ّار ا سا روا ر ن: ا ر ر ا

Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ Ö şŹƹŵ
ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
Ž
ÎÐÖÏ ƱŚŤƀƯŻ
ÖÏ/Ö/ÏÏ :ƁźƿŸě ŲƿŹŚţ
‫ر‬
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ŌřźƷżƫř ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƾſŚƴƃƱřƹŹ ƹ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƭƺƬƗ şŶƨƄƳřŵ
ÖÏ/Ï/ÏÑ :ƾſŹźŝ ŲƿŹŚţ
:‫روا ر ن‬
‫ا ر ا سا‬
ÖÎ/ÎÎ/ÎÎ :ŢƟŚƿŹŵ ŲƿŹŚţ
‫ر ا‬
ّ
‫*و ف ن‬
1
ƵŶǀƨģ
źºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾſŹźŝ źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě ƝŶƷ
.Ţºſř ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ƾŬƳŚǀƯ ƂƤƳ Śŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŽŚƀůř
ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ŠºǀƬĩ ƽŹŚƯō ŠƘƯŚū ƹ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ƕƺƳ Żř ƾƠǀƇƺţ ƂƷƹĦě ƁƹŹ
Śºŝ źºƠƳ çìç ŵřŶƘţ Ʋƿř Żř ƹ ŶƳŵƺŝ źƠƳ îçí ƶƧ ŵƺŝ ƾŤƄƸŝ ŶǀƸƃ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ
ŚºƷƵŵřŵ ƽŹƹōŵźºĭ ƽřźŝ .ŶƳŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř ƽřƶƤŞƏ ƾƟŵŚƈţ ƽźǀĭƶƳƺưƳ şƺǀƃ
«ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř» (çåææ) ŜºƯƺĩ «ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ» ŠƯŚƴƄſźě ƶſ Żř
.Ŷºƃ ƵŵŚƠŤºſř (ƶŤųŚºſ ƢºƤŰƯ) «ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř» ƹ (æîîî) ƱƺƀƳƺƯŵř
şŻƺºů ƱŚºƈƈŴŤƯ Żř źºƠƳ Ūƴºě šřźºƔƳ ƶºŝ ŵŚƴŤºſř Śŝ ŚƷƶƯŚƴƄſźě ƾƿřƹŹ
ƽŚºƠƫō Żř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř Śºŝ ŚƷƱō ƾƿŚƿŚě ƹ Ŷƃ ŶǀƿŐţ ƹ ƾſŹźŝ ƾƃŻƺƯō ŢƿźƿŶƯ
ƶºƿżŬţ ƽřźŝ .ŵƺŝ å/îè ƹ å/íå å/îæ Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ƶƧ Ŷƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ űŚŞƳƹźĩ
ƲǀĮƳŚºǀƯ ƾºƳřƹřźƟ ƖºƿŻƺţ) ƾƠǀƇƺţ ŹŚƯō ƕƺƳ ƹŵ źƷ Żř ŚƷ Ƶŵřŵ ƪǀƬŰţ ƹ
ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ŜƿźºƋ ƱƺºƯŻō) ƾƏŚŞƴŤºſř ŹŚºƯō ƹ (... ƹ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř
(źǀºƀƯ ƪºǀƬŰţ ƹ ƵŵŚºſ ƾºƐų ƱƺǀºſźĭŹ ƶºƳŚĭŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ Ʊƺſźǀě
Śºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀºŝ ƶƧ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř
ŵƺūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
źºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źŨƧř źǀŧŐţ Żř ƾƧŚů ŪƿŚŤƳ ƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŵŹřŵ
ƹ ŵƺºŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐſřƹ Śŝ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
Śºŝ ƢºŞƐƴƯ ƽŵŚºƿŻ Ŷů Śţ ŚƷƵŵřŵ ƪǀƬŰţ Żř ƵŶƯō Ţſŵƶŝ ƾŝźŬţ ƽƺĮƫř řŸƫ
ƶºĩ ŢºƠĭ ƱřƺºţƾºƯ ƾºƬĩ ŹƺºƏƶºŝ ƲƿřźŝŚºƴŝ .ŵƺŝ ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ ƩŶƯ
ƽźŞƷŹ ƍŚŞţŹř ƂƿřżƟř Źŵ řŹ ƾŬƳŚǀƯ ƂƤƳ Ţſř ƶŤƀƳřƺţ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
.ŶƴƧ ŚƠƿř ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
ŚƷƵĥřƹ ŶǀƬƧ
ƵŚĮºƄƳřŵ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ žƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř žƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř žŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƾŤƄƸŝ ŶǀƸƃ
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Email:gh_shams@sbu. ac. ir
‫ اﺳﺘﺎدﻳﺎر داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬:‫* ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪه ﻣﺴﺌﻮل‬
‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﺑﻬﺸﺘﻲ‬،‫** داﻧﺸﺠﻮي دﻛﺘﺮي ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ‬
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
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ƶƫŐƀƯ ƱŚǀŝ ƹ ƶƯŶƤƯ
ƖŝŚºƴƯ ŢƿŵƹŶºŰƯ ƽŹƹŚºƴƟ şŶºƴƿřżƟ źǀǀƜţ ŠƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ƽŹŚǀƀŝ ƽŚƷƂƫŚģ Śŝ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ ƵŻƹźƯř
ƶūřƺƯ … ƹ ŜǀƣŹ ƽŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ şŶƴƿřżƟ ŹƺƸƓ ƱŚƿźŤƄƯ ƢƿLjſ Źŵ źǀǀƜţ ƽĥźƳř ŢƿŵƹŶŰƯ ƾƫŚƯ
ŢºƿżƯ ƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝ ƶºĩ ŶƴŤºƀƷ ƾƬƯřƺºƗ ƶŝ ƾŝŚǀŤſŵ ŵŶƇŹŵ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ ƾƗŚƋƹř Ʋǀƴģ Źŵ .ŶƴŤƀƷ
ŚºƷƱō ƾŤŝŚºƣŹ ƽŚºƿřżƯ Ʋºƿř ƽƺŬŤºƀū Źŵ .ŵŹƹō ƮƷřźºƟ řŹ ŚƷƱō ƽŚƤţŹř ƹ ŚƤŝ ƽŚƷƶƴǀƯŻ ƾŤŝŚƣŹ
ƱŚƯŻŚºſ ƽźţźŝ ƽŚƷƶƴǀƯŻ Ƶŵƺŝ ƾŤŝŚƣŹ ŢƿżƯ ŵŚŬƿř ŌŚƄƴƯ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƶĩ ƾưƸƯ ƪƯŚƗ ƶĩ ŶƳřƶŤƟŚƿŹŵ
ŢºǀƴƯř ƽřŹřŵ ƹ ŶºƸƘŤƯ ƆƈŴŤƯ ƾƳŚƀƳř ƽƹźǀƳ Żř ƽŶƴƯƵźƸŝ ŵŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ ŚŞƣŹ Śŝ ƶƀƿŚƤƯ Źŵ řŹ
ŶºƳŹřŵ ƽźţLJŚºŝ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƶºĩ ƾƳŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ƶĩ Ţſř Ʋƿř źŝ ƉźƟ ƶĩřźģ Ţſř ƾƟŚĩ ƾƳřƹŹ
ƹ ƱřźĮºƄƷƹĦě ƽŚƷƶƛŶƛŵ Żř ƾĪƿ ŵźĪƿƹŹ Ʋƿř Śŝ .ŵźƧ ŶƴƷřƺų ƶŗřŹř řŹ ƽźŤƸŝ ŵźĪƬưƗ LJľ ŚưŤůř
ŚŤºſřŹ Ʋƿř Źŵ ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƽŚƤţŹř źŝ źŧŒƯ ƪƯřƺƗ ƾƿŚſŚƴƃ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƱřŶƴưƄƿŶƳř
ƂƷŚºĩ Śºƿ ƂƿřżƟř Źŵ ƽřƵŶƴƴĩ ƲǀǀƘţ ƪƯŚƗ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾĮƳƺĮģ ƶĩ ŶƳřƶŤƟŚƿŹŵ
.ŶƳƺºƃ ƪƿŶºŞţ ƂŴŝźºŧř ƾºƳřźŞƷŹ ƶºŝ ŶƴƳřƺţƾƯ ƶƳƺĮģ ƱřźƿŶƯ ŚƯř .ŶƃŚŝ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ÎƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
Ĩƿ ŶƴƄĩƾƯ ƂƫŚģ ƶŝ řŹ ŶƴƿřźƟ ŵƺų ŢƫŚů ƲƿźŤƸŝ Źŵ ƱřźŞƷŹ ÏźƳŻƺě ƹ ŽŻƺĩ ŠŤƠĭ ŽŚſřźŝ
ƹ Ƶŵřŵ ƱŚºƄƳ řŹ ƵřŹ ŶºƴƴĩƾºƯ Ƃƴºĩ ƶºŝ Źřŵřƹ řŹ ƱřźºĮƿŵ ŶºƴƷŵƾƯ ƭŚƸƫř řŹ ħźŤƄƯ ŻřŶƳřƮƄģ
.(ÏÍÍÎ ÐƦƿźŤſř) ŶƴƴĩƾƯ ƢƿƺƄţ řŹ ŚƷŜƬƣ ƹ ŶƴƴĩƾƯ ƾƷŵƺĮƫř
Ĩƿ ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƶƧ Ţſř ƽźŞƷŹ Żř ƾƨŞſ Ñ(SBL) ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŶſŹƾƯ źƔƳ ƶŝ
ŶºƃŚŝ ƱŚƯŻŚºſ Źŵ ƂŴŝźºŧř źºŞƷŹ şŶºƴƿŚưƳ ƹ Ƶŵřŵ Ƃºƃƺě řŹ ơƺƟ ŵŹřƺƯ ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƲƯř ƵŚĮƿŚě
ƎŝřƹŹ ƢƿźƏ Żř ƵŹřƺưƷ řŹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ƎǀŰƯ Źŵ źŧŒƯ ƽŹŚĪưƷ ƹ ŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƱŚĪƯř ƶĩ (ÏÍÎÎ ÒŜƯƺƧ)
ƹ ƵŵźºƧ ƪǀƸƀţ řŹ źƿŶƯ ƽƺſ Żř ƽźŞƷŹ ƂƤƳ ƽŚƠƿř ƶŬǀŤƳ Źŵ žƵŵźĩ ƮƷřźƟ ŵŚưŤƗř Śŝ ƭŏƺţ ƾƳŚƀƳř
ŹřŶºƯŢƴǀƯř ƽźŞƷŹ .ŶƴƧƾƯ Ʋǀưƌţ řŹ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ŶƯōŹŚĩ ŵźĪƬưƗ ƹ ƱŚƯŻŚſ źưŤƀƯ ƹ źŧŒƯ ŢǀƫŚƘƟ
ƭƺºƸƠƯ ŵŚºŬƿř .Ţſř ƾƳŚƀƳř ƽƹźǀƳ ŚƷƱō şŶưƗ ŠƿŚƯźſ ƶĩ ŵŹřŵ ŢǀưƷř ƾƃŻƺƯō ƽŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ
źƿŸěƱŚĪƯř żǀƳ řŹ ƁƹŚĩ ƪǀŞƣ Żř ƽŹŚŤƟŹ ƽŚƷƮŤƀǀſ źĮƿŵ ƾĮŤŴǀĮƳřźŝ źŞƷŹ Ĩƿ ƶƬǀſƹƶŝ ŢǀƴƯř
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1. Psychological Safety
2. Kouzes & Posner
3. Strack
4. Secure-Base Leadership
5. Coombe
ÐÒ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ơŚºňƬų ƹ ƽźƿŸºěźƐų Źŵ ŢºſŵźƿŻ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ŵřŶƘŤſř Źŵ Ţſř ƲĪưƯ ƾĮŤŴǀĮƳřźŝ Ʋƿř .ŶƴƧƾƯ
ƱŚºƗŷř Śºŝ .(ÏÍÍÐ ÎžƬƀǀƯ ƹ źěƺě) ŵƺƃƾƯ źŬƴƯ ƽŵźƟ ŶƃŹ ƹ ƽźǀĭŵŚƿ ƶŝ ƶĩ ŶƴƧ Żƹźŝ Ʊŵƺŝ
ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ Ʋǀŝ ƎŝřƹŹ źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě ŜƫŚƐƯ Ʋƿř ƶŝ
ƹ ƾºƃŻƺƯō ƎǀºŰƯ Ʀºƿ Źŵ ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŢƀŝŹŚƧ ŠƫŐƀƯ ƶŝ ƹ ƵŵźƧ ƾſŹźŝ řŹ
ƵĦºƿƹ ŹƺºƏƶŝ .Ţſř ƵŵźƧ ƶūƺţ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŵŚŬƿř Źŵ ÏƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƱřżǀƯ
Śºŝ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾƿŚſŚƴƃ ƂƷƹĦě ƾƬƇř ƝŶƷ
.Ţſř ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐſřƹ
řŹ ŚƷƱō ƁżǀĮƳř šŚŞūƺƯ ŶƷŵ Ɓƺĭ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ Ɲźů ƶŝ ƶĩ Ţſř ƾƀĩ źƿŶƯ ƲƿźŤƸŝ ƵŻƹźƯř
ÐŢºǀƫƺŞƤƯ Ʊƺºģ ƾƿŚºƷƾºĭĦƿƹ Żř ƂŴŝźºŧř ƱřźŞƷŹ .ŵżǀųźŝ ŚƷƱō Żř ŢƿŚưů ƶŝ ƹ ŵŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ
Żř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř ÓƾºſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ (ƾƳŚƸƳ ŵřŶƘŤſř) ÒƪǀƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚƄƯ ÑĨƀƿŹ ŢƇźƟ Ʊŵźĩ ƮƷřźƟ
ŢºǀƴƷŷ ƹ ÖƱŚºƴǀưƏř ŢºǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ ƂºƯřŹō ÕƾºſŹźŝ /ƺºū ƹ Žźºě ƹ Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ Ôƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř
ƶºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ .Ţºſř ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ ƽźŞƷŹ ƕƺƳ Ʋƿř .ŶƳŹřŵŹƺųźŝ ÎÍŢŞŨƯ
ƹ ƽŵźºƟ ƽźǀĭŵŚºƿ ƹ ŶºƃŹ ƹ ƆºƈŴţ ŠƘſƺţ ƽřźŝ ƽŶƴƿōźƟ ƾƫƺŰţ ƹ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŵźĪƿƹŹ ƱřƺƴƗ
ƹ ŹŚĭŻŚºſ ƱŚºƴǀưƏř ƪºŝŚƣ ƲºƯř ƾºƐǀŰƯ ƶºŝ řŹ ƾƳŚƯŻŚºſ ƎǀºŰƯ ŶºƳřƺţƾºƯ ƹ Ţºſř ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ
ž(ÏÍÎÎ ŜºƯƺƧ) Ŷƴĩ ƪƿŶŞţ Ʊƹźǀŝ ƽŚǀƳŵ ƽŚƿƺě ƹ ƵŵźŤƀĭ šřźǀǀƜţ Śŝ ơŚŞƐƳř ƽřźŝ źƿŸěƝŚƐƘƳř
ƽźºŞƷŹ ƶºŝ ƍƺºŝźƯ šŚºƘƫŚƐƯ Źŵ «ŢŞŨƯ» ŚľŤůřźƇ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Ĩƿ ŹřŶƯ ŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŚŤſřŹ Ʋƿř Źŵ
ƾºſŹźŝ řŹ ŚºƷƱō ƹ ŶƴƧƾƯ Ŝǀĩźţ ƮƷ Śŝ řŹ ŢŞŨƯ ƽŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƹ ƁƹŚĩ źƏŚų ƱŚƴǀưƏř ƶĩ Ţſř
ƶºŝ ƶºĩ ŵźºǀĭƾºƯ Ƃǀě Źŵ řŹ ƽŵźĪƿƹŹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ (ÎÖÖÎ) ÎÎġŹŚƯ źƔƳ Żř .ŶƴƧƾƯ Źřźƣ
ƪºŝŚƣ ƶºĩ «ŵƺºūƺƯ ƖŝŚºƴƯ Żř ƽŹřŵźºŝƵźºƸŝ» Ʋǀºŝ ƾƿŚºƿƺě ŵƺŝ ŶƴƷřƺų ŹŵŚƣ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Ʊō ŠƐſřƹ
ººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº
1. Popper & Mayselles
2. Leadership Effectiveness
3. Acceptance
4. Risk opportunity
5. Seeing potential
6. Accessibility
7. Using intrinsic motivation
8. Listening and inquiry
9. Calm and dependability
10. Positive mindset
11. March
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÐÓ
źºǀǀƜţ ƹ ƽŹƹōƺºƳ Śŝ ƵŵŹƺųŶƳƺǀě «ƁƹŚĩ» ƹ ŶƴſŹƾƯ źƔƳ ƶŝ (ƲƯř) źţƵŶƃ ƶŤųŚƴƃ ƹ źţƾƴǀŝƂǀě
Ĩºưĩ ƽřźŝ ƲƯř ƵŚĮƿŚě ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř źŞƷŹ Ĩƿ ŵƺūƹ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ .ŶƴƴƧ ŢƿźƿŶƯ řŹ (ĨƀƿŹ)
ƹ ĨºƀƿŹ ƽŹƹōƺƳ ƹ (ƽŹřŵźŝƵźƸŝ) ƾĮŤƀŞƫŵ ƹ ŢǀƴƯř Ʋǀŝ Śƿƺě ŢƿźƿŶƯ Źŵ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƽŚƌƗř ƶŝ
ƶºŝ ŵƺºƃƾºƯ śƺºƀŰƯ ƲºƯř ƵŚĮƿŚě Ĩƿ ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ƶĩ ƽźŞƷŹ» .Ţſř ƽŹƹźƋ (ƁƹŚĩ) ƽźǀĭŵŚƿ
žºƠƳ ƶºŝ ŵŚºưŤƗř ŵŚºŬƿř ƵƹLjºƗ ƶºŝ ƹ ƾºůƹŹ ŶºƿŶū ƽŚºƷƩŶƯ ŠƘſƺţ Źŵ ƂŤſŵźƿŻ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ
ƹ źěƺºě) «ŵźºĩ ŶºƷřƺų Ĩºưĩ žƠƳ ƶŝ ƭřźŤůř ƲŤƄƿƺųźŝ ƾƄŴŝźǀŧŐţ ƾĮŤƀƿŚƃ ƽŹŚŤŴƯŵƺų
.(ÏÍÍÐ žƬƀǀƯ
Ï
Î
.(ÏÍÎÐ ƱřŹŚºƨưƷ ƹ ŹżƿřźƫƺƧ) Ţſř ƶŤƟźĭ šŐƄƳ ƾĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŠƿźƔƳ Żř ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƮǀƷŚºƠƯ Ţºſř ƶŤºƃřŵ ƽřƵŵźŤƀĭ ŢƟźƄǀě ƾŝźŬţ ƹ ƽźƔƳ ƑŚŰƫ Żř ƾĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŠƿźƔƳ ƶĩ ƾƿŚŬƳō
ƹ ƾĮŤºƀŞƫŵ ƶºŝ ƲƯř ƵŚĮƿŚě şŹŚŝŹŵ (ÎÖÕÕ ƹ ÎÖÓÖ) ÑƾŞƫƺŝ ƹ (ÎÖÔÖ ƹ ÎÖÔÕ) ÐťŹƺƀƴƿō ƪǀƇř
ƽŚºƷƂƷƹĦºě Źŵ ŶºſŹƾºƯ źºƔƳ ƶŝ ŚƯř Ţſř ƎŞţźƯ ƾĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŠƿźƔƳ ƩźŤƴĩ ƾƃƹŚĩ ƽŚƷƮŤƀǀſ
Ʋºƿř ƶºŝ (ÏÍÎÏ) ÓŢºƴƴǀţ ƹ (ÏÍÍÔ) ÒżºƴǀūřŹ ƹ Ʋºţƹŵ žŢſř ƵŶƃ Ʊō ƶŝ ƽźţƮĩ ƶūƺţ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ
ƭŵźºƯ Żř ƽŹŚǀƀŝ ƽřźŝ ƶĩ ŶƳŵřŵ ŲſŚě ƶƳƺĭƲƿř ŸŶƄŴŝƾƯ šŚǀů řŹ ƾĭŶƳŻ ƽżǀģ ƶģ ƶĩ ƩřŒſ
ƾƴƛ ƹźưƬƣ Ĩƿ ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ řŹ ŹŚĩ Źŵ ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ŚƷƱō .Ţſř ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƂŴŝšŚǀů źƈƴƗ Ʋƿř
ƎŞţźºƯ ŢºŞŨƯ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƹ ƽřƶƐŝřŹ ƽŚƷƮƀǀƳŚĪƯ ƽŶǀƫƺţ ƽŚƷŶƴƿōźƟ źŝ ƶĩ ŶƴƴƧƾƯ ƞƿźƘţ ŶƿŶū ƹ
Żř ŹŚºĩ Źŵ ŢºŞŨƯ ƎºŝřƹŹ ƶĩ ŶƴƴĩƾƯ ŭźƐƯ ƲǀƴĤưƷ ŚƷƱō .ŶƴĩƾƯ żĩźưţ ŹŚĩ Źŵ ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ Śŝ
Źŵ .ŵŹřŵ ƾºſŚſř ƾƄƤƳ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƾĭŶƳŻ Źŵ ŢǀưƷř «żĩźƯ ƹ ŹŶƇ Źŵ» ƶƐŝřŹ ƲŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ ƢƿźƏ
ƍŚºŞţŹř ƹ ƲƯř ƵŚĮƿŚě ƾƴƘƿ ƾƬƇř ƪƯŚƗ ƶſ ƶŝ ƵĦƿƹ ƶūƺţ ƹ ŶǀĩŐţ Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŚŤſřŹ Ʋƿř
ÔƲǀºƫřƹ) ŶºƴĩƾºƯ ŭźºƐƯ ƽźºŞƷŹ Źŵ řŹ ŵźºƟ ƶŝ źƈŰƴƯ ƵŚĭŶƿŵ Ĩƿ ƁƹŚĩ ƹ ƾĮŤƀŞƫŵ ŢŞŨƯ
.(ÏÍÍÓ ÖƲǀƫƺſŚƧ žÏÍÍÍ ÕŚƃƺƟ žÏÍÍÔ
ººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº
1. Attachment Theory
2. Kohlrieser
3. Ainsworth
4. Bowlby
5. Dutton & Ragins
6. Tennant
7. Walin
8. Fosha
9. Cosolin
ÐÔ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ƹ ƾºƴƷŷ ƽŚºƷƽŹƹōƺºƳ ƹ ŚƷŢĈǀƣŚňƬų ƂƿƹŹ źŤƀŝ ƲƿźţŹřƺưƷ źƏŚų ƱŚƴǀưƏř ƹ ƱřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
ƾŤǀºƈŴƃ ƽŚºƷƾĭĦƿƹ ƲƿźţŻŹŚŝ Żř ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŽŚƀůř .ŶƴŤƀƷ ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ źţźŝ ƽŚƷƵŵŹƹōźƟ
ƶºŝ ƾŝŚǀŤºſŵ ƹ ƁLjºţ ŢºƸū Źŵ ŵřźºƟř Ŝºǀƛźţ ƽřźŝ Ƶƺǀƃ ƲƿźţźŧŒƯ ƹ ŢſŚƳřƺţ ƹ ơŚƬňų ŵřźƟř
ƲǀƯŐºţ ƹ ƾºƳřƹŹ ƂºƯřŹō ŵŚºŬƿř ŢĈǀƣŚňƬų ƹ ŹŚĪŤŝř ƕřŶŝř ƹ ƽŹƹōƺƳ źţźŝ ƱƺƴƟ ƹ ƭƺƬƗ ŠƤƬůźſ
.(ÎÐÕÒ ŻƹźºƟř) Ţºſř ƽŵŚºƈŤƣř ƹ ƾƗŚºưŤūř ƹ ƽřƶºƟźů ƹ ƾƬƜºƃ ƾĭŵřƺƳŚų ƹ ƽŵźƟ ŢǀƴƯř
ƽřƶºŞƴū ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ƽŹŚǀƀŝ ƱŚƤƤŰƯ Ǝſƺţ ƶƧ Ţſř ƽřƵƺƤƫŚŝ ƾƳƹŹŵ ƽƹźǀƳ Śƿ ƭƺƸƠƯ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
ŵřźƟř ƶŝ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř .(ÏÍÍÏ ƱřŹŚƨưƷ ƹ ÎŻŶƳŚƳźƟ) Ţſř ƵŶƃ ŭźƐƯ ƾƷƹźĭ šLjųřŶƯ Żř ƮƸƯ
ƪºǀƫŵ ƶºŝ ƱŶºƃ ƂƳŻźºſ Żř ƾºſźţ ƹ ŶƳƺƃ żƧźưŤƯ šLjƨƄƯ ƽŚƷŹŚƨƷřŹ źŝ Śţ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƾƿŚƳřƺţ
.ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŶƳ ŵƺų ƽŚƷźƔƳŹŚƸƓř
ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƂƿřżºƟř Źŵ ƶºƧ ƾưǀƤŤºƀƯ ƂƤƳ źŝ ƵƹLjƗ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŶſŹƾƯ źƔƳ ƶŝ
ŽŚƀůř ŵŹřŸĭƾƯ ƽŚū ƶŝ ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƶƧ ƽźǀŧŐţ ƹ ŷƺƠƳ ƢƿźƏ Żř ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ
ƩŚºưƗř ƵřŹ Żř źƿŶƯ ƶĩ Ţſř ƽżǀģ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƭƺƸƠƯ .ŶƷŵƾƯ ƂƿřżƟř řŹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ Źŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
şŻřŶƳř Śţ ƽźŞƷŹ ŠĤŴƿŹŚţ .ŶƴĩƾƯ ƶŗřŹř ŹŚĩ ƵŵŻŚŝ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ƹ ŵŹƹōƾƯ Ţſŵƶŝ ŢƿźƿŶƯ ŮǀŰƇ
Źŵ ƂŴŝźºŧř ƽźºŞƷŹ .Ţºſř żºĩźưŤƯ ƂŴŝźºŧř ƱřźºŞƷŹ ƹ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƽŚƷƾĭĦƿƹ ƪǀƬŰţ źŝ ƽŵŚƿŻ
ƾƳŚºƀĩ ƂŴŝźºŧř ƱřźºŞƷŹ ƹ Ţºſř ƾƫŶưƷ ƹ ƽźĪƠưƷ ŵŚŬƿř Źŵ ƾſŚſř ƹ ƾƬƇř ƪƯŚƗ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
řŹ ħŹŵ Ʋºƿř ƹ ŶºƳŹƹōŵźºĭ Ŷºůřƹ źºƔƳ ƹ ƽźĪƟ źŤģ źƿŻ Źŵ řŹ ƾţƹŚƠŤƯ ŵřźƟř ŶƴƳřƺŤŝ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƀƷ
ƹ ƁŻŹř Ŷºūřƹ ƶºĩ Ţſř ƾƘưū ŭƹŹ Ƶŵƺŝ ŢǀưƷř Ʈĩ ƹ ƾŗżū ƽŵźƟ šŚƟLjŤųř ƶĩ Ŷƴƴĩ ŵŚŬƿř
ƽřźºŝ ƆŴºƃ ƾƿŚºƳřƺţ ƱŚưƷ ƂŴŝźŧř ƽźŞƷŹ ƶĩ ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţƾƯ źĮƿŵ ƾƷŚĭŶƿŵ Źŵ .Ţſř ŹŚŞŤƗř
ŹŚĩ ƶŝ řŹ ŵƺų ƾƤƬţ ƹ šŹŚƸƯ ƂƳřŵ Żř ƽřƵżǀƯō źŞƷŹ ƶĩ Ţſř ƾŤǀƘƣƺƯ Źŵ ƱřźĮƿŵ źŝ źŧŒƯ ŷƺƠƳ
ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚºƷƾĭĦƿƹ (ÏÍÍÐ) ÏĢĜſř ƹ ęƺƷ ŵŚƤŤƗř ƶŝ.(ÎÐÕÑ ƾƿƺƃŹƺěżƿżƗ ƹ ƾĤŤƗŚſ) ŵŶƴŝ
Ʊŵƺºŝ ŶºưŤƘƯ ƾƿƺºĭŮƿźºƇ ŚºƷŢǀƘƣřƹ ƱŚǀŝ ƹ ƾƿƺĮŤſřŹ ƹ ƾŤſŹŵ Żř Ţſř šŹŚŞƗ ƂŴŝźŧř
ĨºƀƿŹ ƶŝ ƪƿŚưţ ŹŚĪŤƄě ŵŚƿŻ ƽĥźƳř Żř ƽŶƴƯƵźƸŝ Ʊŵƺŝ ƕŚŬƃ ƹ ƱŶǀſźŤƳ ŹŚŞŤƗř ƾĮģŹŚĜĪƿ
ƾƴţƹźƟ ƱŶƃ ŹŚĭŻŚſ ƾƿŚƳřƺţ ŶƴưƟŶƷ ƹ ŮǀŰƇ ƽźǀĭƮǀưƈţ ƽƺƣ ƾƏŚŞţŹř ƽŚƷšŹŚƸƯ Ʊŵźĩ
ººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº
1. Fernandez
2. Hoppe& Spech
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÐÕ
ƪºǀŞƣ Żř ƾƿŚºƷƾºĭĦƿƹ żºǀƳ (ÏÍÍÎ) ÎźƠŤºƀƿźƧ ƹ źºŞƯřŵ .ŶºƴƷŵƾºƯ ƭŚºŬƳř ƶĩ ƶģ Ʊō ƶŝ ŶƸƘţ ƹ
řŹ ... ƹ ŹŚºǀŤųř ƊƿƺºƠţ ŹƺºƯř ƽŻŚºſƵŵŚºſ ƹ ƪǀƸºƀţ ƾºƘŞƏűƺºƃ ƽŵźºƟƲǀºŝ ƽŚºƷšŹŚƸƯ
ƶºƧ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƢƿŵŚƈƯ źŝ ƾƬƯŐţ .ŶƳřƵŵźưƃźŝ ƂŴŝźŧř ƱřźŞƷŹ šŚǀƇƺƈų
ŽŚºƀůř ƶºŬǀŤƳ Źŵ ƹ ƶºǀůƹŹ ŵƺºŞƸŝ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ żǀƳ ŜſŚƴƯ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƺĈ ū ƥŹřŶţ Śŝ ƂŴŝźŧř źŞƷŹ
ƹ ŵřźƟř Ʋǀŝ ŵŚưŤƗř Śŝ ƵřźưƷ ƱŚƯŻŚſ ƺĈ ū źĭř ƶƧ řźģ žŵƺƃ ŜūƺƯ řŹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ Źŵ ƂƯřŹō ƹ ŢǀƴƯř
Ʋǀºƴģ Źŵ .ŶºƴƴƧƾƯ ƾŤůřŹ ŽŚƀůř ŶƴƃŚŝ ƱŚƃŵƺų ƶƧƱō ƽřźŝ Ʈǀţ ƽŚƌƗř ŶƃŚŝ ƪŝŚƤŤƯ ƭřźŤůř
ŵźºƏ Śºƿ ƶºǀŞƴţ ƝŚƠºƃ šŹƺºƇ ƶºŝ ƱŵźƧ ŢŞŰƇ ƽřźŝ ƶƧ ŶƴŤƀƷ ƲŘưƐƯ Ʈǀţ ƽŚƌƗř ƾƐǀŰƯ
Ʋǀºƴģ .ŵźƿŸºěƾºƯ řŹ šřźƔƳ ƹ ŚƷŶƤƳ ŚƷƂſźě ƾŝƺų ƶŝ ƶƧ ŵƺƃƾƯ ŵŚŬƿř ƾƐǀŰƯ ƹ ŶƳƺƃƾưƳ
źºţƩŚºƘƟ ƾŤƧŹŚºƄƯ ŹƺƯř Źŵ Ʈǀţ ƽŚƌƗř ƹ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƁŹƹźě řŹ ŢĈǀƣŚňƬų ƽŵŚưŤƗřźě ƹ ƲƯř ƎǀŰƯ
.(ÏÍÍÕ ÏżƳƺū ƹ ŽřŹ) Ţƃřŵ ŶƴƷřƺų ƽźţƂŴŝźŧř ƹ źţƶƳŚƣŚƬňų ŵźƨƬưƗ ƹ ŶƳƺƃƾƯ
ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ Ʋǀºŝ ƎºŝřƹŹ ŶºƿŒƯ ƾƗƺºƳ ƶºŝ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ
(ÎÐÕÖ) ƱřŹŚºĪưƷ ƹ ŚºǀƳƾƯźĩ ƶƳƺưƳ ƱřƺƴƗ ƶŝ .ŶƴŤƀƷ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
ŹƺºƏƶºŝ .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺºūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŠƐŝřŹ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƽŹŚŤƟŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ĨŞſ Ʋǀŝ ƶĩ ŶƴŤƟŚƿŹŵ
ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ƶºĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚºƄƳ żǀƳ (ÎÐÕÍ) ƱřźūŚƸƯ ƹ (ÎÐÔÐ) ƽřƶƘƬƣ ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě ƽŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ƶŝŚƄƯ
ƶºŝ ÎÖÕÒ) Оƿƺºƿŵ .Ţºſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƱřźƿŶƯ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƱřżǀƯ Śŝ ƱŚƀĪƿ ŢǀƘƣƺƯ Źŵ ƽźŞƷŹ şƺǀƃ
ƽŚºƷŮƐºſ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƱƺĭŚºƳƺĭ ƽŚºƷƵƺǀºƃ ƶĩ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŵƺų ƾſŹźŝ Źŵ (ÎÐÕ͝ƾſƺƏ Żř ƪƤƳ
(ÎÐÕÒ) ƾưºſŚƣ (ÎÐÕÑ) ƾƴǀºƀůƵŚºƃ ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ .ŵŹƹōƾƯ ŶƿŶě řŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ
Ó
ŢƳŚƷ (ÏÍÍÓ) ÒƲƿLjƟ ƹ ƲǀƯŚŬƴŝ (ÏÍÍÐ) ÑƱƺưǀſ (ÎÐÕÖ) śŚǀƴŝ ƹ ƾƳŚưƿř (ÎÐÕÔ) ƽŶưůř
ƹ ŢŞŨƯ šŚƏŚŞţŹř ŵƺŞƳ ƹ ƾƳřƹŹ ŹŚƄƟ ŽŚƀůř ƶƧ ŵƺŝ Ʊō Żř ƾƧŚů (ÏÍÎÍ) ÔƾƬƀƳŚƷ ƹ (ÏÍÍÔ)
ƹ ŵƺºƃƾºƯ śƺºƀŰƯ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŵŚŬƿř ƵřŹ źſ źŝ ƵŶƴƴĩŶƿŶƸţ ƪƯřƺƗ Żř ƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ƂŴŝźŧř
ƶºŝ ƽźŞƷŹ Źŵ ŢŞŨƯ ƽŹƺŘţ Ĩƿ ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƶĩ ŢƟŚƿŹŵ żǀƳ (ÏÍÎÎ) ŜƯƺĩ ŚľŤƿŚƸƳ
ººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººººº
1. Damber & keristefer
2. Ross & Jones
3. Davis
4. Seeman
5. Benjamin & Flynn
6. Hant
7. Humslly
ÐÖ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
źºƔƳ Źŵ Śºŝ .ŵŹřŸºĭƾºƯ źǀŧŐţ ƹźǀ쟪ƷŹ ƍŚŞţŹř ƹ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƮǀƤŤƀƯŹƺƏ
Źŵ ƽźºŞƷŹ ŠºƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ŵƺºūƺƯ ƽźºƔƳ ƾƳŚºŞƯ ƶºŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě Źŵ ƎŝřƹŹ Ʋƿř ƲŤƟźĭ
ŢºƇźƟ ŢºǀƫƺŞƤƯ ŶºƘŝ ŢºƄƷ (ÏÍÎÎ) ŜºƯƺƧ ŠºƿźƔƳ Żř ƽƹźǀě Śŝ ƵĦƿƹ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƹ ŚƷ ƱŚƯŻŚſ
/ƺū ƹ Žźě ƹ Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƾſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƪǀƀƳŚŤě ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ĨƀƿŹ
ƽźºŞƷŹ şŶºƴƷŵƪǀƨºƄţ ƽŚºƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ƱřƺƴƗƶŝ ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀƴƷŷ ƹ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ ƂƯřŹō ƾſŹźŝ
Żř ƵĦºƿƹ ŹƺºƏƶºŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źǀƜŤƯ şŶƴƴƧƱŚǀŝ ƽŚƷƆųŚƃ .ŶƳŶƃ ƶŤƟźĭ źƔƳ Źŵ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
Żř ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř şŶºƴƴƧƱŚºǀŝ ƽŚºƷƆųŚºƃ ŚľºŤƿŚƸƳ ƹ (ÎÐÔÏ) ƾºĤŤųřŵźě ƹ (ÎÐÔÎ) ŶºƴŝƶƣLjƗ
ŹŚºŤƟŹ ƹ ƽźºŞƷŹ ŠºƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ŵƺūƺƯ ƽźƔƳ ƂƳřŵ ŽŚſřźŝ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŤƟźĭźŝ (ÎÖÖÖ) ƱƺƀƳƺƯŵř
Źŵ ƮǀƤŤºƀƯ ŹƺºƏƶºŝ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŢƀŝŹŚƧ ƶƧ ŶſŹƾƯ źƔƳƶŝ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ
Źŵ řŹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƲǀƴĤưƷ ƹ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƂƤƳ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŮƐſ ƽŚƤţŹř
ƪƨºƃ Źŵ ŽŚſř Ʋƿřźŝ .Ţſř ŹřŸĭźǀŧŐţ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ŵƺų ŠŝƺƳ ƶŝ ƶƧ ŶƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƾě
.Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŗřŹř ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ śƺģŹŚģ Î
ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ śƺģŹŚģ .æƪƨƃ
:Ŷƃ ƲƿƹŶţ ƱƺƯŻō ƹ ƾſŹźŝ ƽřźŝ źƿŻ ƾƄƷƹĦě ƽŚƷƶǀƋźƟ ŽŚſř Ʋƿř źŝ
.ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ æ
.ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ç
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÑÍ
.ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŠƐŝřŹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř Ʋǀŝ è
ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐſřƹ Śŝ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ é
.ŶƳŹřŸĭƾƯ źǀŧŐţ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ
ƁƹŹ
Ʋºƿř ƽŹŚºƯō ŠºƘƯŚū .Ţºſř ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ƕƺºƳ Żř ƾƠǀƇƺţ ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě Ōżū źƋŚů ƂƷƹĦě
ƩŚºſ Źŵ ŚºƷƱō ŵřŶºƘţ ƕƺºưŬƯ Źŵ ƶºĩ ŵƺºŝ ƾŤƄƸŝ ŶǀƸƃ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ŠǀƬĩ ƪƯŚƃ ƂƷƹĦě
ŵŚƸƴºƄǀě Ʊřźĩƺĩ ƩƺƯźƟ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř Śŝ źƠƳ ÐÍÍ ƮŬů ƶŝ ƽřƶƳƺưƳ .ŵƺŝ źƠƳ ÖÏÕ ÖÍÖÎ ƾƬǀƈŰţ
ƽźºǀĭƶƳƺưƳ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ ƶƳƺưƳ ŵřźƟř Ŷƃ ƖƿŻƺţ ƽŹŚƯō ŠƳƺưƳ ƱŚǀƯ ƶƯŚƴƄſźě ÐÍÍ ƶƯřŵř Źŵ řŸƫ Ŷƃ
ÏÔÏ ƱŚºǀƯ Ʋºƿř Źŵ ƶĩ ŶƳŵƺŝƵŶƃ śŚŴŤƳř (ŢƯŶų šřƺƴſ ƹ ŢǀĈƀƴū Ŝƀů źŝ) ƾŤŞƀƳ ƽřƶƤŞƏ
Ŷºƃ ƶºŤƟźĭ źºƔƳŹŵ źƠƳ ÏÔÏ ƾƿŚƸƳ ƶƳƺưƳ ƮŬů ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ .Ŷƃ ƵŶƳřŵźĭŻŚŝ ƪƯŚĩ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƶƯŚƴƄſźě
ƶƤŝŚºſ ƹ ŢĈǀºƀƴū Ŝƀů źŝ ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŚƌƗř Ŝǀĩźţ Î ƩƹŶū Źŵ .(ŶƇŹŵ ÖÍ :ƾƿƺĮŴſŚě űźƳ)
.Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŗřŹř ŢƯŶų
ŢƯŶų šřƺƴſ ƹ ŢǀĈ ƀƴū Ŝƀů źŝ ƶƳƺưƳ ƽŚƌƗř Ŝǀĩźţ :æ ƩƹŶū
‫ﺳﺎﺑﻘﻪ ﺧﺪﻣﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬
‫ ﺳﺎل و ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬21
‫ ﺳﺎل‬20 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬16
‫ ﺳﺎل‬15 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬11
‫ ﺳﺎل‬10 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬6
‫ ﺳﺎل و ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻦﺗﺮ‬5
‫ﺖ‬‫ﺟﻨﺴﻴ‬
148
18
24
26
38
42
‫ﻣﺮد‬
124
28
14
24
28
30
‫زن‬
272
46
38
50
66
72
‫ﻣﺠﻤﻮع‬
ƅƺºƈų Źŵ Ʃƹř ŠƯŚƴºƄſźě .ŵƺŝ ƶƯŚƴƄſźě ƶſ ŚƷƵŵřŵ ƽŹƹōŵźĭ ƽřźŝ ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŵŹƺƯ Źřżŝř
ƹř ƶºƧ ƾƫŶºƯ ƢŝŚºƐƯ ƶƯŚƴºƄſźě Ʋƿř .Ţſř ƶŤųŚſ řŹ Ʊō (ÏÍÎÎ) ŜƯƺĩ ƶƧ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƪǀºƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚºƄƯ ĨºƀƿŹ ŢºƇźƟ ŢºǀƫƺŞƤƯ) ƶƠňƫŒƯ Õ źŝ ƪưŤƄƯ Ţſř ƶŤųŚſ ƹ ƵŵźƧ ŭźƐƯ
ƾſŹźŝ /ƺū ƹ Žźě ƹ Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƾſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ (ƾƳŚƸƳ ŵřŶƘŤſř)
ƂƷƹĦºě Ʋºƿř Źŵ ŹŚºŝƲǀƫƹř ƽřźŝ ƹ Ţſř ƶƿƺĭ ÐÔ ƹ (ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀƴƷŷ ƹ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ ƂƯřŹō
ƶºƿƺĭ ÎÒ źºŝ ƪưŤƄƯ ƹ Ţſř ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƅƺƈų Źŵ ƭƹŵ ŠƯŚƴƄſźě .Ŷƃ řźūř ƹ ƶưūźţ
ƹ (ÎÐÔÎ) ŶºƴŝƶºƣLjƗ ƽŚƷƶƯŚƴƄſźě Żř ƽźǀĭƵźƸŝ Śŝ ƶƯŚƴƄſźě Ʋƿř .Ţſř ƶŤųŚſ ƢƤŰƯ ƶƧ Ţſř
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ÑÎ
Żř ŽŚºŞŤƣř Śºŝ ƶºƧ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ŠºƯŚƳƂºſźě ŚľºŤƿŚƸƳ ƹ .Ţºſř ƵŶƃ ƶŤųŚſ (ÎÐÔÏ) ƾĤŤųřŵźě
ŽŚǀƤƯ ƢŝŚƐƯ ƶƯŚƴƄſźě ƶſ źƷ .Ţſř ƶƿƺĭ Ô ƽřŹřŵ ƹ Ŷƃ ƶŤųŚſ (ÎÖÖÖ) ƱƺƀƳƺƯŵř ŠƯŚƴƄſźě
ƶºŝ ŚƷƱō ƽŹřŸĭƵźưƳ şƺŰƳ ƹ ƵŶƃ ƮǀƔƴţ (ƶƄǀưƷ ŜƬƛř šŚƣƹř ƾƷŚĭ šŹŶƳƶŝ żĭźƷ) šźƨǀƫ
ƽŹřŸºĭƵźºưƳ ŵƺºŝ ŽƺºƨƘƯ ŚºƷƱō ŢºƸū ƶºƧ ƾƿŚƷƶƿƺĭ ƅƺƈų Źŵ .Ţſř Ò Śţ Î Żř Ŝǀţźţ
ƱŚºƈƈŴŤƯ šřźºƔƳ ƶºŝ ŵŚƴŤºſř Śŝ ŚƷƶƯŚƴƄſźě ƾƿřƹŹ .Ŷƃ ƭŚŬƳř Î Śţ Ò Żř Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ƹ ŽƺƨƘƯ
ƁƹŹ Żř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř Śºŝ źºƠƳ ÐÍ ƽƹŹ źŝ ƾƄƿŚƯŻō ƽřźūř Żř žě ŚƷƱō ƾƿŚƿŚě ƹ Ŷƃ ŶǀƿŐţ ƹ ƾſŹźŝ
.Ţſř ƵŶƯō Ï ƩƹŶū Źŵ ƶƧ Ŷƃ ƶŞſŚŰƯ űŚŞƳƹźĩ ƽŚƠƫō
ŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ƹ ŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ƦǀƨƠţ ƶŝ ƽźǀĭƵŻřŶƳř ƽŚƷŹřżŝř ƾƿŚƿŚě :ç ƩƹŶū
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﮔﻮﻳﻪ‬
37
‫آﻟﻔﺎي ﻛﺮوﻧﺒﺎخ‬
0/91
15
0/93
7
0/80
‫ﻣﺆﻟّﻔﻪﻫﺎ‬
0/57
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
0/54
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ رﻳﺴﻚ‬
0/84
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
0/86
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
0/53
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﮕﻴﺰه ذاﺗﻲ‬
0/67
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬/‫ﮔﻮش دادن و ﭘﺮس و ﺟﻮ‬
0/76
‫آراﻣﺶ و ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
0/76
‫ﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬‫ذﻫﻨﻴ‬
-
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬
‫رﻫﺒﺮي اﻣﻨﻴﺖﻣﺪار‬
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬
ƝřźºŰƳř ƲǀĮƳŚǀƯ ƾƳřƹřźƟ ƖƿŻƺţ) ƾƠǀƇƺţ ŹŚƯō ƕƺƳ ƹŵ źƷ Żř ŚƷƵŵřŵ ƪǀƬŰţ ƹ ƶƿżŬţ ƽřźŝ
ƶºƳŚĭŶƴģ ƱƺǀºſźĭŹ Ʊƺºſźǀě ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ŜƿźºƋ ƱƺºƯŻō) ƾƏŚŞƴŤºſř ŹŚƯō ƹ (... ƹ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř
.Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř (źǀƀƯ ƪǀƬŰţ ƹ ƵŵŚſ ƾƐų ƱƺǀſźĭŹ
ŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ
ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ƱƺºƯŻō Żř ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŠƐŝřŹ ƾſŹźŝ ƽřźŝ
ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ƭŚưţ ƍŚŞţŹř ƶĩ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ Ð ƩƹŶū ŪƿŚŤƳ .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ʊƺſźǀě
ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ Żř .Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ Í/ÍÎ ŮƐſ Źŵ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř Śŝ
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÑÏ
.ŵŹřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř Śŝ řŹ ƍŚŞţŹř ƲƿźţƂǀŝ Í/ÔÖÐ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ Śŝ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ŠƠňƫŒƯ
ŢºƇźƟ ƾſŹźŝ ƹ Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ ƾſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƪǀƀƳŚŤě ƵŶƷŚƄƯ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋƿř Żř žě
Śºŝ řŹ ƍŚºŞţŹř ƲƿźºţƂǀºŝ Ŝǀţźţ ƶŝ ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀĈƴƷŷ ŢǀƫƺŞƤƯ ƦƀƿŹ
ƾƄŴŝźŧř Śŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƍŚŞţŹř ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ żǀƳ ƕƺưŬƯ Źŵ .ŶƳŹřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
.ŵŹřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ
ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ƎŝřƹŹ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ žƿźţŚƯ :è ƩƹŶū
‫رﻫﺒﺮي‬
‫ذﻫﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖﻣﺪار‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
0/846**
0/557**
0/793**
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
/761**
‫اﻧﮕﻴﺰش‬
‫ذاﺗﻲ‬
0/547**
‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫رﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
0/774**
0/786**
0/701**
0/669**
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ‬
‫رﻫﺒﺮي‬
α = 0/01 ‫**ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري در ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Żř Ʀºƿ źºƷ ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ źǀŧŐţ ƱŚƯżưƷ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ ƶƳŚĭŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ ƱƺƯŻō ƢƿźƏ Żř ƶƯřŵř Źŵ
ƾƳƺǀºſźĭŹ ŜƿřźºƋ ŽŚºſřźŝ źºĮƿŵ ƱŚºǀŝ ƶºŝ .Ŷƃ ƆŴƄƯ ƶŤƀŝřƹ źǀƜŤƯ źŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ
ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ Żř Ʀºƿ źºƷ ƶºƧ ŵƺƃƾƯ ƆŴƄƯ ƶƳŚĭŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ ƾūƹźų Źŵ ũŹŶƴƯ
Ñ ƩƹŶºū Źŵ ŪƿŚºŤƳ Ʋºƿř .ŶƳŹřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƽźǀŧŐţ ƶģ ľLjƤŤƀƯ ƹ ƾƿŚƸƴţ ƶŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
Żř ƵŵŚƠŤºſř ŢºǀƫƺŞƤƯ ŠºƠňƫŒƯ ƶºſ şŹŚºŝŹŵ t źƿŵŚºƤƯ ƩƹŶū Ʋƿř ŪƿŚŤƳ ŽŚſř źŝ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŗřŹř
ŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ Ʋºƿř řŸºƫ .ŶƴŤºƀǀƳ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŶƇŹŵ ÖÒ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŮƐſ Źŵ ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀĈƴƷŷ ƹ ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř
ƽřźºŝ t źƿŵŚºƤƯ ƪºŝŚƤƯ Źŵ .ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾƿŚƸƴţ ƶŝ ŶƴƳřƺţƾưƳ
ŢºǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ ƾºſŹźŝ / ƺºūƹŽźºě ƾſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƪǀƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚƄƯ ƦƀƿŹ ŢƇźƟ ŠƠňƫŒƯ Ūƴě
ƾºƄŴŝźŧř źºŝ ƽŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ ƹ ƪƤŤƀƯ źǀŧŐţ ƶƧ ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţƾƯ řŸƫ .ŶƴŤƀƷ (P<Í/ÍÒ) ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƱŚƴǀưƏř
źºƷ ƾƳƺǀºſźĭŹ źǀŧŐºţ ƱřżǀƯ şŶƴƴƧƱŚǀŝ ŶƴŤƀƷ B źƿŵŚƤƯ ƵŶƃ ƪƿŶƘţ ƶƧ ŚŤŝ źƿŵŚƤƯ .ŶƳŹřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ
Ʀºƿ ƽřŻř ƶºŝ ƶºƧ ŶºƴƷŵƾºƯ ƱŚºƄƳ źƿŵŚƤƯ Ʋƿř .ŶƴŤƀƷ ƶŤƀŝřƹ źǀƜŤƯ źŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ Żř Ʀƿ
ŵŚºŬƿř ƶŤºƀŝřƹ źºǀƜŤƯ Źŵ źºǀǀƜţ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř ƭŶƇŶƴģ ƪƤŤƀƯ źǀƜŤƯ Źŵ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř
ŜƿźºƋ Śºŝ) ƱŚºƴǀưƏř ŢºǀƬŝŚƣ ŠƠňƫŒƯ ƶŝ ƍƺŝźƯ źǀŧŐţ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ ŚŤŝ źƿŵŚƤƯ ŽŚſř źŝ řŸƫ .ŵƺƃƾƯ
ƪǀºƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚºƄƯ ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ ƶºŝ ƍƺºŝźƯ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ źǀŧŐºţ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ Ʊō Żř žě ƹ (Í/ÏÎÏƽŚŤŝ
.Ţſř Ƶŵƺŝ (Í/ÎÑÖ) ƾſźŤſŵ ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ (Í/ÎÒÑ) ƦƀƿŹ ŢƇźƟ (Í/ÎÕÍ) ƾſŹźŝ (Í/ÏÎÎ)
ÑÐ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ ŜƿřźƋ :é ƩƹŶū
Sig.
t
.032
2.151
.678
416.
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺤﺮاف اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺧﻄﺎ‬
B ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻦ‬
.149
.320
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
.057
024.
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
022.
.025
2.257
.142
068.
154.
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ رﻳﺴﻚ‬
.001
3.270
234.
.064
211.
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪة ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
.004
2.921
.177
051.
.149
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
.094
1.679
.094
064.
107.
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ذاﺗﻲ‬
.000
3.871
.210
047.
.180
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬/ ‫ﭘﺮسوﺟﻮ‬
.000
3.750
.242
.056
.212
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
.444
767.
.033
.051
039.
‫ﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬‫ذﻫﻨﻴ‬
‫ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬:‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
Żř żºǀƳ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ƾſŹźŝ ƽřźŝ
ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ ƭŚưţ ƍŚŞţŹř ƶĩ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ Ò ƩƹŶū ŪƿŚŤƳ .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř Ʊƺſźǀě ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ƱƺƯŻō
ƱŚºǀƯ Żř .Ţºſř ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ Í/ÍÎ ŮƐºſ Źŵ ƹ ŢºŞŨƯ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƲƿźºţƂǀºŝ Í/ÓÔÏ ƾĮŤºƀŞưƷ ŜƿźºƋ Śºŝ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ŠƠňƫŒƯ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ
ŢºǀƬŝŚƣ ƪǀºƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚºƄƯ ŢºǀƫƺŞƤƯ ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ Ʊō Żř žºě .ŵŹřŵ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Śŝ řŹ ƍŚŞţŹř
ƶºŝ ƾºţřŷ ƁżºǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀĈƴƷŷ ƦƀƿŹ ŢƇźƟ ƾſŹźŝ ƹ Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ ƾſźŤſŵ
.ŶƳŹřŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Śŝ řŹ ƍŚŞţŹř ƲƿźţƂǀŝ Ŝǀţźţ
ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ƎŝřƹŹ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ žƿźţŚƯ :ê ƩƹŶū
‫رﻫﺒﺮي‬
‫ذﻫﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ‬
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖﻣﺪار‬
‫ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
‫اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
0/466**
0/672**
**
0/704
‫ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬
‫اﻧﮕﻴﺰش‬
‫دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
‫ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
‫رﻳﺴﻚ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
0/615**
0/649**
0/583**
0/655**
‫ذاﺗﻲ‬
0/588**
0/421**
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ‬
‫رواﻧﻲ‬
α = 0/01 ‫**ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري در ﺳﻄﺢ‬
Żř Ʀºƿ źºƷ ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ źǀŧŐţ ƱŚƯżưƷ ƁƹŹ ƶŝ ƶƳŚĭŶƴģ ƱƺǀſźĭŹ ƱƺƯŻō ƢƿźƏ Żř ƶƯřŵř Źŵ
ƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳř ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƹ ƾƿŚƸƴţ ƶŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ
şŹŚºŝŹŵ t źƿŵŚºƤƯ ƩƹŶºū Ʋºƿř ŪƿŚºŤƳ ŽŚºſř źºŝ .Ţºſř ƵŶƃ ƶŗřŹř Ó ƩƹŶū Źŵ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř .Ŷƃ
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÑÑ
Źŵ ŢºŞŨƯ ŢºĈǀƴƷŷ ƹ ƾºſźŤſŵ ŢºǀƬŝŚƣ ƪǀºƀƳŚŤě şŶƷŚƄƯ ƦƀƿŹ ŢƇźƟ ŢǀƫƺŞƤƯ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ
źºŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾƿŚƸƴţ ƶŝ ŶƴƳřƺţƾưƳ ŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋƿř řŸƫ .ŶƴŤƀǀƳ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ŶƇŹŵ ÖÒ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŮƐſ
ƺūƹŽźě ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ŠƠňƫŒƯ ƶſ ƽřźŝ t źƿŵŚƤƯ ƪŝŚƤƯ Źŵ .ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř
źǀŧŐºţ ƶºƧ ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţƾƯ ƹ Ƶŵƺŝ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŶƇŹŵ ÖÒ ŮƐſ Źŵ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ƹ ƾſŹźŝ /
ƍƺºŝźƯ źǀŧŐţ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ ŚŤŝ źƿŵŚƤƯ ŽŚſř źŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŶƳŹřŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ƪƤŤƀƯ
ƍƺºŝźƯ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ źǀŧŐţ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ Ʊō Żř žě ƹ (Í/ÏÑÖ ƽŚŤŝ ŜƿźƋ Śŝ) ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ŠƠňƫŒƯ ƶŝ
.Ţſř Ƶŵƺŝ (Í/ÏÎÎ) ƾţřŷ ƁżǀĮƳř Żř ƵŵŚƠŤſř ƹ (Í/ÏÎÔ) ƾſŹźŝ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ƶŝ
ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Ʋǀŝ ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ ŜƿřźƋ :ë ƩƹŶū
Sig.
t
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺤﺮاف اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺧﻄﺎ‬
B ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶﺑﻴﻦ‬
.000
23.413
.186
4.347
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
.207
1.266
111.
072.
.091
‫ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﻴﺖ‬
.643
464.
.048
085.
040.
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ رﻳﺴﻚ‬
.352
932.
110.
081.
.075
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
.500
.675
067.
.064
.043
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
.008
2.656
246.
079.
211.
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ذاﺗﻲ‬
.000
3.728
334.
058.
217.
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬/ ‫ﭘﺮسوﺟﻮ‬
.000
3.530
375.
.070
249.
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
.194
1.303
092.
.063
083.
‫ﺖ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬‫ذﻫﻨﻴ‬
‫ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬:‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
źºǀƜŤƯ Ʀºƿ ŚºƸƴţ ƶƨƴƿř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źǀƜŤƯ ƹŵ ƅƺƈų Źŵ
źºǀƜŤƯ ƾƳƺǀºſźĭŹ ŜƿźºƋ ƾºſŹźŝ ƹ ƶºƏƺŝźƯ ŠǀºƋźƟ ƱƺºƯŻō ŹƺƔƴƯ ƶŝ Ţƃřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƪƤŤƀƯ
ƵŵŚºſ ƾºƐų ƱƺǀſźĭŹ ƹ Ʊƺſźǀě ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ƢƿźƏ Żř ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
žr= Í/ÑÒÔ) Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƍŚŞţŹř .Ŷƃ ƵŵŚƠŤſř
ƶƧ ŚƴƘƯ ƲƿŶŝ .Ţſř Í/ÐÕÖ Śŝ źŝřźŝ ŚŤŝ ŹřŶƤƯ ƶƧ Ţſř Ʊō Żř ƾƧŚů żǀƳ Õ ƩƹŶū ŪƿŚŤƳ .(P<Í/ÍÎ
Í/ÐÕÖ ƶƧ ŵźƧ ƾƴǀŝƂǀě ƱřƺţƾƯ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źǀƜŤƯ Źŵ źǀǀƜţ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř Ʀƿ ƽřŻř ƶŝ
źǀŧŐºţ şŶºƴƴƧƱŚºǀŝ żºǀƳ ŚŤŝ ŹřŶƤƯ Ʊŵƺŝ ŢŞŨƯ .ŶŤƠǀŝ ơŚƠţř ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Źŵ źǀǀƜţ ŵŹřŶƳŚŤſř ƝřźŰƳř
ŶºƇŹŵ ÖÖ ƱŚºƴǀưƏř ŮƐºſ Źŵ (Ó/ÓÒÔ) t ŹřŶƤƯ ƶƨƴƿř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ źĮƿŵ ƽƺſ Żř .Ţſř ƮǀƤŤƀƯ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ÑÒ
.ŵŹřŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ źǀŧŐţ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţƾƯ řŸƫ Ţſř ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ
ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř Ʋǀŝ ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ :ì ƩƹŶū
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬
**.457
1
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺳﻮن‬
.000
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري‬
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬
250
250
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬
1
**457
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﻫﻤﺒﺴﺘﮕﻲ ﭘﻴﺮﺳﻮن‬
.000
‫ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻌﻨﺎداري‬
250
‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬
250
‫اﻣﻨﻴﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬
ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Śŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ ŜƿźƋ:.í ƩƹŶū
Sig.
t
.000
28.583
.000
6.657
‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ ﺑﺘﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺤﺮاف اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد ﺧﻄﺎ‬
B ‫ﺿﺮﻳﺐ‬
.158
4.530
‫ﻣﻘﺪار ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
389.
.049
.324
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎي ﭘﻴﺶ ﺑﻴﻦ‬
‫ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬:‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬
ƶºŝ) ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř źºŝ ŹřŶƯ ŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ Żř Ʀƿ źƷ źǀŧŐţ ƾſŹźŝ ƽřźŝ ŚƸŤƳř Źŵ
źºŝ żǀƳ ƹ ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ śƺģŹŚģ ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ (ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐſřƹ Śŝ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ šŹƺƇ
ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ ƪºƧ źǀŧŐţ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾƬŞƣ ƽŚƷƶǀƋźƟ ƾſŹźŝ Żř ƪƇŚů ŪƿŚŤƳ ƽŚƴŞƯ
ƽźºǀĭƵŻřŶºƳř źǀƀƯ ƪǀƬŰţ ƢƿźƏ Żř ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŽŚƀůř źŝ ƂƷƹĦě ƾŬƳŚǀƯ ƹ ƪƤŤƀƯ
ƮǀƤŤºƀƯźǀƛ šřźºŧř ƹ ƶŤºƀŝřƹ źºǀƜŤƯ ƹ ƪƤŤºƀƯ źǀƜŤƯ Ʋǀŝ ƽŚŤŝ źƿŵŚƤƯ ƱŚưƷ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ šřźŧř .Ŷƃ
ƪƤŤºƀƯ źºǀƜŤƯ źºƷ ƪºƧ źºŧř ƲǀºƴĤưƷ .Ţſř źǀƀƯ Ŷƴģ Śƿ ƹŵ śźƋƪƇŚů ƕƺưŬƯ Żř šŹŚŞƗ
ŪƿŚºŤƳ ŽŚºſř Ʋƿř źŝ .Ţſř ƶŤƀŝřƹ źǀƜŤƯ źŝ Ʊō ƮǀƤŤƀƯ źǀƛ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ šřźŧř ƕƺưŬƯ şŶƴƴƧƱŚǀŝ
.Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƶŗřŹř Ö ƩƹŶū ƹ Ï ƪƨƃ Źŵ ƂƷƹĦě ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ źǀƀƯ ƪǀƬŰţ
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÑÓ
ƂƷƹĦě ƾŝźŬţ ƩŶƯ .ç ƪƨƃ
ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀƀƯ ƪǀƬŰţ ŹřŵƺưƳ źŝ ƽŹƹźƯ
żºǀƳ ƂƷƹĦºě ƽźºƔƳ śƺģŹŚºģ Źŵ ƶºƧ ŢŞŨƯ ŢǀĈƴƷŷ ƹ ŢǀƫƺŞƤƯ źǀƜŤƯ ƹŵ ŶƷŵƾƯ ƱŚƄƳ ƾƳřƹŹ
řŸºƫ ƹ ŶºƳřƶŤºƃřŶƳ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř Śƿ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ źǀŧŐţ ŶƳŵƺŝ ƶŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ źƔƳŶƯ
ƶºƠňƫŒƯ ƹŵ ŚºƸƴţ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źƿŚſ ƱŚǀƯ Żř .ŶƳřƵŶƃ ƝŸů ƪǀƬŰţ Żř ƾƬƧ ŹƺƏƶŝ
ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř źǀƜŤƯ ƹŵ źƷ źŝ ŶƳřƶŤƀƳřƺţ ƾſŹźŝ / Ʊŵřŵ Ɓƺĭ ƹ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ
Źŵ ƶºƧ ŵƺºƃƾºƯ ƆŴºƄƯ Ö ƩƹŶºū ƶŝ ƶƘūřźƯ Śŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŶƴƃŚŝ ƶŤƃřŵ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ źǀŧŐţ ƾƳřƹŹ
ŢºǀƴƯř źºǀƜŤƯ źŝ řŹ źǀŧŐţ ƲƿźţƂǀŝ (Í/ÑÓÖ ƾƬƧ źǀŧŐţ ŜƿźƋ Śŝ) ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŢǀƬŝŚƣ ŠƠňƫŒƯ ƕƺưŬƯ
ƶºƧ ŢºƠĭ ŶƿŚŝ ŚľŤƿŚƸƳ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ Ƶŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ Ö ƩƹŶū Źŵ ŪƿŚŤƳ źƿŚſ .Ţſř ƶŤƃřŵ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ
Źŵ ƵŶºƃ ƾºƴǀŝƂǀě ƎŝřƹŹ ƾųźŝ ƹ ƶŤƃřŵ ƽźƔƳ śƺģŹŚģ Śŝ ƾƿŚƷšźƿŚƜƯ ƂƷƹĦě ƾŝźŬţ ƩŶƯ
ƶºŤƟźĭźƔƳŹŵ ƎºŝřƹŹ Żř ƽŹŚǀƀŝ ƩŚůƲƿř Śŝ .Ţſř ƵŶƄƳ ŶǀƿŐţ ƪưƗ Źŵ ƂƷƹĦě ƽźƔƳ śƺģŹŚģ
Żř ƽŹŚǀƀŝ ƕƺưŬƯ Źŵ ƶƧ ŢƟźĭ ƶŬǀŤƳ ƱřƺţƾƯ ƹ ƵŶƃ ŶǀƿŐţ żǀƳ ƪưƗ ƱřŶǀƯ Źŵ ƾƯƺƸƠƯ ƩŶƯ Źŵ
ŶºƴƳřƺţƾºƯ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐºſřƹ Śŝ Śƿ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ Śƿ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷ ƶƠňƫŒƯ
.ŶƴƃŚŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŽŚƀůř ƽřźŝ ƾŞſŚƴƯ şŶƴƴƧ ƾƴǀŝƂǀě
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
ÑÔ
ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƶŤƀŝřƹ źǀƜŤƯ źŝ ƪƤŤƀƯ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ƪĩ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ źǀŧŐţ ƱřżǀƯ :î ƩƹŶū
‫اﻧﻮاع ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬
‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬
0.246
-
0.246
0.469
0.094
0.375
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ اﻃﻤﻴﻨﺎن‬
0.415
0.081
0.334
‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ‬/ ‫ﭘﺮسوﺟﻮ‬
0.055
0.055
-
‫ﻓﺮﺻﺖ رﻳﺴﻚ‬
0.091
0.091
-
‫ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ‬
0.068
0.068
-
‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖ دﺳﺘﺮﺳﻲ‬
0.389
-
0.389
‫اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ رﻫﺒﺮي‬
‫اﻧﮕﻴﺰش ذاﺗﻲ‬
ƽźǀĭƶŬǀŤƳ ƹ ŦŰŝ
ƽŚºƷƵƺǀºƃ ƂƿřŶºǀě ŦƗŚŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ŠƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƱřŶƴưƄƿŶƳř ƹ ƱřźĮƄƷƹĦě ƽŚƷƁLjţ
ƽŚºƷźºǀƜŤƯ Śºŝ ŚºƷƱō ƍŚºŞţŹř şŹŚºŝŹŵ ƽŵŶºƘŤƯ ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě ƶĩ Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƽźŞƷŹ Żř ƾƳƺĭŚƳƺĭ
Źŵ ƽźºŞƷŹ źǀŧŐţ ƶŝ ŚƷƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř ơŚƠţř ƶŝ Ŝƿźƣ ŢƿźŨĩř ƹ Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƭŚŬƳř ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƱƺĭŚƳƺĭ
ƶŰºƇ ƾƳŚƯŻŚºſ ƽŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟ ƽŚºƤţŹř Źŵ Ʊō źǀŧŐºţ żǀƳ ƹ ƪƜƃ ƶŝ ƍƺŝźƯ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ źƿŚſ ŵƺŞƸŝ
ƶºƗƺưŬƯ ƱřƺºƴƗƶºŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƶŝ ŵźƨƿƹŹ ƽźŞƷŹ ŠƴǀƯŻ Źŵ ŹƺƸƓƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƿźƔƳ Żř ƾƨƿ .ŶƳřƶŤƃřŸĭ
ƱŵŹƹō ƮƷřźƟ ŵřźƟř Żř ƾƳřŵŹŶƣ ƹ ƁźƿŸě ƽŹřŸĭƁŻŹř ƢƿźƏ Żř ŢǀƴƯř ŵŚŬƿř ƽřźŝ ƾƿŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ
Żř ŚƷŢǀƘƣƺƯ ƹ ƞƿŚƓƹ ƶŝ ƾĭŶǀſŹ ƹ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƪǀƀƳŚŤě ƹ ƶƘſƺţ ŶƃŹ źŝ ŶǀƧŐţ ƢƿźƏ Żř ƁƹŚƧ
Żř .Ţºſř ƵŶºƃ ƾƟźƘƯ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƶŝ ŵźƨƿƹŹ ƶƳƺĭƲƿř .Ţſř ŢŞŨƯ źƨň Ơţ ƹ ƁƹŹ ƢƿźƏ
ƶŤºƀŞưƷ ŹŚºƧ ƶŝ ƍƺŝźƯ ƮƸƯ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ ƾųźŝ Śŝ ŢƀƳřƺţƾƯ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ LJľ ŚưŤůř ƶƧ ŚūƱō
ŠƐºſřƹ Śºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŢƀŝŹŚƧ źǀŧŐţ ƾſŹźŝ ƂƷƹĦě Ʋƿř Żř ƝŶƷ řŸƫ ŶƃŚŝ
Ʋƿř ƶŝ ƾŝŚǀŤſŵ ƽřźŝ .ŵƺŝ ƱřźƸţ ƾŤƄƸŝ ŶǀƸƃ ƵŚĮƄƳřŵ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř
ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ ƮǀƤŤºƀƯ ƎºŝřƹŹ ƾºſŹźŝ ŚƷƱō ƶƬưū Żř ƶƧ Ŷƃ ƱƺƯŻō ƹ ŭźƐƯ ƾƿŚƷƶǀƋźƟ ƝŶƷ
ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƾƬƧ ŹƺƏ ƶŝ .ŵƺŝ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źǀƜŤƯ ƹŵ Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř Śºŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŵŚƘŝř Ʋǀŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ƶƧ
ŪƿŚºŤƳ .ŵƺºŝ ŹřŵŚºƴƘƯ ƹ ŢºŞŨƯ żºǀƳ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źǀŧŐţ .Ţƃřŵ ŵƺūƹ
źǀŧŐºţ şŶºƴƴƧƱŚºǀŝ ƶºƧ ŵƺºŝ ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ ƩŶƯ Śŝ ƾŝźŬţ ƩŶƯ ƾŞƀƳ ơŚŞƐƳř Żř ƾƧŚů ƲǀƴĤưƷ
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
ÑÕ
ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ƶƐºſřƹ Śºŝ Śºƿ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŢƀŝŹŚƧ
źºŨƧř ƾºŝźŬţ ŶºǀƿŐţ żºǀƳ ƹ ƂƷƹĦºě ƽŚºƷźǀƜŤƯ Ʋǀºŝ ŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƎŝřƹŹ ŵƺūƹ .ŵƺŝ ƽźŞƷŹ
ƾºƬŗLJŵ .ŶƃŚŝ ƾƠƬŤŴƯ ƪŗLJŵ Żř ƾƃŚƳ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƶŝ ƾƸŤƴƯ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷźǀƀƯ
ƎºŝřƹŹ ƱŶºƃ ƺºƀưƷ ƾºƷƹźĭ ƽŚºƷŢºǀƫŚƘƟ ŵƺŞƸŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ Źŵ ŵŚưŤƗř ŽŚƀůř ŵŚŬƿř ƱƺĤưƷ
ƶºƧ ... ƹ ƶºǀůƹŹ ŌŚºƤţŹř ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ Źŵ ƽŶƴưƃŻŹř ŽŚƀůř ƂƿřżƟř ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƝřŶƷř Śŝ ƾưſŹźǀƛ
ŹƺºƏƶºŝ ƂƷƹĦºě ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƲƿźºţƮƸƯ ƶƯřŵř Źŵ .ŵźƧ ƶūƺţ ŚƷƱō ƶŝ ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ ƲǀǀŞţ Źŵ ƱřƺţƾƯ
ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ Żř Ʀºƿ źºƷ ƍŚºŞţŹř ƂƷƹĦºě Ʃƹř ŠǀºƋźƟ Źŵ .Ţſř ƵŶƃ ƲǀǀŞţ źţƍƺƀŞƯ
ƍŚŞţŹř ƶƧ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ Ʊƺſźǀě ƾĮŤƀŞưƷ ŜƿźƋ ŪƿŚŤƳ .Ŷƃ ƾſŹźŝ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
ŪƿŚºŤƳ Ʋºƿř .Ţºƃřŵ ŵƺºūƹ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ƹ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŵŚƘŝř Ʋǀŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ
ƽŹƺºŘţ Ĩºƿ ƱřƺºƴƗ ƶºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƶƧ ŵƺŝ (ÏÍÎÎ) ŜƯƺĩ ƽŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ Śŝ ƺƀưƷ
ŢƠĭ ƱřƺţƾƯ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř ƲǀǀŞţ Źŵ .ŵŹřŵ źǀŧŐţ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƮǀƤŤƀƯŹƺƏ ƶŝ ƽźŞƷŹ Źŵ ŢŞŨƯ
Źŵ ƵżºǀĮƳř ƂƿřżºƟř ƹ ŵŚºŬƿř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƽřźŝ źƿŸěŚƳŹŚƨƳř šŚƯřżƫř Żř ƾƨƿ ƶƧ
ƹ ƮǀƷŚºƠƯ ƶºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ Źŵ ƶºƧ ŚºūƱō Żř .Ţºſř ƾƳƹŹŵ ƽŚƷƵżǀĮƳř ƵĦƿƹ ƶŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ
ŢºƸū Źŵ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ Żř ƖºƣƺƯƶºŝ ƹ ŜſŚƴƯ ƾƳřŵŹŶƣ ƹ ƁźƿŸě ƽŹřŸĮƃŻŹř ƱƺĤưƷ ƾƿŚƷƁŻŹř
ƽřƵƺǀºƃ ƶºŝ ƹř ŠƘſƺţ ƹ ŶƃŹ źŝ ŶǀƧŐţ ƹ ƱŚƀƳř ƾţřŷ ƁŻŹř ƶŝ ƭřźŤůř Ʋưƿř ƽŹŚƧ ƽŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř
źºŬƴƯ ƾƧźŤºƄƯ ŠŬǀŤƳ ƶŝ LJľ ŚưŤůř ŚƷŹŚŤƟŹ Ʋƿř ŶſŹƾƯ źƔƳƶŝ řŸƫ žŢſř ƵŶƃ ŶǀƧŐţ ƹ ƶūƺţ ŢŞŨƯ
ƹ ƾƳŚƯŻŚºſ ƱřźºŞƷŹ ƶºŝ ŢŞºƀƳ ƪŝŚƤŤƯ ƾſŚƴƃŹŶƣ ƹ ŵŚưŤƗř ƭřźŤůř ŽŚƀůř ƂƿřżƟř Ʊō ƹ ŵƺƃ
ƶºƧ ŵƺºƃƾºƯ ƪƿŶŞţ ƾưƸƯ şŶƴƳřżǀĮƳř ƪƯŚƗ ƶŝ ŢǀĈƴƷŷ Ʋƿř ƶƧ Ŝǀţźţ Ʋƿř ƶŝ .Ţſř ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ źƿŚſ
źºŤƸŝ ƱŵřŵƭŚºŬƳř ƹ źºŞƷŹ Żř ƽƹźºǀě ƹ ƁźƿŸºě Śºŝ Śºţ ŵƺºŝ ŶºƴƷřƺų ŵŶºƇŹŵ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ Ʊō ƾƏ
ƽřƶºƳƺĭƶºŝ ƹ ŶºƴƷŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř źŞƷŹ ƶŝ řŹ ŵƺų ƪŝŚƤŤƯ ƭřźŤůř ƹ ŵŚưŤƗř ƽŹŚƧ ƽŚƷŢǀƫŚƘƟ
ƶºŝ ŵŚºƤŤƗř Lj
ľ ŝŚºƤŤƯ ƶºƧ Ţƃřŵ ŹŚƔŤƳř ƱřƺţƾƯ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŹƺƬŞţ ƹ ƂƿřżƟř Śŝ ƶƧ
ƽźºŞƷŹ ŵŚƘŝř ƭŚưţ ƶƧ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ żǀƳ ƾƳƺǀſźĭŹ ŜƿřźƋ ƾſŹźŝ .ŶŝŚƿ ƂƿřżƟř ƹř ƾƄŴŝźŧř ƹ źŞƷŹ
.ŶƴŤƃřŵ ƽźŞƷŹ ƾƄŴŝźŧř źŝ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ źǀŧŐţ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ƹ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŠƐŝřŹ Ŷƃ ƾſŹźŝ ƶƧ ƽźĮƿŵ ƮƸƯ ŠǀƋźƟ
ƽźºŞƷŹ ŵŚºƘŝř ŠºưƷ Źŵ ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ Ʋǀŝ ƶƧ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ .ŵƺŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ
ŜºƯƺƧ ƽŚºƷƶºŤƟŚƿ Śºŝ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ ŹƺƏƶŝ ŪƿŚŤƳ Ʋƿř .ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƽŹřŵŚƴƘƯ ƹ ŢŞŨƯ ƍŚŞţŹř ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
ÑÖ
... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ
(ÏÍÍÕ) ƱřŹŚºĪưƷ ƹ ŻźĜƃ ƽŚƷƶŤƟŚƿ ŶƿŒƯ ƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ ŹƺƏƶŝ ŪƿŚŤƳ ƲǀƴĤưƷ .ŵƺŝ ƺƀưƷ (ÏÍÎÎ)
ŪƿŚºŤƳ ƲǀǀŞţ Źŵ .ŵŹřŵ ƽŹŚĪƃō ŢŞŨƯ ŹŚŧō ŵřźƟř ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ƾŝźƯ ƾƳŚŞǀŤƄě ŶƳŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƶƧ ŵƺŝ
ƱŚºǀƯ ŵŚºưŤƗř Żř ƾºƃŚƳ ƽŵŚºƿŻ Ŷºů Śºţ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ŢƠĭ ƱřƺŤŝ ŶƿŚƃ ƂƷƹĦě
Ʊō Źŵ ŵřźºƟř ƶºƧ ŵƺºƃ ƮƷřźºƟ ƽƺĈ ºū ƶºƧ ƽřƶƳƺĭƶŝ žŢſř ŚƷƱō ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ƪŝŚƤŤƯ ƭřźŤůř ƹ ƽŵźƟ
Ĩºƿ ƽƺĈ ºū Ʋǀƴģ Źŵ Ţſř ƵŵźƧ ƵŹŚƃř (ÏÍÎÎ) ŜƯƺƧ ƶƧƱŚƴģ .ŶƴƴƧ ƂƯřŹō ƹ ƾŤůřŹ ŽŚƀůř
ŵźºƏ ƹ ƵŵŻŢºƫŚŬų źºƔƳ ŹŚºƸƓř ƽřźŝ řŹ ƽŵźƟ ĢǀƷ ƽŹŚƧ Ʈǀţ ƶĩ ŵŹřŵ ŵƺūƹ ƱŚƴǀưƏř ŽŚƀůř
ƹ ŵŚºưŤƗř Ʊŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ Śŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř źŞƷŹ ŶſŹƾƯ źƔƳƶŝ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ .ŶƴĩƾưƳ šřŻŚŬƯ řŹ ƹř ƹ ƵŵźĪƳ
ƶºŝ ƱŚŤºſŵźƿŻ ŵŚºưŤƗř ŻŚſƶƴǀƯŻ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ŚƷƱō ƍźƃ ƹ Ŷǀƣ ƱƹŶŝ ƁźƿŸě ƹ ƱŚŤſŵźƿŻ ƶŝ ƭřźŤůř
ƾºƳřƹŹ ŢºǀƴƯř ŽŚƀůř Ʊō ŻŹŚŝ ƾĭĦƿƹ ƶƧ ŵƺƃ ŵŚŬƿř ƾƿŚƌƟ ƢƿźƏ Ʋƿř Żř ƹ ŶƃŚŝ żǀƳ źĮƿŶƨƿ
ƽŚºƷƶºƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐºţ ƾƿŚºſŚƴƃ Ŷºƃ ƾſŹźŝ ƶƧ ƽřƶǀƋźƟ ƲƿźţƾƬƇř ŚľŤƿŚƸƳ .ŶƃŚŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ
.ŵƺºŝ ƽźºŞƷŹ ƾºƄŴŝźŧř ŠƐſřƹ Śŝ ƹ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ ŹƺƏƶŝ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ
ƩŶºƯ Śºŝ ƢºŞƐƴƯ ƽŵŚºƿŻ Ŷºů Śţ ŚƷƵŵřŵ ƪǀƬŰţ Żř ƵŶƯō Ţſŵƶŝ ƾŝźŬţ ƽƺĮƫř ƶƧ ŵřŵ ƱŚƄƳ ŪƿŚŤƳ
Źŵ żǀƳ ƹ ƾƳŚƯŻŚſ ƽŚƷźǀƜŤƯ Ʋǀŝ ƎŝřƹŹ ƮƸƟ Źŵ ŶƳřƺţƾƯ ƩŶƯ Ʋƿř ƶŝ ƶūƺţ .ŵƺŝ ƂƷƹĦě ƾƯƺƸƠƯ
ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ƶƯřŵř Źŵ ƲƿřźŝŚƴŝ žŶƴƧ ƾƳŚƿŚƃ ŹŚǀƀŝ ƦưƧ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƽŚƤţŹř źǀƀƯ ƪǀƸƀţ
ŢºǀƴƯř źºŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źŨƧř ƮǀƤŤƀƯ źǀƛ Śƿ ƮǀƤŤƀƯ źǀŧŐţ źŝ ƾƴŞƯ ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ
:ŵƺƃƾƯ ŭźƐƯ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ ŢǀƴƯř ƽŚƤţŹř ƽřźŝ źƿŻ ƽŚƷŵŚƸƴƄǀě ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƾƳřƹŹ
ƹ ŶƴƃŚŝ ŹƺŞƇ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ Ǝſƺţ šŚƷŚŞŤƃř ƱŵřŵƭŚŬƳř ƹ šLjƨƄƯ Żƹźŝ ƭŚĮƴƷ Źŵ ƱřźƿŶƯ
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.ŶƴƴƧ ŢƫŚųŵ ƮǀƤŤƀƯźǀƛ šŹƺƇ ƶŝ ŚľŰǀūźţ ƹ ŹŶƇ ŠƘſ Śŝ
.ŶƴƷŵ ƅŚƈŤųř ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ ƽŚƷƶƛŶƛŵ ƹ šLjƨƄƯ ƱŶǀƴƃ ƶŝ řŹ ƾƿŚƷƱŚƯŻ ƱřźƿŶƯ
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ƭżƬŤºƀƯ ƾƿŚºſŚƴƃ Ʋƿř .ŶƴƴƧ ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƞƏřƺƗ ƹ šŚſŚƀůř ƾƿŚſŚƴƃ Źŵ ƾƘſ ƱřźƿŶƯ
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.Ţſř ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƶŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ źţƂǀŝ ƶģ źƷ ƾĪƿŵżƳ
ŽŚºƀůř Ƶŵřŵ Źřźºƣ źƔƳŶºƯ řŹ ƱŚºƴƧŹŚƧ źºƔƳ ƞƬŤŴƯ šŚưǀưƈţ ŷŚŴţř ƽřźŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ
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.ŶƴƴƧ ŚƟƺƨƃ ŚƷō Źŵ řŹ Ʊŵƺŝ ŶǀƠƯ ƹ ƽŶƴưƃŻŹř
Żř řŹ ŵƺºų ŢºƿŚưů šƹŚºƠŤƯ ƽŚƷƶƳŚƸŝ ƶŝ ƹ ƞƬŤŴƯ ƽŚƷŢǀƘƣƺƯ Źŵ ƵŹřƺưƷ ƱřźƿŶƯ
.ŶƴƷŵ ƱŚƄƳ ƱŚƴƧŹŚƧ
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Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
żºǀƷźě ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ Ţ
ĉ ţŚưƃ Żř ƱŚĪƯř Ŷů Śţ ƾŤƀƿŚŝ ƽźĮŤƿŚưů ƽŚƌƟ ŵŚŬƿř ƽřźŝ ƱřźƿŶƯ
ÒÍ
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.ŶƴƴƧ
ŢºǀƴƯř źºŝ ŹřŶºƯŢºǀƴƯř ƽźºŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ źŝ ƾƴŞƯ ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ ƶŝ ƶūƺţ Śŝ ƲǀƴĤưƷ
ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ ŹřźƤŤſř ŹƺƔƴƯƶŝ ƾƿƺĮƫř ƾţō ƽŚƷƂƷƹĦě Źŵ ŵƺƃƾƯ ŵŚƸƴƄǀě ƱŚƴĩŹŚĩ ƾƳřƹŹ
ƮǀºưƘţ Źŵ Ţºſř ƭŻLJ ŚľºŤƿŚƸƳ .ŵƺƃ ƾůřźƏ ƾƃŻƺƯō ƽŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ ƵĦƿƹƶŝ ŚƷƱŚƯŻŚſ Źŵ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř
ƹ ƱŚºƴĩŹŚĩ ƾºųźŝ ƱŚǀƯ Źŵ ƽŹŚĩƶƔƟŚŰƯ ĬƴƷźƟ ƶƬưū Żř ŚƷŢƿŵƹŶŰƯ ƾųźŝ ƶŝ ƂƷƹĦě ŪƿŚŤƳ
.ŵźƧ ƶūƺţ ŚƷƱō ƽŚƷŲſŚě ƲŤƟźĭ Źřźƣ źǀŧŐţ ŢŰţ ƩŚưŤůř
‫‪... źŝ ŹřŶƯŢǀƴƯř ƽźŞƷŹ ƽŚƷƶƠňƫŒƯ źǀŧŐţ‬‬
‫‪ÒÎ‬‬
‫‪ƖŝŚƴƯ‬‬
‫اﺣﻤﺪي‪ ،‬ﺣﺴﻴﻦ )‪ .(1387‬ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ اﺳﺘﺮس ﻣﺪﻳﺮان آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ و ﻣﻘﺎﻳﺴﻪ آن در ﺑﻴﻦ زﻧﺎن و ﻣﺮدان در‬
‫ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎن و راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﻜﺪه ﻋﻠﻮم‬
‫ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻲ و رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﻬﺮان‪.‬‬
‫اﻓﺮوز‪ ،‬ﻏﻼﻣﻌﻠﻲ )‪ .(1385‬ﺿﺮورت ﺗﻘﻮﻳﺖ اﺣﺴﺎس اﻣﻨﻴﺖ دروﻧﻲ و ارﺗﻘﺎي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺤﻘﻘﺎن و داﻧﺶﭘﮋوﻫﺎن ﺟﻮان‪ .‬ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﺳﻮﻣﻴﻦ ﺳﻤﻴﻨﺎر ﺳﺮاﺳﺮي ﺑﻬﺪاﺷﺖ رواﻧﻲ‬
‫داﻧﺸﺠﻮﻳﺎن‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرهﻫﺎي ‪ 3‬و ‪.4‬‬
‫اﻳﻤﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻧﻘﻲ و ﺑﻨﻴﺎب‪ ،‬ﻓﺮزاﻧﻪ )‪ .(1389‬راﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي رواﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان‬
‫ﻣﺪارس راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ دﺧﺘﺮاﻧﻪ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ‪ ،(2) 2 ،‬ﺻﺺ‬
‫‪.25-47‬‬
‫ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﭽﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﺣﺴﻦ )‪ .(1372‬ﭘﺮﺳﺶﻧﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ در‬
‫آﻣﻮزش و ﭘﺮورش‪ ،(2)72 ،‬ﺻﺺ‪.41-44‬‬
‫ﺳﺎﻋﺘﭽﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﻮد و ﻋﺰﻳﺰﭘﻮرﺷﻮﻳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲاﻛﺒﺮ )‪ .(1384‬ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ اﻟﮕﻮي رﻫﺒﺮي اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ‬
‫داﻧﺸﮕﺎﻫﻲ‪ .‬داﻧﺸﻮر رﻓﺘﺎر‪ ،(11)12 ،‬ﺻﺺ ‪.45-68‬‬
‫ﺷﺎهﺣﺴﻴﻨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪ )‪ .(1384‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ راﺑﻄﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻓﺸﺎرﻫﺎي ﻋﺼﺒﻲ و ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮد ﻣﺪﻳﺮان آﻣﻮزﺷﻲ در‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻃﻊ راﻫﻨﻤﺎﻳﻲ و دﺑﻴﺮﺳﺘﺎن‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه‬
‫اﻣﺎم ﺣﺴﻴﻦ )ع(‪.‬‬
‫ﻃﻮﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﻤﺪﻋﻠﻲ )‪ .(1380‬راﺑﻄﺔ ﺳﺒﻚ رﻫﺒﺮي و ﺟﻮ‪ ‬ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮهوري ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﺪﻳﺮان‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‪ ،‬ﺷﻤﺎرة ‪ ،62‬ﺻﺺ ‪.23-50‬‬
‫ﻋﻼﻗﻪﺑﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ )‪ .(1371‬وﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎي رﻓﺘﺎري ﻣﺪﻳﺮان اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺶ‪ .‬ﻓﺼﻠﻨﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ در آﻣﻮزش و‬
‫ﭘﺮورش‪ ،(4) 71 ،‬ﺻﺺ ‪.25-40‬‬
‫ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻲ)‪ .(1385‬اﺳﺘﺮس ﺷﻐﻠﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﺑﺎ ﺟﻮ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﻣﺪارس اﺑﺘﺪاﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮ ﺗﻬﺮان‪.‬‬
‫ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﻜﺪة ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗﻠﻌﻪاي‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ )‪ .(1373‬ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ ﺷﻴﻮهﻫﺎي رﻫﺒﺮي ﻣﺪﻳﺮان در ﺳﺎزﻣﺎنﻫﺎي دوﻟﺘﻲ در اﺳﺘﺎن‬
‫آذرﺑﺎﻳﺠﺎن ﻏﺮﺑﻲ‪ .‬ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‪ ،‬داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻢ‪.‬‬
Ñ ƵŹŚưƃ / Ö şŹƹŵ ƾŤǀŝźţ ƲƿƺƳ ƽŚƷƶƄƿŶƳř
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‫ راﺑﻄﺔ ﺳﺒﻚ رﻫﺒﺮي ﺑﺎ ﻓﺮﻫﻨﮓ و‬.(1389) ‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻴﺪﺣﺴﻴﻦ و اﻣﻴﻨﻲ‬،‫ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬،.‫ رﺿﺎ‬،‫ﻛﺮﻣﻲﻧﻴﺎ‬
.67 ‫ ص‬،(2)12 ،‫ ﻣﺠﻠﺔ ﻃﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬.‫ﺗﻌﻬﺪ ﺳﺎزﻣﺎﻧﻲ در ﻧﻴﺮوﻫﺎي ﻧﻈﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ ﭘﺎﻳﺎنﻧﺎﻣﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺮرﺳﻲ راﺑﻄﺔ ﺳﺒﻚ رﻫﺒﺮي و اﺛﺮﺑﺨﺸﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮان ﺑﻴﻤﻪ اﻳﺮان‬.(1380) ‫ ﻋﻠﻲ‬،‫ﻣﻬﺎﺟﺮان‬
.‫ داﻧﺸﮕﺎه ﻋﻼﻣﻪ ﻃﺒﺎﻃﺒﺎﺋﻲ‬،‫ داﻧﺸﻜﺪة ﻋﻠﻮم ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺘﻲ و رواﻧﺸﻨﺎﺳﻲ‬،‫ﻛﺎرﺷﻨﺎﺳﻲ ارﺷﺪ‬
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