿŚƯŻōŻŚŝ
1. Correlational
.ŶƯŎǀƳ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶƳƺưƳ ƮŬů ƂƿřżƟř ƱŵƺŞƳ İƳŶƃ ƹ İƫŚƯ įŚƷŚƴĮƴţ ŢƬƗ ƶŝ źĮƿŵ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ p2
3. Cluster Random Sampling
4. Eysenck, H. J.
5. Hermans, H. J. M.
6. Validity
7. Criterion
8. Reliability
9. Chronbach’s Alpha
10. Test-Retest
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ÎÎ
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
D
įřźºŝ žƴƯźºƷ .ŵŹřŵ İŗƶƴƿżĭŹŚƸģ Ƃſźě çî žƴƯźƷ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř įƶƯŚƳƂſźě
įŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě źºŝ Ʊō ƱŚºǀƴŝ ƶºĩ ŢºƟźĭ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ řŹ ÎřƺŤŰƯ ŹŚŞŤƗř ƁƹŹ ƱƺƯŻō İƿřƹŹ ŵŹƹōźŝ
Śºŝ řŹ Ƃºſźě ƹŵ ݺĭƶŤƀºŝƮºƷ ŜƿźºƋ ƲǀƴģƮƷ ƹř .ŵƺŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř įƵŹŚŝŹŵ ƲǀƄǀě
įřźŝ .ŵƺŝ (r = åǕíí) ƱƺƯŻō įLJŚŝ İƿřƹŹ įƵŶƴƷŵƱŚƄƳ ƶĩ ŵźĩ ŵŹƹōźŝ řźĭŢƟŹƂǀě įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ
ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ ƶºŤƠƷ è ŢºƃŸĭ Żř žºě İƿŚºƯŻōŻŚŝ ƹ űŚºŝƱƹźĩ įŚƠƫō ƁƹŹ ƹŵ żǀƳ İƿŚƿŚě ŵŹƹōźŝ
.(æèìî ƲƯƺƷ) ŶƯō Ţſŵ ƶŝ åǕíê ƹ åǕíç Ŝǀţźţƶŝ İƿŚƿŚě ƶĩ ŶƃƶŤƟźĭ
SI
ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
of
źºǀƜŤƯ ƶºſ Żř Ĩºƿ źºƷ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤºſř ƝřźŰƳř ƹ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ŢƀŴƳ ŚƷƵŵřŵ ƪǀƬŰţ ƹ ƶƿżŬţ įřźŝ
ŵŹƹōźºŝ (y) İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƹ (x2) ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř (x1) žƠƳ šżƗ İƴƘƿ ƂƷƹĦě
.(ç ƩƹŶū) Ŷƃ
ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř ƹ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ -ç ƩƹŶū
ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ
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ŵřŶƘţ
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ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
ive
ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř
èǕêí
ch
ƶºĩ ŢºƟŹ ŹŚºĩ ƶŝ ÏİĪǀĪƠţ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƱƺƯŻō ŚƷźǀƜŤƯ Ʋƿř įƶƐŝřŹ ƱřżǀƯ ƲŤƟŚƿ įřźŝ
.ŢſřƵŶƯō è ƩƹŶū Źŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ įƶƿřŹō
ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷźǀƜŤƯ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ įƶƿřŹō -è ƩƹŶū
Ar
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
r = ÍǕÓÕ **
ı = ÍǕÍÍÍÎ
n = ÕÒÓ
r = ÍǕÔÍ **
ı = ÍǕÍÍÍÎ
n = ÕÒÓ
æ
r = ÍǕÑÓ *
ı = ÍǕÍÍÍÎ
n = ÕÒÓ
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žƠƳ šżƗ
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ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
P < ÍǕÍÒ *
P < ÍǕÍÎ **
1. Content Validity
2. Partial Correlational
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
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İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
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of
SI
D
:ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţİƯ Į = åǕåæ ƹ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ŜƿřźƋ ƹ ƵŶƃ įŹƹōŵźĭ įŚƷƵŵřŵ ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ
ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ źǀƜŤƯ ƶſ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ pæ
Żř ŶºƳŹřŵ LJŚºŝ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř ƹ žºƠƳ šżƗ ƶĩ İƳřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ İƴƘƿ ž(r = åǕìê) Ţſř
.ŶƳř ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ żǀƳ įźţLJŚŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
įƵżºǀĮƳř źºǀƜŤƯ ƩźºŤƴĩ Śºŝ İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ İĪǀĪƠţ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ pç
Żř ŶºƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚºŝ žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƶºĩ İƳřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ ݺƴƘƿ ž(r = åǕëí) Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŢƟŹƂǀě
.ŶƳř ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ żǀƳ įźţLJŚŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
šżºƗ źǀƜŤƯ ƩźŤƴĩ Śŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř İĪǀĪƠţ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ pè
Żř ŶºƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚºŝ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ İƴƘƿ ž(r = åǕìå) Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ žƠƳ
.ŶƳř ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ żǀƳ įźţLJŚŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě źºǀƜŤƯ ƩźºŤƴĩ Śŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ İĪǀĪƠţ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ pé
Żř ŶºƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚºŝ žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƶºĩ İƳřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ ݺƴƘƿ ž(r = åǕéë) Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ İƬǀƈŰţ
.ŶƳř ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ żǀƳ İƿLJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
Źŵ İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƱřżºǀƯ įƶƀƿŚƤƯ įřźŝ
.(é ƩƹŶū) ŢƟŹ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ t ƱƺƯŻō İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
Ƶƹźºĭ ƹŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ Źŵ ŵƺƃİƯƵŶƿŵ ƶĩ ƱŚƴģƮƷ
.ŶƳŹřŶƳ ƮƷ Śŝ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ įŹŚƯō šƹŚƠţ İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
T
ƱƺƯŻō -é ƩƹŶū
ŵřŶƘţ
ƶŤƃŹ
źǀƜŤƯ
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İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ
ççǕê
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İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ
ch
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ įřźŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ
İŝźŬţ ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įŚƷƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Źŵ
Ar
ı
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İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ
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İŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ
žƠƳ šżƗ
ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
Źŵ İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƱřżºǀƯ įƶƀƿŚƤƯ įřźŝ
ƶºĩ ƱŚºƴģƮºƷ .(ê ƩƹŶºū) ŢºƟŹ ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ ƪƤŤƀºƯ t ƱƺºƯŻō żǀƳ źƀě ƹ źŤųŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ÎÐ
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Ƶƹźĭ ƹŵ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ Źŵ ŵƺƃİƯƵŶƿŵ
.ŶƳŹřŶƳ ƮƷ Śŝ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ įŹŚƯō šƹŚƠţ źƀě ƹ źŤųŵ
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ įřźŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ
źƀě ƹ źŤųŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Źŵ
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ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
SI
ı
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æì ƹ æç í æ ƁŹƹźě ƹ ƁŻƺƯō ƢƏŚƴƯ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ F ƱƺƯŻō ƲǀƴģƮƷ
ŶƳŹřŶƳ ƮƷ Śŝ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ įŹŚƯō šƹŚƠţ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ Źŵ
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ įřźŝ F ƱƺƯŻō -ë ƩƹŶū
ƁŹƹźě ƹ ƁŻƺƯō ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷƶƤƐƴƯ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Źŵ
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě
įźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳ ƹ ŦŰŝ
.ŵŹřŵ İƳřƺºųƮºƷ ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř ƶƴǀƯŻ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶĩ įźĮƿŵ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Śŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
ƱƹżºƟř žºƠƳ šżƗ Żř įŶƴƯƵźƸŝ (æîíí) ŶƷįřźĩ ƹ ƩŚƷĨƯ ęƺě ƂƷƹĦě Źŵ ƶƳƺưƳ įřźŝ
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
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SI
D
.Ţºſř ƎŞţźºƯ żǀƳ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě Śŝ ŵƹŹİƯ ŹŚưƃ ƶŝ İƳřƹŹ ŢƯLjſ Żř İŗżū ƶĩ Ʊō źŝ
İŝŚºƿŻŹř ŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶºŝ řŹ ŵƺºų ƱŚºƳřƺūƺƳ ƹ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ ƶĩ ƵŚĭƱō ƵĦƿƹƶŝ ƍŚŞţŹř Ʋƿř
.Ţſř źţLJŚŝ ŶƴƴĩİƯ
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ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ ƱŚºǀƯ Źŵ řŹ įźǀĭŵŚºƿ ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżǀĮƳř (çååç) ĨƳƺƃ ƹ ĢƿŹŢƴǀě
įƵżºǀĮƳř ƶºĩ İƳřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ ŶºƴŤƟŚƿŹŵ ƹ ŶºƳŵźĩ ƶƀºƿŚƤƯ ƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ ƱŚƿŚě Śţ İƿřŶŤŝř įŚƷƩŚſ
.ŶƳźǀĭİƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷŽŹŵ Źŵ żǀƳ İƿLJŚŝ įŚƷƵźưƳ ŶƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě
ŹŚºŤƟŹ įƵżºǀĮƳř ƶĩ İƳŚƀĩ ŢſřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ (æîíè ƲƿƹLjſř žæîîæ ÏİŝƺƳ) ƱřƹřźƟ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě
źºţƂǀºŝ Śºƿ ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷƵřŹ Ƃƴƿżĭ ƶŝ įźţƂǀŝ Ƃƿřźĭ Ţſř ŢǀƤƟƺƯ ƱŚƳō
Ð
(æîîæ ĨƳƺƃ Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ žæîîê)  İƳźŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ ƎſƺŤƯ ƩŚưŤůř ƶĩ ŶƴƳŻİƯ Ţſŵ İƿŚƷŹŚĩ ƶŝ
:ŵŹŚưƃİƯźŝ Ʋǀƴģ řŹ ƅŚŴƃř ƶƳƺĭ Ʋƿř įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ
.ŶƳƺƃ İŝŚƿƁŻŹř Ʊō Źŵ ŚľƤǀƣŵ ƶĩ ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ řŹ İƿŚƷŢǀƘƣƺƯ pæ
.ŶƳŹřŵ ŹŚĪƃō İţƹŚƠţ ƱŚƳō Śŝ ƶĩ Ŷƴƴĩ ƶƀƿŚƤƯ İƿŚƷƵƹźĭ Śŝ řŹ ŵƺų ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ pç
.ŶƴƷŵİƯ Ůǀūźţ ŵźĩŹŚĩ Żř řŹ Ƣǀƣŵ ƹ ƲƃƹŹ įŚƷƂŬƴſ pè
.ŶƳř źƿŸěŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ pé
.ŶƴƴĩİưƳ ƂƷƺĪƳ řŹ ƱřźĮƿŵ ŶƴƿŎǀƳźŝ ŵźĩŹŚĩ Żř İŰƐſ įƵŶƸƗ Żř ƶĩ İƯŚĮƴƷ pê
.ŶƴƴĩİƯ ŹŚĩ ŢŴſ pë
.ŶƴŤƀƷ įźƿŸěźƐų ƹ İƷřƺųƶŬǀŤƳ ŢƿŵźƟ įźţźŝ ƂƫŚģ İě Źŵ pì
.ŶƴƄƿŶƳřİƯ ƮƸƯ Śƿ ƩƺưƘƯŚƳ ƞƿŚƓƹ ƹ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ƭŚŬƳř ƹ ŹŚĩ źŤƸŝ ƭŚŬƳř įŚƷƵřŹ ƶŝ pí
ŵřźºƟř ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭ įŚºƷŵźĩŹŚĩ Śºŝ řŹ ŢºƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř įƶƐŝřŹ ƱřźĭƂƷƹĦě Żř įŹŚǀƀŝ
įŚºƷƶºſŚƴƃ Żř įŹŚưƃ Śŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř (æîîæ) İŝƺƳ ƂƷƹĦě ŽŚſř źŝ .ŶƳřƵŵźĩ İſŹźŝ
İƳŚƀºĩ ŶºƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ŚƷİſŹźŝ .ŵŹřŵ ƶƐŝřŹ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ƭŚŬƳř Źŵ įŹřŶƿŚě ƱƺģƮƷ ŵźĩŹŚĩ ŜƫŚū
İƳŚƀºĩ Żř ŶƳř ƢƟƺƯŚƳ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ƭŚŬƳř Źŵ ƶĩ İƯŚĮƴƷ ŚŤů ŶƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ
İƳŚŤºſźǀŝŵ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ İſŹźŝ .ŶƳŹřŵ įźţƂǀŝ įŹřŶƿŚě Ţſř ƲǀƿŚě ŚƷƱō Źŵ ƵżǀĮƳř Ʋƿř ƶĩ
ŢǀƠǀĩ ƹ (ƵŶƃŹŚĩ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ŹŚưƃ) Ţǀưĩ ƶŝ İƋŚƿŹ ƞǀƫŚĪţ Źŵ ŢƟŹƂǀě ŮƐſ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ
İƿLJŚºŝ ŢºƟŹƂǀě ŻŚǀƳ ƶĩ İƿŚƷİƳŵƺƯŻō .ŵŹřŵ İĭƶŤƀŝ (ƵŶƃƭŚŬƳřŢſŹŵ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ŶƇŹŵ) ŵźĩŹŚĩ
ŹŚǀƀºŝ ŵźĩŹŚºĩ ŶºƳŵźĩݺƯ ƲǀºǀƘţ řŹ ƱŚºƃŵźĩŹŚĩ ƹ ŹŚĩ ƱřżǀƯ ŵƺų ƶĩ İƯŚĮƴƷ ŚŤů ŶƴŤƃřŵ
ƶºŝ řŹ ŢºǀƤƟƺƯ ƭŶºƗ ŶºƳŹřŵ İƿLJŚºŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƶĩ įŵřźƟř Ʋǀƴģ ƮƷ .ŶƴŤƃřŵ İŝƺų
1. Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H.
2. Newby, T. J.
3. Birney, R. C.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ÎÒ
İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
Ar
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įƵŶƴƀºŝ ƱŵźĪƳ ƁLjţ Żř ƵŶƯōźŝ řŹ Ʊō ŶƴƷŵ ŢŞƀƳ İƳƹźǀŝ įŚƷƹźǀƳ İųźŝ ƶŝ ƶĩ Ʊō įŚū
.(æîìç źƴƿřƹ) ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ŵƺų
ƹ žƠƳ šżƗ įƶƿƺſƹŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ (æîíî) ƪĪƳřźƟ ƹ źƳħřźŝ žǀƳźĩ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Źŵ
ŶºŝŚƿ ƂƷŚºĩ žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƱřżºǀƯ źºĭř ƶºĩ ŚƴƘƯ ƲƿŶŝ žŶƃ ŶǀƿŐţ ŵƺų İƿŚƳřƺţ Żř ŵźƟ ŹřŶƴě
ŵźºƟ žƠƳ šżƗ ƱřżǀƯ ƂƿřżƟř Śŝ ƱƹŹřƹƶŝ ƹ žŶƿōİƯ ŶƿŶě ŵźƟ Źŵ İƳřƺţŚƳ ƹ ƞƘƋ ŽŚƀůř
ŢƟŹƂǀě ƂƿřżƟř ƱƺģƮƷ ŢŞŨƯ İţřźǀǀƜţ ƹ ŶƴĩİƯ ŽŚƀůř įŶƴƯƁŻŹř ƹ įŶƴƯƱřƺţ ŵƺų Źŵ
ŢưƷŶƴƬŝ žƠƳƶŝŵŚưŤƗř ƲŤƃřŵ ƱŶƃ ƢƟƺƯ įřźŝ ƁLjţ ƂƿřżƟř ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř İƬǀƈŰţ
ŶºƿŶě ƹř Źŵ ƱřźºĮƿŵ Śºŝ ŶºƳƺǀě Żř Ʊŵźºŝ šŸºƫ ƹ źºţƂǀŝ ŢƯLjſ ƲŤƃřŵ ƶŝ Ƃƿřźĭ Ʊŵƺŝ
.ŶƿōİƯ
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ƶºĩ İƿŚºƷƱō ŶºƳƹźŝ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƶŝ ŶƴƷřƺųİƯ ƶĩ İƳŚƀĩ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ (æîìì) ƲƯŹƺĩ
ƶºĩ ŶºƴƴĩݺƯ İƿŚºƷŹŚŤƟŹ ŶƳŹřŵ ƲǀƿŚě žƠƳ šżƗ ƶĩ İƿŚƷƱō Żř Ƃǀŝ ŶƳŹřŵ LJŚŝ žƠƳ šżƗ
.ŵƺƃ ƝŶƷ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ ŜŞſ
ŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ æåç İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě źŝ žƠƳ šżƗ źǀŧŐţ İſŹźŝ Źŵ (æîêî) Ţǀưſřźěƺĩ
Ʋƿř İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě Śŝ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ žƠƳ šżƗ ƶĩ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ƱŚŤƀŝŵ ƮŬƴě ŽLjĩ
.ŵŹřŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
įƵżººǀĮƳř Żř ŹřŵŹƺººųźŝ ƱřŻƺººƯōƂººƳřŵ ƶººĩ ŶººƴŤƟŚƿŹŵ İƄººƷƹĦě Źŵ (æîîé) źººƯ ƹ ƲƯŹŶººƳř
Żř İſŹŵ ƞǀƫŚĪţ ƭŚŬƳř Źŵ ƲǀƿŚě ŢƟŹƂǀě ƵżǀĮƳř įřŹřŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ Żř Ƃǀŝ LJŚŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě
.ŶƳŹřŵ źŤƸŝ įŵźĩŹŚĩ ŚƷƱƺƯŻō Źŵ ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ŢƿŶū ƹ ŹŚĩŢƄě ŵƺų
įƵżºǀĮƳř ƱřżºǀƯ Źŵ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ šƹŚºƠţ ƱŵƺºŞƳ İƳƺºƴĩ ƂƷƹĦºě įŚºƷƶŤƟŚƿ Żř źĮƿŵ İĪƿ
įƶºƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ƶºĩ İƿŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě İºƬĩ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ .ŵƺŝ źƀě ƹ źŤųŵ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ƱŚǀƯ ŢƟŹƂǀě
ƶºĩ İƿŚºƷƂƷƹĦě :ŵƺƃİƯ įŶƴŝƂŴŝ ƶŤſŵ ƹŵ ƶŝ ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř Ţǀƀƴū ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
.ŢºſřƵŶºƃ ƭŚºŬƳř íå įƶºƷŵ Żř žě ƶĩ İƿŚƷƂƷƹĦě ƹ žŵŵźĭİƯŻŚŝ íå įƶƷŵ Żř Ƃǀě ƶŝ
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źƳŹƺºƷ ƹ (æîêè) ƱřŹŚºĩƮºƷ ƹ ŶºƴƬĩĨƯ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě .Ţſř ƱƺĭƮƷŚƳ ƶŤſŵ ƹŵ Ʋƿř įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
Śºŝ ħŶºƳř ħŶºƳř íå įƶƷŵ Żř žě .(æîìç źƴƿřƹ Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ) ŵźǀĭİƯ įŚū ƶŤſŵ Ʋƿř Źŵ (æîîê)
ƹ ŶºƳřŵݺƯ İƠŤƴƯ Ţǀƀƴū Śŝ řŹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř įƶƐŝřŹ ƶĩ ƮƿƺƃİƯ ƹŹƶŝƹŹ İƿŚƷƂƷƹĦě
įŚºƷŹřżŝř Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ įŚƷİŤſŚĩ Żř ƵŶƯōźŝ ƲǀƄǀě įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Źŵ řŹ ƶƐŝřŹ Ʋƿř Ʊŵƺŝ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ
ƶºĩ Ʋºƿř ƶºŝ ŶºƴƴĩݺƯ ƵŹŚºƃř (æîîì) ÐŽŹƺºƯ ƹ ƱƺºƷƩŚºĩ ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźŝ .ŵŹŚưƃİƯ ƂƷƹĦě
ƹ ƶŤƀºƿźĮƳ ŶºƯ řŹ ƶºƳřŵźƯ įŚƷƶƄǀě ƶŝ źţƂǀŝ ƲǀƄǀě ƱřźĭƂƷƹĦě įƵŶƃİſŹźŝ įŚƷƱƺƯŻō
1. Korman, A. K.
2. Honer, M. S.
3. Calhoun, G., & Morse, W. C.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
æë
Ar
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įƵżºǀĮƳř Źŵ ƝLjŤºųř żºǀƳ ƱřźºĭƂƷƹĦě Żř İųźŝ .ŢſřƶŤƃřŵ ƶūƺţ źţƮĩ ƶƳŚƳŻ įŚƷŢŝŚƣŹ ƶŝ
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř ƂŬƴſ įřźŝ ƶĩ İƿŚƷƱƺƯŻō źţƂǀŝ ƶĩ ŶƳřƶŤƀƳřŵ ŚūƱō Żř řŹ ŢƟŹƂǀě
İŤƴºſ ݺŗƶƳƺĭ ƶŝ ƶĩ İƿƺūŢŝŚƣŹ ƹ İƿƺūįźţźŝ ƪƜƃ ŶƴƳŚƯ ŢſřƵŵƺŝ ƶƳřŵźƯ ƶŤƟŹ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ
ƶºūƺţ Ţºſř ƍƺŝźƯ ƶƳŚƳŻ įŚƷƁŻŹř ƶŝ ƶĩ İƿŚƷŢŝŚƣŹ ƶŝ ƹ žŵŹřŵ ŶƳƺǀě ƶƳřŵźƯ įŚƷƁŻŹř Śŝ
.ŢſřƵŶƃƵŵřŵ įźţƮĩ ŢǀưƷř ŚƷƱřŶŝ Żř Śƿ ƵŶƄƳ
ƹ İƬǀƈºŰţ įŚºƷƱŚºƯŹō İƗŚºưŤūř ƁźƿŸºě ƂƿřżƟř Śŝ ƶĩ ŶƴĩİƯ ƱŚǀŝ (æîíè) ΞƴĜſř
Ʋǀºŝ Żř ƩŚºů Źŵ ŢºǀƤƟƺƯ Żř Žźºţ Źŵ İŤǀƀƴū įŚƷšƹŚƠţ ƶĩ ŶſŹİƯ źƔƳ ƶŝ ƱŚƳŻ İƬƜƃ
.(æèìè ƕŹřŻ Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ) Ţſř ƲŤƟŹ
ƶºĩ (æèìî ƲƯƺºƷ žæèìì ƂƿƹŹŵŹƺºě ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźºŝ) ŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě İųźŝ Śŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
Ʊřźƀºě Źŵ řŹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř ƱřżǀƯ ƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ Ţǀƀƴū Śŝ řŹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř įƶƐŝřŹ
ƕŹřŻ žæîîæ ĨƳƺºƃ ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźºŝ) źĮƿŵ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Śŝ ŚƯř žŢſř ƺſƮƷŚƳ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ źţƂǀŝ
Ţǀƀºƴū ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř ƱŚºǀƯ ƶºĩ (æèíç ÏĬƴƿŶƫŚĜºſř žæîíî ƪºĪƳřźƟ ƹ źƳħřźŝ žǀƳźĩ žæèìè
.Ţſř ƺſƮƷ ŶƴƴǀŝİưƳ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ İŗƶƐŝřŹ
įŚƷŶºſ ƶºŝ ƵŚºĮƳ Śºŝ Ţǀƀºƴū Śºŝ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƉźƟ ŵŹ Śŝ Ĩƴƿř
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƶŤºƃŸĭ įŚƷƩŚſ Źŵ ƶĩ ŢƠĭ ŶƿŚŝ ƱřźŤųŵ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƵřŹ Źŵ İƗŚưŤūř ƹ İĮƴƷźƟ
ŚƷŶºſ Ʋƿř Żř źţĬƳŹƮĩ İƿŚƷƪĪƃ ƮƷ źĭř .ŢſřƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř ŚƷŶſ Ʋƿř ƲŤƃřŵźŝ įřźŝ İĭŹżŝ
ƶºƴǀƯŻ Ʋºƿř Źŵ ƶºƘƯŚū Źŵ ƱŚºƳŻ İƗŚºưŤūř įŚºƷƂºƤƳ ƲŤºƟŹ LJŚºŝ (ŢƀºƷ ƶĩ) ŶƃŚŝ ŻƺƴƷ
.ŵƺŝŶƷřƺų ƵŶƴƴĩƪƿŶƘţ
ŢºƟŹƂǀºě ƹ ŢºƟŹƂǀºě įƵżºǀĮƳř žºƠƳ šżºƗ ƶºģ źºĭ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ ƲǀƴģƮƷ
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ŢºƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚƄƿŚƷŽŹŵ Ʊŵƺŝ źţƱŚſō ŢƬƗ ƶŝ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ
ƶºŝ ݺŝźŬţ ƭƺƬƗ įƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ źĮƿŵ įƺſ Żř ƹ žŶƴŝŚƿİƯ ŵƺų Źŵ įźţƂǀŝ İƬǀƈŰţ
Żř ƱŚºƃƱŵƺºŝ źţŹŚưºƃƮºĩ İƗŚºưŤūř źºƔƳ Żř İƳŚƀºƳř ƭƺƬƗ ƶŝ ƶŤƃŹ Ʋƿř İŞƀƳ įźţźŝ źƏŚų
žºƠƳ šżºƗ İƬƜºƃ įƵŶƴƿō ƶŝ ŚƷƱō źţƂǀŝ įŹřƹŶǀƯř ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƭƺƬƗ įƶŤƃŹ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ
Źŵ šƹŚºƠţ Ʋƿř ƶŬǀŤƳ Źŵ .ŶƴƴĩİƯ ŽŚƀůř įźţƂǀŝ İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř
.ŵƺƃİưƳ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŚƷƱō
1. Spence, Janet T.
2. Spaulding, Cheryl Lynn
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İƬǀƈŰţ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř žƠƳ šżƗ ƱŚǀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ
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ƹ Śºǀƫƹř ƲºưŬƳř šřŹŚƄºŤƳř :ƱřźºƸţ .ƱŚƳřƺūƺƳ ƹ ƱŚƧŵƺƧ Źŵ žƠƳ šżƗ ƂƿřżƟř įŚƷƁƹŹ .(æèíé) .ř ŵźĭƱŚŝŚǀŝ
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Żřźǀƃ ƱŚŤſźƸƃ ƭƺſ ƩŚſ ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř źŝ įŹƹźěŶƳŻźƟ įŚƷƵƺǀƃ źǀŧŐţ .(æèìì) .ř ƂƿƹŹŵŹƺě
.İƿŚŞƏŚŞƏ ƶƯLjƗ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ :ƱřźƸţ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚƧ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě]
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.ƮƬƘƯ Ţǀŝźţ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ :ƱřźƸţ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚƧ
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-î (ç-æ)ë İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě .ŢƟŹƂǀě įƵżǀĮƳř ƱƺƯŻō ƱŵźƧ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƹ ƶǀƸţ .(æèìî) .ƕ .ŭ ƲƯƺƷ
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æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
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Zimmerman, B. J., & Schunk, D. H. (Eds.) (1989). Self-regulated Learning and Academic Achievement.
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