X - www.bilingua.haus.pl www.bilingua.haus.pl

X - www.bilingua.haus.pl www.bilingua.haus.pl

Fm^blWjh]ňmlVmaX`bZĻ
cb`‰VcemlV\ĻZaĻľ
\ajXfgbe‰ja\X`\XV^\V[!
4eabFhe`\af^\c\fTem
jlcňWmbalV[fcbg^Tf\ň
mVmlgX_a\^T`\jBcb_h!
FGE!<< <<<
FGE!<I
;8<@4G
ĢebWT$'cTŻWm\Xea\^T%#$(
EXWTZh]X->emlfmgbYBZ\b_WT
C4EGA8EML
Mj\ĻmX^A\X`\XV^\V[
FgbjTemlfmXŚFcbXVmab >h_gheT_alV[jCb_fVX
h_!>ehca\VmT$('( #$&Bcb_X
GbjTemlfgjbFcbXVmab >h_
gheT_aXA\X`V‰jaTĢ_Ļf^h
Bcb_f^\`h_!>babca\V^\X])
'( ##'Bcb_X
7b`Jfc‰ceTVl
Cb_f^bA\X`\XV^\X]
h_!$@T]T$&"%'( #)+Bcb_X
`TTb]VmlmaT
7a\^h_ghelbgjTegXaTjfmlfg^\V[
AJjlcXa\baX]cbUemXZ\9\_[Te`ba\\Bcb_f^\X]ebmcbVmōlf\ōjc\ŀgX^K<<7a\>h_ghelA\X`\XV^\X]
aTħ_ŀf^hBcb_f^\`!CemXm`\Xf\ŀVbWUōWm\Xf\ōje‰ƁalV[`\X]fVbjbŬV\TV[eXZ\bahTƁ%+\`ceXm!
JlWTemXa\X
>emlfmgbYBZ\b_WT
^bZ\b_WT3agb!c_ **''&%(+$
9BG!GF>A
9BG!GF>A
C
bWVmTf\aThZheTVl]
aXZb^baVXeghbcb_
fVl Y\_[Te`ba\Vl
cbWWleX^V]ŀ@TeV\
aTFb`cb_\şf^\XZb
mTceXmXagbjT_\^baVXegYTZbgb
jl6Te_T@Te\\ibaJXUXeTJT
e\TV]X aT gX`Tg ;TlWaT
=b[TaaT5eT[`fTbeTmFl`Yb
a\ō: WheÇBkYbeWm^ŀº=bfXc[T
;TlWaT!Fb_baTYTZbV\XmTZeT
T `bWT VmXf^T Teglfg^T
@\V[TX_TFcTV^biT_TheXTg^T
j\X_h`\ōWmlaTebWbjlV[^ba
^hef‰jjlfgŀc\T`!\a!j%#$%
eb^h aT bgjTeV\h J\XaXe
9XfgjbV[XajJ\XWa\hmgbjT
emlfmXa\X`BE9BeV[XfgeT!
J\Wbja\ōY\_[Te`ba\\jlcX
a\_\a\Xgl_^bWm\TTVmX\fT`b
emŀWbjVl`a\X]fmbŬV\a\X`\X
V^\X]mTcebfmXa\aTbgjTeV\X!
JeTm m a\`\ j a\X`\XV^\`
b ChU_\VmabŧV\cbWbUTTf\ňfb_\fg^Tm6mXV[@\V[TX_TFcTV^biT!ETYT5TegX^cemXjbWa\VmĻVl
mTemĻWhGF>Acemlcb`a\TżXVmba^bj\X@AbW%(_TgmTU\XZT]ĻbcbWgeml`Ta\XgbżfT`bŧV\!
Ŭj\ōV\X^h_ghelhVmXfga\Vmlb
UTeWmbj\X_h`\bŬa\^‰j`h
ml^\ m Bcb_T \ eXZ\bah! 5l_\
jŬe‰W a\V[ Vmba^bj\X ^‰
79>^g‰emlmTeXmXejbjT_\U\
_XglaTgbjlWTemXa\X]T^\`X
_b`Ta\mcb_f^\X]j\ō^fmbŬV\!
5TeWmb `\ f\ō cbWbUTT
`bWT fb_\fg^T ^g‰eT UlT
ceTjWm\jl`bW^elV\X`gXZb
^baVXegh·`‰j\E‰ƁT@T_\^
Uhe`\fgemCe‰fm^bjT!A\X]Xfg
Ta\A\X`^ŀTa\Cb_^ŀgl_^b
6mXfm^ŀT_Xja\bfTjgXa^ba
VXegYTagTfglVmalcbj\XjŬj\X
ƁbŬV\!6\XfmlT`f\ōm^TƁWX]
bfbUl^g‰eTUlTaT^baVXeV\X
Ta\XcbV[bWm\TmZebaT`a\X]
fmbŬV\a\X`\XV^\X]!6mTflZWl
fcbgl^T_\Ŭ`lf\ōceml^Tj\X
\^bbVmhW_TfT`lV[fjb\V[
a\Xjm`bVa\l`a\X]fmbŬV\a\X
`\XV^\X]!Jm`TVa\T]ŀbgjTe
V\X\cbmaTjTa\Xf\XU\XaTjmT
]X`\^h_ghelfŀf\TW‰j!<gX`h
`\ōWml \aal`\ 7a\ >h_ghel
A\X`\XV^\X]fhƁŀ!
MTa\`mTUem`\TT`hml^T
Teglfg‰j\chU_\VmabŬŃcemlj\
gTETYT5TegX^cemXjbWa\Vmŀ
VlmTemŀWhGF>A!JleTm\eT
WbŬŃƁX7a\>h_ghelA\X`\XV^\X]
jc\fTlf\ōaTfgTXj^T_XaWTem
]Xf\XaalV[jlWTemXş^h_gheT_
alV[aTħ_ŀf^hBcb_f^\`!Ceml
cb`a\TƁXVmba^bj\X`a\X]
fmbŬV\bW%(_Tg^bafX^jXaga\X
mTU\XZT]ŀ·a\Xgl_^bjcemXfgemX
a\chU_\VmaX]T_XgT^ƁXjebWm\
aTV[ bmTV[bjTa\XjTfaX]
^h_ghel\gbƁfT`bŬV\!ATj\ŀmh
]ŀVWb$# _XV\ThfgTjlb`a\X]
fmbŬV\TV[aTebWbjlV[cbWm\ō
^bjTVmba^b`cb_f^\X]j\ō^
fmbŬV\mTbgjTegbŬŃ^g‰eTh`bƁ
_\j\T]X]hV[jT_Xa\X!MThjTƁl
gT^ƁXƁXmTc\flhfgTjlcbmbfgT
]ŀchfgX]XŬ_\a\XmbfgTaŀjlcX
a\baXƁlV\X`!
7a\>h_ghelgejT]ŀ!Ja\X
Wm\X_ō j fT_\ j\Wbj\f^bjX]
j>b_babjf^\X`_\VmaTchU
_\VmabŬŃ fhV[TT c\XŬa\
@Te_Xal 7\Xge\V[ \ ;X_XaX
9\fV[Xe! Jlfgŀc\_\ Bcb_X
DhTegXgbeTmfb_\ŬV\-4aWeXT
E\fV[^TbeTm>emlfmgbYBWb]!a
¹
WTe‘UXemh`4hfWehV^WTff
W\X7XhgfV[Xa>h_ghegTZX\`
BccX_aXe?TaW\a]XWX`;XeUfg
X\aYXfgXe5XfgTaWgX\_WXe^h_gh
eX__Xa8eX\Za\ffX\aWXeEXZ\ba
f\aW!8eXe\aaXegXWTeTaWTff
W\X@\gZ_\XWXeWXe@\aWXe[X\g
f\V[fX\g%(=T[eXa^bafXdhXag
h`W\X4hYeXV[gXe[T_ghaZ\[eXe
X\ZXaXa>h_ghehaW<WXag\g|g
a\V[gahe\aWXewYYXag_\V[^X\g
fbaWXeaThV[\a\[eXa9T`\_\Xa
UX`‘[Xa!<a4a^a‘cYhaZTa
WTf $# ]|[e\ZX 5XfgX[Xa WXf
cb_a\fV[Xa@\aWXe[X\gXaZXfXg
mXfWTa^gX5TegX^WXa@\gZ_\X
WXeaWXecb_a\fV[Xa@X[e[X\g
Y‘eWXeXaBYYXa[X\gjX_V[XW\X
IXeTUfV[\XWhaZWXf@\aWXe
[X\gXaZXfXgmXfXe`ŒZ_\V[g[Tg!
MhWX`UX`Xe^gXXeWTffW\X
:XfXgmXfUXfg\``haZXa \a
[T_gf_bfU_X\UXajXaaf\Xa\V[g
`\g?XUXaXeY‘__gjXeWXa!
7XhgfV[X>h_ghegTZXWThXea
Ta!4`FbaagTZ[ŒegXX\amT[_
eX\V[XfChU_\^h`\`FTT_\a
6b__babjf^T?\XWXeiba@Te_X
aX7\Xge\V[haW;X_XaX9\fV[Xe!
4hYZXgeXgXaf\aWWTfBcb_X
DhTegXgghaWW\XUX\WXaFb_\f
gXa 4aWeXT E\fV[^T haW
>emlfmgbYBWb]!a
GH@!8?9¹
>h_ghegTZX\aBccX_abYYXaY‘eT__X
4`iXeZTaZXaXa9eX\gTZ
UXZTaaXa\aWXeUX\aT[X
eTaWib__ZXY‘__gXaBccX_aXe
C[\_[Te`ba\XW\XK<<!
7XhgfV[Xa>h_ghegTZX\`
BccX_aXe?TaW!<aaXe[T_Uiba
ZhgX\aX`@baTgjXeWXaTa
iXefV[\XWXaXaBegXa%+
IXeTafgT_ghaZXafgTggY\aWXa!
J|[eXaWWXf8eŒYYahaZf^ba
mXegf[TUXaW\XBccX_aXeC[\_
[Te`ba\^XehagXe?X\ghaZiba
@TeV\aFb`cb_\şf^\X\a>ba
mXegY‘e9TZbggiba6Te_@Te\T
ibaJXUXe=b[Taa5eT[`fIT
e\Tg\baXa‘UXeX\aG[X`Tiba
;TlWahaWW\XF\aYba\X: 7he
Ae! ,% ÇBkYbeWº iba =bfXc[
;TlWaThYZXY‘[eg!7TfFb_bThY
WX`9TZbggfc\X_gXW\X]haZX
gfV[XV[\fV[X>‘afg_Xe\a@\
V[TX_TFcTV^biTCeX\fge|ZXe\a
i\X_Xe\agXeaTg\baT_XeJXggUX
jXeUXf\Xfc\X_gXh!T!%#$%UX\
WXe8eŒYYahaZWXeJ\XaXe9Xfg
jbV[Xa\a5XZ_X\ghaZWXfBE9
BeV[XfgXef!<`ChU_\^h`fT
™Xaa\V[gahe4^g\i\fgXahaW
>b``haT_cb_\g\^XeWXeWXhg
fV[Xa @\aWXe[X\g W\X mh`
>bamXegX\aZX_TWXajheWXa!
MhfT``Xa`\g\[aXaaT[`Xa
fX[ei\X_X@hf\^_\XU[TUXeThf
BccX_ahaWWXeEXZ\baTaW\X
fX`>h_gheYXfggX\_!7TehagXe
jTeXafbjb[_79> @\gZ_\XWXe
W\X8\age\ggf^TegXaeXfXei\Xeg
[TUXaT_fThV[@hf\^_\XU[TUXe
ThfWXecb_a\fV[Xa@X[e[X\g!
Ç7\X]haZXFb_\fg\a[Tg`\efX[e
ZhgZXYT__XahaWjTeX\aXXV[
gX 8agWXV^haZ W\XfXf >ba
mXegfºfTZgXE‰ƁT@T_\^5‘e
ZXe`X\fgXe\aibaCebf^Th!ÇF\X
\fgjXWXe7XhgfV[XabV[Cb_\a
fbaWXea GfV[XV[\a iXe_\X[
TUXeWX`>bamXegX\aXac[Ta
gTfg\fV[Xa;ThV[iba9e\fV[X!
<V[YeXhgX`\V[‘UXe]XWXCXe
fbaW\XUX\WX`>bamXegWTUX\
jTehaWa\V[gThfWXaEX\[Xa
WXe WXhgfV[Xa @\aWXe[X\g
fgT``gX!7\XMX\gXaT_fj\ehaf
UX\`>TYYXXhaW>hV[XahagXe
f\V[ZXgebYYXa[TUXafg|e^gXa
W\XWXhgfV[X@\aWXe[X\ga\V[g!
8ffg|e^gf\XW\XwYYahaZhaW
WTfZXZXafX\g\ZX>XaaXa_XeaXa
haWWTf>XaaXa_XeaXaWXe>h_
gheWXeATV[UTea!7\XfX`M\X_
W\XaXah!T!W\X7XhgfV[Xa>h_
ghegTZX\`BccX_aXeFV[_Xf\Xa!º
5XibeW\X@hf\^Xe^_TaZ[TggX
ETYT5TegX^IbefgTaWfibef\g
mXaWXeWXeF>:7W\X:|fgXUX
Ze‘™g!8eUeTV[gXfX\aX9eXhWX
<<—;X\`Tg `TTb]VmlmaT
AbjTGelUhaTBcb_f^T
ĢebWT$'cTŻWm\Xea\^T%#$(
jjj!agb!c_
AbjTGelUhaTBcb_f^T
ĢebWT$'cTŻWm\Xea\^T%#$(
jjj!agb!c_
7jh]ňmlVmaXfm^blcemllV\ĻZaĻghgT]a\X`\XV^\U\maXf
J^b_XUVX`a\X]fmbŧV\cbfTWm\_\
WĻUaT]hU\_XhfmGbjTemlfgjT
;X\`Tg `TTb]VmlmaT—<<<
7bWlf^hf]\
9BG!79>:B:B?<A
>emlfmgbYBZ\b_WT
^bZ\b_WT3agb!c_ **''&%(+$
M
j\ŀmX^ `\ōWml
fmTafT`\ aT ceml
bB^b_\VmabŧV\bjĻgTU_\VňbWfba\_\JT_gXeFgTaaX^\;Xael^>eb__!
V\ŀZa\XV\XWbeXZ\b
ahabjlV[a\X`\X
V^\V[ \ajXfgbe‰j
;Xael^>eb__\JT_gXeFgTaaX^
%( _XV\XGF>A
flabj\XmTbƁlV\X_\GF>A h \cbceTjŀ]T^bŬV\^fmgTVXa\T
aTmljTalV[VmōfgbÇelVXemT`\ cbgj\XeWmT·aTcbWfgTj\Xeb
JfbUbgňjBjbVbjl`
c\XejfmX]ZbWm\alº=b[TaaT m`‰jmU\maXf`XaT`\_\WXe
BZebWm\X@\X]f^\`
>eb__T \ ;XeUXegT FgTaa^T! GF>AETYT5TegX^!
j:bZb_\a\XcbfTWmbabWĻU
A\X ]Xfg gT]X`a\Vŀ ƁX
ħj\TW^T`\gXZbjlWTemXa\T
hcT`\ňga\T]ĻVlmTbżXa\X
Ul_\mTcebfmXa\aThebVmlfgbŬŃ VmōŬŃ\ajXfgbe‰jcb]Tj\Tf\ō
jTŧa\XghgT]GF>A!
ZbŬV\XfX^eXgTemmTemŀWhGF>A haTfjTŬa\XW_TgXZbƁXa\X
MhmTaaT7baTg[ >Tf\heTbeTm maT_Xƀ_\j`\X]fVTV[ZWm\X\V[
b`lfbWTjVŀ gXZb Uhe`\fgem:bZb_\aT=bTV[\` Y\e`ljCb_fVX`T]ŀZ‰jaŀ
cemXWf\ōjm\ōV\TUl Jb]gT_T!
f\XWm\UōjlfgTeVmT]ŀVX]_\VmUl
>elfg\Ta Cb_Tşf^\
6\Xfmōf\ōƁXhWTbaT` ceTVbja\^‰jmaT]ŀVlV[]ōml^
cemXjbWa\VmŀVl^b
a\X`\XV^\·hjTƁTcemXjbWa\
f\ōfmlU^b\fceTja\XgXaceb
T79>:bZb_\a^g‰
VmŀVlmTemŀWhGF>A! 6mTfX`
]X^gjaTfml``\XŬV\XmeXT_\mb
elUlgXƁ]XWal`mgemXV[fcba
jTŃ·`‰j\JT_gXeFgTaaX^! f\ōhŬ`\XV[T`^\XWlclgT]ŀ
fbe‰jb^b_\VmabŬV\bjX]gTU_\Vl :bZb_\a]XfgcemXV\XƁThgXaglVm
]T^\`W\T_X^gX``‰j\ŀVmba
fŀf\TWh]ŀVX]mWōUX`!CbmbfgT
^bj\X`a\X]fmbŬV\aTħ_ŀf^h
aŀ^b_XU^ŀ`a\X]fmbŬV\gbgh
_\WjT]YhaWTgbemlgbJT_gXe gT] gjbemlT f\ō ]X] [\fgbe\T Bcb_f^\`\jl]TŬa\T`ƁX`‰
FgTaaX^Ullj\VXcemXjbWa\
j\ŀ;bV[WXhgfV[Vml_\fgTa
Tfl`Ub_\aTj\ŀmh]ŀVlV[WbgX
VmŀVlmTemŀWhGF>AbeTm>el
WTeWbjl` ]ōml^\X` _\gXeT
ZbjlWTemXa\T]XfghaTfa\X
fg\Ta>b`TaWXe_\WXemTemŀWh j\X_X!6\Xfml`a\XgXƁcbcTeV\X V^\`!4_XfT`bclgTa\XmT^T
Z`\aaXZbGbjTemlfgjT!
WTƁXgTbVmX^\jTaTmaT]b
fT`bemŀWhW_TgX]`a\X]fmbŬ
HebVmlfgXZb bWfba\ōV\T V\bjX]\a\V]Tgljl!a
`bŬŃ]ōml^T]XfgUTeWmbWbUeT!
Wjh]ōmlVmaX]gTU_\VlWb^baT_\ >B:¹
J\ōV\V[ceTZa\Xa\T\aTfmX·
`a\X]fmbŬV\·fŀmU\XƁaX!MT_X
ƁlaT`aTcbceTj\X]T^bŬV\
^fmgTVXa\T!
BVmX^\jTa\TU\maXfh^g‰el
Zbg‰j]XfgjeXZ\ba\XmT\ajX
fgbjTŃWbglVmŀgT^ƁXWbfgōc
abŬV\·\gbaT]_Xc\X]jBcb_h·
C
Ceml]WŻaTjl^TW^baVXeg
jTefmgTgl_hUjlfgTjň
6bV\X^TjXZbjcebZeT`\X
J^b_X]al`glZbWa\h$%!7a\
>h_ghelA\X`\XV^\X]aTĢ_Ļf^h
Bcb_f^\`^TżWlmaT]Wm\XW_T
f\XU\XVbŧV\X^TjXZb!4\b^T
m]\WbmTUTjla\XmTUeT^a\X!
=
hƁWm\Ŭb$)!##jbcb_
f^\X]5\U_\bgXVX6Te\gTf
^f! We C\bge :‰eXV^\
mJlWm\ThGXb_bZ\Vm
aXZbHBcemlU_\
Ɓl cbfgTŃ Bf^TeT
:b_b`U^T \ ]XZb
Wm\TT_abŬŃ
aTemXVmcb_f^b
a\X`\XV^\XZb
cb]XWaTa\T!
Jc\ŀgX^$*
Kj;T_\J\Wb
j\f^bjb fcbe
gbjX]j>eTc^b j\VTV[ b $)!##
ebmcbVma\Xf\ōB^gb
UXeYXfg!JgX]fT`X][T_\h_!=!
>\_\şf^\XZb&jfbUbgō$+K
bW$'!##Wb%#!##c_TabjTal
]Xfg^baVXegmb^Tm]\%( _XV\T
GF>A g]!ceXmXagTV]TmXfcb
‰jTeglfglVmalV[@A!
Jl^TW cg! ÇAT mT`X^
ATmT`X^9TfVlaTV]TCb_f^ŀ
\Ŭj\ōgbaTmT`^h;T`UTV[
j $+&% eb^hº cemXWfgTj\
6[e\fgbc[@Tlem?TaWbjXZb
6Xageh`5\U_\bgXVmaXZbAT
WeXa\\ CT_TglaTgh!EbmcbVmō
V\XjXjgbeX^%#cTƀWm\Xea\^T
b$%!##jfT_\Jb]Xj‰Wm^\X]
5\U_\bgX^\ChU_\VmaX]jBcb_h
h_!C\Tfgbjf^T%#!
7jTjlWTemXa\TmTc_Tab
jTabaTŬebWō%$K!B$)!##
j5\U_\bgXVX6Te\gTfjBcb_h
We9X_\V]T>f\ōƁl^m<afglghgh
9\_b_bZ\\ :Xe`Tşf^\X]
HBjlZbf\jl^TW
Ç=ōml^a\X`\XV^\
aT:‰eal`ħ_ŀ
f^haTceml^T
Wm\XA\X`V‰jm
Çjlfcl]ōml^b
jX]º j :bŬ V\ōV\a\X!B$*!##
jVmlgX_a\Jb
]Xj‰Wm^\X] 5\U
_\bgX^\C\Tfgbjf^T
$+ bgjTegl mbfgTa\X
cb^TmY\_TgX_\fglVmalmXmU\b
e‰j=XemXZb?X[`TaaT\7T
e\hfmT
JTaWebjf^\XZb
ÇBfgX`c_bjTa\T cemXflX^
meX]XaV]\bcb_f^\X]ºÇM\X`\T
^bm\X_f^Tº\ÇFgX`c_XcbVmgl
CehfjeX]XaV]\bcb_f^\X]º!a
¹
VTXZbWjh]ōmlVmaXZbV\ŀZh
XWh^TVl]aXZb·bWcemXWfm^b
_TTƁWb`Tghel!
<ajXfglV]TmA\X`\XVbmaT
VmTVmōfgbgT^ƁXceml]TmW`XaX
WƁXe‰jmgXZb^eT]heTmX`meb
Wm\aT`\·WbWT]XETYT5TegX^!
Ba\a\XaTfgTj\T]ŀf\ōaTfcō
WmXa\XeXfmglƁlV\TjCb_fVX!
Mjl^_Xcb]T^\`ŬVmTf\XjeTVT
]ŀWbA\X`\XV_hUjl]XƁWƁT]ŀ
Wb\aaXZb^eT]h!4_XaTVmTf
^g‰elfcōWmT]ŀghgT]V[V\X_\Ul
`\XŃW_Tfjb\V[Wm\XV\`bƁ_\
jbŬŃhVmXa\Tf\ōcba\X`\XV^h
\gbaTe‰ƁalV[cbm\b`TV[XWh
^TV]\!GehWabcemXV\XƁcbfgTj\Ń
jTehaX^ƁX`XaXWƁXe`bƁX
aTħ_ŀf^Bcb_f^\ceml]XV[TŃT_X
gl_^bjgXWlZWl`TWm\XV\a\X
fgTefmXa\ƁcemXWfm^b_T^\!
Bcb_f^\eTWal`a\X]fmbŬV\
@TeV\a:T`U\XVcbgj\XeWmT
ƁXa\Xgl_^ba\X`TYbe`T_alV[
cemXfm^‰WUljBcb_hcbjfgT
bZ\`aTm]h`Vml_\VXh`Wjh
]ōmlVmaXT_XgXƁcebjTWmbaXfŀ
aTgXagX`Tgebm`bjlmhWm\T
X` jTWm bŬj\TgbjlV[
j`\XŬV\X_\WXe‰j`a\X]fmbŬV\
\cTa\^bafh_A\X`\XVjBcb_h!
GemXUTf\ōWbgXZbfb_\Wa\X
cemlZbgbjTŃ!MZeb`TWm\Ń^T
WeōcemlZbgbjTŃcebZeT`l\gW!
·`‰j\@TeV\a:T`U\XV!·Fcb
Wm\XjT`f\ōƁXj^b_X]al`eb
^h fm^b_al` gT^T c_TV‰j^T
`bƁXehfmlŃ!ATcXjab]XfmVmX
j\ōVX]mTU\XZ‰jjl`TZTŃUō
Wm\XWjh]ōmlVmaXfm^b_a\Vgjb
mTjbWbjX!:Wm\XcbgemXUa\fŀ
9BG!CEB?<58E<FF<?8F<48
ABVmX^\jTa\TcemXWf\ōU\beV‰jfŀmZbWaXmXWh^TVl]al`\T`U\V]T`\`a\\X]fmbŬV\!GemlZbWm\ala\X`\XV^\XZba\XjlfgTeVml!CbgemXUal]Xfgf^b^]T^bŬV\bjl!
b ATmW]ňV\h-Mchmm_\`T_bjTalV[cemXmhVma\‰jfm^blcebjTWmbaX]cemXmCeb?\UXe\ff\_Xf\TXcbjfgTT`TcTA\X`\XV!7bUeTfm^bTWjh]ňmlVmaT
cbj\aaTĻVmlľjlfb^\cbm\b`aThVmTa\TmV\X^Tjl`\ceb]X^gT`\cb`TZT]ĻVVl`\jlV[bjljTľcemXmfmgh^ň!
Wjh]ōmlVma\
aThVmlV\X_X
cemXW`\bg‰j mTjbWbjlV[
WbUeX `\X]fVT ceT^gl^ \gW!
FceTjT Wm\XV\ `XaXWƁXe‰j
mA\X`\XVgeTY\T]ŀVlV[WbaT
fmlV[fm^‰^TƁXgXƁcT`\ōgTŃ
ƁXflfgX`lfm^b_aXjCb_fVX
\jA\X`VmXV[maTVma\Xf\ōe‰Ɓ
a\ŀ\gX`bWX_X]T^bŬ`hfmŀf\ō
fcbg^TŃ!
CbfX`a\X]fmbŬV\a\X`\X
V^\X]ElfmTeW:T__TcbW^eXŬ_T
j^TW]T^\W_Tebmjb]hXWh^T
V]\Wjh]ōmlVmaX]`TFgbjTeml
fmXa\XCeb?\UXe\fF\_Xf\TXceb
jTWmŀVXgemlfm^bl jgl`
jBcb_h@T_\a\X\U_\f^bBcb_T
UbjETfmbjX] beTmWj\Xc_T
V‰j^\cemXWfm^b_aX!
Ceml^TW Ceb ?\UXe\f
F\_Xf\TXcb^Tmh]XƁXfm^bl
Wjh]ōmlVmaX`hfmŀUlŃ^ba
^heXaVl]aXmTe‰jabZWl\Wm\X
b]T^bŬŃaThVmTa\T]T^\bUT
mō!<gbf\ō\`hWT]X·`‰j\El
fmTeW:T__T!·JETfmbjX]hWT
bf\ōcbmlf^TŃceTj\X)##glf!
maTeX`bagcemXWfm^b_Tm@\
a\fgXefgjT 4W`\a\fgeTV]\ \
6lYelmTV]\!J@T_\a\XjeX
`bagWTV[hjŀVmllf\ōjT
WmXBcb_T!
=Xfg`b\`mT`\TeX`Ul
jBcb_hWjh]ōmlVmaTfm^bT
Z\`aTm]T_aT\_\VXT_aTf\ōcb]T
j\T·WbWT]XElfmTeW:T__T!·
GXaWXY\Vlg]XfgUTeWmbj\WbVm
al!CebjTWm\`laTgXagX`Tgeb
m`bjlmTe‰jabmbfbUT`\bW
cbj\XWm\T_al`\ mT bŬj\Tgō
j`\XŬV\X]T^\mXfm^bT`\!MT
\agXeXfbjTa\XjcebjTWmXa\X`
]ōml^Ta\X`\XV^\XZb]T^b]ōml^T
mTjbWbjXZb]XfgUTeWmb^ba
^eXgaX`!\a!jbcb_f^\`gXV[a\
^h`UhWbj_Tal`!A\Xgl_^b
\a\XcemXWXjfmlfg^\`W_TgXZb
ƁX]XZbTUfb_jXaV\jl]XƁWƁT]ŀ
WbA\X`\XV!?hWm\WbceTVlcb
fmh^h]ŀY\e`lm^Tc\gTX`a\X
`\XV^\`^g‰eXf\ōhaTf\afgT_h
]ŀ!Cbfmh^\jTa\fŀceTVbja\Vl
mceT^glVmal`\h`\X]ōgabŬV\T
`\T_XgXƁmXmaT]b`bŬV\ŀ]ōml
^Ta\X`\XV^\XZb\gb]ōml^TYT
V[bjXZbmTjbWbjXZb!
MWTa\X`cbfTfm^blWjh
]ōmlVmaX`bZlUlcebjTWm\Ń
fgbjTemlfmXa\T Wm\TT]ŀVX
aTjm‰e]hƁ\fga\X]ŀVlV[]T^
>bƀ_X EbZ\ Vml Ceb ?\UXe\f
F\_Xf\TX!4_XbVmX^\jTaT]XfggXƁ
T^gljabŬŃjgX]Wm\XWm\a\XmX
fgebalc_TV‰jX^fT`bemŀWb
jlV[!
@TZbemTgTJlfWT^ceXmXf
Ceb?\UXe\fF\_Xf\TXcbW^eXŬ_T
ƁX]X]fgbjTemlfmXa\Xf^hc\Tf\ō
gl`VmTfX`aTcebjTWmXa\h
glV[fm^‰\cemXWfm^b_\^g‰eX
]hƁYha^V]bah]ŀ\^emXcaŀ!
4_Xa\Xjŀgc_\j\XgT^ƁXaT
fml`TUfb_jXagb`Wjh]ōmlVm
alV[ fm^‰ cbWfgTjbjlV[
Wjh]ōmlVmaX
Z\`aTm]h`
jBcb_h_hU]XZbU_\f^\`fŀ
f\XWmgj\XaTcXjabUTeWmbUl
f\ōcemlWTb·`‰j\·V[bŃUl
cbgbUla\X`hf\X_\jZ\`aT
m]h`mTVmlaTŃ^hefha\X`\X
V^\XZb bW cbWfgTj! Fm^bWT
aTgbVmTfh!7hƁb_Xcfml`ebm
j\ŀmTa\X`UlbUlZ\`aTm]h`
hjmZ_ōWa\T]ŀVXgXacbm\b`]ō
ml^bjlV[^b`cXgXaV]\aT]T
^\`fŀ!AT]_Xc\X]jcbŀVmXa\h
mV\X^Tjl`\ceb]X^gT`\glch
jlV[bjTa\XcemXmfmgh^ō!
JgjbemXa\h·gT^ƁXjBcb
_h\aT]U_\ƁfmX]b^b_\Vl·Wjh]ō
mlVmalV[fm^‰cbWfgTjbjlV[
Z\`aTm]‰jVmlfm^‰cbaTW
Z\`aTm]T_alV[ a\X cb`TZT
bfgebƁaT`‰j\ŀVWX_\^Tga\X
cbfgTjTebWm\V‰j!
JCb_fVXZXaXeT_a\XgehW
abf\ōTWTcgh]ŀabjXflfgX`l
fm^b_aXcemXm^g‰eXfT`\eb
Wm\VX a\X cemXfm_\ Vb j\WTŃ
V[bŃUlcbgehWabŬV\TV[mj\ŀ
mTalV[mcbflTa\X`Wbfm^‰
fmXŬV\b_Tg^‰j·`‰j\ETYT
5TegX^!·>b_X]alcebU_X``T
Zba\Xgl_^b`a\X]fmbŬŃa\X`\X
V^T T_X gT^ƁX ac! _\gXjf^T
cbjfgT]X j flghTV]\ ZWl
Wbfm^blWjh]ōmlVmaX]_hU
m jl^TWbjl` ]ōml^\X`
`a\X]fmbŬV\cemlV[bWm\ebWm\V
\bVmX^h]XƁX]XZbWm\XV^bUō
Wm\Xf\ōhVmlŃgl_^bcbcb_f^h!
Jleb^fŀWhWbglVmŀVlfm^bl
j>bƀ_h EbZTV[cb^Tmh]XƁX
jlfgTeVml`hjf^TmTŃ\aaŀ
fm^bōbUjbWbjŀ\a\XgemXUT
UhemlŃcebY\_hfm^bl!4_XgT^\X
cemXclV[Ta^\cbjbWh]ŀhj\X
_h WleX^gbe‰j fm^‰ _ō^
cemXWWjh]ōmlVmabŬV\ŀ!
<aaXbUTjlaTgl`g_X`T
]ŀebWm\VXmjTfmVmTV\ T]Xfg
\V[j\X_h·^g‰emlfT`\]ōml^T
`a\X]fmbŬV\a\XmaT]ŀ!6mōfgb
bUTj\T]ŀf\ōƁXa\XUōWŀh`\X
_\ cb`‰V Wm\XV^h j aThVX!
JgXWlgōcb`bVV[bŃUlcbW
VmTfcbUlghjŬj\Xg_\Vlcb
j\aaTmTZjTeTagbjTŃfm^bT!
CbW jTeha^\X` ƁX UōWm\X
WbgXZbcemlZbgbjTaTVml_\
jŬj\Xg_\VlceTVbjTUōWm\X
aThVmlV\X_WbUemXmaT]ŀVl]ō
ml^`a\X]fmbŬV\!
M]XWaX]fgebalebm`Tj\T
`lmebWm\VT`\jaTfml`Ŭeb
Wbj\f^h\cemX^bah]X`l\V[
WbWjh]ōmlVmabŬV\·mThjTƁT
ElfmTeW:T__T!MWehZ\X]bUfXe
jh]X`lmaTVmaXmT\agXeXfbjT
a\Xa\ŀebWm\V‰jmj\ō^fmbŬV\!
J\X_hma\V[V[VXUl\V[Wm\XV\
WbUemXaThVmllf\ōa\X`\X
V^\XZb!a ¹
A\X`\XV^\fg‰ZbfcbWTeVml
M\a\V]Tgljlbcb_f^\XZb>bafh_Tgh
A\X`\XVjVmjTegX^$(Kb$*!##
j6Xageh`5\maXfhjBcb_hh_!
JebVTjf^T$&&bWUňWm\Xf\ňfcbg
^Ta\XFgbh:bfcbWTeVmXZb<ajXfgb
e‰jA\X`\XV^\V[!GX`Tg-@bż_\jbŧV\
^fmgTVXa\Tj]ňml^ha\X`\XV^\`
jfm^bTV[eXZ\bahW_TWm\XV\\ajX
fgbe‰jmA\X`\XV]T^bjfcTeV\X`b
WX]^TWelYTV[bjX]!
MjX\fceTV[\ZXFV[h_Xa[X_YXa
aWXhgfV[X<aiXfgbeXaTamhm\X[Xa
7\X8ejTeghaZXaWXe
HagXeaX[`Xefg\``Xa`\g
WXa5XfgeXUhaZXaWXe
WXhgfV[Xa@\aWXe[X\g\a
FTV[Xa5\_WhaZ‘UXeX\a!7eX\
FghaWXa7XhgfV[cebJbV[X
eX\V[Xa[\Xea\V[gThf!8f
UXWTeYX\aXfdhT_\gTg\iXa
FcehaZf!
7XaMhfT``Xa[TaZmj\fV[Xa
WXa6[TaVXaThY4af\XW_haZaXh
XeWXhgfV[Xe<aiXfgbeXa\aW\XEX
Z\bahaWWXeIXeUXffXehaZiba
5\_WhaZfdhT_\g|gUXfg|g\Zg·ThY
ZehaWiba:Xfce|V[Xa`\gWXa
HagXeaX[`Xea·WXeF>:7 Ibef\g
mXaWXETYT5TegX^!
Ç8f\fg^X\a:X[X\`a\fWTff
X\aGX\_WXe<aiXfgbeXaUX\hafThY
ZXgThV[gf\aWjX\_f\XTa\[eXa
;Thcgf\gmXa\aCb_Xa^X\aXThfeX\
V[XaWXMT[_iba@\gTeUX\gXea`\g
7XhgfV[^Xaaga\ffXaZXYhaWXa
[TUXaº `X\ag WXe F>:7 Ibe
fgTaWfibef\gmXaWX!Ç<V[fV[`ha
mX_X`TaV[`T_jXaaf\XYeTZXa
jX_V[Xa7\T_X^gW\X@\gZ_\XWXeWXe
WXhgfV[Xa@\aWXe[X\g\`BccX_
aXe?TaWfceXV[XahaWXe^_|eX
WTfff\X;bV[WXhgfV[fceXV[Xa!
7bV[W\X9eTZXTaf\V[fXgmgib
eThfWTff`TafX[eZhgXFceTV[
^Xaaga\ffXXejTegXg!4_fbfg\`
`XaW\XJ‘afV[XWXe<aiXfgbeXa
haWhafXeX‘UXeX\a!Haf_\XZgTa
WXeIXeUXffXehaZWXe5\_WhaZf
dhT_\g|g!º
7\X 8ejTeghaZXa WXe :X
fV[|Ygf_XhgXW\XUXeX\gf\aW\aWXe
EXZ\bamh\aiXfg\XeXaUXm\X[Xa
f\V[ThV[ThYWXaMhZTaZ haW
mjTeT`UXfgXa\aBccX_a·mh`
mjX\fceTV[\ZXa5\_WhaZfjXZhaW
mjTeThYT__XaFghYXaib`>\aWXe
ZTegXaU\fmh`4U\ghe!
Ç8\aX<aiXfg\g\baThf7XhgfV[
_TaWUXWXhgXgbYgW\X4a^haYgiba
@TaTZXeaThfW\XfX`?TaW`\g
\[eXa9T`\_\Xa¹Y‘ZgETYT5TegX^
[\amh!ÇF\Xf\aWa\V[gWTeThYX\a
ZXfgX__gWXaEXfg\[eXf?XUXaf\a
Cb_XamhiXeUe\aZXa!F\X^X[eXa
`X\fgXafaTV[X\aXeZXj\ffXaMX\g
aTV[7XhgfV[_TaWmhe‘V^bWXe
YT[eXa\aX\aTaWXeXf?TaW!7bV[
Y‘eW\XMX\gW\Xf\X[\XeiXeUe\aZXa
`ŒV[gXaf\XY‘e\[eX>\aWXeW\X
@ŒZ_\V[^X\g[TUXaThY7XhgfV[
mh_XeaXahaWmjTeThYiXefV[\X
WXaXa5\_WhaZffghYXa!8f\fgWbV[
fV[jXeW\X5XW\aZhaZmhfgX__Xa
WTffX\a@TaTZXe\afBccX_aXe
?TaWaheWTaa^b``Xa^Taa
jXaafX\aX>\aWXeabV[a\V[g\`
FV[h_T_gXef\aW!º
BccX_afFgTWgeTgThfWXaEX\
[XaWXeWXhgfV[Xa@\aWXe[X\g
@TeV\a:T`U\XVUXfg|g\ZgWTffXf
a\V[gahe^X\aXYbe`X__Xa;\aWXe
a\ffXWTY‘eZ\UgWTff\aBccX_aX\a
mjX\fceTV[\ZXf:l`aTf\h`bWXe
?lmXh`XagfgX[gfbaWXeaWTff
UXeX\gf:Xfce|V[XmhW\XfX`G[X
`TZXY‘[egjXeWXaTaWXaXaIXe
geXgXeWXefg|Wg\fV[Xa5\_WhaZfUX
[ŒeWX9‘[ehaZf^e|YgXWXeWXhg
fV[Xa@\aWXe[X\ghaWW\XWXhg
fV[X>bafh_\a\aBccX_aUXgX\_\Zg
f\aW!
Ç@Ta`hfff\V[WTY‘efbeZY|_
g\ZibeUXeX\gXa9TV[^e|YgXY\aWXa
FV[h_cebZeT``X ibeUXeX\gXa
hfj!¹fTZg@TeV\a:T`U\XV!Ç<V[
XejTegXWTff\`^b``XaWXa
FV[h_]T[eX\aXfb_V[X5\_WhaZfX\a
e\V[ghaZ\[eX4eUX\gThYaX[`Xa
^Taa!F\V[Xe_\V[j\eWXfabV[i\X_
`X[e@‘[X^bfgXaX\aXmjX\
fceTV[\ZX5XehYfU\_WhaZTamhU\X
gXa!;\XemhjXeWXamjX\fceTV[\ZX
?X[eXeY‘eWXa9TV[hagXee\V[gZX
UeThV[gZhgXCeT^g\^h`fc_|gmX
hfj!7\X9eTZXWXe>\aWXeWXe
WXhgfV[Xa@TaTZXeW\XhafXeX
FV[h_XaUXfhV[Xa\fgabV[WT`\g
iXeUhaWXaWTffW\XFV[h_flfgX
`X\a7XhgfV[_TaWhaWCb_Xa
m\X`_\V[hagXefV[\XW_\V[f\aWhaW
W\XfX@bWX__Xf\V[\eZXaWj\XiXe
U\aWXa_TffXa`‘ffXa!º
7Xe FX]`TUZXbeWaXgX WXe
WXhgfV[Xa@\aWXe[X\gElfmTeW
:T__ThagXefgeX\V[gWXa5X\geTZWXf
IXeX\afCeb?\UXe\fF\_Xf\TXjX_
V[XeW\X8agj\V^_haZWXemjX\
fceTV[\ZXa5\_WhaZYŒeWXeghaW
WeX\FV[h_XahagXe[|_g·WTehagXe
X\aX\aBccX_a@T_\abhaWX\aX
hajX\gibaBccX_a\aETfV[Th
fbj\XmjX\>\aWXeZ|egXa!
Ç7Tf5X\fc\X_ibaCeb?\UXe\f
F\_Xf\TXmX\ZgWTffmjX\fceTV[\ZX
FV[h_Xa^ba^heeXamY|[\ZfX\a
`‘ffXahaWmjTea\V[gahe\a5X
mhZThYW\X5\_WhaZfdhT_\g|gfba
WXeaThV[jXaaXfh`W\XFV[h_
ThffgTgghaZZX[g!HaWWTfZX_\aZg
WX`IXeX\a¹fTZgElfmTeW:T__T!
Ç<aETfV[Th\fgXfZX_haZXaYTfg
)##!###M_bglY‘eW\XEXabi\X
ehaZWXf>\aWXeZTegXafThf@\g
gX_aWXf@\a\fgXe\h`fY‘eIXejT_
ghaZhaW7\Z\gT_\f\XehaZmhXe[T_
gXa!<a@T_\ab[Tgf\V[W\XBccX_
aXeFgTWgUX[ŒeWXTaWXe7TV[eX
abi\XehaZUXgX\_\Zg!º
Ç<V[[TUXibe`\V[WTY‘eX\a
mhfXgmXa WTff \a BccX_a X\a
mjX\fceTV[\ZXf:l`aTf\h`haW
?lmXh`XagfgX[XaºY‘ZgElfmTeW
:T__T[\amh!Ç7\XfXe@TaZX_\fg
fX[efc‘eUTe!J\eY‘[eXa:Xfce|
V[X‘UXeW\XfXfG[X`T`\gWXa
5\_WhaZfiXeTagjbeg_\V[XahaW
`\gWXaFV[h_Xa!7Tf<agXeXffXTa
WXe8\aY‘[ehaZWXeWXhgfV[Xa
FceTV[XT_fÇ5XehYffceTV[X¹\fg
fX[e^ba^eXgh!T!\`BccX_aXe
5ThgXV[a\^h`!A\V[gahehaW
a\V[g‘UXej\XZXaWWXfjXZXa
jX\_W\X`X\fgXafX\aXe4Ufb_iXa
gXaaTV[7XhgfV[_TaWThfeX\fXa!
9\e`Xa`\gWXhgfV[X`>Tc\gT_
W\X [\Xe[Xe ^b``Xa fhV[Xa
ThV[aTV[4eUX\gf^e|YgXa!:X
fhV[gjXeWXa9TV[TeUX\gXe`\g
ceT^g\fV[Xa9|[\Z^X\gXaTUXe
ThV[ `\g WXhgfV[Xa FceTV[
^Xaaga\ffXa¹!
ATV[4af\V[gWXf4UZXbeWaX
gXa^ŒaagXamjX\fceTV[\ZXFV[h
_XaibaIXeX\aXaZXY‘[egjXeWXa
aTV[WX`@hfgXeiba6bfX_ Eb
ZThhaWWXfCeb?\UXe\fF\_Xf\TX!
7bV[Xfj\eWXejTegXgWTfff\V[
ThV[^b``haT_X8\ae\V[ghaZXa
\aW\XfXe;\af\V[gX\afXgmXa!
@TZbemTgTJlfWT^Ibef\g
mXaWXibaCeb?\UXe\fF\_Xf\TXUX
gbagWTfff\V[\[eIXeX\am!M!ThY
W\XHagXe[T_ghaZWXeFV[h_XahaW
>\aWXeZ|egXa^bamXage\XegW\XUX
eX\gfYha^g\ba\XeXahaWTaFg|e^X
ZXj\aaXa!
Ç7bV[ mjX\YX_fb[aX j|eX
ThV[Y‘ehafXeX4Ufb_iXagXaX\a
mjX\fceTV[\ZXf:l`aTf\h`\a
BccX_abWXe\aWXeA|[Xf\V[Xe
_\V[ib`IbegX\_ºfbJlfWT^ÇF\X
`‘ffgXaWTaaa\V[gT`:l`aT
f\h``\gWX`7XhgfV[hagXee\V[g
Y‘e4aY|aZXeUXZ\aaXa!7TY‘e\fg
W\XMX\gmhfV[TWX!8\aXi\X_UXf
fXeX?ŒfhaZj|eXX\a:l`aTf\
h`jX_V[XfW\XfceTV[_\V[Xa
>b`cXgXamXa‘UXejX_V[XhafX
eXFV[‘_XeiXeY‘ZXaUXe‘V^f\V[
g\ZXaj‘eWX!4`UXfgXa\aIXeU\a
WhaZ`\g\agXeXffTagXaCeb]X^gXa
j\X8em\X[haZ‘UXe>hafg!º
5X\WXe:e‘aWhaZmjX\fceT
V[\ZXe:ehaWfV[h_Xa:l`aTf\Xa
haWjX\gXeY‘[eXaWXeFV[h_Xa·
ThV[\aBccX_ahaWfX\aXea|V[f
gXaH`ZXUhaZ·[\_Yga\V[gW\XZX
_\aWXZXfTZgibef\V[g\ZX8\afgX_
_haZWXe8_gXea!
Ç<a Cb_Xa \fg Xf ZXaXeX__
fV[j\Xe\ZX\aaXhXf5\_WhaZf
flfgX`X\amhY‘[eXaWTfW\X8_
gXeaa\V[gfX_Ufg\a\[eXeFV[h_mX\g
^XaaXaZX_Xeag[TUXa!8\a5X\
fc\X_WTY‘ef\aWW\XFV[j\Xe\Z^X\
gXaW\X`\gWX`FV[h_UXfhV[
ibafXV[f]|[e\ZXa>\aWXeamh
fT``Xa[|aZXa¹`X\ag5TegX^!
Ç8\ajX\gXeXfCebU_X` W\XfXf
[Tga\V[gaheW\XWXhgfV[X@\a
WXe[X\g fbaWXea ThV[ W\X _\
gTh\fV[X XagfgX[g\aWX`@b
`XagjXaa\aX\aXmjX\fceTV[\
ZXFV[h_XbWXeX\aXFV[h_X`\g
7XhgfV[T_fHagXee\V[gffceTV[X
8_gXea^b``XahaWXejTegXa
WTff\[e>\aWaheThYCb_a\fV[_Xe
aXaj\eW!7TfHegX\_WXf:Xe\V[gf
\a5XmhZThYW\XFV[h_X\a6bfX_
EbZThmX\ZgWTffXf\aWX`9T__
eX\V[g W\X 8_gXea ThY TaWXeX
FV[h_Xa\aWXeH`ZXUhaZmhiXe
jX\fXaWTWheV[^TaaWTfCebY\_
WXeFV[h_Xb[aXJX\gXeXfXe[T_
gXaU_X\UXa!7bV[fb_V[XFgeX\g\Z
^X\gXaehYXaUX\i\X_XaFV[h__X\
gXeaW\X9heV[gibeMjX\fceTV[\Z
^X\g[Xeibe!º
4aWXeX5XWXa^Xa[TUXa\a
W\XfXe;\af\V[gW\X8_gXea haWXf
f\aWi\X_X·W\XfX_UfgW\X@\aWXe
[X\gXafceTV[Xa\V[g^ŒaaXa!F\X
Y‘eV[gXabYgWTfff\X\[e>\aW
UX\`?XeaXaa\V[ghagXefg‘gmXa
^ŒaaXajXeWXa!7Taafb__gXW\X
fX;\_YXUX\fc\X_jX\fXj|[eXaW
WXf4hYXag[T_gXf\`;begibaWXe
FV[h_XUXeX\gZXfgX__gjXeWXa!Ha
gXeWXe5XW\aZhaZWTff\aWXe
FV[h_XX\a?X[eXeTeUX\gXaj\eW
WXeW\X@\aWXe[X\gXafceTV[XZhg
UX[XeefV[g!
Ç8\aXefX\gffceXV[Xaj\e`\g
8_gXea\ahafXeX`@\aWXe[X\gf
h`YX_WhaW‘UXemXhZXaf\Xiba
WXaIbegX\_XaWXeMjX\fceTV[\Z
^X\g¹`X\agElfmTeW:T__T!4aWX
eXefX\gfUXbUTV[gXaj\eX\a<agX
eXffXWTY‘efX\gXafWXecb_a\fV[Xa
@X[e[X\g.i\X_X8_gXea`ŒV[gXa
WTff\[eX>\aWXeW\XWXhgfV[X
FceTV[XZhgUX[XeefV[Xa!a
GH@!8?9¹
Jf^e‰V\X
5<5?<BG8>44HFGE<46>4
JTefmgTgl_\gXeTV^\X
W_TWm\XV\
5\U_\bgX^T4hfge\TV^TjBcb_h
mTceTfmTjc\ŀgX^%&Kb,!##
aTjTefmgTgl_\gXeTV^\XW_T
Wm\XV\m^f\ŀƁ^ŀÇCbVmgTW_T
;Xe`TaaTºGb`TCXeV\iT_T!
5ōWm\Xb^Tm]TUlcbfhV[TŃ
bcbj\TWTa\Tcbcb_f^h
\cba\X`\XV^h\jl^baTŃceT
VXc_TfglVmaX!MZbfmXa\T
cbWaeX`gX_!**"'*'*#+(!
>B:¹
>BA98E8A6=4
B`a\X]fmbŧV\TV[
jCb_fVX\aTH^eT\a\X
7b`Jfc‰ceTVlCb_f^b A\X
`\XV^\X]jeTmm<afglghgX`
Cb_\gb_bZ\\HBbeTmFgbjTeml
fmXa\X`Jfc‰ceTVlCb_f^T·
JfV[‰WmTceTfmT]ŀaT^baYX
eXaV]ōÇ@a\X]fmbŬV\jCb_fVX
\aTH^eT\a\XmcXefcX^gljl
eXZ\ba‰jº!CbVmŀgX^jVmjTe
gX^%%K%#$(b$#!##j4h_\
5ō^\gaX]6b__XZ\h`@T\hf
HB!:bŬŃ`\c\XejfmX]VmōŬV\
fl`cbm]h`UōWŀ`!\a!CTjX
>bjT_Ullj\VX`\a\fgXe
fceTjmTZeTa\VmalV[
@Te^\]Ta@T_f^\UllT`UT
fTWbeH^eT\aljECbeTm=TVX^
ļhe^bafh_ECjX?jbj\X!
JWehZ\X]VmōŬV\fl`cbm]h`
c_TabjTaXfŀcTaX_Xbcb_\gl
VXeXZ\baT_aX]j^bagX^ŬV\X
`a\X]fmbŬV\beTmbeb_\`a\X]
fmbŬV\jbUh^eT]TV[!
>B:
>H?GHE4
J\XVm‰emgTaVXemT`\
m5XeZ\fV[:_TWUTV[
Mj\ŀmX^A\X`\XV^\V[FgbjT
emlfmXşbeTm?TaWf`Taa fV[TYgFV[_Xf\XamTceTfmT]ŀ
aTj\XVm‰emZehcŀgTaXVmaŀ
Ç7Xe9ebX[_\V[X>eX\fº
m5XeZ\fV[:_TWUTV[!:bŬV\X
mA\X`\XVjlfgŀc\ŀjVmjT egX^$(Kb%#!##jWb`h
^h_ghelj>b`ceTV[V\VTV[
h_!A\X`bW_\şf^T%beTm
jc\ŀgX^$)K#$+!##j[T_\
fcbegbjX]j>eTc^bj\VTV[
>\_\şf^\XZb&!
>B:¹
5=7@
>ba^hefa\X`\XV^\X]
c\bfXa^\ŧj\ĻgXVmaX]
Mj\ŀmX^@bWm\XƁl@AbZT
fmT^ba^hefjb^T_alW_Tfb_\
fg‰j\WhXg‰jjj\X^hfm^b_
al`bW+!Wb$*!eb^hƁlV\T!
4Uljm\ŀŃja\`hWm\TaT_X
ƁlcemlZbgbjTŃ]XWaŀc\bfXa
^ōbgX`TglVXUbƁbaTebWmX
a\bjX]j]ōml^ha\X`\XV^\`
aTZeTŃY\_`\^m]X]jl^baT
a\X`\cemXfTŃaTTWeXf-
eb_TaW!Z\mT3Z`T\_!Vb`
Wb$K<<%#$(!J\ōVX]\aYbe`T
V]\cbWah`XeX`gX_!(&)
(,' '+*!
>B:¹
<I—;X\`Tg `TTb]VmlmaT
AbjTGelUhaTBcb_f^T
ĢebWT$'cTŻWm\Xea\^T%#$(
jjj!agb!c_
=XZb;X\`TgaT_XżlWb5bZT
CebZeT`gX_Xj\ml]al
ÂFV[_Xf\Xa=bheaT_´jGICBcb_XjXjgbeX^
b$+!$(cbjg‰e^Tcg!$+!%(aW!$+!##jGIC
>Tgbj\VXjcba\XWm\TX^b%#!'(GIF jX
jgbeX^$*!&#!
Ģ_TWT`\bcb_f^\XZbYbgbZeTYT@TkT:_ThXeT!
AJ5\U_\bgXVX6Te\gTfZbŬV\4eabFhe`\af^\!ATfcbg^Ta\Xmc\fTemX`^g‰elhgejT_\
jcebm\X_bfjlcōWmbalV[cemlfmbjŬebWōj\X_hVmlgX_a\^‰jm`a\X]fmbŬV\!
?\gXeTgheT\[\fgbe\T
>emlfmgbYBZ\b_WT
^bZ\b_WT3agb!c_ **''&%(+$
ÂFV[_Xf\Xa4^ghX__>b`cT^g´jETW\hBcb_X
cemXmf\XWX`Wa\jglZbWa\hb%#!#'-
jŨebWʼn bgjTeV\XjlfgTjlÂBemXaTWĢ_ļf^\X`!
;\fgbe\T_bga\VgjTµ.
jVmjTegX^ >\`UlBf^Te:b_b`UX^.
jc\ļgX^ B^gbUXeYXfgj>eTc^bj\VTV[jeT`TV[
7a\>h_ghelA\X`\XV^\X].
jfbUbgʼn %#_TgmXfcbhÂ>hcf^\X8V[bµ.
ja\XWm\X_ʼn 7\eaW_\?XWXe[bfXaaTĢ_ļf^h!
=XſX_\`TV\XV\X^TjlgX`TgWm\Xaa\^TemXMCCeb
9hgheTcebfmļb^bagT^g\aYb3ceb YhgheT!Vb`!c_
gX_!**'(')(()
JfbUbgʼn$*K bZbWm\a\X$)!$(jETW\h7bkT^b
_X]aTThWlV]TmVl^_h4UZX^TamX_g"@\aWXe[X\g
4^ghX__- >f!cebY!=bTV[\`C\XVhV[jle‰ſa\balmT
%(_TgcbfhZ\WhfmcTfgXef^\X]cba\X`\XV^h!
Ja\XWm\X_ʼn$+K b %$!##jETW\h7bkT^baVXeg
ſlVmXś@hf\^fV[TV[gX_-%# _XV\XmXfcbhÂ>hcf^\X
8V[bµ!
5XmcTgaXcbmWebj\Xa\T`bſaTjlflTĿ-
`hf\^fV[TV[gX_3Z`T\_!Vb`_hU**'(')(()
JETW\hBcb_X$+cTŽWm\Xea\^Tj ZbWm!$*!#( $+!##7XhgfV[_TaW[ThgaT[- C\fTem4eab
Fhe`\af^\mj\mlgļjBcb_h!
J^TſWļŨebWʼnGF>AaTĢ_ļf^hBcb_f^\`chU_\^h]X
j\agXeaXV\XAXjf_XggXe!4ja\`maT]Wm\XV\XCTś
fgjh`!\a!T^ghT_aX\aYbe`TV]XmſlV\TGbjTeml
fgjT^T_XaWTemjlWTemXśbeTmcemXZ_ļWceTfl!
Jlj\TWmETYTX`5Teg^\X`_\WXeX`GF>A
bfmTafTV[`a\X]fmbŨV\a\X`\XV^\X]jjlUbeTV[.
>baZeXfcb_\gl^‰jmCb_f^\\mA\X`\XVj@TZWX
UheZh.
7T_fmlV\ļZÂ>ba^hefhm5haWXf_\Zļµ!
;8<@4G`TTb]VmlmaT
C
bWVmTf fcbg^Ta\T
cbV[bWmŀVlmCehf
JfV[bWa\V[c\fTem
VmlgT YeTZ`Xagl
fjb]X]cebmlmjT
fmVmT jlWTaX] cemXm IW:
Wjh]ōmlVma\Xcbj\XŬV\Ç:eh
abjXaº!
ATgōcbj\XŬŃmbƁlbf\ō
gbVbhflfmTX`bW\aalV[
bWglV[^g‰emlcemXƁl_\jl
cōWmXa\X·`‰j\4eabFhe
`\af^\!·<jgl`fXaf\X]Xfggb
cbj\XŬŃceTjWm\jT!
C\fTema\Xh^eljTƁXV\X
fmlf\ō\Ɓ]XZbgj‰eVmbŬŃmb
fgTTcemXgh`TVmbaTaT]ōml
^\-cb_f^\ebfl]f^\\fmjXWm^\!
MaT]ŀZbVmlgX_a\VljX9eTaV]\
\j4aZ_\\!CbWVmTfa\XWTjaX
ZbcbUlghjEbf]\cemX^baT
b >f\Ļż^T4eabFhe`\af^\XZbUlThaTfmaTaTjVmXŧa\X]Wm\ň^\
Wjh]ňmlVmaX`hjlWTa\hIW:!BafT`ZbŧV\jBcb_hjŧebWň!
ļlV\X cemlfmXZb c\fTemT
UlbgehWaX\Uhem_\jX!=XZb
ebWm\V‰jj\bfaŀ$,'(WXcbe
gbjTab Wb Mj\ŀm^h Fbj\X
V^\XZb! Ba ]T^b f\XebgT
jZehWa\hgeTY\WbFm_Xmj\^h
;b_fmlglaT ZWm\X mbfgT
TWbcgbjTal!MTa\`mTWXU\h
gbjT]T^bc\fTemj$,*'ceT
VbjT`!\a!jgbjTemlfgj\X
hUXmc\XVmXa\bjl`beTm]T^b
Wm\Xaa\^Tem X^bab`\Vmal!
=XfgThgbeX`b^!%#^f\ŀƁX^!
CehflJfV[bWa\XmTgbaō
l T ]XWaT^ \fga\X]ŀ aTWT_
jcXalV[VmhbŬV\UTŬa\TV[
\ bcbj\TWTa\TV[ 4eab Fhe
`\af^\XZb·c\fTb]XZbgj‰e
VmbŬV\Jb_Yiba?b]Xjf^\!
4eab Fhe`\af^\ c\fT
bjlcōWmXa\TV[a\XfgT]ŀVf\ō
ThgbeX`jlcōWmbalV[·V[T
eT^gXelmbjTT]XZbgj‰eVmbŬŃ
j %##' eb^h ZTmXgT Ç7\X
MX\gº!·C\fTbjlcōWmXa\TV[
a\Xcb_\glVma\X!a
¹
FX\aX;X\`TgZX[Œeg:bgg
4eabFhe`\af^\jTe\aWXe6T
e\gTf 5\U_\bg[X^mh:Tfg!7Tf
GeXYYXa`\gWX`FV[e\YgfgX__Xe
WXe\afX\aXeCebfTWTfFV[\V^
fT_ibaIXege\XUXaXaYXfg[\X_g
UXfhV[gXai\X_X?XfXeThfWXa
EX\[XaWXeWXhgfV[Xa@\a
WXe[X\g!
7XeThfBfgceXh™XafgT``Xa
WX4hgbe_TfThffX\aXeCebfT
ibe‘UXej\XZXaWThfWX`ib`
IW:mjX\fceTV[\Z[XeThfZXZX
UXaXaEb`TaÇ:ehabjXaº!
Ç7\XfXeEb`TaUXfgX[gThf
8e\aaXehaZXa]XaXe@XafV[Xa
W\XIXegeX\UhaZXe_XUghaW`\e
WTibaUXe\V[gXg[TUXa!<aW\X
fX`F\aaX\fgWTfX\aXjT[eX:X
fV[\V[gX¹fTZgX4eabFhe`\af^\!
7Xe FV[e\YgfgX__Xe iXeUTeZ
a\V[gW\X9eXhWXWTfffX\aJXe^
\afCb_a\fV[XEhff\fV[XhaW
FV[jXW\fV[X‘UXefXgmgjheWX!
8e[TgThV[?XfXe\a9eTa^eX\V[
haW8aZ_TaW!J|[eXaWfX\aXf
]‘aZfgXa5XfhV[Xf\aEhff_TaW
^baagX Xe f\V[ fX_Ufg WTiba
‘UXemXhZXaWTffW\X]Xgm\ZXa
5Xjb[aXeWXfX\afg\ZXa>Œa\Zf
UXeZfX\a|h™XefgfgTe^Xf<agX
eXffX Ta WXe WXhgfV[Xa :X
fV[\V[gX \[eXe FgTWg [TUXa!
J|[eXaWfX\aXf4hYXag[T_gXf
\`BccX_aXe?TaWUXfhV[gXXe
h!T!FTa^g4aaTUXeZX\aXeWXe
Eb`Ta[X_WXaibaÇ:ehabjXaº
aT[`TaWXa>|`cYXah`Fg!
4aaTUXeZj|[eXaWWXecb_a\
fV[Xa4hYfg|aWXgX\_!7Xe4h
gbe[TgX\aXX\ZXaXbe\Z\aX__X
8\afgX__haZ\a5XmhZThYW\X:X
fV[\V[gXfX\aXe;X\`TgWXeXa
fgTTg_\V[XMhZX[Œe\Z^X\g\aWXe
IXeZTaZXa[X\gjXV[fX_gX!
Ç@TfheXaZX[Œeg:bgg!J\e
f\aWWbegahe:|fgXºfTZgXFhe
`\af^\!
IbeWXe4hgbeXa_XfhaZjTe
X\aXmjX\fceTV[\ZX4hffgX__haZ
Ta_|ff_\V[WXf\`iXeZTaZXaXa
=T[eUXZTaZXaXa+#!:XUhegf
gTZfWXfFV[e\YgfgX__XefXeŒYYaXg
jbeWXa!7\XfX^Taa\aWXa^b`
`XaWXaJbV[Xa\aWXe6Te\gTf
5\U_\bg[X^UXfhV[gjXeWXa!
7Tf ?XUXa WXf ^‘aYg\ZXa
7\V[gXefjTefV[jXehaWfg‘e
`\fV[!FX\aX8_gXeajheWXa\`
9e‘[]T[e$,'(\aW\XFbj]Xgha\
baiXefV[_Xccg!8e^T`\`7X
mX`UXe$,'(aTV[FV[_Xfj\Z
;b_fgX\ajbXeTWbcg\Xegjhe
WX!IbefX\aX`fV[e\YgfgX__Xe\
fV[Xa7XU‘g\`=T[e$,*'TeUX\
gXgXXeh!T!\aX\aXeIXef\V[X
ehaZfZXfX__fV[TYghaWT_fJ\eg
fV[TYgf]bheaT_\fg!8e\fg4hgbe
ibaehaW%#5‘V[Xea!
ÇBfgceXh™Xa\fgiXefha^Xa
haWWbV[Xk\fg\XegXf\``Xe
abV[\aWXaibaFXaf\U\_\g|gXe
Y‘__gXa@|eV[XahaW8em|[_ha
ZXa iba 4eab Fhe`\af^\¹
fV[e\XUJb_Yiba?b]Xjf^\‘UXe
fX\aJXe^!
Ç4eab Fhe`\af^\ fV[e\XU
‘UXeW\XIXegeX\UhaZb[aXX\a
IXege\XUXaXaThgbemhfX\a¹`\g
W\XfXaJbegXaV[TeT^gXe\f\XegX
%##'W\XJbV[XamX\ghaZÇ7\X
MX\gºfX\aJXe^!8efV[e\XU‘UXe
W\XIXegeX\UhaZhacb_\g\fV[!a
GH@!8?9¹
Â4ag\Wbgh`µgbf^hgXVmaX_X^TefgjbaTahWň
5=7@
>emlfmgbYBZ\b_WT
^bZ\b_WT3agb!c_ **''&%(+$
7bWTgX^Y\aTafbjTalmXŨebW^‰j@\a\fgXefgjT
FceTjJXjaʼngemalV[EXchU_\^\9XWXeT_aX]A\X
`\XVbeTmŨebW^‰j@a\X]fmbŨV\A\X`\XV^\X]UʼnWļ
VlV[jWlfcbmlV]\9haWTV]\Ebmjb]hĢ_ļf^TbeTm
Jfc\XeTa\T<a\V]Tglj?b^T_alV[cbV[bWmļVlV[
mjVmXŨa\X]fmlV[WbgTV]\EmļWhA\`\XV^\XZb!
7\XfX5X\_TZXjheWXY\aTam\XegThf@\ggX_aWXf
5haWXf`\a\fgXe\h`fWXf<aaXeXafbj\XThf@\ggX_a
WXeWXhgfV[Xa@\aWXe[X\gjX_V[X\aIXeY‘ZhaZWXe
Fg\YghaZY‘eW\X8agj\V^_haZFV[_Xf\XafhaW9ŒeWXehaZ
_b^T_Xe<a\g\Tg\iXafgX[XahaWThfWXaYe‘[XeXa
MhjXaWhaZXaWXeWXhgfV[XaEXZ\XehaZfgT``Xa!
9BG!>EMLFMGB9B:<B?74
4hWlV]TeTW\bjT
f\ōaTjTfaXbVmlƁX`\Xfm
^TşVl WTjaXZb >e‰_XjVT
cemXƁljT]ŀeXaXfTafmT\agX
eXfbjTa\Ta\X`\XV^ŀ[\fgbe\ŀ
fjb]XZb`\TfgT!CbWVmTfcb
Ulgh aT ħ_ŀf^h Bcb_f^\`
bWj\XWm\`!\a!:‰eōŬj!4a
al ]XWXa m Ub[TgXe‰j
Ç:ehabjXaº UeT hWm\T
jjT_^TV[bgb`\X]fVXjVmT
f\XcbjfgTşŬ_ŀf^\V[!
Fhe`\af^\`TjTfaŀbel
Z\aT_aŀ Y\_bmbY\ō cbWX]ŬV\T
WbWm\X]‰jfjb]XZb;X\`Tgh
^g‰elj[\fgbe\\m`\Xa\TcTş
fgjbjŀcemlaT_XƁabŬŃ!
@TmhelaT_XƁŀWb5bZT!
@l]XfgXŬ`lgT`gl_^bZbŬ
Ń`\·`‰j\!
Fcbg^Ta\Xmc\fTemX`cb
cemXWm\b bgjTeV\X Wjh]ō
mlVmaX] jlfgTjl cemlZbgb
jTaX]mb^Tm]\+#!hebWm\ac\
fTemTjhU\XZl`eb^h!8^
fcbmlV]T UōWm\X WbfgōcaT
j5\U_\bgXVX6Te\gTfjBcb_h
]XfmVmXcemXm^\_^TglZbWa\!
J
abjl`ah`X
emXUXmcTgaX
Zb^jTegT_a\^T
5=7@ ^TƁWl
VmlgX_a\^maT]
Wm\XVbŬV\X^TjXZbW_Tf\XU\X!
6mba^bj\XMj\ŀm^h@b
Wm\XƁl@a\X]fmbŬV\A\X`\XV^\X]
mmT\agXeXfbjTa\X`cemXVmlgT
]ŀjlj\TWm@X_Ta\ŀF`l^Tŀ
_\WXe^ŀ abjXZb ^bT 5=7@
j6[emŀfgbj\VTV[!=XZbVmba
^bj\Xfŀ`!\a!_X^gbeT`\aTa\X
`\XV^\X]`fmlŬj!4c\Xejfmŀ
meXT_\mbjTaŀj^b_Xjfc‰_aŀ
\a\V]TgljŀUleT]WebjXebjl
cbZ`\a\X!>b_X]aŀ·jfcTeV\X
^bT79>cemlb^Tm]\mT^bşVmX
a\Tc\XejfmXZbfXmbahA\X`\X
V^\X]Fm^‰^\C\^Tef^\X]!
@\bŬa\Vl[\fgbe\\\]ōml^T
a\X`\XV^\XZbmcXjabŬV\ŀa\X
b`\aŀWehZ\X]VmōŬV\gX^fghGb
`TfmT6mX^TlÇ@l]XfgXŬ`l
aTebWX`!7ebZTWba\X`\XV^\X]
]XWabŬV\¹!4hgbecemlcb`\aT
]T^cbjfgT\Yha^V]babjT@he
5Xe_\şf^\bc\fh]Xeb_ōÇFb_\WTe
abŬV\¹\]X]_\WXe‰jjcemX`\T
aTV[ j 8hebc\X ħebW^bjb
JfV[bWa\X]beTmcb^Tmh]Xebf
aŀVlfcemXV\jjWTjaX]AE7
^g‰eXZb^h_`\aTV]ŀUlbbUT_X
a\X`heh\m]XWabVmXa\XA\X
`\XV!4egl^hj]ōml^ha\X`\X
V^\` mbfgT bcTgembal · W_T
`a\X]jceTjalV[VmlgX_a\^‰j
·jcbWeōVmalfbja\VmX^a\X
`\XV^b cb_f^\!
=h_\T MZbemX_f^T gT^ƁX
jgX^ŬV\XaTc\fTal`cba\X
`\XV^h\\_hfgebjTal`j\X_b
`TmW]ōV\T`\jfcb`\aTjT
^TVl]al`bWm\XƁbjlbU‰m_Xg
a\^g‰elj_\cVhmZeb`TWm\
j VmXf^\X] `\X]fVbjbŬV\
EX\gXaWbeYETcbg\a*#`b
WlV[_hWm\m`a\X]fmbŬV\a\X
`\XV^\X]mCb_f^\6mXV[Eh`h
a\\FbjTV]\\H^eT\al!4egl^h
gXafŀf\TWh]XmXfX]X`FTU\al
?\XW`Taa b cbV[bWmŀVlV[
me‰ƁalV[^eT]‰jhVmXfga\^‰j
Ç8eTf`hfT¹^g‰emlfcbg^T_\f\ō
jJ\Z\_\ō5bƁXZbATebWmXa\T
j5h^TeXfmV\X!
4cbaTWgbaTVmlgX_a\^‰j
VmX^T]ŀWbjV\cl^ba^heflV\X
^Tjbfg^\mCb_f^\\mA\X`\XV
aXjflm5=7@beTmeTWlWbgl
VmŀVXVbWm\XaaX]W\XglbeTmYT^
gl\`\glbħ_ŀf^h!a ¹