Helena Grochola-Szczepanek Leksyka gwarowa spiskich

Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
He l e n a G r o c h o l a - S z c z e p a n e k
Leksyka gwarowa spiskich gimnazjalistów
Dialectal Lexis of Junior High School Students
from the Region of Spisz
(Summary)
The paper presents results of a questionnaire given to the third-year students of junior high schools in the region of Polish Spisz. The aim of the survey was to establish the level of knowing and using dialectical lexis and the
influence of demographic and social parameters on the knowledge and usage
of dialectical vocabulary (such as age, gender, intergenerational differences
between the students and their parents and grandparents).
The questionnaire has shown that the youngest village dwellers know
35% of the dialectical vocabulary under research. They actively use 15% of
dialectical lexis. Girls showed better knowledge about dialectical vocabulary
than boys, but these are boys who use dialectical versions more often. The
students assessed that dialectical designations appear more frequently in the
utterances of their parents and grandparents. The data gathered shows a considerably large diversity in the degree of knowledge and usage of dialectical
vocabulary in individual villages in Spisz. The results are basically consistent
with the tendencies that have been observed in the functioning of the lexical
layer among the village dwellers.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Lu c y n a A g n i e s z k a Ja n k o w i a k
Zapożyczenia terminologiczne z zielnika Stefana
Falimirza (1534 r.) we współczesnej polszczyźnie
Borrowings from the work of Falimirz (1536)
in the contemporary Polish language
(Summary)
The aim of the article is to present how many of 609 borrowings from
the work of Falimirz are still present in the contemporary Polish language.
According to the results of the conducted analisis 43 borrowings haven’t
changed either the meaning or the status, they remained terms. It prooves
the durability and stability of a part of Falimirz’s terminology. It also confirms the importance of O ziołach i mocy ich in transmitting and preserving
Polish medical vocabulary.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Stanisław Karolak
Agentywność czy kauzatywność?
Agentivity versus causality
(Summary)
The main idea of the article is to raise objections to 1) a conceptual
(semantic­‑syntactic) differentiation of the agentive constructions based on
the predicates represented in the surface structure by operational verbs and
the causative constructions; 2) the postulated existence of a mechanism which
enables the derivation of secondary constructions from primary ones, for instance, the derivation of secondary agentive constructions such as Jan obudził Marię from primary ones such as Silny wiatr obudził Marię. It is claimed
that the agentive constructions can be reduced to the causative ones. The
claim is proved by the fact, that the agentive predicates don’t permit the simple substitution of the verb zrobić coś, because the agentive constructions can
contain a second agentive operational predicate equally substitutable by zrobić coś (Jan pocałunkiem obudził Marię vs Jan zrobił coś z Marią ­= ‘Jan zrobił to: Jan pocałował Marię...’). There exists a relevant distinction between
the agentive verbs of the type obudzić and of the type pocałować. The first
denote causative action, the second non causative ones. Their identical substitutability is due to the ambiguity of the verb zrobić coś. Its substitution to
an agentive verb of the first type (obudzić) signifies the introduction of a second operational non causative predicate which joined with its agent constitutes the first propositional argument of the causative constructions reali­
zing the logical form P(p, q). Therefore the agentive constructions of that type
are identi­f iable with the causatives ones, their internal propositional structure being the same. The difference between them concerns another level of
the language.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Beata Kubok
Terminologia pasterska (karpatyzmy) w gwarach
cieszyńskich
Carpatian vocabulary
in dialects of the Cieszyn region
(Summary)
This paper discusses an issue of the Carpathian lexical group in southern
Silesian dialects on the Czech – Polish borderland (gwary cieszyńkie). Some
vocabulary of this Carpathian group can be partially linked to the history
of Walachian settlements that had been established in a broader Carpathian
Mountains area during the 16th – 17th century. This article gives a genetic and
semantic description of the following words: gielata, gnot, gowiydź, grapa,
gróń, grudka, gunia and offers an explanation on how or from which areas
these words were transmitted into the Silesian dialects (gwary cieszyńkie).
This analyses proves a consistency in usage of these particular words in the
eastern Polish subcarpathian region (Podkarpacie) – generally one word possessed a single phonetic and semantic variant. However, a more differentiated “lexical situation” can observed in the southwestern part of this region,
including the area the above mentioned dialects were spoken. Especially, semantic changes of the words of gielata and gunia point to an important process: the further to the West, and the bigger the distance from their lexical
source was, the narrower became their semantic fields.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Leonarda Mariak
Grzeczność językowa w Krzyżakach
Henryka Sienkiewicza
Language courteousness in The Teutonic Knights
by Henryk Sienkiewicz
(Summary)
This article contains an analysis of sings of language etiquette crea­
ted in The Teutonic Knights – the last of great historical novels by Henryk
Sienkiewicz.
The system of formulas and good manners presented in the novel is diffe­
rentiated and includes:
1. forms of address (titles, proper and common names; grammar expressions,
e.g. pronouns: my ‘we’, ty, wy, ‘you’);
2. formulas referring to a particular pragmatic situation (e.g. greeting, farewell,
swearing).
This research also includes descriptions of extralinguistic behaviour.
Translated by Aneta Szczepaniak
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Ewa Masłowska
Język w służbie reklamy – reklama w służbie języka
(Teksty reklamy w nauczaniu języka polskiego
jako obcego)
Language in service of advertising – advertising in
service of language
(Summary)
The author presents the possibilities of broad use of advertising slogans
and other advertising contents in the teaching of a foreign language. Key advantages of the linguistic material of this type, which the author lists, are
primarily expressive syntactic structures – they are easy to understand and
memorise, they are expressive and vivid. Another advantage is the language
used in advertisements presented on billboards and TV – as it is colloquial. Impudence and expansiveness of advertisements, so arduous for an ordinary recipient, turns out to be very useful in this particular case, because slogans and phrases repeated several times are catchy, and a precisely selected
illustration, often accompanied by a tune, activate additionally the remaining
senses and perception skills and thanks to these factors, the message is memorised almost automatically.
The author underlines that the use of advertising slogans requires a very
careful selection and adjustment to the linguistic material, which is supposed
to be presented during the lesson. Appropriately selected advertisements provide ready daily‑life scenes (family life, socialising, doctor’s consultation,
workshop staff or tax counsellor advice, etc.), they involve the foreigner in
the dialogue, they deliver samples of arguments as well as the means of persuasion. More sophisticated slogans, which aim at making recipients laugh,
show creative possibilities of using linguistic means, they familiarise with the
Polish sense of humour, with the play with words and situations.
To boot, the world of advertisements transfers us into the unrealistic realm,
where everything is easy and attainable. When one moves around the world of
illusion, he creates a distance between the real world and fiction and sometimes
takes the courage to play a part of somebody else, not restricted with any prob-
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
lems. It allows drifting into the world of dreams, constructed in accordance with
one’s own concept and activates the students’ creative powers.
The author emphasises that the linguistic material from advertising slogans cannot replace other texts, but it is worth using them for the reason of
easiness of acquiring communication patterns and the possibilities of creative language use.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Ad a m S e w a s t i a n o w i c z
O procesach interferencyjnych
w języku Radia Chlew
On the interference processes in the language of
Radio Chlew
(Summary)
Between 1996 and 1999, the amateur radio station Radio Chlew broadcasted a signal which covered an area of about 10-15 km radius with the centre
point in Dąbrowa Białostocka. Since 2002, its programmes have been available on the internet site http://radiochlew.mp3.wp.pl. Young inhabitants of
the above mentioned area remain the target audience of Radio Chlew. Most
of them as well as the Radio’s stuff are Polish-Belarusian bilinguals. The language of the programmes of Radio Chlew is an example of a mixed (Polish­
‑Belarusian) idiom which functions without any stable norm, the mixing of
the languages taking place each time at the very moment when an utterance is
being produced. The reason why such an idiom without a norm may function
is the extensive lexical and typological proximity of Polish and Belarusian,
especially in their local varieties which allows unlimited mixing of different
elements of both source languages without any danger that such an utterance
may be ungrammatical or incomprehensible for a local speaker.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Agata Kruszec
Słownictwo związane z wywoływaniem deszczu
w dialektach sztokawskich
Vocabulary related to rain
calling in Shtokavian dialects
(Summary)
This article is to present etymological analysis of Shtokavian vocabulary
related to rain calling rituals in times of summer droughts.
The following lexemes were analyzed: ddola, as a basic word and also
pporuše, čaròjice, as dialect alternatives with the same meaning: 1. a) pl. –
rain calling ritual, b) the main character during the ritual 2. the time from
the beginning of May till mid‑August when a ritual took place. All these lexemes were written down for the first time at the beginning of the 19th century by Vuk Stefanović Karadžić. Nevertheless the etymological analysis proves
that the lexemes belong to the oldest parts of vocabulary. The form ddola
is derived from a folksong refrain sang during the ritual: oj ddo le. The refrain itself is not that clear and perhaps it’s a form of tabuisation of the word
bog which frequently consisted in phonetic change. Researches in domain of
religious studies indicate an onomatopoeic origin of the word and associate
it with the name of female partner of the pagan deity. Etymological analysis
of the form pporuše points to similar conclusion and comparing vocabulary
items let us to regard it as slavism in Balkan languages. The study of Slavic
mythology allow reconstruction of the Slav ancestral *Perperuna that seems
to be a female form from the name of Perun created by a root reduplication
and this morphological process was often in ritual spells. Lexeme čaròjice has
two explanations. This may be derived either from Italian ciarliero ‘the mane,
who dotes’or from čar, a Slavic magical term. A portmanteau of both words
mentioned above can be another explanation.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Aneta Majewska‑Foder
Motyw krwi w Zapiskach z powstań bułgarskich
Zachariego Stojanowa
The issue of blood in Stoyanov’s
Notes from the Bulgarian uprisings
(Summary)
The subject of this article is the issue of blood in Z. Stoyanov’s book Notes
from the Bulgarian uprisings (Записки по българските въстания, vol. 1‑3,
1884–1892). It is one of the greatest works of Bulgarian nineteenth century
literature. This is a kind of memoirs and documentaries – valuable source of
knowledge about Bulgarian independence fighting. Stoyanov was one of the
organizers and participant of the uprising in Panagiurishte village in 1876.
In significant part of his work Stoyanov describes life of a rural population
fighting as an insurgent army with Turkish invader.
Important role in the Stoyanov’s book plays the issue of blood. It can be
understood in two ways: “ideological” – blood of the victims paid for the
freedom of their homeland; and as a part of archaic rituals based on beliefs
and myths. The authoress of the article considers the second meaning. On
the basis of selected excerpts she attempts to interpret symbolism of blood.
In summary the authoress points out the richness of the blood symbolism, its
universality and large possibilities of interpretation.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Pa w e ł Pe n s z k o
Leksemy pochodzenia romańskiego w języku
Słoweńców z okolic Triestu
Lexemes of Romance origin in the language of
Slovenes from the areas surrounding Trieste
(Summary)
The language of the Slovenes who live in the vicinity of Trieste, Italy contains many Romance (Friulian, Venetian, literary Italian, and perhaps Istro‑Romanian) loanwords. Stories told by grandfathers and grandmothers
of school pupils and published in Slovene school newspapers in the province
of Trieste between 1980 and 2005 have been examined for words of Romance
origin which do not exist in the Slovene literary language. Ninety‑two such
lexemes were found and described. They constitute the majority (61%) of registered non‑literary words. On the basis of this etymological research, the author estimates that 12% of Romance loanwords in this variety of Slovene were
taken from Friulian, 71% from the Venetian dialect and 17% from the literary Italian language. It is not excluded that one lexeme (forte) is of Istro‑Romanian origin.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
B r a n k a Ta f r a , Pe t r a Ko š u t a r
Razgraničavanje jezičnih entiteta na osnovi modela
(ne)identičnosti
Boundary Determination of Language Entities on the
Basis of (Un)Identity Models
(Summary)
A comprehensive model has been elaborated which determines sameness,
equivalence and diversity relations. Sameness is the relation in which only one
entity stands opposite to itself, in which there is a quantitative and qualitative
identity. a = a is the same (Felix the cat is Felix the cat), but a = b is the same as well
if a = c and b = c (Ljubo Babić is Ksaver Šandor Gjalski). Equivalence is the qualitative identity which denotes partial or complete correspondence of common
properties of two or more entities. a ≈ b (Two copies of the fifth Harry Potter sequel
are the same). Diversity is an unidentity. a ≠ b (A beech is not an oak). Unidentity
model can be applied to the idioms interrelation in central South­‑Slavic language
area, whether they are studied in terms of the genetic linguistics or sociolinguistics. To determine their boundaries, their relation should be determined first.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Na t a l i a Ur b a ń c z y k - Ad a c h
Konstrukcja prostřednictvím Sgen
we współczesnym języku czeskim
Construction prostřednictvím Sgen
in Modern Czech
(Summary)
The aim of this article is to present a construction consisting of a secondary preposition prostřednictvím and genitive case, its frequency, meaning,
and typical uses in contemporary Czech. The research was conducted on the
material (2532 certificates) derived from the journalistic part of the electronic
corpus SYN2005.
Construction prostřednictvím Sgen is commonly used as a variant of a synthetic instrumental case in a syntactic position of an instrument. It is frequently employed in texts from such fields as informatics, telecommunication, media, economics, finance and administration. The use of the analytic
form instead of instrumental case do not contribute a new meaning to the
sentence, but makes it more concrete.
The expansion of prepositional constructions, currently observed in Slavonic languages, may be considered as a part of a process that leads, on the other hand, to specialize meanings of a variant language means and, on the other,
to transformation of flectional language system into more analytic one.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 43
Maciej Czer wiński
Kultura jako znakotwórcza przestrzeń
spotkania języków
Culture as Kinship‑forming Meeting Space of
Languages
(Summary)
In the article, which follows up the discussion undertaken in Discourses and Orders of Discourses in Social Heteroglossia, the question of culture as
a semiotic space is elaborated. The medieval semiotic formula aliquid stat
pro aliquo (something stands for something) is a starting point for discussion
about discourses (notably so called ‘symbolic languages’) and signs that are
understood as narrations. The symbolic languages are determined by the denotations and axiological connotations of signs whereas signs – contextualized within symbolic languages – obtain certain semantic content which is
taken as many possible narrations. Thus, in this light, semiosis is suggested
to be analyzed as a dynamic process with a narrative perspective. In order to
give rise to such a methodological assumption, two cases of signs (words and
syntagms) are analyzed: Polishness and literary language. It is maintained in
the article that both of them could exist in the world of signs only insofar as
are made pertinent by some codes and that their semantic content in based
on various, ideologically determined, idiolects. Therefore, the idea of considering signs (notably words) as narrations could be used also when analyzing aesthetic texts, even though the complexity of overlapping codes is much
more sophisticated.