docƂǀě ƴǀŝ İ ĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƳŚŤƀŝŵ İ ĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İ
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Ƃǀě ƴǀŝ İ ĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƳŚŤƀŝŵ İ ĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İ
125 Psychological Studies Faculty of Education and Psychology, Al-ZahrƗ University Vol. 2, No. 1 & 2, Spring & Summer 2006 pp. 125 - 146 æèíê/é/æí :ƶƫŚƤƯ ƁźƿŸě ŲƿŹŚţ Ž İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ 146 - æçê .ƆƇ æèíê/ç/è :ƶƫŚƤƯ İſŹźŝ ŲƿŹŚţ Predicting Attachment Disorder in School-age Children in Respect to Parents’ Attachment Style æèíê/æ/çæ :ƶƫŚƤƯ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ŲƿŹŚţ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ źĭƶŤſƺǀě żǀĮƳřźƸƯ źŤĩŵ Mehrangiz Peivastégar, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Al-ZahrŅ University řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŹŚƿŵŚŤſř [email protected] ƞǀſ Ʋſƺſ źŤĩŵ Soosan Seif, Ph.D. Department of Psychology, Al-ZahrŅ University řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŵŚŤſř [email protected] ƵżƿƹŹŵ řźƷŻ źŤĩŵ ZahrƗ Darvizé, Ph.D. řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ Department of Psychology, Al-ZahrŅ University [email protected] įŹŚƿźƸƃŹƺě ŚưǀſƶƯ źŤĩŵ MahSimƗ PoorShahriyƗri, Ph.D. řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ Department of Psychology, Al-ZahrŅ University [email protected] Abstract İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŹŚƿŵŚŤſř İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŹŚƿŵŚŤſř ƵŶǀĪģ The purpose of this research is to examine the relationships between parent’s attachment style and children’s Attachment disorder in school-age children. The sample consisted of 324 girls and 281 boys that were selected from TehrƗn public primary schools of three grades (3, 4, and 5) by a random multistage sampling method. To verify the hypotheses, The Attachment Styles Questionnaire (Revised), the Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RADQ), the Bender Gestalt Test (BG), and one questionnaire for demographic information were used. The findings indicated that parent’s insecure/anxiety attachment can significantly predict attachment disorder of their children. Parents of insecure attachment reported higher levels of marital discord and lower in socioeconomic status than did parents of secure attachment. Also, marital discord, difference of age between parent (more ten years) and low income family was significantly related to the attachment disorder. Źŵ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ źºƋŚů ƂƷƹĦºě Źŵ ƶºƘƫŚƐƯ ŵŹƺºƯ ƕƺºƋƺƯ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶºĩ ŵƺºŝŻƺƯōƂºƳřŵ ëåê ƪƯŚºƃ İſŹźŝ ŵŹƺƯ įƶƳƺưƳ .Ţſř Ʋººƿř .ŶººƳŵƺŝ źƀººě ŚººƸƳōźƠƳ çíæ ƹ źººŤųŵ ŚººƸƳō źººƠƳ èçé ƖºƐƤƯ ƶºſ Źŵ ƱřźºƸţ źƸºƃ İƿřŶŤŝř ŽŹřŶƯ Żř ƱřŻƺƯōƂƳřŵ įźººǀĭƶººƳƺưƳ ƁƹŹ Śººŝ (ƮŬƴººě ƹ ƭŹŚººƸģ ƹ ƭƺººſ) İƬǀƈºŰţ ƂŬƴºſ įřźºŝ .ŶºƳŵƺŝ ƵŶºƃ ƵŶƿżĭźŝ įřƶƬůźƯ Ŷƴģ İƟŵŚƈţ ƹ (ƵŶƃ źƔƳ ŶƿŶŬţ) İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷ ĨŞſ ƱƺƯŻō Żř ŚƷ ƶǀƋźƟ ƹ ŢƫŚŤƄºĭ ŹŶºƴŝ ƱƺºƯŻō ƹ ƞƫřŶºƳŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱƺƯŻō ƶºŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƶŤųŚſ ƢƤŰƯ İŤųŚƴƃ ŢǀƘưū įƶƯŚƳƂſźě Ĩƿ .ŶƯō ƪưƗ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İŝřźƐƋř/ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ śƺƀºŰƯ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƵŶƴƴĩ İƴǀŝ Ƃǀě ƲƿźŤƸŝ šƹŚºƠţ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚǀƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Ʋǀŝ ƵƹLjƗƶŝ .ŵƺƃİƯ ŜºſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘºƋƹ żºǀƳ ƹ (ƩŚſ Ƶŵ Żř Ƃǀŝ) ŚƸƳō Ʋǀŝ İƴſ ŢºŞŨƯ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųřƹ ƵŵřƺƳŚºų İƫŚƯ Śºŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ .Ţƃřŵ ŵƺūƹ İƫŚººƯ ŜººſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘººƋƹ ƹ ŚººƸƳō ƱŚººǀƯ İƿƺººƃŚƳŻ šŚººƋŹŚƘţ .Ţƃřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵİƴƘƯ ŢŞŨƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ƵŵřƺƳŚų Keywords: Adult Attachment; Attachment Disorder; Internal Working Models; įŚºƷƩŶºƯ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ :ŚƷƵĥřƹŶǀƬĩ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ 126 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æçë ƶƯŶƤƯ Ţºſř ƂƿřżºƟř ƩŚºů Źŵ ƞºƬŤŴƯ ƖƯřƺū Źŵ šƹŚƠŤƯ įŚƷšŶƃ Śŝ ÎİĮŤƀŞƫŵ šLJLjŤųř ƶºŝ ŹŵŚºƣ İƗŚºưŤūř įŚƷ ŢǀƘƣƺƯ Źŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ šLJLjŤųř įřŹřŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ .(æîîå ÏŹŚºĩ ƹ ĬƴǀƫźĜſř Żř ŶºƳŹřŶƳ ŵŚưŤƗř ƱřźĮƿŵ ƶŝ (çååè ÐƱƹŹƹŶºƳżŬƿř Ʊƹ) ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ ŜſŚƴƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ƹ ƪƯŚƘţ ŹřŻō įŻƹźºƟřƂºţō źºǀƔƳ İƿŚºƷŹŚŤƟŹ .ŶƴŤƀºƷ źĮƃŚųźě ŹŚǀƀŝ Śƿ ƹ ŶƴƴĩİƯ įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ ƱřźĮƿŵ .(æîîå ŹŚĩ ƹ ĬƴǀƫźĜſř źƬƄǀƟ) ŵƺƃİƯ ƵŶƿŵ ŚƸƳō Źŵ İƿƺĭƙƹŹŵ ƹ šŚƳřƺǀů ħŵƺºĩ įƶºƐŝřŹ Źŵ ƶƄƿŹ ƹ ŵƺƃİƯ ƕƹźƃ İĮƫŚſ ê Ʋſ Żř ƪŞƣ LJ ľ ƺưƘƯ ƩLjŤųř Ʋƿř ƹ ƂºƯřŹō ŢŞŰƯ ƶŝ ƹř İſŚſř įŚƷŻŚǀƳ ƶĩ ƵŵƺưƳ ŶƃŹ İƐƿřźƃ Źŵ ħŵƺĩ .ŵŹřŵ ƂŞƣřźƯ Śŝ ƱƹŹƹŶºƳżŬƿř Ʊƹ) Ţºſř ƶºŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ İƸūƺţİŝ ŵŹƺƯ ƹř İƳŚưƀū įŚƷŻŚǀƳ żǀƳ ƹ ŜſŚƴƯ šŚĩźŰƯ (... ƹ ÒİĩƺƬºſ šLJLjŤºųř ÑƮƀºǀţƹř) įŶºƃŹ šLJLjŤųř źƿŚſ Żř İŤƀƿŚŝ šLJLjŤųř Ʋƿř .(çååè ƶŝ İƗŚưŤūř šŚƤŞƏƹ ŚƷƵƹźĭ źƿŚſ Źŵ ƹ ŶƇŹŵæê ƎſƺŤƯ įƶƤŞƏ Źŵ Ʊō ƕƺǀƃ .ŶƳƺƃ żƿŚưŤƯ .(æîîå ŹŚĩ ƹ ĬƴǀƫźĜſř źƬƄǀƟ) ŶſŹİƯ źŝřźŝ ƶſ İƫř ƹŵ Õ Ô Ó Źŵ řŹ ŵŚºǀŤƗř ƹ ŢǀƈºŴƃ šLJLjŤºųř İƗŚưŤūřŶºƋ įŚºƷŹŚŤƟŹ źºƐų šLJLjŤºųř Ʋƿř .(æîîæ ÖżƫŻİƯ) ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƂƿřżƟř İƳřƺū ƹ İƳřƺūƺƳ źƬƄºǀƟ) İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įƶƿźƔƳ źºŨĩř ŶºǀĩŐţ ŵŹƺºƯ ƱŚƀƳř ŢǀƈŴƃ ŶƃŹ Źŵ ƶĩ Ţſř İƬƇř ƲƿźţƮƸƯ ħŵƺĩ ŜƣřźƯ įƶƐŝřŹ .(çååå ÎÍįƹŚƳřŵ ƹ İƯ) Ţſř ƶŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƶŝ İƠƬŤŴƯ šŚůLjƐƇř ŶƳŻźƟ Ŷƫřƹ ƎŝřƹŹ ƞǀƇƺţ ŢƸū İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƞƬŤŴƯ šŚƿźƔƳ Źŵ .ÎÐİĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƹ ÎÏİĮŤƀŝřƹ ÎÎİƗƺƋƺƯ ƎŝřƹŹ :Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩ .ŶƳŹřŵ İƃƺĜưƷ źĮƿŶĪƿ Śŝ įŵƹŶů Śţ İƴƘƯ Źŵ ŚƯř ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ƝŵřźŤƯ ŚƷƵĥřƹ Ʋƿř ƶģ źĭř .ŵŹřŵ įřƵĦƿƹ ƭƺƸƠƯ ŵƺų ƅŚų įźƔƳ įŶƴŝƩƺƯźƟ Źŵ šŚưƬĩ Ʋƿř Żř Ĩƿ źƷ Ŷƴģ źƷ 1. Attachment Disorders 2. Fishler, P. H., Sperling, M. B., & Carr, A. C. 3. Van IJzendoorn, M. H. 4. Autism 5. Conduct Disorders 6. Antisocial Behaviours 7. Personality Disorders 8. Substance Abuse 9. Mayseless, O. 10. May, D. C., & Dunaway, R. G. 11. Object-Relation 12. Dependency 13. Attachment 127 ÎÏÔ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě ݺĪƿ «ƕƺƋƺƯ» .ŵźǀĭİƯ ƶưƄģźſ ÎįźĭƪǀƬŰţƱřƹŹ ƶƿźƔƳ Żř «İƗƺƋƺƯ ƎŝřƹŹ» ƭƺƸƠƯ .ŢºƟŚƿ Ţºſŵ ŻŚºǀƳ Ʊō ƶºŝ ƱřƺºţİƯ įźĮƿŵ ƆŴƃ įƶƬǀſƹƶŝ ƶĩ Ţſř įżƿźƛ įŚƷŻŚǀƳ Żř įƶºƐŝřŹ ƕƹźºƃ ŶºƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƱřźºĭƪǀƬŰţ ƱřƹŹ źŨĩř .Ţſř ŹŵŚƯ ħŵƺĩ įřźŝ «ƕƺƋƺƯ» ƲǀŤƀŴƳ İĭŶºƳŻ ƩŚºſ ƲǀŤƀºŴƳ Źŵ «İƗƺºƋƺƯ ƎºŝřƹŹ» ƹ ŵŹřŵ İƳŚƷŵ ŢǀƷŚƯ ŚľſŚſř ƁŹŵŚƯ Śŝ ŵřŻƺƳ .(æîéî ÏŶƿƹźƟ) ŵźǀĭİƯ ƪĪƃ ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ ÐįźǀĭŵŚƿ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ ƱřŹřŶƟźƏ įƶƬǀſƹ ƶŝ ŵŹřƺƯ źŨĩř Źŵ «İĮŤƀŝřƹ» ŭLjƐƇř ŚƯř ŶºƳřƵŶǀƤƗ Ʋƿř źŝ ƹ ƵŵƺưƳ ŢǀƘŞţ ƱřźĭƪǀƬŰţƱřƹŹ Żř ƮƷ įźǀĭŵŚƿ ƱřŻřŵźěƶƿźƔƳ .ŵƺƃİƯ ƶŤƟźĭ ƹ İŝƺºĪƯ Żźǀºſ) ŶƿōİƯ ŵƺūƹ ƶŝ ƁŹŵŚƯ ƶŝ ŵřŻƺƳ «İĮŤƀŝřƹ» Żř ƆŴƃ įƶƐŝřŹ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ ƶĩ .(æîìë ÑƲƿƺƫ įƵŶºǀƤƗ ƶºŝ .ŶºƴƳřŵݺƯ İĭŶƳŚƯŹŵ Żř İƬĪƃ řŹ «İĮŤƀŝřƹ» įźǀĭŵŚƿ įƶƿźƔƳ ƱřŹřŶƟźƏ ŵŶºƇŹŵ Śľºưŗřŵ ƶºĪƬŝ Ţºſř ƁŹŵŚºƯ Śºŝ ŽŚưţ įƺŬŤƀū ŵŶƇŹŵ ŚƸƴţ ƶƳ ƶŤƀŝřƹ ħŵƺĩ ŚƸƳō .Ţſř ƶƳƺĭŹŚưǀŝ İƫŚƀĭŹżŝ Źŵ İĭĦƿƹ Ʋǀƴģ ƹ Ţſř ƱřźĮƿŵ ŜƳŚū Żř ƁźƿŸě ƹ ŶǀƿŐţ Ŝƀĩ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ ħŵƺĩpŹŵŚƯ ŶƳƺǀě ŵŹƺƯ Źŵ (æîìê) ÒİŞƫŚŝ ŹŚŝ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ řŹ «İĮŤƀŞƫŵ» įƵĥřƹ ŚƯř «İĮŤƀŝřƹ» įƵĥřƹ Śŝ ƶĩ ŵźŝ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ įřƵĥřƹ ħŵƺĩpŹŵŚƯ ŶƳƺǀě ŢƸū ŵƺŝ ƪƿŚƯ İŞƫŚŝ .ŢƟźĭ ŶƳƺǀě ƱŚǀŝ ŢƸū İƘǀŞƏ ÓƱŚſŚƴƃŹřŵźĩ ƶƬǀſƹ ƶŝ ŹŚŝ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŭLjƐƇř .ŶƃŚŝ šƹŚƠŤƯ .Ŷƿŵźĭ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ŵŹřƹ žĜſ ƹ Ŷƃ ƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩƶŝ ħŵƺĩpŹŵŚƯ Ô İƫƺŰţ ƱŚƤƤŰƯ ƶūƺţ ŵŹƺƯ æîëå ƩŚſ Źŵ ƭƹŵ İƳŚƸū Ĭƴū Żř ŶƘŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƕƺƋƺƯ Żř İĩŵƺºĩ ƹ įŵřŻƺºƳ Ʋǀƴſ Źŵ řŹ ƱŚƄƳŚĩŵƺĩ İƿŚěƹŹř ƱřŹŵŚƯ ƱŚƯŻ Ʋƿř Źŵ řźƿŻ .ŢƟźĭ Źřźƣ řŹ İĭŵřƺƳŚºų įƺºĮƫř ƹ ĬƴƷźƟ ŚƸƴţ ƶƳ ƕƺƋƺƯ Ʋƿř .ŶƳŶƃ ŹŚĩ ŹřŻŚŝ ŵŹřƹ ƹ ƵŵƺưƳ řŶū ŵƺų Ʊƺºĭźĭŵ żºǀƳ řŹ ŶºƳŻźƟpŹŵŚºƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ƹ ƵŵřƺƳŚų Źŵ řŹ ŚƷƶĤŝ ŵřŶƘţ ƶĪƬŝ ŵřŵ źǀǀƜţ ŚěƹŹř Źŵ Żř įŹŚǀƀºŝ ƹ ŢºƟŚƿ ƂƿřżºƟř ơLjºƏ ŶƯō ŵƺūƹ ƶŝ İţřźǀǀƜţ ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŹŚĩ šŚƗŚſ Źŵ .ŵƺưƳ Ʋǀºƴģ Źŵ .ŢºƟŚƿ ƂƷŚºĩ ŚºƷƵŵřƺƳŚºų Źŵ Ʋºưƿř ƎºŝřƹŹ .ŶºƳŶƳŚƯ ŢºƿŚưů ƱƹŶŝ ƹ ŚƸƴţ ƱřŹŵŚƯ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ .ŶƴŤƀƳřŵ ƱřƹřźƟ ŢǀưƷř żŗŚů řŹ ŶƳŻźƟ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƠƏŚƗ ƶƐŝřŹ ƱŚƤƤŰƯ İƌƘŝ İƐƿřźƃ ƹ ݺƳřƹŹ įŹŚĭŻŚºſ ħŵƺºĩ ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ Ʋǀºŝ İƠƏŚºƗ ŶºƳƺǀě» :ŵƺºưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîìí) İŞƫŚŝ ƩŚŨƯ .«ŶƿŚưƳİƯ İƴǀŝƂǀě ƵŶƴƿō Źŵ řŹ ħŵƺĩ İƗŚưŤūř 1. Psychoanalysis 2. Freud, S. 3. Learning theory 4. Sears, R. R., Maccoby, E. E., & Levin, H. 5. Bowlby, J. 6. Ethologists 7. Developmental Psychologists 128 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æçí ŹŚǀƀºŝ ŢǀſŚƀů ƵŹƹŵ Ʊō Źŵ ƶĩ ŵźǀĭİƯ ƪĪƃ įřƵŹƹŵ Źŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ İŞƫŚŝ įƵŶǀƤƗ ƶŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŜƣřźƯ įŚƷİĭĦƿƹ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ŵŚƿŻ Î Ʋǀºŝ ƶºƐŝřŹ ŵƺūƹ Żř İĩŚů įŶƷřƺƃ (æîìê) ƮƄų ƹ śřźƐƋř :İƿřŶū śŚŤĩ Źŵ İŞƫŚŝ įżĩźƯ įƶŤƀƷ .Ţſř ƵŵƺưƳ ƶŗřŹř İƫŚƀĭŹżŝ ƹ İĩŵƺĩ İƳřƹŹ İſŚƴƃŜǀſō ƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Śºŝ ƎŝřƹŹ ƹ ŵƺų Żř Ï«İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ» ƭƺƸƠƯ ŽŚſř źŝ (æîìê) İŞƫŚŝ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ İƴǀŝƂǀě Źŵ ŵřŻƺƳ ƶĩ İţŹƺƇ Źŵ ŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř «İƗƺƋƺƯ ƎŝřƹŹ» įŹƺŘţ ŽŚſř źŝ İŞƫŚŝ .Ţſř ƱřźĮƿŵ Źŵ ŶºƳřŶŝ ƵŶºƴƷŵŲºſŚě ƹ ŽźŤſŵ Źŵ řŹ ƹř ŵŹƹōİƯ Ţſŵ ƶŝ ŜƣřźƯ Żř ƶĩ İŝŹŚŬţ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ ŢºƟŚƿŹŵ İţŚƯŶºų ƱŚƴģ ƶĩ Ɓŵƺų įƵŹŚŝŹŵ İţřŹŚƔŤƳř ƹ ŵƺƃİƯ ƪǀĪƄţ ƩŚƘƟ ƩŶƯ ƹř ƲƷŷ ƪǀĪƄºţ ƂƴºƷŷŹŵ (ŶºƷŵݺƯ ƶºŗřŹř İţŚƯŶºų ƱŚºƴģ ƶºĩ) ŜƣřźƯ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ İţřŹŚƔŤƳř ƹ ŶƴĩİƯ .ŵƺƃİƯ ƶºĪƬŝ ŶºƴƿŚưƳݺƯ İƴǀŝƂǀě řŹ ŜƣřźƯ Ʊŵƺŝ ƵŶƴƷŵŲſŚě ƹ ŽŚƀů ŚƸƴţ ƶƳ šřŹŚƔŤƳř Ʋƿř .ŶƴƴĩİƯ İƴǀŝƂǀě żǀƳ řŹ ƹř įƵŶƴƿō įŚƷśŚŴŤƳř ƹ ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ ŵźƟ įƶƐŝřŹ Śŝ ŜƣřźƯ İƯLjĩźǀƛ ƹ İƯLjĩ ƎŝřƹŹ įƶŬǀŤƳ Źŵ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ İŞƫŚŝ ŵŚƤŤƗř ƶŝ ƪºƤŤƴƯ įŶºƘŝ ƪƀºƳ ƶŝ ƩŶƯ Ʋƿř žĜſƹ ŵŵźĭİƯ ƪǀĪƄţ ƲưƿřŚƳ ƹ Ʋưƿř šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ħŵƺĩ ƹř ƶºĩ ŶºƷŵݺƯ ƱŚƄºƳ ŵřŻƺºƳ ƶºŝ ŵƺºų İƯLjĩźǀƛ ƹ İƯLjĩ šŚƳŚǀŝ įƵƺǀƃ Śŝ Ŷƫřƹ .ŵƺƃİƯ ݺƯLjĩźǀƛ ƹ ݺƯLjĩ ƢºƿźƏ Żř Ţºſř ƲºĪưƯ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ šŚºƣƹř İƷŚºĭ .źǀų Śƿ Ţſř ŶƴưƃŻŹř .ŶƴƿŚưƳ ƪƤŤƴƯ ŵƺų ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶŝ İŤſŹŵŚƳ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ Źŵ įŹŚºŤƟŹ šLjĪƄƯ ƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Ʋǀŝ LJŚŝ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ƱřƹřźƟ İƫƺƏ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě ŵŹƺºƯ Źŵ İţŚºƗLjƏř ƶºģ źºĭř .(æîîë ÐƱřŹŚºĪưƷ ƹ ݺŤţ) ŶºƳřƵŵźĩ ŶǀƿŐţ řŹ İĩŵƺĩ ŶƸƯ įŚƷƶĤŝ Ţºſř ƵŶºƯŚǀƳ Ţſŵ ƶŝ ƵĦƿƹ İƳřƹŹ İſŚƴƃŜǀſō Ĩƿ ƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įƺĮƫř Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ ƶºĩ İƫŚºů Źŵ .ŵŵźºĭݺƯ ŹŚƄƟ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ƪưŰţ įƶƳŚŤſō ƲŤƟŹ LJŚŝ ŦƗŚŝ Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŚƯř .(æîîæ ÑƪǀŤſř ƹ ƪǀŤſř İĭŚƳƺƟ) ŵŹƹōİƯ ƲǀƿŚě řŹ ŹŚƄƟ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ƪưŰţ įƶƳŚŤſō ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ .Ţºſř šƹŚºƠŤƯ Ʊō Śŝ ŚƯř ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƶƗƺưŬƯ źƿŻ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƶºŤƟŚƿŚƳ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ŹŚŤƟŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Źŵ ŚƯř Ţſř ƶŤƟŚƿ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ŹŚŤƟŹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Źŵ ƹ İƗŚưŤūř įŹŚĭŻŚſ ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîé) ÓƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ źƬţƺĩ .(æîîê ÒİƫŢƴŝ ƹ ŻLjě žĩŚƟ) Ţſř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř .ŵŹřŵ İƠƴƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Śŝ ƶſŹŶƯ Ʋǀƴſ Źŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ řŹ ƱŚƄºƳLJŚƀưƷ ŚºƸƳō .Ţſř ƵřźưƷ įźĮƃŚųźě Śƿ ƹ ƱřƹřźƟ įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ Śŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Źŵ 1. Attachment and Loss; Vol. II: Separation: Anxiety and Anger 2. Internal Working Models 3. Teti, D. M, Sakin, J. W., Kucera, E., Corns, K. M., & Eiden, R. D. 4. Fonagy, P., Steele, H. & Steele, M. 5. Fox, R. A., Platz, D. L., & Bentley, K. S. 6. Kotler, T., Buzwell, S., Romeo, Y., & Bowland, J. 129 ÎÏÖ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě Î žºƠƳ šżºƗ Żř ƹ ŶºƴƷŵݺƯ ƱŚƄºƳ ŜºſŚƴƯŚƳ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ ƹ Ƶŵźĩ Ţƿŷř ŶºƳřƵŵƺºưƳ ŹŚºƸƓř (æîîë) Оƿƺºƿŵ ƹ żĮƴǀƯŚĩ .(æîîæ Ïİŝƺţ ƹ Źƺǀƃ ƱŚƳźŝ) ŶƴŤƀƷ ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ İƴǀƿŚě řŹ ŢǀƇƺƈºų Ʋƿř ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ İƫŶưƷ İƿŚƳřƺţ ŶƣŚƟ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƶŝ LjŤŞƯ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶºſŹŶƯ ƹ ħŵƺĩŶºƸƯ Źŵ İƳŚºĩŵƺĩ Ʋǀºƴģ ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ Ŝƀĩ ƱŚƄƴƿŶƫřƹ ŽŚƀůźǀƛ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ Żř .ŶƿŚưƳİƯ ħŹŵ ƪŝŚƣ řŹ ŚƸƳō įƶƳřźĮƃŚųźě įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ŽŚƀůř Ʋƿř ƹ ŶƴƴĩİƯ İƷŚƴěİŝ ŽŚƀůř šƹŚºƠŤƯ ƮºƷ Śºŝ ƂƷƹĦºě įƵƺǀºƃ ŵźŝŹŚºĩ ƹ įźƔƳ żĩźưţ źƔƳ Żř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƱŚƤƤŰƯ ŶºƴƬƿŚƯ ƹ ƵŵŚºƸƳ Śƴŝ įźĭƪǀƬŰţ ƱřƹŹ įƶƿźƔƳ ŽŚſř źŝ řŹ ƱŚƄţŚǀƋźƟ ŚƸƳō Żř İƌƘŝ .ŶƴŤƀƷ įƵƺǀºƃ Żř ŚºƸƳō .(æîîå ÑƲưƫŚºſ ƹ ƲǀºƯ) Ŷƴƴĩ ƂƷƹĦě İŝźŬţ ŹƺƏƶŝ řŹ įźĭƪǀƬŰţ ƱřƹŹ ƩƺƇř ŶºƴƴĩݺƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ İſŹźŝ įřźŝ (ƶŤƟŚƿƱŚƯŻŚſƶưǀƳ) İƴǀƫŚŝ įƶŞůŚƈƯ řľŵŶºŬƯ İƫŚƀºĭŹżŝ Źŵ ŶºŤƟřݺƯ ơŚƠţř ŵřŻƺƳ Ŷƫřƹ įƶƐŝřŹ Źŵ ƶĤƳō źƷ ƶĩ ŶƳřƵŶǀƤƗ Ʋƿř źŝ ƹ .ŵƺƃİƯ ŹřźĪţ İưǀưƇ ƱŚĪƿŵżƳ Śŝ ƶƐŝřŹ ƭŚĮƴƷ ƶŝ ƖƿŚƣƹ ƱŚưƷ ƹ ŶºƴƴĩݺƯ ƪưƗ (ŹŚǀƄƷŚƳ) İƷŚĭō Żř ũŹŚų İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ Ʋƿř Ŷƿŵ Żř řŹ ƆŴºƃ šŚſŚƀºůř ƹ ŹŚºĪƟř ŹŚºŤƟŹ ŵƺºƃİƯ ƶŤŴǀĮƳřźŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŹŚŤƟŹ ƶĩ İƿŚƸŤǀƘƣƺƯ Źŵ .(æîìê İŞƫŚŝ) ŶƴƷŵİƯ ŢƸū :Ţſř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƎŝřƹŹ Żř İƠǀƇƺţ Ʋǀƴģ źĮƳŚǀŝ źƿŻ źƿƺƈţ ħŵƺĩ Ŷƫřƹ įƶƐŝřŹ ŢǀƠǀĩ m İĭŶƳŻ Ĩƿźƃ ƶŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ m ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƶŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Źřźºƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ řŹ ŵźƟ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ ƎŝřƹŹ ŢǀƠǀĩ ŚƸƴţ ƶƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷƺĮƫř Ŝǀţźţ ƲƿŶŝ ݺƏ ŚºƷƺĮƫř Ʋºƿř ƹ Ƶŵřŵ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ żǀƳ řŹ ħŵƺĩ Ŷƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ ƶĪƬŝ ŶƷŵİƯ .ŶƳƺƃİƯ ŹřźĪţ İƫřƺŤƯ įŚƷƪƀƳ įŹŚºŤƟŹ ƭŚºƔƳ ƮºƸƟ įżºĩźƯ įƶºƐƤƳ řŹ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ƃƴĩ (æîìí) ÒƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ ťŹƹżƴƿř ƲƿŶºƫřƹ įƶºƐŝřŹ ƶĩ ƱřźĭƪǀƬŰţ ƱřƹŹ įƶǀƋźƟ Ʋƿř (æîìê) İŞƫŚŝ .ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ İƏŚŞţŹř .ŶƷŵİƯ Źřźƣ ŶǀĩŐţ ŵŹƺƯ ŵƺƃİƯ śƺƀŰƯ ƵŶƴƿō Źŵ ŵźƟ ƶƳŚưǀưƇ ƎŝřƹŹ įřźŝ İƿƺĮƫř ŶƳŻźƟ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ŢųŚƴºƃ Śºŝ ŵŹřƺºƯ ŶºƇŹŵíå Źŵ ƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîê) ƱƹŹƹŶƳżŬƿř Ʊƹ .ŵƺưƳ İƴǀŝƂǀě żǀƳ řŹ ŚƸƳō ƱřŶƳŻźƟ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƱřƺţİƯ ƲƿŶƫřƹ 1. Self-Esteem 2. Brennan, K. A., Shaver, P. R., & Tobey, A. E. 3. Cummings, E. M., & Davies, P. T. 4. Main, M., & Solomon, J. 5. Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E, & Wall, S. 130 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æèå źºǀǀƜţ Ŷºƃ ƶŤųŚſ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ ƶĩ İƳŚƯŻ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ (æîîë) ÎƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ İĭŚƳƺƟ ƕƹźºƃ ƹ ŶºƴƴĩݺƯ ƪưƗ ƆŴƃ įŹŚǀƃƺƷ Żř ũŹŚų ŚƷƩŶƯ Ʋƿř řźƿŻ .Ţſř Źřƺƃŵ ŹŚǀƀŝ Ʊō .ŵƺƃİƯ źǀƀƠţ ƹ źǀǀƜţ İƴƷŷ źŤƬǀƟ Ʋƿř Ĩưĩ ƶŝ ŶƿŶū įƶƐŝřŹ źƷ ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶŝ Ţſř ƵŶƃ ŵŹřƹ İţřŵŚƤŤƳř ƶƳřŹŵŚƯ ŢŞƣřźƯ įƶǀƫƹř źŧř įƵŹŚŝŹŵ źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ źºƔƳ ŹŚºƸƓř İƗŚºưŤūř ƱŚºſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƶŝŚƄºƯ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įƶƿźƔƳ ƱřŹřŶƟźƏ Żř źĮƿŵ İųźŝ ƩŚŨƯ Źƺǀºƃ) Ţºſř İŞƀƳ İĭŶƳŻ ƩƺƏ Źŵ ŵřŻƺƳ ŜƣřźƯ įƶƐŝřŹ įƺĮƫř Ʋǀƫƹř źǀŧŐţ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƹ ƵŵƺưƳ İƠǀƘƋ ƂƤƳ ŵřŻƺƳ ŜƣřźƯ įƶƐŝřŹ Ʋǀƫƹř ƲǀƤƤŰƯ Żř Ƶƹźĭ Ʋƿř ŵŚƤŤƗř ƶŝ .(çååå ÏƱŚƳźŝ ƹ İĪƀƬŝ .Ţºſř ƵŶºƴƳŻŜǀºſō İƴſ źƷ Źŵ ƵŶƴƳŻŜǀſō ƖƿŚƣƹ ŚƸƳō źƔƳŻř .ŵŹřŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Żƹźŝ Źŵ ŶƿŶºƃ İĮŤƠƃō ƶŝ źŬƴƯ ŢƿŚƸƳ Źŵ ƹ ƵŵƺưƳ śƺǀƘƯ řŹ ŜƣřźƯ ŵźĪƬưƗ ƵŶƴƳŻŜǀſō ƖƿŚƣƹ Ʊƺģ ŹŵŚºƯ İƿŚƳřƺţ ƶĩ Ţſř Ʋƿř źŝ ơƺƟ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ ŶǀĩŐţ ƲƿźŤƄǀŝ .ŶƳƺƃİƯ ŶƳŻźƟ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƎŝřƹŹ Źŵ ƶºĩ Ţºſř İŤƿŚưů ƖŝŚƴƯ ƹ İūŹŚų ŵŶƘŤƯ ƪƯřƺƗ ƖŝŚţ ħŵƺĩ įŚƷŻŚǀƳ Śŝ ƱŶƃ ƹŹƶŝƹŹ ŢƸū İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ ƂƤƳ ƵŹŚŝŹŵ (æîëí) ÐźěƺƷ ƹ ƪĮǀſ .ŶƴĩİƯ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ƞƬŤŴƯ šŚƣƹř Źŵƹř śŹŚºŬţ įŹƹōŵŚºƿ ƶĪƬŝ .ŢƀǀƳ ƢƬƐƯ ŵźƟ įƶƬǀſƹƶŝ ƶŤƃŸĭ ƖƿŚƣƹ įŹƹōŵŚƿ ƶĩ ŶƳŹřŵİƯ ŹŚƸƓř Śºŝ ƂţLjƯŚƘţ ŢǀƠǀĩ ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƹ źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ŵźƟ İƴƷŷ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ ƶŤƃŸĭ .ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ƱřźĮƿŵ ƶºŝ ƩŚƀºĭŹżŝ įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ İĩŵƺºĩ ƱřŹƹŵ śŹŚŬţ įŹƹōŵŚƿ Ţſř ŶƤŤƘƯ (æîîî) ÑħŚŝƺĩ ݺƴưƿř ŽŚƀºůř Ŷºů ƶºģ Śºţ źºƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ŵźƟ ƶĩ Ţſř ƕƺƋƺƯ Ʋƿř ƖŝŚţ įŵŚƿŻ ƱřżǀƯ ŹƺºƏ ƶºŝ ƶŤºƃŸĭ ƖƿŚºƣƹ ƶºŝ ŶºƿŚưƳ ݺƴưƿř ŽŚƀºůř źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ƆŴƃźĭř řźƿŻ ŶƴĩİƯ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ ƶºŝ İƟŚºĩ ƶūƺţ İƗƺƋƺƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƱřŹřŶƟźƏ ħŚŝƺĩ źƔƳ Żř .ŶƴĩİƯ ƵŚĮƳ įźţŢŞŨƯ ƶŤºƃŸĭ śŹŚºŬţ įŹƹōŵŚºƿ Źŵ Ʊō źǀŧŐºţ ƹ źºƋŚů ƩŚºů Źŵ ƆŴºƃ İƠƏŚºƗ įŚºƷŢƫŚů Ʋǀŝ .ŶƳřƵŵźĪƳ Ò ƮƫŚºſŚƳ ŶºƃŹ Źŵ ݺưƸƯ ƂƤƳ İƗŚưŤūř ƪƯřƺƗ ŶƳŹřŵİƯ ŹŚƸƓř (æîíì) ƲƿƹřŹ ƹ İĪƀƬŝ ƹ źºƤƟ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ݺƳřƹŹ ݺſŚƴƃŜǀºſō ƪƯŚºƃ řŹ İƗŚưŤūř ƪƯřƺƗ ŚƸƳō .ŶƴƴĩİƯ ŚƠƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ .ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ŚƸƳō įŹŚĩİŝ Ó ŢºǀƠǀĩ Ʋǀŝ İưǀƤŤƀƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ĢǀƷ źĭř İŤů ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîæ) ŻŵŹŚĤƿŹ ƹ šƺǀƫř İţřźǀŧŐºţ Ʋǀºƴģ Żř ƮǀƤŤƀºƯźǀƛ įƶºƐŝřŹ Ĩºƿ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŶƳ ŵƺūƹ Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ Żř ƲŤºƃřŵ ŢƿŚƋŹ ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ įŹŵŚƯ ƂƤƳ Żř źŤƄǀŝ ƵŶƴƴĩİƴǀŝƂǀě İƿƺƃŚƳŻ ŢƿŚƋŹ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ 1. Fonagy, P., Leigh, T., Steele, M., Steele, H., Kennedy, R., Mattoon, G., Target, M., & Gerber, A. 2. Shaver, P. R., Belsky, J., & Brennan, K. A. 3. Sigel, I. E., & Hooper, F. H. 4. Kobak, R. R. 5. Belsky, J., & Rovine, M. 6. Elliott, B. J., & Richards, M. P. M. 131 ÎÐÎ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě źºŬƴƯ ŵƺºų įƶŝƺƳ ƶŝ źƯř Ʋƿř ƹ ŵŵźĭİƯ ħŵƺĩpŹŵŚƯ ƪƯŚƘţ ƂƿřżƟř ƶŝ źŬƴƯ įŹŵŚƯ ƂƤƳ įŚºƷƩŶºƯ ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîë) ÎİĪƀƴǀƫ ƹ ƲſƺĭźƟ .ŵŵźĭİƯ ħŵƺĩ Źŵ Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƶŝ ŜºƣřźƯ ƭƹřŶºƯ ƹ ŢºŞŨƯ ŵŹƺºųźŝ ƵŶºƃ ƵŶƿŵ ƩŚŨƯ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ źǀǀƜţ ƪŝŚƣ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ ŹŵŚºƣ ŹŚĭŻŚºſ įƵŵřƺƳŚºų ƲºſƺĭźƟ įƵŶǀƤƗ ƶŝ .ŵƺƃİƯ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ źǀǀƜţ ƶŝ źŬƴƯ .ŶƿŚưƳ ƪƿŶƘţ řŹ ŜƣřźƯ ħŵƺĩ įƶƐŝřŹ Ʋǀƫƹř İƠƴƯ šřźŧř Żř İųźŝ Ţſř ƵŵřƺƳŚºų įŵŚƈºŤƣřpİƗŚºưŤūř ŢǀƘƋƹ Źŵ źǀǀƜţ ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîê) ÏƱƺſƩŹŚĩ ƹ ŵŹřƹ Śºŝ İƿŚºƷƵŵřƺƳŚºų Źŵ ƶºĩ İƳŚºĩŵƺĩ ƹ ŵŵźºĭݺƯ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ Źŵ źǀǀƜţ ƶŝ źŬƴƯ ƩLjŤųř ƁƺŴŤſŵ źŤƄǀŝ źĮƿŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Śŝ ƶƀƿŚƤƯ Źŵ ŶƴŤƀƷ ƲǀƿŚě įŵŚƈŤƣř İƗŚưŤūř ŢǀƘƋƹ .ŶƳŵźĭİƯ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ śŹŚºŬţ ƹ ƉŹŚºƘţ ƁƺŴŤſŵ ƶĩ İƴƿŶƫřƹ ŶƳřƵŵƺưƳ ŹŚƸƓř (æîîê) İƫŢƴŝ ƹ ŻLjě žĩŚƟ řŹ ƱŚƄºĩŵƺĩ ŹŚºŤƟŹ ƹ ƵŶºƃ ƪĪƄºƯ ŹŚºģŵ ƱŚƄĩŵƺĩ įŚƷŢƫŚů ƮƸƟŹŵ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƠƏŚƗ İƠƴƯ ŢŞƀºƳ Ŷƫřƹ İƷŵŲſŚě ƹ ŢǀſŚƀů ƂƷŚĩ ƶŝ İƸŤƴƯ ƵŚŞŤƃř ħŹŵ Ʋƿř ŶƴƿŚưƳİƯ źǀƀƠţ ƵŚŞŤƃř żǀƳ ƹ ħŵƺĩ ŶƃŹ ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷƱřŹƹŵ Źŵ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ŹŚŤƟŹ Ŝǀţźţ ƲƿŶŝ .ŵƺƃİƯ ħŵƺĩ ƮŗLjƗ ƶŝ ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ŢǀſŚƀºů šřźºǀǀƜţ Ʋºƿř ƹ ŶºƴĩݺƯ źºǀǀƜţ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƪƯřƺƗƹ ŚƷŢǀƘƣƺƯ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ .ŶƴƷŵİƯ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ įřƵŹƹŵ źƷ Źŵ řŹ ƱŚƃŶƳŻźƟ Śŝ ŚƸƳō įƶƐŝřŹ ƱŚƄºƳ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƵŹŚºŝŹŵ ƞºƬŤŴƯ įŚºƷƵŚĭŶºƿŵƹ İƄƷƹĦě Ƣŝřƺſ źƈŤŴƯ ŹƹźƯ ƭƹřŶºţ ƹ ƵŵƺºưƳ ݺƤƬţ ŢŝŚŧƹ ƢƬƐƯ įźƯř řŹŵřŻƺƳ ŜƣřźƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ Żř İųźŝ ŶƷŵİƯ æîîî ħŚºŝƺĩ) İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ źºĮƿŵ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ ƹ (æîîæ ƪǀŤºſř ƹ ƪǀŤſř İĭŚƳƺƟ) ŶƴƳřŵİƯ İƬƀƳ Ʋǀŝ řŹƱō źǀŧŐºţ ŢºŰţ İĩŵƺºĩ ƱřŹƹŵ įƶºǀƫƹř śŹŚºŬţ įŹƹōŵŚƿ ƶĩ ŶƳřƵŶǀƤƗ Ʋƿř źŝ (æîëí źěƺƷ ƹ ƪĮǀſ ŹŚºŤƟŹ źºŝ ŢºŞƣřźƯ Ʋǀºƫƹř źǀŧŐţ ŢǀƠǀĩ ŚƸƳō .ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ŵźƟ İƴưƿř ŽŚƀůř ŽŚƀºůř ƶºŝ İƗƺºƋƺƯ ƎºŝřƹŹ ƱřŻřŵźěƶƿźƔƳ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƹ ƶŤƀƳřŵ İŞƀƳ įźƯř řŹ ƆŴƃ İƳƺƴĩ .ŶƳřƵŵźĪƳ ƶūƺţ ƶŤƃŸĭ śŹŚŬţ įŹƹōŵŚƿ ŢǀƠǀĩ źŝ Ʊō źǀŧŐţ ƹ źƋŚů ƩŚů Źŵ ŵźƟ İƴưƿř ħŵƺºĩ řźƿŻ) ŶƳŻİƯ Ŝǀſō ħŵƺĩ ŵƺų ƶŝ ŚƸƴţ ƶƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƶĪƴƿř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ƶưƐƫ ƶƘƯŚū ƶŝ įźţƖǀſƹ ƱřżǀƯ ƶŝ ƶĪƬŝ (ŶƿŚưƳ Źřźƣźŝ ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ İŞſŚƴƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ŢƀǀƳ ŹŵŚƣ żºǀƯō ŢƳƺƄųƹ ƶƳřźĮƃŚųźě įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ Śŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Ʊŵƺŝ ƵřźưƷ ƪǀƫŵ ƶŝ .ŶƿŚưƳİƯ ŵŹřƹ İĩŵƺºĩ ƱřŹƹŵ Źŵ ƪĪƄºƯ ƲŤƟźºĭ ƵŶƿŵŚƳ ƹ ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ ƶƳřŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƱŚƯŹŵ źŝ żĩźưţ ŶºƴƯŻŚǀƳ İƳřźƿř įƶƘƯŚūŹŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř įŚƷƵŶƴƴĩİƴǀŝƂǀě ŢųŚƴƃ ƹ Ţſř ƵŶƿŚƟİŝ įźƯř ƹ ƲǀƄºǀě įŚºƷݺſŹźŝ ŶºƳƹŹ įźºǀĮǀě Śºŝ ƶºĩ Ţºſř Ʊōźºŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř .Ţſř įŹƺƟ ƶūƺţ 1. Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. 2. Ward, M. J., & Carlson, E. A. 132 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æèç ƞºƬŤŴƯ įŚºƷƵŚĭŶºƿŵ İţŚƯŶºƤƯ įřƶºƘƫŚƐƯ ƭŚŬƳř Śŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƶƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ŚƸƳō įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƶŝ ƹ ƵŵƺưƳ İſŹźŝ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ İŤƫƹŵ ŽŹřŶƯ ƱřŻƺƯō ƂƳřŵ Źŵ řŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř įƵŹŚŝŹŵ :ŶƷŶŝ ŲſŚě źƿŻ šLJřŒſ ŵƺºūƹ ƶƐŝřŹ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ Śƿō pæ ŵŹřŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ Ʋǀŝ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ įŵŚƈŤƣř Ǝƿřźƃ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Ʋǀŝ Śƿō pç ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƶƐŝřŹ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƁƹŹ įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū ƩŚºſŹŵ ƱřźºƸţ źƸºƃ ݺŤƫƹŵ įŚºƷƱŚŤƀŝŵ ƱřŻƺƯō ƂƳřŵ įƶǀƬĩ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū Ŷƴģ İƟŵŚƈţ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ ƱŚƄƴƿŶƫřƹ ƵřźưƷ ƶŝ źƠƳ ëåê ŚƸƳō Ʋǀŝ Żř ƶĩ ŶƳŵƺŝ íé-íê İƬǀƈŰţ .ŶƳŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř įřƶƬůźƯ ŹƺºƏ ƶºŝ żºǀƳ źºĮƿŵ ŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ æåå ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵŹƺƯ įŚƷŽŚǀƤƯ İŝŚƿŹŚŞŤƗř įřźŝ ŚľƴưƋ .ŶƳŶƃ ƵŶƿżĭźŝ įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū ƱŚưƷ Żř ƶƳŚĭřŶū šŚƗLjƏř įŹƹōƖưū Źřżŝř :ŶƃŚŝİƯ ƪƿŷ ŵŹřƺƯ ƪƯŚƃ ƂƷƹĦě ƲƿřŹŵ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵŹƺƯ ƂŬƴſ įŚƷŹřżŝř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř İŤųŚƴºƃ ŢºǀƘưū šŚºƗLjƏř įŹƹōƖºưū ŢºƸū ƶŤųŚſ ƢƤŰƯ įƶƯŚƳƂſźě Żř ŵřŶºƘţ Ŷƫƺţ Ŝǀţźţ Ʋſ) ħŵƺĩ įŚƷİĭĦƿƹ ƶŝ ƍƺŝźƯ İţLJřŒſ ƪƯŚƃ ƶƯŚƳƂſźě Ʋƿř .Ŷƿŵźĭ šLjǀƈŰţ ƱřżǀƯ Ʋſ) ƲƿŶƫřƹ Żř ĨƿźƷ įŚƷİĭĦƿƹ ƹ (šLjǀƈŰţ ƱřżǀƯ ƱřźƷřƺų ƹ ƱřŹŵřźŝ įƶƤŝŚºſ ƹ ŶºƯōŹŵ ƹ ŢƳƺĪºſ ŢǀƘºƋƹ ƵŹŚºŝŹŵ İţLJřŒºſ įƹŚºů ƲǀºƴĤưƷ ƹ (ŶƯōŹŵ ƹ ƪƜƃ .ŵƺŝ ŚƸƳō ƱŚǀƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Î ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ƂŬƴſ ŢƸū (ƵŶƃźƔƳŶƿŶŬţ) İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷĨŞſ ƱƺƯŻō Żř ƁƹŹ įŚºƴŞƯ źºŝ ƹ Ţºſř ÏݺƃŹřżĭŵƺų įŚºƷŽŚºǀƤƯ ƕƺºƳ Żř ƱƺºƯŻō Ʋºƿř .Ŷºƿŵźĭ ƵŵŚƠŤſř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŚƸƳō .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƲƿƹŶţ (æîîæ) İŝƺţ ƹ Źƺǀƃ ƱŚƳźŝ įƶƬǀſƹ ƶŝ İƗŚưŤūř ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Śºŝ ŵźƟ İƳƺƴĩ ƎŝřƹŹ ŽŚſřźŝ ƱřƺţİƯ řŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƹ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ įŵźƟ Ʋǀŝ įŶƴƿřźƟ řŹ 1. Attachment Styles Questionnaire 2. Self-Report 133 ÎÐÐ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě Ĩ޺ſ ƕƺºƳ ƶºſ ƹ Ţºſř ƩřŒºſ èë įƹŚºů ƱƺºƯŻō Ʋƿř .ŵřŵ Źřźƣ ƂŬƴſ ŵŹƺƯ ƂƳŚĪƿŵżƳ .ŶƿŚưƳİƯ ƆŴƄƯ ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ Źŵ řŹ (İŝŚƴŤūř İŝřźƐƋř Ʋưƿř) İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Î (æîîë) ħŹLjºĩ ƹ żƴǀƫŚºĩ Źƺǀƃ İƃŹřżĭ ŵƺų įŚƷŽŚǀƤƯ įŚƴŞƯźŝ ƱƺƯŻō Ʋƿř šLJřŒſ ƱƺºƯŻō Ʋºƿř .ŵƺºƃݺƯ İŝŚƿŹŚŞŤƗř Ïžƿƺƿŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƵŚĮƄƿŚƯŻō įƶƬǀſƹ ƶŝ Śľưŗřŵ ƹ ƵŶƃ ƶǀƸţ .Ţſř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƂŬƴſ ŢƸū ŚƷƱƺƯŻō ƲƿźţƪƯŚĩ ƹ ƲƿźţźŞŤƘƯ Żř İĪƿ źƋŚů ƩŚůŹŵ ƵŶºƃ ƶºưūźţ İſŹŚƟ ƱŚŝŻ ƶŝ Ʊō šLJřŒſ ASQ-R śŚŴŤƳř Żř žě żǀƳ ƂƷƹĦě ƲƿřŹŵ įŚºƠƫō ƹ åǕíê ƱƺƯŻōŻŚºŝpƱƺƯŻō ƢƿźƏ Żř Ʊō ŹŚŞŤƗř .Ŷƃ ƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŹŚŞŤƗř Żř žě ƹ .ŶºƯō ƪºưƗ ƶºŝ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř ƱŚƯŻƮƷ ƁƹŹ Żř ƱƺƯŻō İƿřƹŹ ƲǀǀƘţ ŢƸū .ŶƃŚŝİƯ åǕîæ űŚŞƳƹźĩ ƶºǀƸţ ŶǀŬƴºſİƯ řŹ ƶƐǀů Ʊō įřƺŤŰƯ ƶĩ ƩřŒſ Ĩƿ ŽŚǀƤƯźƿŻ źƷ įřźŝ ƶĩ šŹƺƇ ƲƿŶŝ ŹƺºŝżƯ ƩřŒºſ ƹ ƶºƐǀů Ʊō įŚºƷƩřŒºſ ƶºŝ ŲſŚě ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʋǀŝ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ žĜſ Ŷƃ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ŽŚºǀƤƯźƿŻ įřźºŝ ƹ åǕêí ŜƿźºƋ Ʋºưƿř İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ŽŚºǀƤƯźƿŻ įřźŝ .Ŷƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ .Ŷƿŵźĭ ƶŞſŚŰƯ åǕëè ŜƿźƋ İŝŚƴŤūř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŽŚǀƤƯźƿŻ įřźŝ ƹ åǕëå ŜƿźƋ İŝřźƐƋř İƳŚŤƀºŝŵ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƂŬƴſ ŢƸū ÐƞƫřŶƳŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱƺƯŻō Żř ƲƿƹŶºţ (æîîì) ÑƞƫřŶºƳŹ įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ ƹ Ţſř ƁŹřżĭ Ŷƫřƹ İſŚǀƤƯ ƱƺƯŻō Ʋƿř .Ŷƿŵźĭ ƵŵŚƠŤſř İĪºƃżěƱřƹŹ ƲºưŬƳř įŚºưƴƷřŹ ƲǀƯŹŚºƸģ įŚºƷŹŚǀƘƯ Żř ƱƺƯŻō Ʋƿř ƲƿƹŶţ Żř ƪŞƣ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƩLjŤºųř ƱŚºƤƤŰƯ Żř įŹŚǀƀºŝ .ŶºƃݺƯ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƆǀŴƄºţ ŢºƸū ÒŚĪƿźƯř ŹŚǀƀºŝ ŵŹřƺºƯ ŚºĪƿźƯř İĪºƃżěƱřƹŹ ƲºưŬƳř İƈǀŴƄţ įŚưƴƷřŹ ƶĩ ŶƳřƵŶǀƤƗ Ʋƿř źŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƞºǀƠų ŵŹřƺºƯ įřźºŝ İŞºſŚƴƯ Źřżºŝř ƹ ŵźǀĭİƯ źŝ Źŵ řŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƶƳƺĭŹŚưǀŝ ƹ ŶƿŶƃ .(æîîæ ÓƲưſřźĭ ƹ Ʋưſřźĭ æîîê İƫŢƴŝ ƹ ŻLjě žĩŚƟ) ŶƿōİưƳ śŚƀů ƶŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƩLjŤºųř ƱƺºƯŻō Żř źºţƞǀƠų İĮŤƀŞƫŵ šLJLjŤųř İŝŚƿŻŹř ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ żǀƳ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ źƿŚºſ Żř İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř įƵŶºƴƷŵżǀưţ ƲƿźºŤƸŝ ƱƺƯŻō Ʋƿř .Ŷƿŵźĭ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƞƫřŶƳŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƵŶƃ ƶưūźţ İſŹŚƟ ƱŚŝŻ ƶŝ Ʊō šLJřŒſ ƱƺƯŻō śŚŴŤƳřŻř žě .Ţſř İĩŵƺĩ ƱřŹƹŵ šLJLjŤųř įŚºƠƫō ƹ åǕíè ƱƺƯŻōŻŚºŝpƱƺºƯŻō ƢºƿźƏ Żř Ʊō ŹŚºŞŤƗř .Ŷºƃ ƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩƶŝ İŝŚƿŹŚŞŤƗř Żř žěƹ šLJLjŤųř Ʋǀŝ ĬƴţŚĮƴţ ƍŚŞţŹř źŝ İƴŞƯ ƂƷƹĦě įƶƴǀƄǀě ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ .ŶƃŚŝİƯ åǕîå űŚŞƳƹźĩ Śºŝ Ʊō ƱŚºƯŻƮºƷ įřźºūř įƵƺǀºƃ Żř ƱƺºƯŻō ݺƿřƹŹ ƲǀǀƘţ įřźŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ įŹŚŤƟŹ šLjĪƄºƯ İŝŚºƿŻŹř ŢºƸū ƶºƯŚƳƂºſźě Ʋƿř .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř (æîíê) ÔŻźƳŚĩ įŹŚŤƟŹ ƩLjŤųř ŽŚǀƤƯ 1. Shaver, P. R., Collins, N. L., & Clark, C. L. 2. Davis Attachment Lab 3. The Randolph Attachment Disorder Questionnaire (RAQD) 4. Randolph, E. M. 5. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder 6. Grossmann, K. E., & Grossmann, K. 7. Kanners, D. 134 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æèé įřźºŝ (æèìî) įƹźƀºų įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ ƹ Ţºſř ƵŶºƃ ƶŤųŚºſ ƶƫŚºſæì İƫř è ƱŚĩŵƺĩ įŹŚŤƟŹ Źŵ ŚºƷİƳŵƺºƯŻō įŚºƷƵźºưƳ Ʋǀºŝ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ ŜƿřźºƋ .Ţºſř ƵŶºƃ İŝŚƿŹŚŬƴƷ İƳřźƿř ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƹ åǕìè źŤųŵ įŚƷİƳŵƺƯŻō åǕíé ŚƷİƳŵƺƯŻō ƪĩ įřźŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ŻźƳŚĩ įŚƷŽŚǀƤƯ .ŶƃŚŝİƯ åǕìì źƀě įŚƷİƳŵƺƯŻō ƵŹŚºƴĩ Śºƿ ƹ ƶƳřźĮºƃŚųźě įŚºƷŹŚŤƟŹ Żƹźºŝ źºŝ İƴŞƯ ƂƷƹĦě įƶƴǀƄǀě ƲŤƟźĭ źƔƳŹŵ Śŝ ŢºƸū ŚºƷƶºŤƟŚƿ ŹŚºŞŤƗř ƂƿřżºƟř ŹƺºƔƴƯ ƶŝ ƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƁƺŴŤſŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Źŵ ƶƳřźǀĭ Ţºſř ƁŹřżºĭ Ŷºƫřƹ İƳƺƯŻō ƶĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱƺƯŻō źŝ ƵƹLjƗ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƂŬƴſ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō .Ŷƿŵźĭ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ ƩLjŤųř ƆǀŴƄţ ŢƸūżǀƳ ÎŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō Żř ƲºſŚŰƯ Żř ݺĪƿ Ʋƿř ƹ ŵƺƃİƯ řźūř ħŵƺĩ ŵƺų Ǝſƺţ ƶĩ Ţſř İưǀſźţ İƳƺƯŻō ŢƫŚŤƄĭ .Ţſř ƁŹřżĭ Ŷƫřƹ įŚƷŽŚǀƤƯ Śŝ ƶƀƿŚƤƯ Źŵ ƱƺƯŻō Ʋƿř ŵźŝŹŚĩ ݺſŹźŝ įřźºŝ įźĮƫŚºŝźƛ Źřżŝř Ĩƿ ƱřƺƴƗ ŢŰţ İƘǀſƹ ŮƐſ Źŵ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō Ţºſř ݺſŶƴƷ ŭźºƏ î ƪƯŚƃ ƹ ŵƹŹİƯ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ İƴǀƫŚŝ ƱŚſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ Ǝſƺţ įżƜƯ įŚƷŜǀſō įřźºŝ ƱƺºƯŻō Ʋºƿř Żř ƶģźĭř .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ęŚģ ƶƳŚĭřŶū İţŹŚĩ įƹŹ źŝ ŚƷŭźƏ Żř ƭřŶĩźƷ ƶĩ Źŵ ƹ Ƶŵƺºŝ ƱřƹřźºƟ Ʊō İƴǀƫŚºŝ įŚƷŵźŝŹŚĩ İƫƹ ŵƺƃİƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř įżƜƯ įŚƷŜǀſō įźĭƩŚŝźƛ .ŵƺºƃݺƯ Ƶŵźºŝ ŹŚºĩ ƶŝ żǀƳ İƴƷŷ įƵŶƳŚƯŜƤƗ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƆǀŴƄţ ƹ İƃƺƷ įƵźƸŝ ƆǀŴƄţ ƹ Ƶŵźºŝ ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚºƗ ŢǀƘºƋƹ ƆǀŴƄºţ ŢºƸū řŹ ƱƺºƯŻō Ʋƿř (æîìê) ÏżŤǀěƺĩ ƵŵƺºưƳ ƆŴƄºƯ ŹŚĭŻŚºſŚƳ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ Śºŝ ŹŚĭŻŚºſ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ żƿŚưţ įřźŝ įřƶƳŚĭƵŵŻřƹŵ įŚƷƆųŚƃ Ð Żř ƪºƤƳ) ƲǀºƤƤŰƯ Żř ݺųźŝ ƹ (æîêì) żŤǀěƺºĩ ƹ (æîîî) ƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ ƱƺƀƳŚū įƵŶǀƤƗ ƶŝ .Ţſř ƉźºƘƯ Źŵ ƶºĩ İƳŚºĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƆǀŴƄţ įřźŝ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō (æèìæ įŵŚŝōƞƐƫ ŶƳŶƤŤƘƯ (æîîî) ƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ ƱƺƀƳŚū .Ţſř İŞſŚƴƯ ƱƺƯŻō ŶƳřƵŵƺŝ ƶƳřŹŵŚƯ ŢŞƣřźƯ Żř ŢǀƯƹźŰƯ įźĮºƃŚųźě ƩźŤƴĩ ƪŝŚƣźǀƛ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ŶƴŤƀƷ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƁƺŴŤſŵ ƶĩ İƿŚƷƶĤŝ Ʊƺģ ŹŶºƴŝ ƱƺºƯŻō įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ ŚºƷŹŚŤƟŹ Ʋƿř ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ İƗŚưŤūř įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ ƹ ŢƳƺƄų ŹŶºƴŝ ƱƺºƯŻō ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝ .Ţºſř İƿŚºſŚƴƃ ƪºŝŚƣ İŝƺų ƶŝ (żǀŤěƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ) ŢƫŚŤƄĭ .Ţſř ƶƴǀƯŻ Ʋƿř Źŵ İŞſŚƴƯ įƶƬǀſƹ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ Śºŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƆǀŴƄţ ŢƸū ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō ŹŚŞŤƗř Żř ƱƺºƯŻō İƿřƹŹ ƲǀǀƘţ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ åǕëé ƱƺƯŻōŻŚŝ ƱƺƯŻō ƁƹŹ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř šřźºưƳ Ʋǀºŝ ƶºĩ šŹƺºƇ ƲƿŶŝ .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř (æèìî įƹźƀų) ŻźƳŚĩ įŹŚŤƟŹ ƩLjŤųř įƶƯŚƳƂſźě 1. Bender Gestalt Test 2. Koppitz, E. M. 3. Johnson, D. E., Aronson, J. E., Cozzens, D., Federici, J., Federici, R., Pearl, P., Sbordone, R., Storer, D., Zeanah, P., & Zeanah, C. 135 ÎÐÒ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě ƶºŝ ƍƺºŝźƯ İƠƏŚºƗ įŚºƷƆųŚƃ Źŵ ŚƸƳō šřźưƳ ƹ ŻźƳŚĩ įŹŚŤƟŹ ƩLjŤųř ŽŚǀƤƯŹŵ ŚƷİƳŵƺƯŻō įřźŝ åǕêì İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿřźƋ ƶĩ Ŷƿŵźĭ ƶŞſŚŰƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ ƹ įźĮƃŚųźě .Ŷƿŵźĭ ƶŞſŚŰƯ ŚƷźƀě įřźŝ åǕëì ƹ ŚƷźŤųŵ (šŚƗLjƏř įŹƹōƖưū įƵƺŰƳ) ƂƷƹĦě įřźūř ƁƹŹ ƖºƟŹ ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ Źŵ ݺƴƷŷ įƶƴǀƄǀě ŵŚŬƿřŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ źĮƄƷƹĦě ƶĩ ŵƺŝ Źřźƣ ƲƿřŻř řźūř įƵƺŰƳ ƵŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř ŽŹřŶƯ ƱŚǀŝźƯ ƹ Śǀƫƹř ƲưŬƳř įƶƀƬū Źŵ ŚƷƶƯŚƳƂſźě šLJřŒſ Źŵ ƭŚƸŝř ƕƺƳźƷ İƿƺºĭŲſŚě ƹ ƂƷƹĦě ŭźƏ ƶǀūƺţ ƶŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƶŝ ŚƷƶƯŚƳƂſźě įƶŗřŹř ƲưƋ ƹ ŵźĩİƯ Ţĩźƃ .ŢųřŵźěİƯ šLJřŒſ ƶŝ įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ ŚºƷƱƺºƯŻō ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶĩ Ŷƃ Ƶŵřŵ ƵŶƗƹ ŚƸƳō ƶŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ŢĩŹŚƄƯ ŜƬū ŢƸū ŹŶºƴŝ ƱƺºƯŻō įźºĮƿŵ įƶƀºƬūŹŵ .Ŷºƃ ŶºƷřƺų ƩŚºſŹř ŚƸƳō įřźŝ ƱŚƄƳřŶƳŻźƟ ƢƿźƏ Żř İŤĩŚě Żř ĨºƿźƷ ƶºŝ ƱƺºƯŻō Ʈǀºſźţ ƶºưţŚųŹŵ .Ŷºƿŵźĭ řźūř ƵŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř ƱŚĩŵƺĩ įƹŹ źŝ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŚƷŢĩŚě Ŷƃ ŢſřƺųŹŵ ŚƸƳō Żř ƹ Ŷƿŵźĭ ƪƿƺŰţ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƱƺƯŻō źƿŚſ įƹŚů İŤĩŚě ƱŚĩŵƺĩ .ŶƴƳřŵźĭźŝ řŹ ŚƸƳō ƪǀưĪţ Żř žě ƹ Ƶŵřŵ ƪƿƺŰţ ŵƺų ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƶŝ řŹ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř šřźưƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷĨŞſ šřźưƳ ƪƯŚƃ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƵŵřŵ ƹ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ įŵźºƟ šŚƈºŴƄƯ ƹ (ŢƫŚŤƄºĭ ŹŶºƴŝ ƱƺºƯŻō ŽŚſř źŝ) ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƶºŗřŹř źºƿŻ ŭźºƃ ƶºŝ řŹ ƂƷƹĦě İƠǀƇƺţ įŚƷƵŵřŵ Żř İƃŹřżĭ æ ƩƹŶū .ŶƃŚŝİƯ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ :ŶƴĩİƯ Żř İƠƬŤŴƯ šŚūŹŵ źŤųŵ êë ƹ źƀě éë ƂƷƹĦě ŵŹƺƯ źƀě çíæ ƹ źŤųŵ èçé ƪĩ Żř ŵŹƺºƯ įŚƷźƀºě Żř ŶºƇŹŵ æë ݺƴƘƿ .ŶƳřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ (İŝŚƴŤūř ƹ İŝřźƐƋř) İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱŚƄƳ řŹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Żř İţŚūŹŵ ƂƷƹĦě Źŵ ƵŶƴƴĩŢĩźƃ įŚƷźŤųŵ Żř ŶƇŹŵæì ƹ ƶƘƫŚƐƯ ƩLjŤųř ƁƺŴŤſŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƱƺƯŻō ŽŚſř źŝ ƶĩ İƳŚĩŵƺĩ Żř (ŶƇŹŵëé) źƠƳìç .ŶƳřƵŵřŵ źƠƳ éåƹ ŶƳřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ įźĮƃŚųźě İƠƏŚƗ ŢƫŚů ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō Źŵ ŶƳřƵŵƺŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ .ŶºƳřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄºƳ įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ ŢƫŚů ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō Źŵ ƂƷƹĦě ŵŹƺƯ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Żř (ŶƇŹŵèë) Ƶŵƺºŝ ƞǀƘƋ İƫŚƯ ŢǀƘƋƹ źƔƳ Żř ŚƸƳō (ŶƇŹŵèê) źƠƳæíê ƵŶƴƷŵ ŲſŚě Ŷƫřƹ êìì Żř ƲǀƴĤưƷ 136 İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ æèë ƱřŹŶºě ŶºƇŹŵæî ƹ ƱřŹŵŚƯ ŶƇŹŵçæ .ŶƳřƶŤƃřŵ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ ŶƿŶƃ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ (ŶƇŹŵçì) źƠƳæéç ƹ .(æ ƩƹŶū) ŶƳřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƂƷƹĦě ŵŹƺƯ įƶƳƺưƳ įŵźƟ šŚƈŴƄƯ -æ ƩƹŶū ŶƇŹŵ ×íçǕì ×æçǕè ×éǕî ×íèǕë ×æèǕî ×çǕê ×ëǕë ×ææǕî ×íæǕê ×êìǕî ×çîǕî ×æçǕç ×ÐÍǕÓ ×êìǕî ×ÎÎǕÓ ×çëǕì ×ìèǕè ×ìíǕî ×æçǕæ ×îǕå ×íæǕæ ×æèǕî ×êǕå İƳřƹřźƟ çëí éå æë çèê èî ì éå ìç éîè èçì æëî ëî æíê èêå ìå æéç èîå éêê ìå êç éëí íå çî įŵźƟšŚƈŴƄƯ Ʋưƿř İŝřźƐƋř İŝŚƴŤūř Ʋưƿř İŝřźƐƋř İŝŚƴŤūř įźǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ įźĮƃŚųźě İƘǀŞƏ ê-æ æå-ë ƩŚſæå Żř źŤƄǀŝ ƞǀƘƋ ƎſƺŤƯ LJŚŝ İƬŝ źǀų Ʋưƿř İŝřźƐƋř İŝŚƴŤūř Ʋưƿř įřźƐƋř İŝŚƴŤūř ŚƸƈųŚƃ źŤųŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ (ƞƫřŶƳŹ ƱƺƯŻō ŽŚſř źŝ) źƀě ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İƠƏŚƗ šLJŚů (ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ ƱƺƯŻō ŽŚſř źŝ) ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ źĮƿŶĪƿ Śŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƫŚƯ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƂƷƹĦě ŵŹƺƯ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ ŶƿŶƃ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚǀƯ ŹŵŚƯ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŹŶě İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ (ŹŵŚƯ ƹ ŹŶě) ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ İĩŚºů ŪƿŚŤƳ .ŶƯō ƪưƗ ƶŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƱŚƯŻƮƷ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ įřźŝ žƳŚƿŹřƹ ƪǀƬŰţ ƁƹŹ Żř ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƹ Į < åǕååæ) ħŵƺººĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ ŹŵŚºƯ İĮŤƀººŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ Ʋǀºŝ ƶºĩ Ţºſř Ʊō Żř ƹ Į < åǕååæ) ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřƹ ŹŶě İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƹ (F = çîǕíëé Żř ĨǀƯřŶºĩ ƶºĩ ƕƺºƋƺƯ Ʋºƿř ݺſŹźŝ įřźºŝ ŚºƯř .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺºūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ įƶƐŝřŹ (F = çæǕèç ŜƿźºƋ Żř ŵŹřŵ įźŤƄǀŝ ƂƤƳ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Żƹźŝ Źŵ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷĨŞſ .(ç ƩƹŶū) Ŷƿŵźĭ ƵŵŚƠŤſř İĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀŞưƷ Ĩ޺ſ Ʋǀºŝ ݺĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ ŜƿźºƋ ƶºĩ ŵƺºƃİƯ ƶƔůLjƯ ç ƩƹŶū ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ŜƿźƋ ƹ (åǕèë) źŝřźŝ ŚƷĨŞſ źƿŚſ ƝŸů Śŝ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ŹŶě Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ 137 ÎÐÔ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě .Ţºſř (åǕéë) ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ŹŵŚƯ Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ İĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀŞưƷ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř Śŝ ŹŵŚƯ ƹ ŹŶě İŝřźƐƋř ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ İĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ƶĩ İƫŚůŹŵ ƹ ŹŶºě İŝŚºƴŤūř Ĩ޺ſ Ʋǀŝ İĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ƹ (åǕéç ƹ åǕéå) Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ħŵƺĩ .Ţſř (åǕèê ƹ åǕçí) Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Śŝ ŹŵŚƯ ƩLjŤººųř (R² = åǕæëåå ƹ R² = åǕæìëé) žƳŚººƿŹřƹ šřźººǀǀƜţ åǕèé Ŝººǀţźţ ƲƿŶººŝ žƳŚºƿŹřƹ šřźºǀǀƜţ åǕèè ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İŝřźƐºƋř İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ Żř ݺƃŚƳ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İŝŚºƴŤūř Ĩ޺ſ Żř İƃŚƳ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř (R² = åǕçêæç ƹ R² = åǕåìíé) .Ţſř įŚƷĨŞſ Żř ĨƿźƷ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ (įřƵŹŚě) İĪǀĪƠţ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ įƶŞſŚŰƯ -ç ƩƹŶū (y) ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Śŝ (X3) İŝŚƴŤūř (X2) İŝřźƐƋř ƹ (X1) Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŮƐſ (Į) åǕååæ åǕååæ åǕååæ åǕååæ åǕååæ åǕååæ ƲǀǀƘţ ŜƿźƋ (R²) åǕæçîë åǕæëåå åǕåìíé åǕçææë åǕæìëé åǕçêæç įŹŚƯō ŹŚŞŤƗř (Tv) îǕéì æåǕìæ ëǕíë æçǕìå ææǕèí îǕæê İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ƆųŚƃ ŚƷźǀƜŤƯ (R) İĪǀĪƠţ åǕèë Ry1 y. X2 X3 ŹŶě åǕéå Ry2 y. X1 X3 åǕçí Ry3 y. X1 X2 åǕéë Ry1 y. X2 X3 ŹŵŚƯ åǕéç Ry2 y. X1 X3 åǕèê Ry3 y. X1 X2 Ʋǀºŝ İƴºſ įƶƬºƇŚƟ żºǀƳ ƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İƿƺºƃŚƳŻ šŚºƋŹŚƘţ Ʋǀºŝ ƶƐŝřŹ ƱƺƯŻō ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ įřƶŤºƃŹ ƹŵ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ ŜƿźºƋ Żř ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ŚƸƳō İƫŚƯ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ .Ţſř ƵŶƯō è ƩƹŶū Źŵ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶĩ ŶƯō ƪưƗ ƶŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř įřƶƐƤƳ (Rpbis) įřƶƐƤƳ įřƶŤƃŹƹŵ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ įƶŞſŚŰƯ -è ƩƹŶū ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřŹŵ ħŵƺĩ ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ Ǝƿřźƃ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŮƐſ (Į) åǕååæ åǕååæ åǕååæ ƲǀǀƘţ ŜƿźƋ (R²) åǕæçîë åǕåíéæ åǕæééé İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ (Rpbis) İĪǀĪƠţ åǕèë åǕçî åǕèí ƲǀŝƂǀě įŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ħLjƯ źǀƜŤƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ħŵƺĩ ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Ʋǀŝ ŵƺƃİƯ ƶƔůLjƯ ƶĩ ŹƺƏƱŚưƷ Żř źŤƄºǀŝ) ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ Ʋǀŝ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ƹ (P = åǕèë) ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ İĮŤƀŞưƷ 138 İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ æèí ƲƿŶºƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ Ʋǀŝ .Ţſř (P = åǕçî) ƩŵŚƘƯ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ (ƩŚſ æå Ʋǀºŝ ݺƠƴƯ įƶºƐŝřŹ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺºūƹ (P = -åǕèí) İƠƴƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Śŝ Ĩºƿ ƂƿřżºƟř Śºŝ ƶºĩ Ţºſř Ʋƿř źĮƳŚǀŝ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ .ŶŝŚƿİƯ ƂƷŚĩ (ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř) źĮƿŵ źǀƜŤƯ (ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ) źǀƜŤƯ įŚºƷƆųŚºƃ ŽŚºſřźŝ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř šřźưƳ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ įƶƀƿŚƤƯ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ Ţºſŵ ƶºŝ ŪƿŚŤƳ ŽŚſřźŝ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ΞƳŚƿŹřƹ ƪǀƬŰţ ƁƹŹ Żř ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ İƠƏŚƗ İƠƏŚºƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŽŚſřźŝ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř šřźưƳ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʋǀŝ ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţİƯ ƵŶƯō šƹŚºƠţ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ šƹŚƠţ (F = çåǕæè ƹ Į < åǕååæ) ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ Żř ŢƫŚŤƄºĭ ŹŶºƴŝ İƠƏŚºƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŽŚſřźŝ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř šřźưƳ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʋǀŝ .(é ƩƹŶū) ŶƯō ƪưƗ ƶŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř (HSD) İĩƺţ İŞǀƤƘţ ƱƺƯŻō ƩLjŤųř šřźưƳ ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ Ʋǀŝ šƹŚƠţ ƲƿźŤưĩ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ İĩƺţ İŞǀƤƘţ ƱƺƯŻō ŪƿŚŤƳ -é ƩƹŶū ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ İƠƏŚƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŽŚſřźŝ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŚƷƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ƝLjŤųř įŹŚƯō įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŮƐſ (Į) ŹŚǀƘƯ įŚƐų (SE) åǕæå åǕìí æǕëê źĮƃŚųźě åǕçæ æǕæå æǕèé * źǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ åǕååæ åǕîë ìǕæç įŵŚƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ İƠƏŚƗ åǕååæ åǕìé çǕåå źǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ åǕååæ æǕåç íǕçé* įŵŚƗ åǕååæ åǕíç îǕçë* įŵŚƗ İƏřźƟř İŤƫŚŬų źĮƃŚųźě źǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ ƩLjŤºųř šřźºưƳ ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ Ʋǀºŝ ŵƺºƃİƯ ƶƔůLjƯ é ƩƹŶū įƵŶƷŚƄƯ Żř ƶĩ ŹƺƏƱŚưƷ ƹ źĮºƃŚųźě ݺƏřźƟř İŤƫŚºŬų įŚºƷŢºƫŚů ƁƺŴŤºſŵ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ Śºŝ įŵŚºƗ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ źºǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ Śƿ ƹ İŤƫŚŬų źĮƃŚųźě ƱŚĩŵƺĩ źĮƿŵ šŹŚŞƗ ƶŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ šƹŚƠţ źǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ .ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ įŵŚƗ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ įźŤƄǀŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƫŚºƯ ŢǀƘºƋƹ) İĭŵřƺƳŚºų ƪºƯřƺƗ Śºŝ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ įƺºĮƫř įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ įřźŝ Ʊō ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƶºĩ Ŷºƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř (F²) İų ŹƹŸŬƯ ƁƹŹ Żř (ŚƸƳō ƱŚǀƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ ƵŵřƺƳŚų ƶ޺ſŚŰƯ ݺų ŹƹŸºŬƯ ƶºĩ ŶºƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ê ƩƹŶū įƵŶƷŚƄƯ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ũŹŵ ê ƩƹŶū Źŵ 1. ANOVA 139 ÎÐÖ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ įŚºƷĨ޺ſ Ʋǀºŝ ƶĩ ƮǀŝŚƿİƯŹŵ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ Ţſř ƩƹŶū İų ŹƹŸŬƯ Żř źţīŹżŝ ƵŶƃ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ŚƸƳō ƱŚǀƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ żǀƳ ƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ Śŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ŢǀƘƋƹ Śŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ İų ŹƹŸŬƯ ƱƺƯŻō ŪƿŚŤƳ -ê ƩƹŶū ŚƸƳō ƱŚǀƯ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ ƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř åǕååæ íìǕíì éíǕíí įŵřŻō įƶūŹŵ (df) é ç İŝŚƴŤūř İŝřźƐƋř Ʋưƿř İƳřƹřźƟ İƳřƹřźƟ İƳřƹřźƟ íê (êíǕèì) éè (ëíǕîæ) ææ (ææǕìç) æèî ìì (èéǕåå) éë (ííǕæå) æçè îë (ëëǕìë) êé (ìíǕíå) î (æèǕéæ) æêî êæ (çêǕæë) éå (éêǕíé) îæ ëí (æçèǕìí) æîì (æéëǕèë) èå (çéǕíì) çîê çæ (æèæǕåè) èåé (èéçǕîì) èçê İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƸĪŞſ ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŹŚƯō įŚƷƆųŚƃ źǀƜŤƯ ƞǀƘƋ ƎſƺŤƯ śƺų ƪĩ Ɩưū İƬŝ źǀų ƪĩ Ɩưū ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ åǕååæ İų ŹƹŸŬƯ (F²) İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ įŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŮƐſ (Į) ƹ íìǕíì źŝřźŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ įřźŝ ƵŶƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ İų ŹƹŸŬƯ ƪǀƬŰţ Ʋƿř Źŵ ŹřŵݺƴƘƯ åǕååæ Żř źºŤưĩ ŮƐºſ Źŵ ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƶºĩ Ţſř éíǕíí źŝřźŝ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ įřźŝ Ƶŵƺºŝ ƞǀƘºƋ ŚƸƳō įŵŚƈŤƣř ŢǀƘƋƹ ƶĩ İƴƿŶƫřƹ ƪǀƬŰţ Ʋƿř ŽŚſř źŝ źĮƿŵ šŹŚŞƗ ƶŝ .Ţſř .Ţſř (İŝŚƴŤūř Śƿ İŝřźƐƋř) ƲưƿřŚƳ ŚƸƳō İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŶƴƃŚŝ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ źǀĭŹŵ ƹ įźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳ ƹ ŦŰŝ ŵŹƺºƯ İƳŚŤƀºŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Źŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ ƂƷƹĦě ƲƿřŹŵ :ŢƟŚƿ Ţſŵ źƿŻ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶŝ ƱřƺţİƯ ƪƇŚů įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Żř .ŢƟźĭ Źřźƣ İſŹźŝ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ (İŝŚºƴŤūř ƹ İŝřźƐºƋř) ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ pƞƫř .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŢŞŨƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚǀƯ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ ƵŵřƺƳŚų İƫŚƯ ŜſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘƋƹ Ʋǀŝ pś .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŢŞŨƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ 140 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æéå ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚºƳ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ƹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ İƫŚƯ ŜſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘƋƹ Ʋǀŝ pũ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ŹřŵİƴƘƯ ŢŞŨƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ƱŚºǀƯ Źŵ ƹ ƶŤºƃřŵ Ʋºưƿř ƱřŶºƳŻźƟ Ʋºưƿř ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř ŪƿŚŤƳ ŹŚºģŵ ƱŚƄºƳřŶƳŻźƟ ƶǀƤŝ Żř źŤƄǀŝ ŶƳŹřŵ İŝřźƐƋř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƶĩ İƴƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ įŚƷƵƹźĭ ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ ŹŵŚƯ İŝřźƐƋř ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ŵŵźĭİƯ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř .Ţſř ./éåħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ŹŶě İŝřźƐƋř ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ ƹ åǕéç æîîè ÎİƫƺģŚºĜƿŹ ƹ ƱźĜƫō šƹŹpżƳƺǀƫ) ŹƺƄĩ Żř ũŹŚų ƱŚƤƤŰƯ İƄƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Śŝ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř ƶºĩ Ţºſř Ʊō źĮƳŚºǀŝ İĮƴƷŚºưƷ Ʋºƿř ƹ ŵŹřŵ İĮƴƷŚưƷ (çååè ƱƹŹƹŶƳżŬƿř Ʊƹ æîîå ƲưƫŚſ ƹ ƲǀƯ ħŵƺºĩ ݺƳřƹŹ ݺſŚƴƃŜǀſō Śƿ ƹ İƘǀŞƏ ŶƃŹ Źŵ İưƸƯ ŹŚǀƀŝ ƂƤƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ŷºƫřƹ ƹŵ źºƷ ƶºŝ ŢŞƀƳ ƱŚƯŻƮƷ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ ŚƷƶĤŝ ƶĪƴƿř źĮƿŵ ƕƺƋƺƯ ŶƴĩİƯ įŻŚŝ źºĮƿŵ ƲǀºƤƤŰƯ ƹ ťŹƹżºƴƿř ƹ İŞƫŚºŝ ƵŚĭŶºƿŵ ŵŶƯ ƶŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř ŪƿŚŤƳ ƲǀǀŞţ .ŶƴƴĩİƯ řŶǀě ƲưƿřŚºƳ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ŶºƳŶƤŤƘƯ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƲǀºƤƤŰƯ źŨĩř .Ţſř źƿŸěƱŚĪƯř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ æîìê İŞƫŚŝ) ŵŵźĭİƯ ħŵƺĩ Źŵ İƳřƹŹ İſŚƴƃŜǀſō Żƹźŝ ƶŝ źŬƴƯ ƲƿŶƫřƹ (İŝŚƴŤūř ƹ İŝřźƐƋř) Żř ƹ ŶƴŤƀºƷ ƵŶºƴƴĩŵźºƏ ƱŚƄºƳŚĩŵƺĩ Śºŝ ƪƯŚƘţ Źŵ ƲưƿřŚƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ řźƿŻ (æîîæ İŝƺţ ƹ Źƺǀƃ ƱŚƳźŝ .(æîîè İƫƺģŚºĜƿŹ ƹ ƱźºĜƫō šƹŹpżƳƺǀƫ) ŶƴƴĩİƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ħŵƺĩ Śŝ ƪƯŚƘţ ƭŚĮƴƷ ƶŝ ŜſŚƴƯŚƳ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ŲºſŚě ƱƹŶºŝ LJ ľ ŚưŤůř ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƶŝ İĪƿŵżƳ ŢƸū ŚƸƳō ƁLjţ ƶĩ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ƲưƿřŚƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ įźĮºƃŚųźě ƶºŝ ƭřŶºƣř ŢºǀƯƹźŰƯ Ʋºƿř ƪºŝŚƤƯŹŵ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ Ʋºƿř ƪºǀƫŵ ƲǀưƷ ƶŝ ŵƺŝ ŶƷřƺų .ŶƴƿŚưƳİƯ řƹżƳř Śƿ ƹ ŢƯƺƈų ƩLjŤºųř ƁƺŴŤºſŵ ƶºĩ İƳŚºĩŵƺĩ (é ƩƹŶºū) ŶºƷŵ ݺƯ ƱŚƄƳ żǀƳźƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ źǀĭƵŹŚƴĩ Śƿ ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ źĮƃŚųźě Śƿ ŢƫŚŤƄĭ ŹŶƴŝ İƠƏŚƗ įŚƷƆųŚƃ ŽŚſř źŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ (çååè ƱƹŹƹŶºƳżŬƿř Ʊƹ æîîå ŹŚºĩ ƹ ĬƴǀƫźĜºſř źƬƄºǀƟ) ݺŝźƛ ƱŚºƤƤŰƯ įŚºƷƶºŤƟŚƿ Śºŝ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř ƶĩ .ŵŹřŵ İĮƴƷŚưƷ Ʋǀºŝ įƶºƐŝřŹ įƵŹŚºŝŹŵ ݺŝźƛ įŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě ƹ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶĩ įřƶƐŝřŹ ƮƛŹİƬƗ ŶƷřƺƃ įŵřŶƘţ Ţſř ƵŶƯō Ţſŵ ƶŝ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƶºĪƬŝ ŢƀǀƳ ƵŶƴƴĩƲǀǀƘţ ƪƯŚƗ ŚƸƴţ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƶĩ ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ źĮƿŵ İƄƷƹĦě ƩLjŤºųř Żƹźºŝ Źŵ żºǀƳ ŶºƳŵźĭݺƯ ħŵƺĩ ŜƣřźƯ ƶƐŝřŹ šřźǀǀƜţ ƶŝ źŬƴƯ ƶĩ İĭŵřƺƳŚų ƖƿŚƣƹ .(æîîë žƿƺƿŵ ƹ żĮƴǀƯŚĩ) ŶƳŹřŵ ƂƤƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Żƹźºŝ ƪºƯŚƗ ŚºƸƴţ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚºƳ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ŶſŹİưƳ źƔƳ ƶŝ źĮƿŵ šŹŚŞƗ ƶŝ Śºŝ ƹ Ţºſř ݺƸūƹ Ŷƴģ İƗƺƋƺƯ ħŵƺĩ Żř ŢŞƣřźƯ řźƿŻ .ŶƃŚŝ ħŵƺĩ Źŵ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř 1. Lyons-Ruth, K., Alpern, L., & Repacholi, B. 141 ÎÑÎ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶºŝ .ŵŹřŵ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ żºǀƳ ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įƶƐŝřŹ Żř ũŹŚų ƶĩ įźĮƿŵ ƪƯřƺƗ ƩLjŤºųř įƵŶºƴƴĩݺƴǀŝƂǀºě Ʋƿźºţįƺºƣ ƲƿŶƫřƹ Ʋǀŝ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ ƶĩ ŶƿƺĭİƯ İŤţ ƩŚŨƯ ƁƺŴŤºſŵ ƶºĩ İƴƿŶƫřƹ .(æîîë ƱřŹŚºĪưƷ ƹ İŤţ) Ţſř ħŵƺĩŹŵ įŹŚŤƟŹ šLjĪƄƯ żǀƳ ƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƹ ŶƳƺºƃİƯ ƪĪƄƯ ŹŚģŵ ƱŚƄƳŚĩŵƺĩ įŚƷŢƫŚů ƮƸƟŹŵ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƠƏŚƗ İƠƴƯ śŹŚŬţ ƹ ƉŹŚƘţ żĮƴǀƯŚºĩ) ŵŵźĭİƯ ħŵƺĩ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ Ŷƫřƹ ŢǀſŚƀů ƂƷŚĩ ƶŝ İƸŤƴƯ ƵŚŞŤƃř ħŹŵ Ʋƿř ƪºƯŚƘţ ƪƣřŶºů ŶºƳŹřŶƳ ƮƷŚºƠţ źĮƿŶºĪƿ Śŝ ƹ ƶŤƃřŵ İƫŚƯ įźǀĭŹŵ ƶĩ İƴƿŶƫřƹ .(æîîë žƿƺƿŵ ƹ řŹ ƱŚƄƳřŶƳŻźƟ ƲƿŶƫřƹ Ʋƿř .(æîîî ÎĥƺºƫƹƹĨǀƳƹř ƹ źĩŹŚě) ŶƳŹřŵ ƱŚƄƳřŶƳŻźƟ Śŝ ŶǀƠƯ įƶƐŝřŹ ƹ ƪŝŚƤŤƯ ƶºŝ ŚƸƳō .ŶƴƴĩİƯ ƞǀƇƺţ ƵŵźƀƟř ƹ ŚƸƴţ ŢƿŚƠĩİŝ řŹ ƱŚƃŵƺų ƹ Ƶŵźĩ ƞǀƇƺţ ŹŚĭŻŚſ źŤưĩ .(æîîæ Ʋưſřźĭ ƹ Ʋưſřźĭ) ŶƴƴĩİƯ ƵŵŚƠŤſř İƠƴƯ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ Żř ƱŚƄƳŚĩŵƺĩ Śŝ ƪƯŚƘţ ƭŚĮƴƷ Ʋǀºŝ ŶºƷŵݺƯ ƱŚƄºƳ LJŚºŝ ƲǀƤƤŰƯ ŪƿŚŤƳ Śŝ ĬƴƷŚưƷ żǀƳ ƂƷƹĦě ƲƿřŻř ƪƇŚů ŪƿŚŤƳ İƿƺºƃŚƳŻ šŚºƋŹŚƘţ Ʋǀºŝ ƹ (R = åǕèí) İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ ƵŵřƺƳŚų İƫŚƯ ŜſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƩŚºſ Ƶŵ Żř Ƃǀºŝ İƴºſ šƹŚƠţ Ʋǀŝ ƹ (R = åǕèë) ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ŪƿŚºŤƳ Ʋºƿř .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺºūƹ İĮŤƀºŞưƷ (R = åǕçî) ħŵƺºĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƱŚǀƯ ƶºĩ ŵŹřŵ İĮƴƷŚºưƷ żǀƳ (æîìí) ƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ ťŹƹżƴƿř ƹ (æîìí) İŞƫŚŝ ƵŚĭźƔƳ Ʋƿř Śŝ ƩŚů ƲǀƗ šLjĪƄºƯ Żƹźºŝ ƶºŝ źŬƴƯ ŵŹƹō ŵƺūƹ ƶŝ ħŵƺĩpƲƿŶƫřƹ İƠƏŚƗ įƶƐŝřŹ Źŵ İƬƬų İƬƯŚƗ źƷ .ŵŵźĭİƯ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ Źŵ İƠƏŚƗ Ĩ޺ſƹ İƿƺºƃŚƳŻ šŚºƋŹŚƘţƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ Ĩ޺ſ ƱŚºǀƯ ݺų ŹƹŸºŬƯ įƶŞſŚŰƯ įƶºƐŝřŹ żºǀƳ ŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ Ʋºƿř Ʋǀºŝ ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƵŵřƺƳŚų İƫŚƯ ŢǀƘƋƹ ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ (P = åǕååæ) ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ Źŵ ݺƳƹŹŵ ƩŚºƘƟ įŚºƷƩŶºƯ ŶºƳŶƤŤƘƯ ƶºĩ Ţºſř İƳŚƤƤŰƯ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Śŝ źƿŚƜƯ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř Śºŝ ƹř ƎºŝřƹŹ ƭŚºưţ įźƿŸºěŚƳźǀǀƜţ ŹƺºƏ ƶŝ ƹ ƵŶƃ ƪǀĪƄţ ƂŞƣřźƯ Śŝ ŵřŻƺƳ įƶƐŝřŹ įƶŬǀŤƳ .ŵƺºƃݺƯ ƪºƤŤƴƯ ŶºƘŝ ƪƀƳ ƶŝ İƬƀƳ Żř ƹ Ƶŵřŵ Źřźƣ źǀŧŚţ ŢŰţ İĭŶƳŻ ƩƺƏ Źŵ řŹ ƱřźĮƿŵ ŶºƳŹřŵݺƯ ŹŚºƸƓř ƶºĩ Ţºſř ƱŚºƤƤŰƯ Żř ƶŤſŵ Ʊō ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Śŝ ĬƴƷŚưƷ źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ æîîë žƿƺºƿŵ ƹ żĮƴǀƯŚĩ) ŶƴƴĩİƯ źǀǀƜţ İĭŶƳŻ śŹŚŬţ ƹ ƖƿŚƣƹ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ İƳƹŹŵ ƩŚƘƟ įŚƷƩŶƯ ƶºƳ ƹ ŶƷŵİƯ ƪĪƃ źǀǀƜţ İƗŚưŤūř ƪƯřƺƗ źǀǀƜţ Śŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ ƹ (æîîî ĥƺƫƹƹĨǀƳƹř ƹ źĩŹŚě Ţºſř ݺƳƹźǀŝ ƪºƯřƺƗ ƖŝŚºţ żºǀƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ ƶĪƬŝ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢǀƠǀĩ ŚƸƴţ ŦºƗŚŝ ƵŵřƺƳŚºų Źŵ řŻŽźŤºſř ƪºƯřƺƗ ƂƷŚºĩ ƹ źºǀǀƜţ ƩŚºŨƯ ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶŝ .(æîíì ƲƿƹřŹ ƹ İĪƀƬŝ) .(æîîî ĥƺƫƹƹĨǀƳƹř ƹ źĩŹŚě) ŵŵźĭ Ʋưƿř İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƶŝ ƪƿŶŞţ ŚƸƳō ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƶĩ ŵƺƃİƯ 1. Parker, K. D., & Onyekwuluje, A. B. 142 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æéç żĮƴǀƯŚºĩ (æîíì) ƲƿƹřŹ ƹ İĪƀƬŝ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Śŝ ĬƴƷŚưƷ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Żř ƪƇŚů ŪƿŚŤƳ ƩLjŤųř ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ (æîîë) ƱřŹŚĪưƷ ƹ İŤţ ƹ (æîîî) ĥƺƫƹƹĨǀƳƹř ƹ źĩŹŚě (æîîë) žƿƺƿŵ ƹ ŵŹřŵ İƿLJŚºŝ İĮŤƀŞưƷ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Śŝ ƶĩ ƩŚů ƲǀƗ Źŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƵŵřƺƳŚºų İƫŚºƯ ŜºſŚƴƯŚƳ ŢǀƘºƋƹ żºǀƳƹ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ƱŚºǀƯ İƴſ įƶƬƇŚƟ ƹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Śŝ ƶºĩ ŶºƷŵݺƯ ƱŚƄºƳ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ İĭŵřƺƳŚų ƪƯřƺƗ ƱŚǀƯ İĮŤƀŞưƷ .ŵŹřŵ İĮŤƀŞưƷ .Ţſř İŞƀƳ įźƯř ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųřƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ ŭƺƐſ ƲƿźţƲǀƿŚě ƲưƿřŚƳ ƱřźƷƺƃ ƹ ƱŚƳŻ Ţſř Ƶŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ İƄƷƹĦě Źŵ (æèìî) įźƷŚƔƯ ƶºĩ Ţºſř Ƶŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř źŝ ƱƹżƟř .ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ řŹ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ įźƿŸěƁŻŚſ .ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƂƤƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ Ʊŵƺŝ ƲưƿřŚƳ Źŵ ŵƺų įƶŝƺƳ ƶŝ ŶƴƳřƺţİƯ żǀƳ İƿƺƃŚƳŻ šŚƋŹŚƘţ Żř įřƶĪ޺ƃ Źŵ ħŵƺºĩ ƶºĩ ƮǀŝŚƿİƯŹŵ (æîíì) ƲƿƹřŹ ƹ İĪƀƬŝ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ ƲŤƟźĭ źƔƳŹŵ Śŝ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ řŹ ħŵƺĩ ŚľưǀƤŤƀƯ ƪƯřƺƗ Ʋƿř Żř İƌƘŝ ƶĩ Ţſř ƶŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ İƐǀŰƯ ƪƯřƺƗ řŹ ħŵƺºĩ ƲƿŶºƫřƹ źºŝ źǀŧŐºţ ƢƿźƏ Żř ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ źĮƿŵ ƪƯřƺƗ İƌƘŝ ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ .ŶƴƷŵİƯ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř Źŵ ƮƸƯ İƄƤƳ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƲưƿřŚƳ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƶģźĭř ŢƿŚƸƳ Źŵ ħŵƺĩ ƶĩ ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ İƐǀŰƯ ƪƯřƺƗ śƺģŹŚƸģŹŵƹ Ƶŵƺŝ İŞƀƳ ƂƤƳ Ʋƿř ŚƯř ŶƴĩİƯ ŚƠƿř Śºŝ ƹř śŹŚºŬţ Ʋǀƫƹř Żř İƃŚƳ ŚƸƴţ źƋŚů ƩŚůŹŵ ŵźƟ ŹŚŤƟŹ İţŹŚŞƗ ƶŝ .Ţſř ƶŤƟźĭ źŝ Źŵ řŹ .ŵźǀĭİƯ Źřźƣ İĭŶƳŻ ƩƺƏ Źŵ ƹř śŹŚŬţ įƶưƷ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ ƶĪƬŝ ƵŵƺŞƳ ƂŞƣřźƯ ĨŞſ ƮƷ ƱŚƯŻ ƮƷ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ İĭŵřƺƳŚų ƪƯřƺƗ ƶĩ Ţſř Ʋƿř ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř ƮƸƯ įƶŤƟŚƿ ŵƺūƹ Ĩƃ ƱƹŶŝ .ŶƴƷŵİƯ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ řŹ ħŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ƮƷ ƹ ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƂƤƳ ħŵƺĩ Śŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƪƯŚƘţ żǀƳ ƹ źĮƿŶĪƿ Śŝ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ƪƯŚƘţ Źŵ ƵŵřƺƳŚųŹŵ ŢǀưǀưƇ ƹ İƯźĭ ŚľºƘƣřƹ ƵŵřƺƳŚºų įŚƌºƗř źĭř .ŵŵźĭİƯ ŚƌƗř įƶưƷŹŵ İƴưƿř ŽŚƀůř ƶŝ źŬƴƯ ƹ ƶŤƃřŵ İưƸƯ ŹřŵŹƺºųźŝ źĮƿŶºĪƿ ŢºƿŚưů Żř šLjĪƄºƯ Śŝ ƶƸūřƺƯ ƖƣƺƯŹŵ ƶĩ ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŽŚƀůř İĭŶºƳŻ įŚƷŹŚƄºƟ Śŝ ƶƸūřƺƯ Źŵ İƐǀŰƯ Ʋǀƴģ Źŵ ħŵƺĩƹ Ƶŵźĩ İƴưƿř ŽŚƀůř ŵƺŝ ŶƴƷřƺų .ŵƺƃİƯ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ƹ įŹŚŤƟŹ šLjĪƄƯ ƁƺŴŤſŵ źŤưĩ ƹ ƶŤƃřŶƳ śřźƐƋř ƹ Žźţ :ŵƺƃİƯ ŵŚƸƴƄǀě ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ İƃŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ ŚƸƳō İĮưƷ ƶŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ řŵźƟ ƲƿŶƫřƹ ŻƹźƯř ƱŚĩŵƺĩ ƶĩƲƿř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ .ŵƺƃ Ƶŵřŵ ƁŻƺƯō ƱřźĮƿŵ Śŝ ŮǀŰƇ ƪƯŚƘţ įŹřźƣźŝ įƵƺǀƃ ƹ İƗŚưŤūř įŚƷƂƴĩ ƵŹƹŚƄºƯ żºĩřźƯ įƶƬǀºſƹ ƶºŝ ŶƴŤƀºƷ İĮŤƀºŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř źƐų ƉźƘƯ Źŵ ƶĩ İƳŚĩŵƺĩ ƶºŝ ŚºƸƳō ƲƿŶºƫřƹ ƹ ƱŚºĩŵƺĩ Ʋºƿř Żř İŤųŚƴºƃƱřƹŹ įŚºƷŢºƿŚưůźŝ ƵƹLjºƗ ƹ ƵŶƃ İƿŚſŚƴƃ 143 ÎÑÐ ŚƸƳō ƲƿŶƫřƹ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ĨŞſ ŽŚſř źŝ İƳŚŤƀŝŵ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƩLjŤųř İƴǀŝƂǀě Ƶŵřŵ ƁŻƺƯō ƱŚĩŵƺĩ įŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƶŝ ŢŞƀƳ Ʊŵƺŝ ŽŚƀů ƹ Ʊŵƺŝ ƺĭŲſŚě įŚƷšŹŚƸƯ ƱŚƄƴƿŶƫřƹ ŵŹƺºųźŝ įŚºƷƵƺǀƃ ƶĩ ƮǀŤƀƷ ƱŚƤƤŰƯ ƶƬǀſƺŝ źŤƄǀŝ İƿŚƷƂƷƹĦě ŶƴƯŻŚǀƳ ŚŤſřŹ ƲǀưƷŹŵ .ŵƺƃ .ŶƴƷŵ ƁŻƺƯō İĮŤƀŞƫŵ įŚƷŻŚǀƳ ŌŚƤţŹř ŢƸū řŹ ħŵƺĩ İŤƀƿŻ ƹ İƠƏŚƗ įŚƷŻŚǀƳ Śŝ ŜſŚƴƯ ƩLjŤºųř ƹ İƿƺºƃŚƳŻ šŚºưƷŚƠţ ƭŶºƗ Żř ݺƃŚƳ įŚƷŹŚƄƟ Ʋǀŝ ƶĩ źƯř Ʋƿř ƶŝ ŢƿŚƴƗ Śŝ ƁźŤƀººĭ İĮŤƀººŞƫŵ ƩLjŤººųř Żř įźǀĮƄººǀě įŚººƷƵřŹ Żř ݺºĪƿ ŵŹřŵ ŵƺººūƹ ƶººƐŝřŹ İĮŤƀººŞƫŵ įŵŚƿŻ İƴſ šƹŚƠţ Żř ƶĩ Ţſř İƳŚƀĩ ũřƹŵŻř ƭŶƗ ƶŝ ƶǀƇƺţ ƹ ũřƹŵŻř Żř Ƃǀě įŚƷƵŹƹŚƄƯ .ŶƴŤƀƷ ŹřŵŹƺųźŝ 144 ç ƹ æ įƵŹŚưƃ ç įƵŹƹŵ æèíê ƱŚŤƀŝŚţ ƹ ŹŚƸŝ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ æéé ƖŝŚƴƯ ƱřŻƺºƯōƂºƳřŵ Źŵ įŹŚºŤƟŹ šLJLjŤºųř ƹ İƬǀƈºŰţ ŢƟźƄǀě Śŝ ƶƬŘƀƯ ƪů įŚƷƵƺǀƃ İſŹźŝ .(æèìî) .Ż įƹźƀų .řźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ :ƱřźƸţ .[İƬƯ śƺƈƯ ŭźƏ] .ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ İƿŚưƴƷřŹ .įƺƋŹ ŽŶƣ ƱŚŤſō :ŶƸƄƯ .ħŵƺĩ įƵŹƹŚƄƯ įřźŝ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƱƺƯŻō .(æèìæ) .ŭ įŵŚŝōƞƐƫ .(è)é İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įƶƬŬƯ .ũřƹŵŻř įŹƹƂƴĩ Źŵ ƱLJŚƀĭŹżŝ İĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƂƤƳ .(æèìî) .ƕ .ƭ įźƷŚƔƯ .ƝŹĥ šřŹŚƄŤƳř :ƱřźƸţ .İƳřƹŹ įŚƷįŹŚưǀŝ .(æèëí) .ę ƱŚŤſŵřŵ ƹ .ƭ ŹƺƈƴƯ Ainsworth, M. 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