Archive of SID

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Archive of SID

Archive of SID
ê ƹ é įƵŹŚưƃ æ įƵŹƹŵ
æèíé ƱŚŤƀƯŻ ƹ żǀŗŚě
20 - ê .ƆƇ
İŤųŚƴƃƱřƹŹ šŚƘƫŚƐƯ
İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ
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ƱřźƿŶƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ įřźŝ İƋŚƿŹ įƺĮƫř ƲƿƹŶţ
İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ ƹ İŤƘƴƇ ƹ İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ
İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ŽŚſř źŝ
ƲƷŵƹŹ ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ İŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ ƹ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ įƵŶĪƄƳřŵ ŹŚƿŵŚŤſř
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ÊƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ ƹ įźºŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŵŚǀƴŝ ƝŶƷ
įƶƘƯŚū .Ţſř İŤƿźƿŶƯ ŜſŚƴƯ įƺĮƫř ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ ƹ İŤƘƴƇ ƹ İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ
ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ ƞºƬŤŴƯ įŚºƷƂºŴŝ įŹřŵř ƱřźƿŶƯ ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ įƶưƷ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŹŚƯō
ŚºƷƱŚŤºſźǀŝŵ ƱřźƿŶºƯ Żř źƠƳ çéê ƱŚǀƯ Ʋƿř Żř ƶĩ Ţſř İưǀƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴƇ İƬƯ Ţĩźƃ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƹ í įƶƤƐƴƯ
Źřżºŝř .ŶƳŶºƃ śŚºŴŤƳř İưǀºƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴºƇ İƬƯ Ţĩźƃ ƱřźƿŶƯ Żř źƠƳ èéî ƹ ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ Żř źƠƳ çåå
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ ƹ źĮƴƿźŤºſř ƹ ƲºƿƹŢºǀƫ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌƟ żƳŵŹŚŝ ƹ ŽŚĩżŤƯ įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ įŚƷƶƯŚƳƂſźě ƂŬƴſ
įŚƌƟ įŚƷƶƯŚƳƂſźě ƱŚƯŻƮƷ ƹ ƱřźƿŶƯ įƹŹ źŝ įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ įƶƯŚƳƂſźě .ŵƺŝ ƩƺŤſř ƹ ƩŚĩĨƯ Ţǀưſř
.Ŷƃ řźūř ŚƷƱō ƱřŶƴƯŹŚĩ Żř źƠƳ ƶſ įƹŹ źŝ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
:ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƵźǀƜŤƯŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ ƱƺƯŻō įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
ŵŹřŵ İĭƶŤƀƿƮƷ ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ pō
:Ţſř Ʋǀƴģ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ įƶƿŚě źŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ İƋŚƿŹ įƺĮƫř pś
(-ççǕëç) + åǕëé × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
(-ææǕçæî) + åǕíê × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ
(-çîǕæî) + åǕëê × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƺĮƫř
:ŚƷƵĥřƹŶǀƬĩ
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Archive of SID
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.ŢºſřƵŵƺºŝ ŲƿŹŚţ Źŵ įƹ ŢƟŹƂǀě ƪƯŚƗ ƲƿźţƮƸƯ ƹ ƱŚƀƳř įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Żř İĪƿ İƿƺūƩŚưĩ
įŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƹ ƱŚƀƳř įƶŤųŚſ įŚƷƭŚƔƳ Źŵ ƩŚưĩ ƶŝ ƱŶǀſŹ įŚƷƶſŚƴƃ Żř İĪƿ żǀƳ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
İƿƺºūƩŚºưĩ šźºƐƟ ŻŚºƛō Żř įŹƹƵźºƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř įřźŝ Ɓǈţ įƶưƄģźſ .Ţſř ƱŚƀƳř įŵřŹř
ŵŚƈºŤƣř Źŵ ƵŶƴƿřżƟ ŢŝŚƣŹ ƹ ƖŝŚƴƯ ƱƹżƟř ŻƹŹ ŵƺŝƮĩ ƶŝ ƁźĮƳ Śŝ ƵŻƹźƯř ƹ ŢſřƵŵƺŝ ƱŚƀƳř
įŚƷŹƺƄºĩ .ŵřŵ ƂƿřżºƟř İºĭƵŶƳŻ įŚƷƶŞƴū įƶưƷ Źŵ řŹ İƳŚƀƳř ƖƯřƺū įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŶƿŚŝ İƳŚƸū
İºƃǈţ ŵƺºų İƃŻƺƯō ƹ İƳŚĭŹŻŚŝ İŤƘƴƇ İƬƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Żřźţ Ʊŵźŝ ǇŚŝ įřźŝ ƱŚƸū ƞƬŤŴƯ
Żřźºţ ƂƿřżºƟř ƶºŝ İŤƿźƿŶºƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷƁƹŹ ƹ ŚƷƵřŹ Żř ŶƴƃƺĩİƯ ƹ ŶƴƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ źǀĭİě
.ŶƳŹřŵ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř Źŵ řżſƶŝ İưƸſ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƱŚǀƯ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƶĩ ŶƴƷŵ įŹŚƿ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ƹ ŚºƷƱŚƯŻŚºſ įƶƿŚƯźºſ ƲƿźºţƁŻŹřŚŝ Ʋǀƴģ ƮƷ ƹ ƲƿźţśŚƿƮĩ řŹ ƱřźƿŶƯ (æîêé) æźĩřŹŵ
İƿŚƟƺĪƃ ƹ ƂƫŚŝ Źŵ İţŚǀů ƹ įŵŚǀƴŝ İƄƤƳ ƶĩ ŶƳřŵİƯ ƶƘƯŚū įƵŶƴƴĩƲǀǀƘţ ƹ İƬƇř ƪƯřƺƗ
İƳƹŹŵ įŚƷİƿŚƳřƺţ Żř įźǀĭƵźƸŝ Śŝ ƶĩ ŶƳŹřŵ řŹ Ʊō İƿŚƳřƺţ ƵŚĭō ƹ ƶŤƀƿŚƃ ƱřźƿŶƯ .ŶƳŹřŵ Ʊō
ƶŝ ƖŝŚƴƯ ƲƿźţƮĩ įźǀĭŹŚĩƶŝ Śŝ řŹ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷƝŶƷ İƬƜƃ įŚƷƶŝźŬţ ƹ İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ ƂƳřŵ
ŢƿźƿŶºƯ ƱŚºưĭİºŝ .ŶºƳźŝ ǇŚºŝ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ İƿōŹŚĩ ƹ İƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŶƴƄŴŝ ƢƤŰţ źţźŝ İŗƶƳƺĭ
ƹźºĭ Źŵ İƿŚƟƺĪºƃ ŚƯř Ţſř ŚƷŢƬƯ ƩǈƤŤſř ƹ ƵŚƟŹ įŹŚĮŤſŹ ŶǀƬĩ ƹ İƿŚƟƺĪƃ ƮƸƯ ƪƯŚƗ
ŶºƴƯŻŚǀƳ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ ƹ İºƷƹźĭ įŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟ ƱŶǀſŹ ƱŚƯŚſ ƶŝ ƹ Ţſř İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƹ İƷƹźĭ ŹŚĩ
ŚºƷƱŚƯŻŚſ ŢǀƤƟƺƯ ŚƷšŹŚƸƯ ƱƹżƟřŻƹŹ İĭƵŶǀĤǀě ƹ ŢŝŚƣŹ įŚǀƳŵ Źŵ .Ţſř ƂŴŝźŧř ŢƿźƿŶƯ
źƿŶºƯ įƶºƠǀƓƹ (æîíí) ÏŵŹŚƃƱǈŝ ƹ İſźƷ .ŶƿŚưƳİƯ İƳŶƃŚƳ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ŹƺųŹŵ įŚƷƵƺǀƃ ƱƹŶŝ
ƮºƸƯ ŵŹřŵ ƂƴºĩƮƷźºŝ Ʊō İƳƺºƯřźǀě įŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ įƶºưƷ Śºŝ ƶĩ ŚūƱō Żř řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ źŞƷŹ Śƿ
ƹ ŚºƷƶºŤƟŚƿ źºŝ ƶºǀĪţ Śºŝ ƹ ŶƴºƃŚŝ ŹřŵŹƺºųźŝ İŗƶŤƀūźŝ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Żř ŶƿŚŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ .ŶƴƳřŵİƯ
ƵŚºĮƿŚū ƶºŝ ƶºūƺţ Śºŝ řŹ ŜºſŚƴƯ įŚºƷƁƹŹ İŤƿźƿŶƯ ƪŗŚƀƯ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ ƵŶƃƭŚŬƳř įŚƷƂƷƹĦě
ƶºŝ İŝŚºƿŢºſŵ įƶºƴǀƯŻ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ śƺƬƐƯ įŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř Śŝ ƲǀƴģƮƷ ƹ ŶƳŹƹō ŹŚĩ Źŵ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
.ŶƳŻŚſ ƮƷřźƟ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷƝŶƷ
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ŢŞƀƳƶŝ Ţſř İŗƶƗƺưŬƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ (æîíê) ĬƿřƹżƳŻƹŹ ƹ Ţƀĩ ĢƳźƟ įƶŤƠĭ ƶŝ
ŽŚƀºůř źŝ ŚƷŢƟŚƿŹŵ Ʋƿř .Ʊō ĬƴƷźƟ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Żř ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƗř įŚƷŢƟŚƿŹŵ Żř ŹřŶƿŚě
řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ żºǀƳ (æîîç) ÑƱŶºƫƺŝ .ŵŹřŸºĭİºƯ źºŧř ŹŚºĩ ƪŰƯ Źŵ ŵřźƟř ŹŚŤƟŹ ƹ ƁźĮƳ
įƵƺǀºƃ ƹ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ƁźºĮƳ įƵŶºƴƷŵśŚţŻŚŝ ƹ ŶƴƴĩİƯ ŹŚĩ Ʊō Źŵ ŵřźƟř ƶĩ ŶƳřŵİƯ İƐǀŰƯ
1. Drucker, P. F.
2. Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H.
3. French, W. L., Kast, F. E., & Rosenzweig, J. E.
4. Boulden, G. P.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
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ƭŚºŬƳř ƁƹŹ ƶºĩ Ţºſř İƃŻŹř İŗƶƳŚƯŚſ įƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ .Ţſř ƱŚƯŻŚſ ŢƿźƿŶƯ
įŚƌºƟ (æîîå) ÎŹŶƿŚƴºƃř ƵŚĭŶºƿŵ Źŵ .ŶºƴĩİºƯ ƆŴƄƯ ŵƺƃİƯ ŶǀƿŐţ ƶĩ řŹ İƿŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ ƹ ŹŚĩ
İưºſŹźǀƛ ƹ İưºſŹ įŚƷƶƿƹŹ ƹ ŚƷƶƷřŹŹŚĩ Żř ħźŤƄƯ İŤƟŚƿŹŵ ƵŵźŤƀĭ İŗƶƳƺĭ ƶŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
ĬºƴƷźƟ ƮǀƷŚºƠƯ (æîîæ) ÏżºƳƹō įƶºŤƠĭ ƶŝ .Ţſř İƳŶƿŵ ŚƌƗř įřźŝ ƶĩ ŵƺƃİƯƵŵźưƃ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
ƹ ŵŹřŵ ŹŚºĩ ƹ źºſ ŢºǀƘƣřƹ Ĩƿ Śŝ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƿŚƷƵŻŚſ ƹŵ źƷ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
ƶºĪƬŝ ŢƀºǀƳ ŽƺƀºŰƯ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀºƯ įŚºƷŵřŵűŹ Śŝ įŻŹƹƂƴĩ Ŷƴƿōźŝ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ŵřźƟř ŹŚŤƟŹ
.Ţſř İƳƺƯřźǀě ŽƺƀŰƯŚƳ įŚƷƹźǀƳ Śŝ įŻŹƹƂƴĩ Ŷƴƿōźŝ
Żř ŚºƷŢºƃřŵƮƄºģ ƹ ŚºƷŹƹŚŝ ŢºƘǀŞƏ Śºŝ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ ĬƴƷźƟ (æîîç) ÐżţŹƺĩ ƹ ƶƳƺŝ
ƹ ƲǀºǀƘţ įřźºŝ İºŗƶºſŚƴƃ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƶĩ İƫŚů Źŵ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ ƎŞţźƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ İĭƵŶƳŻ
İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ (æîîë) ÑƱřŵƱŚºģ įƶºŤƠĭ ƶŝ .ŶƳŹŚưƃİƯźŝ ŚƷŹŚƔŤƳř ƹ ŚƷŹƹŚŝ Ʋƿřƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ
Ţſř İŗƶƗƺưŬƯ ƹ ŶƳŹřŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƩŵ Ʊō ƶŝ ƶĩ Ţſř İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƶŝ ŵřźƟř ƁźĮƳ įƵŶƴƷŵśŚţŻŚŝ
ƶºŝ .Ţºſř źŧŒºƯ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ŹŚŤƟŹ ƲǀǀƘţ Źŵ İƬƇř įƹźǀƳ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ ƶĩ İƬƯřƺƗ ƹ ŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Żř
įŚƌºƗř ƶºĩ ƱŚºƴģƱō įŹŚºĩ įŚƌºƟ ƞǀºƇƺţ źŝ źţƂǀŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ (æîîë) ÒƲŗƺĩ ŹƹŚŝ
ƎǀºŰƯ Żř ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ İŝŚºƿŻŹř ƱřƺţİƯ řŹ įŹŚĩ įŚƌƟ įŚƷƵŻřŶƳř .ŵŹřŵ ƶǀĪţ ŶƴŝŚƿİƯŹŵ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
įŹŚºŤƟŹ šŚºŰǀūźţ ŶºƴĩİºƯ Ɓǈºţ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ ĬƴƷźƟ źĮƿŵ įƺſ Żř .ŵŹƹō ŹŚưƃ ƶŝ ƱƺƯřźǀě
ƶºĩ ƶģ Ʊō ƶŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ĬƴƷźƟ ƱřźĭƂƷƹĦě źĮƿŵ ƲŴſ ƶŝ .Ŷƴĩ Ʈǀſźţ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƗř
źºŝ ƶºĩ ŶƴŤƀºƷ İƿŚƷŹŚĩƹŻŚºſ įƺºūƹŢƀū Źŵ ƶĪƬŝ ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ŶƴƯƶƣǈƗ ŶƴƄƿŶƳřİƯ ƱřŶŝ ŵřźƟř
İºŗƶƿƺºſ) ÓšŹŶƣ Żř įŹƹŵ ŶƴƳŚƯ ŵŹřŸĭ źŧř ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƗř ƪĩ Ƃƴĩ ƹ ƁżǀĮƳř ŚƷŢƟŚƿŹŵ
Źŵ įźŝřźŝŚºƳ ƁźƿŸºě ƶºŝ ŵźºƟ įŚºƷŹŚŬƴƷ ƹ Ƃƿřźºĭ įƵŶƴƷŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƶĩ (İƳŚƯŻŚſ ĬƴƷźƟ Żř
İƀºǀŗŹ Żř ƱřŶºƴƯŹŚĩ ŢºƟŚƿŹŵ ƶºĩ (İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌƟ Żř İŗƶƿƺſ) Ôįźǀĭƶƃƺĭ ƹ Ţſř šŹŶƣ
ƶºƳŚĭřŶū ƭƺºƸƠƯ ƹŵ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ żǀƳ (æîîë) ÕƱƺƀǀƳŵ .ŵŹřŵ ƶƳřźǀĭƶƃƺĭ ŹŚŤƟŹ ƶĩ Ţſř
Ʊō ƶºŝ ŵřźƟř ħźŤƄƯ įŚƷƂƴĩřƹ Śƿ ŢǀƘƣƺƯ Ĩƿ Żř ŵřźƟř ħźŤƄƯ įŚƷŢƟŚƿŹŵ İĪƿ :ŶƳřŵİƯ
įźºĮƿŵ ƹ ŵŹƹō ŶºƿŶě řŹ Ţºſŵ Ʋºƿř Żř ƹ ƱŶƃźǀĭŹŵ ŢƯƹŚƤƯ ŢƿŚƋŹ ÊƺĈ ū ŶƿŚƃ ƶĩ Ţſř
İƗŚºưŤūř ƭŚƔƳ Ĩƿ İƴǀƗ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ .ŵŹřŵ źŧř ŵřźƟř ŹŚŤƟŹ źŝ ƶĩ Ţſř İƐƿřźƃ įƶƗƺưŬƯ
.Ţſř ƵřŹƮƷ ŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Ʊō Śŝ ŹŚĭŻŚſ įŚƷƂƴĩřƹ Śŝ
1. Schneider, B.
2. Owens, R. G.
3. Boone, L. E., & Kurtz, D. L.
4. Chandan, J. S.
5. Koene, B. A. S.
6. Power Distance
7. Aloofness
8. Denison, D. R.
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Źŵ İƄºƷƹĦě .Ţºſř ƱŚƯŻŚſ įƵŻřŶƳř İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ źŝ źŧŒƯ įŹŚŤųŚſ ƪƯřƺƗ Żř İĪƿ
ƹ Ţſř źţŵŚưŤƗřźě ƹ źţŻŚŝ ƎǀŰƯ źţĨģƺĩ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ İƃŻƺƯō ƭŚƔƳ Ĩƿ
įƵźºǀŬƳŻ Źŵ ŵźºƟ įŹŚºĩ ƵŚºĮƿŚū Ʋºƿř źºŝ ƱƹżºƟř .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺºūƹ İºŗƶƳŚŤſƹŵ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ
ÎŻźŤǀºſř ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźºŝ) ŶƃŚŝ źŧŒƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ Żř įƹ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ źŝ ŶƳřƺţİƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷƵŚĮƿŚū
.(çååé ÑżţƺƟ çååé ÐƂǀŝŹř çååê ÏŽƺƳŚǀƟƺſ æîìì
ŦºƗŚŝ Ŷǀƫƺţ Ǝų ŶƴƳŚƯ įŹřźĪţ İſŚƴƃƲƟ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ (æîëæ) ÒźĩŚŤſř ƹ żƳźŝ ƂƷƹĦě
ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ÊįŹƹōƺƳ Ʊŵƺŝ ħŶƳř ƶŬǀŤƳ Źŵ ƹ řźĭƱƺƳŚƣ ƹ źƿŸěŚƳƂƯźƳ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƱŶƯō ŶƿŶě
Śºŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ İưĩ įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƱŚƯŻŚſ İƳƹŹŵ įŚƌƟ źŝ İƳƹźǀŝ ƎǀŰƯ źǀŧŐţ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ .ŵƺƃİƯ
Źŵ ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźºŝ .ŶºƃŚŝ źŧŒºƯ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ źŝ ŶƳřƺţİƯ İƳƺƯřźǀě įŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ ƶưƷ Ʋƿř
ƶºĩ Ŷºƴĩ ŹŚºƴĩźŝ řŹ ŵƺų ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ Żř İƄŴŝ ŵƺƃ źƿżĭŚƳ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ŶƿŚƃ įŵŚƈŤƣř įŚƷįŹřƺƃŵ
.ŶºƴƳřŶŝ ƵŶººƴƴĪƳİƳŚººŝİŤƄººě ƹ żǀƯōŶººƿŶƸţ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚººſ įŚƌººƟ ƱŚººƴĩŹŚĩ ŵƺºƃİººƯ ŜººūƺƯ Ʋººƿř
ŶƴĩİƯ ŶǀƿŐţ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ źŝ řŹ ŢƿźƿŶƯ įŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƹ ŚƷƶƷřŹŹŚĩ źǀŧŐţ İƳřƹřźƟ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě
ÖŢƿźƯƹŵ çååé żţƺƟ çååé ÕšźŞưƫ çååé ÔźƫšŚŝ ƹ ŚŤƫŚĭ řƹƺĩİģŹƹŵ çååê ÓƱƺſƪƿƹ æèíé İưƿźĩ æèíé ũřźſ)
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įƶºŗřŹř ƶºĩ ŢºſřƵŶºƃƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄºƳ ƶºƳƺưƳ įřźŝ .(æèíé įźŤƳǈĩ ƹ ƮƓŚƳ çååê ÎÍĨƫŚƯpƱƺſĨū çååê
ŹŚºĩ Źŵ İƳƺºƯřźǀě įŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ ƶŝ Ʊŵřŵ ŚƸŝ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ İƄŴŝŢƿƺƷ ƹ įŵźƟ ƩǈƤŤſř ŵŹƺųŻŚŝ
įŚƌºƗř Źŵ İƳřŵŹŶºƣ ƹ ƁřŵŚºě Ʊŵřŵ ƹ ƍŚºŞţŹř ơƺºƤů ŜºſŚƴƯ įŚƷŢƀě Źŵ ŵřźƟř ŢǀŞŨţ
ƶºĩ ŵŹƹōİƯ ŶƿŶě İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƹ İƷƹźĭ įŚƷƝŶƷ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ ŽŚƀůř ƱŚƯŻŚſ
.ŵŻŚſİƯ řźĭśŚƿƭŚĩ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ŵƺų
įƵŶºƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ źºŝ źŧŒºƯ ƪƯřƺƗ ƶĩ Ţſř ŶƤŤƘƯ (æîíî) ÎÎƱƺţĬƴƿźƃ
ŚƌºƗř įŚºƷİºĭƵĦºƿƹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ ŹŚŤųŚſ įŵŚƈŤƣř ƵŚĮƿŚū įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ İŤƿźƿŶƯ įŚƷƁŻŹř
ƹ Ţƀºĩ ĢƳźºƟ įƶºŤƠĭ ƶºŝ .Ţºſř ŹŚºĩ ŢºǀƷŚƯ ƹ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ įƵŻřŶºƳř ŚºƷƶºƿŵŚŰţř ƪǀĪƄţ
ƱřƺºţİºưƳ ƵŶºƃƭŚºŬƳř įŚºƷƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƹ ŵƺūƺƯ įŚƷƵźĮƳ ŽŚſř źŝ (æîíê) ĬƿřƹżƳŻƹŹ
:ŶºƴƿƺĭİºƯ ƵŹŚŝ Ʋƿř Źŵ (æîëí) ÎÏźĮƴƿźŤſř ƹ ƲƿƹŢǀƫ .ŵƺưƳ İƟźƘƯ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƲƿźŤƸŝ
ŻŚºǀƳ ƶºĩ řŹ İƿŚƌºƟ źƿŶºƯ .Ŷºƴƴĩ ŢƿźƿŶºƯ ƶºƳƺĭƶģ ŵƺƃƶŤƠĭ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƶŝ ƶĩ Ţſř ŚƴƘƯİŝ»
Ʋƿř Żř ŹŶƣ ƶģ ƁŶůřƹ ƶĩ ŶŝŚƿİƯŹŵ ƹ ŶƴĩİƯ İſŹźŝ įƹ .ŶƴĩİƯ ƲǀǀƘţ Ţſř ǇŚŝ ŵźĩŹŚĩ
1. Steers, R. M.
2. Sofianos, T. J.
3. Erbisch, P. M.
4. Fouts, H. M.
5. Burns, T. & Stalker, G. M.
6. Wilson, C. L.
7. Durcikova, A., Galletta, D., & Butler, B.
8. Lambert, W. E.
9. DeMeritt, E. G.
10. Jackson-Malik, P. J.
11. Cherrington, D.
12. Litwin, G. H., & Stringer, R. A. Jr.
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Ʋǀºƴģ ƶºŝ ƱŶǀºſŹ įřźºŝ řŹ ƶŤƀºƿŚŝ įŚºƷŹŚĩ ƹ ŚƷƶƯŚƳźŝ žĜſ ƹ Ţſř Źƹŵ śƺƬƐƯ įŚƌƟ
.«ŶƴƿżĭİƯźŝ İƿŚƌƟ
Ɓǈţ ŹƺųŹŵ ƵŵŻŚŝ ƹ ŵźĩŹŚĩ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ƱŚƯŻŚſ źĭř Ţſř ŶƤŤƘƯ (æîìì) ŻźǀŤſř
ŶºƃŚŝ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ İƬƜºƃ įŵƺƴƃƺų İě Źŵ źĭř ƹ Ţſř źŤƸŝ Ʊō įřźŝ řźĭśŚƿƭŚĩ įŚƌƟ Ŷƴĩ
ŶºƷŵİºƯ ƱŚƄºƳ (æîíë) ÎƱƺſźŤě ƹ Ʈǀţ İƄƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ .ŵƺŝŶƷřƺų źţŶƯōŹŚĩ ƶƳŚŤſƹŵ įŚƌƟ
ƲǀƿŚºě ƶŝ ǇŚŝ Żř ƎŝřƹŹ Ʊŵƺŝ ŻŚŝ İƳŚŝİŤƄě İŤĩŹŚƄƯ įźǀĭƮǀưƈţ ŵŚưŤƗř ŶƴƳŚƯ İƬƯřƺƗ ƶĩ
įŚƌºƟ Źŵ ǇŚºŝ ŵźĩŹŚºĩ įŚºƷƝŶºƷ ƶŝ ƶūƺţ ƹ ǇŚŝ įƶƿŚě ŵřźƟř įƺſ Żř ŚƷƁŹřżĭ ƱŶǀƴƃ
.(æèíå İƯřźĩř Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ) ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ įƺƣ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
İƿŚºſŚƴƃ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ ƶºƳƺĭ Ƃºƃ ŵƺų ƂƷƹĦě Źŵ (æîëè) ÏŢƟřźĩ ƹ ƲǀěƩŚƷ
ÓƶƳŚŤºſƹŵ ÒƵŶºƃƩźºŤƴĩ ÑƱřŵźĭŵƺºų ÐŻŚºŝ :ŵźºǀĭİºƯ įŚºū ŹŚŤſƺǀě Ĩƿ įƹŹ źŝ ƶĩ ŶƳŵźĩ
įŚƌºƟ İºſŹźŝ įƶºƴǀƯŻ Źŵ żºǀƳ (æîëæ) ÎÍšźºĪǀƫ .(æîîç ÖƲºƿƹĨºƫƹ ƹ ƱŹƺºƯ) ÕƶŤƀºŝ ƹ ÔƶƳřŹŶě
ƶºŗřŹř «ÎÎİƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚºƷİĭƵĦƿƹ įŚưǀſ» ƭŚƳ Śŝ įŹřŵƺưƳ Źŵ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
įƵźĮƳ ƶŝ ƵŚĮƳ Śŝ ŵŚƘŝř Ʋƿř .Ţſř ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŵŚǀƴŝ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Żř ŶƘŝ ŢƄƷ įřŹřŵ ƶĩ Ƶŵźĩ
ŵźºĭřźƟ İºƃżǀĮƳř įŚºƷƹźǀƳ įźºŞƷŹ ŵźºĭřźƟ :Ţſř Ʋǀƴģ įƹ įƶƳŚĭŹŚƸģ İŤƿźƿŶƯ įŚƷƭŚƔƳ
ƢºƤŰţ ƹ šŹŚºƔƳ ŵźĭřźƟ ŚƷƝŶƷ Ŝǀţźţ įźǀĭƮǀưƈţ ŵźĭřźƟ ŷƺƠƳpƂƴĩƮƷźŝ ŵźĭřźƟ ƍŚŞţŹř
.(æîìè ÎÏİƬƳřŵ ƹ ĢƿƹƶģƱřƺƿř ƱƺſŜǀĭ) İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƝŶƷ
żǀƳ ƱŚƳō .ŶƳřƵŵźĩ ƶŗřŹř İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ Żř įźĮƿŵ įŶƴŝƵźĪǀě żǀƳ ÎÐƝƺƷƲǀą Ťƃř ƹ ƱźŤſř
Śºŝ ƹ ŶƴŤƀºƳřŵİºƯ ŻŹřƮºƷ ƱŚƀƳř ŢǀƈŴƃ Śŝ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ŢǀƈŴƃ ŢƟřźĩ ƹ ƲǀĜƫŚƷ ƱƺģƮƷ
įƵŶƳŻŚºſ ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶºŝ řŹ ÎÒŹŚƄºƟpŻŚºǀƳ ƭƺƸƠƯ ÎÑįŹƺƯ ƭŚƳ ƶŝ źĮƿŵ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ŹŚĩ źŝ ƶǀĪţ
ŻŚºǀƳ įŚºƿƺě ƂƴºĩƮƷźºŝ Żř įŶºƴƿōźŝ řŹ ŢǀƈºŴƃ įŹƺºƯ .ŶƴŤƟźĭ ƭřƹ ƹř Żř İƯŵō ŢǀƈŴƃ
.(æîîæ żƳƹō) ŢƀƳřŵİƯ ŹŚƄƟ Śŝ (İƳƹŹŵ)
įŚƌºƟ įƶºƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ƱřƹřźºƟ įŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě Żř žºě żºǀƳ (æîëí) źĮƴƿźŤºſř ƹ ƲƿƹŢǀƫ
ŹŚŤųŚºſ ƱƺºģƮºƷ İƿŚƷŶºƘŝ įřŹřŵ ƶºĩ ŶºƳŵŹƹō ƮƷřźºƟ řŹ İƄºſźěêå İŗƶƯŚƳƂſźě İƳŚƯŻŚſ
1. Team, P., & Peterson, M. F.
2. Halpin, A. W., & Croft, D. B.
3. Open
4. Autonomous
5. Controlled
6. Familiar
7. Paternal
8. Closed
9. Moran, E., & Volkwein, J. F.
10. Likert, R.
11. Profile of Organizational Characteristics (POC)
12. Gibson, J. L., Ivancevich, J. M., & Donnelly, J. H. Jr.
13. Stern, G. G. & Steinhoff, C. R.
14. Murray, Henry A.
15. Need-Press
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ƱŚºƳō .Ţºſř ŢºƿƺƷ ƹ ŚƷƶƐŝŚƋ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ İƳŚŝİŤƄě İŤſƹŵ įźƿŸěźƐų ƁřŵŚě ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ
ƱƹżºƟř .ŵŹřŸĭİƯ źŧř İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ źŝ ƶĩ Ţſř İƬƯřƺƗ Żř įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ ƶĩ ŶƳřƵŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ
ƁƺºƷ ƱƺºūƮºƷ źºĮƿŵ ƪºƯřƺƗ Śºŝ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌƟ ƍŚŞţŹř įƵŹŚŝŹŵ İưĪŰƯ ŶƷřƺƃ Ʋƿř źŝ
(çååê ÐżƳƺǀŤºſř) İƬƜºƃ ŢƿŚºƋŹ ƹ (çååé ÏžƳƶưǀū) İƳŚƯŻŚſ įźǀĭŵŚƿ (çååê ÎƂƿźĭ ŻźūřŹ) İƳŚŬǀƷ
źºŝ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ įŚºƷƝŶºƷ ƶŝ źţƂǀŝ ƶģ źƷ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ ŶƿŚŝ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ ƂƿřżºƟř įƶºƴǀƯŻ įŹŚºĩ ŜºſŚƴƯ ƎǀºŰƯ ŵŚºŬƿř Śŝ ƹ Ŷƴƴĩ šŹŚƔƳ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ
.ŶƳŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
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žƳŚƯƺºſ) ŢºƟŹ ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ İƳżŗƺºĩ Ǝſƺţ æììë ƩŚſ Źŵ ŹŚŝ ƲǀŤƀŴƳ įŹƹƵźƸŝ įƵĥřƹ
ƂƿřżºƟř įřźºŝ ƆƈŴţ ƹ ŹŚĩ įŶƴŝƶƠǀƓƹ ŹŚĩ įŹƹƵźƸŝ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ æììë Źŵ ÓŢǀưſř .(æîîí
.(æîíå ÔŚºƯřŵƺƿŚƳ) ŵƺºưƳ ƱřƺºƴƗ İŞƫŚºƐƯ İſŚƴƃƲƟ įźǀĭŹŚĩƶŝ ƂƿřżƟř ƹ İĭƶŤƀų ƂƷŚĩ ŵƺſ
źºŝ řŹ ŹŚºĩ ƮǀƀºƤţ ƹ ŶƴĩİƯ ƵŹŚƃř ƆƈŴţ ƹ İƿōŹŚĩ ƶŝ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƭƺƸƠƯ Śŝ ƍŚŞţŹř Źŵ įƹ
ŢǀƠǀĩ Ŝƀů źŝ řŹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ÕŹƹƲǀſ ƱƺģƮƷ İƳŚƳřŵŵŚƈŤƣř .ŶƳřŵİƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƹ İƿōŹŚĩ įŚƴŞƯ
šŹřŻƹ) ŶƳŵźĩİƯ ƲǀǀŞţ źĭŹŚĩ įźĪƟ ƹ İƳŶŝ šŹŶƣ ƹ šŹŚƸƯ ƹ ƁƺƷ İůƹŹ įźĪƟ İưƀū
ƶºĩ ŢºſřƵŶºƃ ŻŚºƛō ÖŹƺºƬǀţ Żř æííæ ƩŚºſ Źŵ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Źŵ śǈƤƳř İƫƹ .(æèìç ƲǀĮƴſ ƖƿŚƴƇ
.(æîéì ŹƺºƬǀţ) ŢƀƳřŵ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ İưƬƗ ƹ İưſŹ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě ŻŚƛō ŲƿŹŚţ řŹ Ʊō ƱřƺţİƯ
ŶºƤŤƘƯ (æîíí) ÎÎİƳƺƷŚƯ .ŢſřƵŵźĩ ƞƿźƘţ įŹƹōźƟ Ʊřƺţ řŹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƮƷŵŻƺƳ įƵŶſ Źŵ ÎÍźţİƫ
ŚººƷƲºƿř źººŝ ƱƹżººƟř .Ţººſř źºǀǀƜţ ƹ İƄººŴŝźŧř İƿōŹŚººĩ įƵŶººƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ įŹƹƵźººƸŝ ƶººĩ Ţººſř
żţŹƺºĩ ƹ ƶºƳƺŝ (æîíí) ÎÐįŹƹŵ ƶºų ƹ šźºŞƫō ƱƺĪƀºƯ (æèìæ) ÎÏƩřŵŹƺţ ƱƺģƮƷ İƳřŶƴƯƂƳřŵ
(æîíë) ÎÔŲººƿŹįřƹ ƹ ƪººƳřŵƹř żŤƳƺºĩ (æîíî) ÎÓƪººŤƠƳřŹ (æîîæ) ÎÒżººƴǀŝřŹ (æîîì) ÎÑŚººĮƳƺƯ (æîîç)
įŹƹ ƵźºƸŝ żǀƳ (æîíë) ÏÎƩŶƴƫ ƹ (æîíî) ÏÍƱŹƺƷźƯźƃ (æîîè) ÎÖƲƯįźƟ ƹ źƳƺŤſř (æèìæ) ÎÕİţƺě
1. Rogers Gerrish, S.
2. Jimenez, B. M.
3. Stevens, D. J.
4. Quesnay, F.
5. Sumanth, D. J.
6. Smith, Adam
7. Nayudamma, Y.
8. Sinver, S.
9. Taylor, F. W.
10. Litter, M.
11. Mahoney, T. A.
12. Tordahl, D.
13. Mescon, M. H., Albert, M., & Khedouri, F.
14. Monga, R. C.
15. Robbins, S. P.
16. Ranftl, R. M.
17. Koontz, H., O'Donnell, C., & Weihrich, H.
18. Putti, J. M.
19. Stoner, J. A. F., & Freeman, R. E.
20. Schermerhorn, J. R. Jr.
21. Landel, R. D.
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Żř ƵŶƯōźŝ ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Żřźţ ƂƿřżƟř ƶĩ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ İƿōŹŚĩ ƹ İƄŴŝ źŧř įƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ řŹ
.Ţſř ŻŹřƮƷ śƺų ŢƿźƿŶƯ Śŝ ƶĩ Ţſř ŢƿźƿŶƯ İƿōŹŚĩ
ƱŚºǀƴŝ Ɩºƣřƹ Źŵ .Ţºſř ŢƿźƿŶºƯ İƬºƇř ƝŶºƷ Ʊō ŶºƃŹ ƒºƠů ƹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ŶƴƿōźƟ .Ţſř źţǇŚŝ ŵźĩŹŚĩ įřźŝ ŜſŚƴƯ įŚƷƍźƃ ŵŚŬƿř įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ
ƱřƺţİưƳ řŹ İƳƺĭźĭŵ .ŶƿōİưƳ Ţſŵ ƶŝ İƳŚſōƶŝ żĭźƷ żǀƳ İƳƺĭźĭŵ ƹ Ţſř İƳƺĭźĭŵ źĭƱŚƄƳ
ƹ ŵŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ řŹ ƱŚƿŚƃ įƶƴǀƯŻ ŶƿŚŝ İƳƺĭźĭŵ ŶƴƿōźƟ Źŵ .ŵŹƹō ŶƿŶě ŹƺŤſŵ ƹ Ʊŵřŵ ƱŚƯźƟ Śŝ
źºŝ İºĭƵźǀģ įřźŝ ƹ ŵźĩ İƿŚſŚƴƃ řŹ İƳƺĭźĭŵ įŚƷŶſ ŶƿŚŝ ƲǀƴģƮƷ .ŵźĩ ƵŵŚƯō řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
İŝƺºųƶºŝ Ʈƿř Ʊō İě Źŵ ƶĩ řŹ ƶģƱō ŶƿŚŝ ƶĩ Ʊō ƵŚţƺĩ .ŵřŵ ƭŚŬƳř řŹ ƶŤƀƿŚŝ įŚƷŹŚĩ ŚƷƱō
.(æîíì ÎźĤƬŝ) ƮƿŻřŵźĜŝ İƳƺĭźĭŵ įƶƳřŻƹŹ šŹŚƔƳ ƹ ƵŹřŵř ƶŝ Ʊřƺţ įƶưƷ Śŝ ƹ ƮǀſŚƴƄŝ
ƺººſ ƲŤººƃřŶƳ :ŵŹŚưººƃİººƯźŝ Ʋǀººƴģ řŹ įŹƹƵźººƸŝ ÊįƹŹ ÊƂǀººě įŚƷŶººſ (æîíî) ÏŢººƿřŹ
ŢƿźƿŶºƯ źºĮƿŵ įƺºſ Żř .źƿŶºƯ Ƃƴƿżºĭ ƹ Ţºųřŵźě įŚºƷƭŚƔƳ Ţƀſ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷŹŚŤųŚſ
.Ţºſř ƱŚƯŻŚºſ Źŵ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ įŚƷƶƯŚƳźŝ źŝ šŹŚƔƳ ƹ İĮƴƷōƮƷ įżƿŹƶƯŚƳźŝ ŶƴƿōźƟ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ŵźƿŸºĜŝ ŢǀƫƺŘƀºƯ ƮºƸƯ įŚºƷŹŚĩ ƹ ƞƿŚºƓƹ ƭŚºŬƳř įřźºŝ ƶºĩ Ţſř İƀĩ ŹƹƵźƸŝ źƿŶƯ Ĩƿ
įŚºƷƶſŚƴƃ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ ƎǀŰƯ įŵŚǀƴŝ ƪƯŚƗ ŹŚƸģ (æîíë) ÑƲƯƪěŚĩ .(æîíì ÐİºƳƮǀĩƮƫ)
.ŶƳřŵİƯ źŧŒƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Źŵ řŹ įŵźƟ įŚƷƶſŚƴƃ ƹ ŹŚĩ
:ŢºſřƵŵƺºŝ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ ƪºƯřƺƗ Ʋºƿř İºĭƶŤƀºŝƮƷ ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ įŚƷƂƷƹĦě Źŵ
İºĭƵŶºƳŻ ŢºǀƠǀĩ (çååé Óżƀĩƺě çååé ÒƪĮƳř æèíé įźŞĩř æèíé ƲţƹźƟ) šŹŚƔƳ ƹ įźŞƷŹ įŚƷƵƺǀƃ
(æèíè įŹŚºƴģ) İƳŚƀƳř ƎŝřƹŹ ƩƺƇř ŢƿŚƗŹ (æèíè İƳŚƯŻ) ƱřźƿŶƯ šǈǀƈŰţ (æèíè ŶƳƹƮƿźĩ) įŹŚĩ
(æèíé İºŤưůŹ) (źºĮƳİºƿżū) ƱřźƿŶºƯ ƱŶǀƄƿŶƳř įŚƷƵƺǀƃ (çååê Ôƺƿİģ) İƷƹźĭ ŵźĩŹŚĩ źŝ ŶǀĩŐţ
.(æèíé ƵŵřŻƲǀƀů) ƱřźƿŶƯ İƴƿźƟōŹŚĩ ƹ (æèíé įŹřźŝ) İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ
įŚºƷƶºƠǀƓƹ ƹ ƱŚŤſŵźƿŻ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ƖŝŚƴƯ Ŷƴƿōİě řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŹƹƵźƸŝ żǀƳ (æîìì) ÕŽřŹ
ƱŚƄºƿŚƷİƿŚºƳřƺţ źºţƂǀºŝ ƶºģ źºƷ įźǀĭŹŚºĩƶºŝ įŚŤſřŹ Źŵ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ŢƿřŶƷ .ŶƳřŵİƯ İŤƿźƿŶƯ
ƹ İƳŚƀƳř ƖŝŚƴƯ ŢƿźƿŶƯ .ŶƯŚŬƳřİƯ İƬƜƃ ŢƿŚƋŹ ƶŝ ŵƺų ƶĩ ŵźŝİƯ ǇŚŝ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ƹ İƿŚºūƶºŝŚū ƹ ŹŚºĩ İƿŚƟƺĪºƃ ƹ įŻŚºſƶºƿŚƯźě ŹŚĩ İůřźƏ įƶƴǀƯŻ Źŵ İŤƿźƿŶƯ įŚƷƂƴĩ
řŹ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ İŝŚƿƭŚĩ ƹ įŹŚĭŶƳŚƯ (æîíë) ĢƳźƟ .Ţſř źŧŒƯ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ įŹƹƵźƸŝ źŝ įŹŚĩ Ɓŵźĭ
ƵŵŻŚººŝ ƹ (İƳŚƯŻŚººſ) İº ƳƹŹŵ ƎǀººŰƯ İº Ƴƹźǀŝ ƎǀººŰƯ ƪººƯřƺƗ ƶººŝ ƱřźƿŶººƯ ƁźººĮƳ ƹźººĭ Źŵ
1. Belcher, J. G. Jr.
2. Wright, W. L.
3. Lam Khim Ngee, C.
4. Kopelman, R. E.
5. Engle, M. C.
6. Poxes, A. M. Jr.
7. Chiu, S. K.
8. Ross, J. E.
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ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ŢƿźƿŶºƯ ƶƳƺưƳ įřźŝ .ŵŹřŸĭİƯ źŧř źĮƿŵĨƿ źŝ ƪƯřƺƗ Ʋƿř ƶĩ ŶƳřŵİƯ (ŚƷŵŹƹōŢſŵ)
ƭřŶŴŤºſř İƳƺƳŚºƣ įŚºƷƶƐŝŚºƋ źºŝ (İºƳƹŹŵ ƪºƯŚƗ) İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƶƯŚƳźŝ İƳŚŝİŤƄě ƹ ŢƿƺƤţ Śŝ
ǇŚºĩ ŜºſŚƴƯ Ţºưǀƣ ƹ ŢǀƠǀĩ źŝ (ƵŵŻŚŝ) ƱŚƯŻŚſ İƄŴŝźŧř Śƿ ŵŹřŸĭİƯ źǀŧŐţ (İƳƹźǀŝ ƪƯŚƗ)
źŧŒƯ ƪƯřƺƗ ÎŹŚĩ İƳŚƸū ƱŚƯŻŚſ .ŵƺƃİƯ (İƳƹźǀŝ ƪƯŚƗ) ŚƋŚƤţ ƂƿřżƟř ŜūƺƯ ƹ ŵŹřŸĭİƯ źŧř
:(æîîç ÏƺĩƲěƺĩƹźě) ŢſřƵŵźĩ įŶƴŝƶŤſŵ źƿŻ ƵŶưƗ Ƶƹźĭ ƹŵ ƶŝ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ įŹƹƵźƸŝ źŝ
źºŧř ƱŚƯŻŚºſ źŝ Ʊƹźǀŝ Żř ƶĩ ŵƺƃİƯƶŤƠĭ İƬƯřƺƗ ƶŝ p(źƿŸěŚƳšŹŚƔƳ) İƳƹźǀŝ ƪƯřƺƗ pō
ŵźĩŹŚºĩ Ʊŵźºĩ źºŤƸŝ įřźºŝ .ŢƀºǀƳ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ƱƹŹŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƹ ŵřźƟř ŽŹŢſŵ Źŵ ƹ ŵŹřŸĭİƯ
ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ƹ ŵƺºƃƶŤƀºƿźĮƳ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ İƿōŹŚĩ ƹ ŢƿźƿŶƯ Źŵ źŧŒƯ İƳƹźǀŝ ƪƯřƺƗ ƶŝ ŶƿŚŝ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
İƫŚºƯ šřŹźƤƯ ƹ ƲǀƳřƺƣ įƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ ƪƯřƺƗ Ʋƿř .ŵŻŚſ ŹŚĭŻŚſ ŚƷƱō įŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ Śŝ řŹ ŵƺų
ƹ İºſŚǀſ įŵŚƈºŤƣř ƎºŝřƹŹ ƹ ƪºƯřƺƗ ƹ İţŚºǀƫŚƯ ƲǀƳřƺƣ ƹ ŚƷƶƯŚƳƲǀƿō İƳŚƸū įŚƷŢſŚǀſ
.Ţſř İƗŚưŤūř
ƱƹŹŵ ƱřźƿŶºƯ ƹ ŵřźºƟř ŽŹŢºſŵ Źŵ ƪºƯřƺƗ Ʋºƿř p(źƿŸºěšŹŚºƔƳ) İƬųřŵ ƪƯřƺƗ pś
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Ʊŵźºĩ źºŤƸŝ įŚŤſřŹ Źŵ ŶƳřƺţİƯ ŢſŹŵ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ƹ İƄƿŶƳřƝŹĥ Śŝ ƹ Ţſř ƱŚƯŻŚſ
.ŵƺƃƶŤƟźĭ ŹŚĩ ƶŝ
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Ʊŵźºĩ źºŤƸŝ įřźºŝ ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭ ƁƹŹ ŵŚºŤƠƷ (æîîí) ŦƳŚƯƺºſ İƿŚºƷİſŹźŝ Źŵ
ŹŚºĩ ƵŵŹƹōźƟ İƳŚƀƳř įƹźǀƳ İſŚƴƃƲƟ ÊįŵŚǀƴŝ Ƶƹźĭ Ūƴě Źŵ ŚƷƁƹŹ Ʋƿř .ŢſřƵŶƃ İƿŚſŚƴƃ
İºſŶƴƸƯ źºŝ İºƴŤŞƯ įŚºƷƁƹŹ įƶºưƷ įŶºƴŝƶŤſŵ Ʋƿř .ŵƺƃİƯ įŶƴŝƶŤſŵ ŵřƺƯ ƹ (ŶƴƿōźƟ)
ƶºƳŚƿřŹ İºſŶƴƸƯ šŚºǀƬưƗ Źŵ ƂƷƹĦºě ŚºƷƭŚƔƳ šŹŚƔƳ (ƁƹźƟ ƹ Ŷƿźų) ŹřŻŚŝ İŤƴſ ƖƿŚƴƇ
.ŵźǀĭİƯ źŝ Źŵ řŹ ŚƷƲƿř ŶƴƳŚƯ ƹ įŹŚŤƟŹ ƭƺƬƗ İſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ŢƿźƿŶƯ
Śºŝ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌƟ Śƿō ƶĩ Ţſř Ƃſźě Ʋƿř įřźŝ İŴſŚě ƲŤƟŚƿ İě Źŵ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř
Źŵ ƱřźƿŶººƯ įŹƹƵźººƸŝ İººƴǀŝƂǀººě įřźººŝ İººƋŚƿŹ įƺººĮƫř ƹ ŵŹřŵ ƶººƐŝřŹ ƱřźƿŶººƯ įŹƹƵźººƸŝ
Ţſř ƭřŶĩ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ įƶƿŚě źŝ İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ ƹ İŤƘƴƇ ƹ İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ
ƂƷƹĦě ƁƹŹ
įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū
ƱřźƿŶºƯ ƱřźºƸţ źƸºƃ įŚƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ įƶưƷ įƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŹŚƯō įƶƘƯŚū
İºƬƯ Ţĩźºƃ ƱřźƿŶºƯ ƹ ŢƄºƷ įƶºƤƐƴƯ ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ įŚƷŶºůřƹ ƞƬŤŴƯ įŚƷƂŴŝ įŹřŵř
.Ţſř İưǀƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴƇ
1. International Labor Organization (I.L.O.)
2. Prokopenko, J.
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įŹŚƯō įƶƳƺưƳ
èéî ƹ ŢƄºƷ įƶºƤƐƴƯ ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ Żř źƠƳ çåå ŚƷƵŚĮƃŻƺƯō ƱřźƿŶƯ Żř źƠƳ çéê
ƶºƳƺưƳ ƮºŬů Ʋƿř .ŶƳŶƃƵŶƿżĭ İƟŵŚƈţ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ İưǀƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴƇ İƬƯ Ţĩźƃ ƱřźƿŶƯ Żř źƠƳ
.ŢſřƵŶƃ ŵŹƹōźŝ ÎƱřźĩƺĩ ŹƺŤſŵ Śŝ
D
ƂƷƹĦě Źřżŝř
ive
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Śºŝ (ÐżƳŚºţƺƫ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ŹŚŤƟŹ śŚŤĩ Żř ƶŤƟźĭźŝ) ÏżƳŵŹŚŝ ƹ ŽŚĩżŤƯ įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ įŚƷƶƯŚƳƂſźě
İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ (ŹřŶƯŹŚĩ įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ ƹ ŹřŶƯƱŚƀƳř įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ) İŗƶƴƿżĭŪƴě Ƃſźě èê
ƁřŵŚºě ŢǀƫƺŘƀºƯ ŹŚŤųŚſ įƶƳŚĭƶƳ ŵŚƘŝř Śŝ) İŗƶƴƿżĭŹŚƸģ Ƃſźě êå Śŝ źĮƴƿźŤſř ƹ ƲƿƹŢǀƫ
ƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƹ (ŢƿƺƷ ƹ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ŚƷƶƐŝŚƋ İŤſƹŵ įźƿŸěźƐų İƳŚŝİŤƄě
ƂƷƹĦºě Ʋƿř įŚƷƵŵřŵ įŹƹōŵźĭ Źřżŝř İŗƶƴƿżĭŪƴě Ƃſźě æì Śŝ ÑƩƺŤſř ƹ ƩŚĩĨƯ Ţǀưſř
Ʋºƿř Źŵ Ţºſř ŚºƷƂºſźě İºƳƹŹŵ İƳŚºſƮºƷ źºĭƱŚƄºƳ ƶĩ űŚŝƱƹźĩ įŚƠƫō ŜƿźƋ .ŢſřƵŵƺŝ
İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ įřźºŝ Ŝºǀţźţƶºŝ İŤƘƴƇ ƹ İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƂƷƹĦě
ŵŹƹōźººŝ åǕîé ƹ åǕíí åǕîê ƱřźƿŶººƯ šŚƯŶººų įŹƹƵźººƸŝ įřźººŝ ƹ åǕíî ƹ åǕìæ åǕìë
.ŢſřƵŶƃ
ŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
Ar
ch
ŹŚºĩ ƶºŝ İºƐų įźǀƜŤƯŶºƴģ ƱƺǀºſźĭŹ įŹŚºƯō ƁƹŹ ƂƷƹĦºě įŚƷƂſźě ŲſŚě ƲŤƟŚƿ įřźŝ
įŚƌºƟ įƶºƳŚĭƶºƳ ƪºƯřƺƗ źǀŧŐţ ŢǀưƷř įƵŶƴƷŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƶĩ (ȕi) ƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ .ŶƃƶŤƟźĭ
ƹ İƫŚºƗ ƁŻƺºƯō żºĩřźƯ İºƃŻƺƯō įŚºƷƱŚƯŻŚºſ Źŵ ƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Źŵ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
.ŢſřƵŶƯō è Śţ æ įŚƷƩƹŶū Źŵ Ţſř İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ
İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
İƳŚŝİŤƄě įźƿŸěźƐų įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ
ÍǕÎÐ
ÍǕÎÏ
ÍǕÎÕ
ŢƿƺƷ
ÍǕÏÕ
İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ
ƎŝřƺƋ
ÍǕÎÖ
İŤſƹŵ
ÍǕÏÎ
ȕi
ƁřŵŚě
ÍǕÏÎ
įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ -æ ƩƹŶū
ƁřŵŚě
ÍǕÏÏ
ȕi
İŤſƹŵ
ÍǕÏÎ
ŵŚƘŝř
ȕi įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ
įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ -ç ƩƹŶū
ŹŚŤųŚſ
ÍǕÐÕ
ŵŚƘŝř
ȕi įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ
1. Cochran
2. Metzcus, & Barden’s
3. Luthans
4. Smith, I., McCall, J., & Stoll, L.
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
ŹŚŤųŚſ ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ įźƿŸěźƐų įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ƎŝřƺƋ
ÍǕÍÍÕ ÍǕÍÑ
ÍǕÍÒ
ÍǕÍÓ
ÍǕÎÒ
ȕi
æé
įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ -è ƩƹŶū
ŢƿƺƷ
ÍǕÎÒ
İŤſƹŵ
ÍǕÎÔ
ƁřŵŚě İƳŚŝİŤƄě
ŵŚƘŝř
ÍǕÎÔ
ÍǕÏÎ ȕi įƵŶƃŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ŜƿřźƋ
of
SI
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:ƶĩ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ƱřƺţİƯ ŚƷƵŵřŵ İſŹźŝ ƹ ƵŶƃƭŚŬƳř įŚƷƱƺƯŻō Żř
.ŵŹřŵ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ pæ
ƹ İƳŚººŝİŤƄºě įŹŚĭŻŚºſŚƳ İŤºſƹŵ ƁřŵŚºě ŢºƿƺƷ ŵŚºƘŝř įŵŚƸƴƄºǀě įƺºĮƫř Źŵ pç
ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ ƎŝřƺƋ ƹ İŤſƹŵ ƁřŵŚě ŹŚŤųŚſ ŵŚƘŝř İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ įźƿŸěźƐų
ƹ ŢǀƫƺŘƀºƯ įźƿŸěźƐų įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ƎŝřƺƋ ŢƿƺƷ İŤſƹŵ ƁřŵŚě İƳŚŝİŤƄě ŵŚƘŝř ƹ İƫŚƗ
ƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ Żřźţ ƱŵźŝǇŚŝ Źŵ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ İƬƯřƺƗ İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ŹŚŤųŚſ
.Ţſř źŧŒƯ
ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ İƴǀŝƂǀě įřźŝ źƿŻ įŚƷŹƺŤſŵ İƐų įźǀƜŤƯŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ Żř
:ŶƿōİƯ Ţſŵ ƶŝ įŹŚĩ įŚƷƎǀŰƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ įƶƿŚě źŝ
(-ççǕëç) + åǕëé × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ive
(-ææǕçæî) + åǕíê × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
(-çîǕæî) + åǕëê × İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
:İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
:İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ
:İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
ch
įŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ įƶºƿŚě źºŝ řŹ ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƱřƺţİƯ źƿŻ įŚƷŹƺŤſŵ Śŝ ƲǀƴģƮƷ
:ŵŹƹō Ţſŵ ƶŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ źŝ ŹřŸĭźǀŧŐţ
Ar
ÍǕÏÕ × ŢƿƺƷ +
ÍǕÎÐ × İƳŚŝİŤƄě +
ÍǕÏÎ × İŤſƹŵ +
:İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
ÍǕÏÏ × ƁřŵŚě +
ÍǕÎÏ × įźƿŸěźƐų +
ÍǕÏÎ × İŤſƹŵ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ÍǕÎÕ × įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ +
(-ÓǕÐÑÒ) +
:İƫŚƗ ƁŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ Źŵ
ÍǕÏÎ × ƁřŵŚě +
(-ÑǕÔÕÑ) +
ÍǕÐÕ × ŹŚŤųŚſ = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ÍǕÎÖ × ƎŝřƺƋ +
:İŤƘƴƇ įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
ÍǕÎÔ × İŤſƹŵ +
ÍǕÍÓ × įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ +
ÍǕÍÍÕ × ŹŚŤųŚſ +
ÍǕÎÔ × ƁřŵŚě +
ÍǕÎÒ × ƎŝřƺƋ +
ÍǕÍÑ × ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ +
ÍǕÏÎ × İƳŚŝİŤƄě = įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ÍǕÎÒ × ŢƿƺƷ +
ÍǕÍÒ × įźƿŸěźƐų +
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
ÎÒ
įźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳ ƹ ŦŰŝ
Ar
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ŢƿźƿŶºƯ ƱŚºǀƴŝ Ɩƣřƹ Źŵ .Ţſř ŢƿźƿŶƯ įŵŚǀƴŝ ƝřŶƷř Żř Ʊō ŶƃŹ ƒƠů ƹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř
ŶºƴƿōźƟ .Ţºſř ŵźĩŹŚºĩ ƲƿźţǇŚºŝ ƶºŝ İŝŚºƿŢºſŵ įřźŝ ŜſŚƴƯ Ǝƿřźƃ ƱŵŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
įřźŝ .ŶƿōİưƳ Ţſŵ ƶŝ ƱŚſō żĭźƷ żǀƳ İƳƺĭźĭŵ ƹ Ţſř İƳƺĭźĭŵ źĭƱŚƄƳ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ
ŶƿŶě ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ įŶū šǇƺŰţ ƹ Ŷƿō ƮƷřźƟ ƭŻǇ įƶƴǀƯŻ ŶƿŚŝ ŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ Ʋƿř ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ
įřźºŝ ƹ Ŷºƴĩ İƿŚºſŚƴƃ řŹ ŚƷİƳƺĭźĭŵ ÊįƹŹ ÊƂǀě įŚƷŶſ ŶƿŚŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ Ʋƿř źŝ ƱƹżƟř .ŵŹƹō
.ŶƷŵ ƭŚŬƳř řŹ ƶŤƀƿŚŝ įŚƷŹŚĩ ŚƷƱō źŝ İĭƵźǀģ
ƲǀºǀŞţ Źŵ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ ƪºƯŚƗ ƲŤƟźºĭ źƔƳ Źŵ ƹ ƵŶƃİſŹźŝ ƕƺƋƺƯ ƶŝ ƁźĮƳ Śŝ
ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƱřźƿŶƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ
ƱŶºƫƺŝ (æîíê) ĬºƿřƹżƳŻƹŹ ƹ Ţƀºĩ ĢƳźºƟ ƵŚĭŶºƿŵ .ŵŹřŵ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ İºĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ ƞƬŤŴƯ żĩřźƯ
Żř ƱŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌƗř įŚƷŢƟŚƿŹŵ Żř İŗƶƗƺưŬƯ řŹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ƶĩ (æîîå) ŹŶƿŚƴƃř ƹ (æîîç)
Ʋºƿř źǀŧŐºţ ŶƿŒƯ ŶƳřƺţİƯ ŶƴƳřŵİƯ Ʊō ƶŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ įŚƷƁźĮƳ ƹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ĬƴƷźƟ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ
źǀŧŐºţ źĭƱŚƄƳ (æîëæ) źĩŚŤſř ƹ żƳźŝ įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƲǀƴģƮƷ .ŶƃŚŝ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř źŝ ƮƸƯ ƪƯŚƗ
Ʋºƿř Żř .Ţºſř ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ŵźĩŹŚºĩ Źŵ įŹƹōƺºƳ ƂƷŚĩ źŝ řźĭƱƺƳŚƣ ƹ źƿŸěŚƳƂƯźƳ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū
įźºǀĭƮǀưƈºţ ŵŚºưŤƗř ƱƺºģƮºƷ İƬƯřƺºƗ İºĭƶŤƀºūźŝ ƹ (æîìì ŻźǀŤſř) ƶƳŚŤſƹŵ įŚƌƟ ƶŤƃŸĭ
įƶºƿŚě ŵřźºƟř įƺſ Żř ŚƷƁŹřżĭ ƱŶǀƴƃ ƲǀƿŚě ƶŝ ǇŚŝ Żř ƎŝřƹŹ ƱŵƺŝŻŚŝ İƳŚŝİŤƄě İŤĩŹŚƄƯ
ŵƺºŞƸŝ ƹ İƬƜºƃ ŢƿŚºƋŹ ŶºƳřƺţİƯ (æîíë ƱƺſźŤě ƹ Ʈǀţ) ǇŚŝ ŵźĩŹŚĩ įŚƷƝŶƷ ƶŝ ƶūƺţ ƹ ǇŚŝ
įŚºƷƶºŤƟŚƿ ƱŚºſ ƲƿŶºŝ .ŶƃŚŝƶŤƃřŵ İě Źŵ řŹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƂƿřżƟř ŢƿŚƸƳ Źŵ ƹ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ŵźĩŹŚĩ
.Ţſř ƺſƮƷ ŚƷƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Śŝ İƳƺƴĩ ƂƷƹĦě
źǀŧŐºţ ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ įŚºƷƶºƠƫŒƯ įƵŹŚŝŹŵ ƵŶƃƭŚŬƳř įŚƷİſŹźŝ Źŵ Ʋƿř źŝ ƱƹżƟř
æèíé ũřźºſ) įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ ŶƴƳŚƯ įŵŚƘŝř įƵŹŚŝŹŵ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŮƐſ źŝ ŚƷƱō
İºƳřźĮƳ ƹ ƭřźŤůř ŵŚưŤƗř (æèíé įŹřźºŝ) ŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ įŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ įźƿŸěźƐų ŹŚŤųŚſ (çååê ŢƿźƯƹŵ
ƍŚºŞţŹř ŵźĩŹŚºĩ İŝŚºƿŻŹř Źřżºŝř İƳřŵŹŶƣ ƹ ƁřŵŚě ơƺƤů (çååé ƂǀºŝŹř) ƍŚŞţŹř ŵŚŬƿř Żř źţƮĩ
İĭƶưƷ (æèíé įźºŞĩř æèíè įŹŚƴģ æèíè ŶƳƹƮƿźĩ çååé żƀĩƺě çååé żţƺƟ) įźŞƷŹ įƵƺǀƃ ƹ ŹŚŤųŚſ
įŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě ƹ ƂƷƹĦºě Ʋºƿř ŪƿŚŤƳ İƬĩ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ .Ţſř ƺſƮƷ İƳƺƴĩ ƂƷƹĦě įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Śŝ
ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ įŚƌºƟ ƪºƯřƺƗ Śºŝ İƿǇŚŝ İĭƶŤƀŝƮƷ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƶĩ ŶƷŵİƯ ƱŚƄƳ İĭƶưƷ źĮƿŵ
.ŵŹřŵ Ʊō įŚƷƶƠƫŒƯ
šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ ƎŞţźºƯ ƪºƯřƺƗ İƿŚſŚƴƃ ƹ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř įŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƶŝ ƁźĮƳ Śŝ
įƶºŬǀŤƳ Ʋºƿř ƶŝ ƱřƺţİƯ İƫŚƗ İƃŻƺƯō żĩřźƯ ƹ İŤƘƴƇ ƹ İƃŻƺƯō įŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ
www.SID.ir
www.SID.ir
Archive of SID
æë
Ar
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SI
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ƹ ŜºſŚƴƯ İƳŚƯŻŚſ įŚƌƟ ŵƺūƹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ ƶŝ İŝŚƿŢſŵ įřźŝ ƶĩ ŢƟŚƿ Ţſŵ İƬĩ
įŹřźºƣźŝ ŚºƷƱō įƶƿƺºſƹŵ İƳŚºŝİŤƄºě ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƹ ƱřźƿŶƯ įŹŚƿƮƷ ƹ įŹŚĩƮƷ įƵŶƳźǀĭźŝŹŵ
įřŻř Źŵ ŜºſŚƴƯ ƁřŵŚºě įƶºŗřŹř ŚºƷŢǀƫƺŘƀºƯ ƭŚŬƳř įřźŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƶŝ ƱŶƳŚſŹ įŹŚƿ ŵŚưŤƗř
įŹřźºƣźŝ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ įŶºưƗźǀƛ įŚºƷƵŚŞŤƃř Żř İƃƺěƮƄģ ƶŤƀƿŚƃ įŚƷŹŚĩ Żř İƳřŵŹŶƣ šŚƯŶų
ŹŚǀƀºŝ ŶºƳřƺţİºƯ ŶƿŚƤƗ Źřżŝř ƶŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƢƿƺƄţ ƹ ŚƷŵŚƤŤƳř źŝřźŝ Źŵ İĭƵŵƺƄĭ ƶƳŚŤſƹŵ ŶƳƺǀě
.ŶƃŚŝ źŧŒƯ
ƱŵŹƹō ŶºƿŶě ƹ İưºſŹźǀƛ įŚºƷƵƹźºĭ ƪǀĪƄºţ ƶƳŚŤſƹŵ įŚƌƟ įŹřźƣźŝ Ʋƿř źŝ ƱƹżƟř
.ŶºǀƯŚŬƳřŶƷřƺų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ ƂƿřżºƟř ƶºŝ ŢºƿŚƸƳ Źŵ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ Źŵ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ƶºŝ İĭƶŤƀŝřƹ žů
ƁŹŚƠºſ źºƿŻ įŚƷŵŚƸƴƄºǀě ƂƷƹĦºě Ʋºƿř ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƲŤųŚºſ įŵźŝŹŚºĩ įřźŝ ƱŚƿŚě Źŵ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ
:ŵƺƃİƯ
ŵŚưŤƗř įƵŶƳŹřŵźŝŹŵ įŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ įŚƷŢǀƫƺŘƀƯ ƭŚŬƳř Źŵ įŹŚƿ įŹŚĩ ƎǀŰƯ Źŵ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƶŝ Ʊŵřŵ ƁŻŹř ŹƺųŹŵ ƶǀŞƴţ ƹ ƢƿƺƄţ įźǀĭŹŚĩƶŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƖǀƟźţ Śŝ ŜſŚƴŤƯ šřŹźƤƯ ƹ ŚƷƶƷřŹŹŚĩ ƲƿƹŶţ Ƃƴţ ƱƹŶŝ ƹ ƭřŹō ƶƳŚŤſƹŵ įŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř İưſŹźǀƛ įŚƷƵƹźĭ ŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƹ ƪǀĪƄţ įŵřŻō ƱŚƯŻŚſ ŢƿřŶƷ Źŵ İƤƐƴƯ ƎŝřƺƋ įŹřźƣźŝ Ʊŵźĩ ŵŚƤŤƳř įřźŝ ŵřŻō įŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř ŚƷįŹŚĭŻŚſŚƳ ƪů Źŵ ƱřźĮƿŵ Ʊŵřŵ ŢĩŹŚƄƯ ƞƿŚƓƹ Ʊŵźĩ źţżǀĮƳřƂƫŚģ ŚƷƂƤƳ ƹ ƞƿŚƓƹ ƲƃƹŹ ƹ ŮƋřƹ ƞƿźƘţ ŢƯŶų ƲưƋ ƁŻƺƯō įŚƷƵŹƹŵ įŹřżĭźŝ -
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ƖŝŚƴƯ
İƿřŶºŤŝř ŽŹřŶºƯ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ ƱřźƿŶºƯ ƩźŤƴĩ ƖƋƺƯ ƹ įźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ ƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíé) .ƕ įźŞĩř
įƶºƯŚƳƱŚºƿŚě] ƱŚŬƳŻ ƱŚŤſř ŵƹŹ ƱŚŬƳŻ įƶƤƐƴƯ ŵƹźŬƿř ŚǀƬƗ ƭŹŚƏ ƶǀƳŚƐƬſ įŚƷźƸƃ ç ƹ æ İůřƺƳ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ
D
ƺū ŵŚƘŝř įƶƿŚě źŝ İŤƫƹŵ įŚƷƵŚĮƄƳřŵ Źŵ ƂŴŝźŧř įźŞƷŹ įřźŝ İƋŚƿŹ įƺĮƫř Ĩƿ ƲƿƹŶţ .(æèíå) .ƭ İƯřźĩř
.šŚƤǀƤŰţ ƹ ƭƺƬƗ Ŷůřƹ ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[įźŤĩŵ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƱřźƿŶƯ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚſ
SI
ƱřźºƸţ ƱŚŤºſř ơźºƃ įŚºƷįŹřŵźƸºƃ ƱřźƿŶºƯ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū Ʋǀŝ ƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(æèíé) .Ɲ įŹřźŝ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě]
İŤƘƴºƇ įŚºƷƶºƳŚųŹŚĩ Źŵ ƱŚŤºſźěźſ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ ŢƯŶų ƲưƋ įŚƷƁŻƺƯō źǀŧŐţ .(æèíè) .ƕ İƳŚƷřźƟ įŵŚŝōŻźŝ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƂƿŚƯŻō
of
.ŹřƹŻ šřŹŚƄŤƳř :ƱřźƸţ .ǈƗ .ƕ Ʊřŵźĭźŝ .Ʊō ŵƺŞƸŝ įŚƷƵƺǀƃ ƹ įŹƹƵźƸŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ .(æèìæ) .ƭř .ĥ İţƺě
:ƱřźºƸţ .(çî .ƅ) įŹƹ ƵźºƸŝ šǇŚºƤƯ ƶºƗƺưŬƯ Źŵ .İƿŚƿƹŹ .Ź Ʊřŵźĭźŝ .ƭƹřŶƯ źǀǀƜţ ŵŚŬƿř .(æèìæ) .ŵ ƩřŵŹƺţ
.İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ šřŹŚƄŤƳř
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İºŤƫƹŵ įŚºƷƱŚŤſźǀŝŵ Źŵ ƱŚƳō įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ İƳŚƀƳř ƎŝřƹŹ ƩƺƇř ŢƿŚƗŹ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíè) .ƕ įŹŚƴģ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ įƶƳřźƀě
źƸºƃ įƶƐſƺŤƯ ŽŹřŶƯ Ʊřźǀŝŵ ŵźĩŹŚĩ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū ƹ ƱřźƿŶƯ İƴƿźƟōŹŚĩ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíé) .ř ƵŵřŻƲǀƀů
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ŻřƺƷř
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ƁŻƺƯō šřŹřŵř ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū ƹ ƱřźƿŶƯ źĪƠţ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(æèíé) .Ż İŤưůŹ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ ƁŹƹźě ƹ
Ar
źƿŚºſ ƱřźƿŶºƯ Śºŝ ŢƿźƿŶºƯ įƶºƐǀů Źŵ İƈºƈŴţ šǈǀƈºŰţ Śŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ įƶƀƿŚƤƯ (æèíè) .ř İƳŚƯŻ
ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] Ʊřźǀŝŵ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Żř ŵƹźƷŚƃ ƱŚŤſźƸƃ ƶƐſƺŤƯ įƵŹƹŵ Źŵ ŚƷƶŤƃŹ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō
ƱŚŤºſźǀŝŵ ƹ İƿŚưƴƷřŹ ŽřŹŶƯ İƃŻƺƯō ƱřźƿŶƯ įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ įźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ ƹ Ţǀƣǈų įƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíé) .ř ũřźſ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] Ƶƺĩŵřƺſ ƱŚŤſźƸƃ
įźºĪƟ ƁŹƹźºě ƱƺƳŚºĩ Źŵ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ ƱřźƿŶºƯ İţŹŚƔƳ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíé) .ŭ .ƭ ƲţƹźƟ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ŹƺƄĩ źſřźſ ƱŚƳřƺūƺƳ ƹ ƱŚĩŵƺĩ
įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śºŝ ƱřźƿŶºƯ İţŹŚºƔƳ įŚƷƵƺǀƃ ƹ İŤǀƈŴƃ įŚƷİĭƵĦƿƹ Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(æèíé) .ƭ .ħ İƯźĩ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ ƁŹƹźě ƹ ƁŻƺƯō Źŵ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ
ƁŹƹźºě ƹ ƁŻƺºƯō Źŵ ƱŚƳō įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ įŹŚĩ İĭƵŶƳŻ ŢǀƠǀĩ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(æèíè) .ƅ ŶƳƹƮƿźĩ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[ŶƃŹř İſŚƴƃŹŚĩ įƶƯŚƳƱŚƿŚě] ƱřźƸţ źƸƃ
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æí
ƶºŝ ƵŚĮºƃŻƺƯō ƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū ƹ įźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(ōæèìí) .Ɲ ƮƓŚƳ
ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ .[İºƃŻƺƯō ŢƿźƿŶºƯ įźºŤĩŵ ƶºƯŚƳƱŚºƿŚě] ƁŻƺºƯō ŢƿźƿŶºƯ ŜſŚƴƯ įƺĮƫř įƶŗřŹř ŹƺƔƴƯ
.šŚƤǀƤŰţ ƹ ƭƺƬƗ Ŷůřƹ İƯǈſř
İưǀƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴƇ ƱřźƿŶƯ šŚƯŶų įŹƹƵźƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū ƹ įźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(śæèìí) .Ɲ ƮƓŚƳ
.Ʊřźƿř İưǀƃƹźŤě ƖƿŚƴƇ İƬƯ Ţĩźƃ .[İƄƷƹĦě ŭźƏ] İŤƿźƿŶƯ ŜſŚƴƯ įƺĮƫř įƶŗřŹř ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ
IT
Żř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř ƱřżºǀƯ ƹ İƳŚƯŻŚºſ ƺū Ʋǀŝ įƶƐŝřŹ .(æèíé) .ƭ įźŤƳǈĩ ƹ .Ɲ ƮƓŚƳ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[İƄƷƹĦě ŭźƏ] İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ
SI
ƱřźƿŶºƯ İƴƿźƟōŹŚºĩ Śºŝ
D
ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄºƳřŵ ƱřźƿŶºƯ šŚƯŶºų įŹƹƵźºƸŝ Śŝ İƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺū ƹ įźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ įƶƐŝřŹ İſŹźŝ .(ęæèìí) .Ɲ ƮƓŚƳ
.ƲƷŵƹŹ İƯǈſř ŵřŻō ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ .[İƄƷƹĦě ŭźƏ] İŤƿźƿŶƯ ŜſŚƴƯ įƺĮƫř įƶŗřŹř ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ İƯǈſř
.ƱřźƸţ .ì įƶưǀưƋ ƲǀĮƴſ ŢƘƴƇ įƶƿźƄƳ .įŹƹƵźƸŝ .(ŹƺƿźƸƃ ƹ ŵřŵźƯř æèìç) .ƲǀĮƴſ ƖƿŚƴƇ šŹřŻƹ
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